1
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Narsimhan M, Kim J, Morris NA, Bower MA, Gunawardena HP, Bowen E, Regnier FE. Mobile Affinity Selection Chromatography Analysis of Therapeutic Monoclonal Antibodies. Anal Chem 2023; 95:16115-16122. [PMID: 37883730 PMCID: PMC10633814 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c02180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Federal regulatory agencies require continuous verification of recombinant therapeutic monoclonal antibody (mAb) quality that is commonly achieved in a two-step process. First, the host-cell proteome and metabolome are removed from the production medium by protein A affinity chromatography. Second, following recovery from the affinity column with an acidic wash, mAb quality is assessed in multiple ways by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). However, lengthy sample preparation and the lack of higher-order structure analyses are limitations of this approach. To address these issues, this report presents an integrated approach for the analysis of two critical quality attributes of mAbs, namely titer and relative aggregate content. Integration of sample preparation and molecular-recognition-based analyses were achieved in a single step utilizing an isocratically eluted mobile affinity selection chromatography (MASC) column. MASC circumvents the protein A step, simplifying sample preparation. Within 10 min, (i) mAbs are fluorescently coded for specific detection, (ii) monomers and aggregates are resolved, (iii) the mAb titer is quantified, (iv) relative aggregate content is determined, (v) analytes are detected, and (vi) the column is ready for the next sample. It is suggested herein that this mode of rapid quality assessment will be of value at all stages of discovery (screening, clone selection, characterization), process R&D, and manufacturing. Rapid monitoring of variant formation is a critical element of quality evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meena
L. Narsimhan
- Novilytic,
LLC, 1281 Win Hentschel
Boulevard, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906, United States
| | - Jinhee Kim
- Novilytic,
LLC, 1281 Win Hentschel
Boulevard, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906, United States
| | - Nathan A. Morris
- Novilytic,
LLC, 1281 Win Hentschel
Boulevard, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906, United States
| | - Mary A. Bower
- Novilytic,
LLC, 1281 Win Hentschel
Boulevard, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906, United States
| | - Harsha P. Gunawardena
- Janssen
Research & Development, The Janssen
Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477, United States
| | - Eric Bowen
- Novilytic,
LLC, 1281 Win Hentschel
Boulevard, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906, United States
| | - Fred E. Regnier
- Novilytic,
LLC, 1281 Win Hentschel
Boulevard, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906, United States
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2
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Grimaldi C, Ibraghimov A, Kiessling A, Rattel B, Ji C, Fuller CL, Brennan FR, Regenass-Lechner F, Shenton J, Price KD, Piché MS, Steeves MA, Prell R, Dudal S, Kronenberg S, Freebern W, Blanset D. Current nonclinical approaches for immune assessments of immuno-oncology biotherapeutics. Drug Discov Today 2023; 28:103440. [PMID: 36375739 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2022.103440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Harnessing the immune system to kill tumors has been revolutionary and, as a result, has had an enormous benefit for patients in extending life and resulting in effective cures in some. However, activation of the immune system can come at the cost of undesirable adverse events such as cytokine release syndrome, immune-related adverse events, on-target/off-tumor toxicity, neurotoxicity and tumor lysis syndrome, which are safety risks that can be challenging to assess non-clinically. This article provides a review of the biology and mechanisms that can result in immune-mediated adverse effects and describes industry approaches using in vitro and in vivo models to aid in the nonclinical safety risk assessments for immune-oncology modalities. Challenges and limitations of knowledge and models are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Sherri Dudal
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, United States
| | - Sven Kronenberg
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, United States
| | | | - Diann Blanset
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., United States.
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3
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Morales AM, Sreedhara A, Buecheler J, Brosig S, Chou D, Christian T, Das T, de Jong I, Fast J, Jagannathan B, Moussa EM, Nejadnik MR, Prajapati I, Radwick A, Rahman Y, Singh S. End-to-End Approach to Surfactant Selection, Risk Mitigation, and Control Strategies for Protein-Based Therapeutics. AAPS J 2022; 25:6. [PMID: 36471030 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-022-00773-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A survey performed by the AAPS Drug Product Handling community revealed a general, mostly consensus, approach to the strategy for the selection of surfactant type and level for biopharmaceutical products. Discussing and building on the survey results, this article describes the common approach for surfactant selection and control strategy for protein-based therapeutics and focuses on key studies, common issues, mitigations, and rationale. Where relevant, each section is prefaced by survey responses from the 22 anonymized respondents. The article format consists of an overview of surfactant stabilization, followed by a strategy for the selection of surfactant level, and then discussions regarding risk identification, mitigation, and control strategy. Since surfactants that are commonly used in biologic formulations are known to undergo various forms of degradation, an effective control strategy for the chosen surfactant focuses on understanding and controlling the design space of the surfactant material attributes to ensure that the desired material quality is used consistently in DS/DP manufacturing. The material attributes of a surfactant added in the final DP formulation can influence DP performance (e.g., protein stability). Mitigation strategies are described that encompass risks from host cell proteins (HCP), DS/DP manufacturing processes, long-term storage, as well as during in-use conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette Medina Morales
- Dosage Form Design and Development, BioPharmaceuticals Development, R&D, AstraZeneca, 1 Medimmune Way, Gaithersburg, Maryland, 20878, USA.
| | - Alavattam Sreedhara
- Genentech, Pharmaceutical Development, South San Francisco, California, 94080, USA
| | - Jakob Buecheler
- Technical Research and Development, Novartis Pharma AG, 4002, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sebastian Brosig
- Technical Research and Development, Novartis Pharma AG, 4002, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Danny Chou
- Compassion BioSolution, LLC, Lomita, California, 90717, USA
| | | | - Tapan Das
- Analytical Development and Attribute Sciences, Bristol Myers Squibb, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | - Isabella de Jong
- Genentech, Pharmaceutical Development, South San Francisco, California, 94080, USA
| | - Jonas Fast
- Pharmaceutical Development, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, CH-4070, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Ehab M Moussa
- Drug Product Development, AbbVie, North Chicago, Illinios, 60064, USA
| | - M Reza Nejadnik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, 52242, USA
| | - Indira Prajapati
- Dosage Form Design and Development, BioPharmaceuticals Development, R&D, AstraZeneca, 1 Medimmune Way, Gaithersburg, Maryland, 20878, USA
| | | | - Yusra Rahman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, 52242, USA
| | - Shubhadra Singh
- GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Biopharmaceutical Product Sciences, Collegeville, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19426, USA
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4
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Dash R, Singh SK, Chirmule N, Rathore AS. Assessment of Functional Characterization and Comparability of Biotherapeutics: a Review. AAPS J 2021; 24:15. [PMID: 34931298 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-021-00671-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of monoclonal antibody (mAb) biosimilars is a complex process. The key to their successful development and commercialization is an in-depth understanding of the key product attributes that impact safety and efficacy and the strategies to control them. Functional assessment of mAb is a crucial part of the comparability of biopharmaceutical drugs. The development of a relevant and robust functional assay requires an interdisciplinary approach and sufficient flexibility to balance regulatory concerns as well as dynamics and variability during the manufacturing process. Although many advanced tools are available to study and compare the potency and bioactivity of the protein, most of these techniques suffer from major shortcomings that limit their routine use. These include the complexity of the task, establishment of the relevance of the chosen method with the mechanism of action (MOA) of the biosimilar, cost and extended time of analysis, and often the ambiguity in interpretation of the resulting data. To overcome or to address these challenges, the use of multiple orthogonal state-of-the-art techniques is a necessary prerequisite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rozaleen Dash
- Department of Chemical Engineering, DBT Center of Excellence for Biopharmaceutical Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, 110016, India
| | - Sumit Kumar Singh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, DBT Center of Excellence for Biopharmaceutical Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, 110016, India.,School of Biochemical Engineering, IIT-BHU, Varanasi, India
| | | | - Anurag S Rathore
- Department of Chemical Engineering, DBT Center of Excellence for Biopharmaceutical Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, 110016, India.
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5
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Láng JA, Balogh ZC, Nyitrai MF, Juhász C, Gilicze AKB, Iliás A, Zólyomi Z, Bodor C, Rábai E. In vitro functional characterization of biosimilar therapeutic antibodies. DRUG DISCOVERY TODAY. TECHNOLOGIES 2020; 37:41-50. [PMID: 34895654 DOI: 10.1016/j.ddtec.2020.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The key factor in successful development and marketing of biosimilar antibodies is a deep understanding of their critical quality attributes and the ability to control them. Comprehensive functional characterization is therefore at the heart of the process and is a crucial part of regulatory requirements. Establishment of a scientifically sound molecule-specific functional in vitro assay panel requires diligent planning and high flexibility in order to respond to both regulatory requirements and the ever-changing demands relevant to the different stages of the development and production process. Relevance of the chosen assays to the in vivo mechanism of action is of key importance to the stepwise evidence-based demonstration of biosimilarity. Use of a sound interdisciplinary approach and orthogonal state-of-the-art techniques is also unavoidable for gaining in-depth understanding of the biosimilar candidate. The aim of the present review is to give a snapshot on the methodic landscape as depicted by the available literature discussing the in vitro techniques used for the functional characterization of approved biosimilar therapeutic antibodies. Emerging hot topics of the field and relevant structure-function relationships are also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Júlia Anna Láng
- Biotechnology Research & Development Division/Bioassay Development Group, Gedeon Richter Plc, Gyömrői Street 19-21 1103 Budapest Hungary
| | - Zsófia Cselovszkiné Balogh
- Biotechnology Research & Development Division/Bioassay Development Group, Gedeon Richter Plc, Gyömrői Street 19-21 1103 Budapest Hungary.
| | - Mónika Fizilné Nyitrai
- Biotechnology Research & Development Division/Bioassay Development Group, Gedeon Richter Plc, Gyömrői Street 19-21 1103 Budapest Hungary
| | - Cintia Juhász
- Biotechnology Research & Development Division/Bioassay Development Group, Gedeon Richter Plc, Gyömrői Street 19-21 1103 Budapest Hungary
| | - Anna Katalin Baráné Gilicze
- Biotechnology Research & Development Division/Bioassay Development Group, Gedeon Richter Plc, Gyömrői Street 19-21 1103 Budapest Hungary
| | - Attila Iliás
- Biotechnology Research & Development Division/Bioassay Development Group, Gedeon Richter Plc, Gyömrői Street 19-21 1103 Budapest Hungary
| | - Zsolt Zólyomi
- Biotechnology Research & Development Division/Bioassay Development Group, Gedeon Richter Plc, Gyömrői Street 19-21 1103 Budapest Hungary
| | - Csaba Bodor
- Biotechnology Research & Development Division/Bioassay Development Group, Gedeon Richter Plc, Gyömrői Street 19-21 1103 Budapest Hungary
| | - Erzsébet Rábai
- Biotechnology Research & Development Division/Bioassay Development Group, Gedeon Richter Plc, Gyömrői Street 19-21 1103 Budapest Hungary
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6
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Prior H, Haworth R, Labram B, Roberts R, Wolfreys A, Sewell F. Justification for species selection for pharmaceutical toxicity studies. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2020; 9:758-770. [PMID: 33442468 PMCID: PMC7786171 DOI: 10.1093/toxres/tfaa081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Toxicity studies using mammalian species are generally required to provide safety data to support clinical development and licencing registration for potential new pharmaceuticals. International regulatory guidelines outline recommendations for the order (rodent and/or non-rodent) and number of species, retaining flexibility for development of a diverse range of drug modalities in a manner relevant for each specific new medicine. Selection of the appropriate toxicology species involves consideration of scientific, ethical and practical factors, with individual companies likely having different perspectives and preferences regarding weighting of various aspects dependent upon molecule characteristics and previous experience of specific targets or molecule classes. This article summarizes presentations from a symposium at the 2019 Annual Congress of the British Toxicology Society on the topic of species selection for pharmaceutical toxicity studies. This symposium included an overview of results from a National Centre for the Replacement, Refinement and Reduction of Animals in Research (NC3Rs) and Association of British Pharmaceutical Industry (ABPI) international collaboration that reviewed the use of one or two species in regulatory toxicology studies and justification for the species selected within each programme. Perspectives from two pharmaceutical companies described their processes for species selection for evaluation of biologics, and justification for selection of the minipig as a toxicological species for small molecules. This article summarizes discussions on the scientific justification and other considerations taken into account to ensure the most appropriate animal species are used for toxicity studies to meet regulatory requirements and to provide the most value for informing project decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Prior
- National Centre for the Replacement, Refinement and Reduction of Animals in Research (NC3Rs), 215 Euston Rd, London, NW1 2BE, UK
| | | | - Briony Labram
- National Centre for the Replacement, Refinement and Reduction of Animals in Research (NC3Rs), 215 Euston Rd, London, NW1 2BE, UK
| | - Ruth Roberts
- ApconiX, Alderley Park, Alderley Edge, SK10 4TG, UK
| | | | - Fiona Sewell
- National Centre for the Replacement, Refinement and Reduction of Animals in Research (NC3Rs), 215 Euston Rd, London, NW1 2BE, UK
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7
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Vessillier S, Fort M, O'Donnell L, Hinton H, Nadwodny K, Piccotti J, Rigsby P, Staflin K, Stebbings R, Mekala D, Willingham A, Wolf B. Development of the first reference antibody panel for qualification and validation of cytokine release assay platforms - Report of an international collaborative study. Cytokine X 2020; 2:100042. [PMID: 33458650 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytox.2020.100042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunomodulatory therapeutics such as monoclonal antibodies (mAb) carry an inherent risk of undesired immune reactions. One such risk is cytokine release syndrome (CRS), a rapid systemic inflammatory response characterized by the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines from immune cells. It is crucial for patient safety to correctly identify potential risk of CRS prior to first-in-human dose administration. For this purpose, a variety of in vitro cytokine release assays (CRA) are routinely used as part of the preclinical safety assessment of novel therapeutic mAbs. One of the challenges for the development and comparison of CRA performance is the lack of availability of standard positive and negative control mAbs for use in assay qualification. To address this issue, the National Institute for Biological Standards and Control (NIBSC) developed a reference panel of lyophilised mAbs known to induce CRS in the clinic: human anti-CD52, mouse anti-CD3 and human superagonistic (SA) anti-CD28 mAb manufactured according to the respective published sequences of Campath-1H® (alemtuzumab, IgG1) , Orthoclone OKT-3® (muromonab, IgG2a) and TGN1412 (theralizumab, IgG4), as well as three isotype matched negative controls (human IgG1, mouse IgG2a and human IgG4, respectively). The relative capacity of these control mAbs to stimulate the release of IFN-γ, IL-2, TNF-α and IL-6 in vitro was evaluated in eleven laboratories in an international collaborative study mediated through the HESI Immuno-safety Technical Committee Cytokine Release Assay Working Group. Participants tested the NIBSC mAbs in a variety of CRA platforms established at each institution. This paper presents the results from the centralised cytokine quantification on all the plasma/supernatants corresponding to the stimulation of immune cells in the different CRA platforms by a single concentration of each mAb. Each positive control mAb induced significant cytokine release in most of the tested CRA platforms. There was a high inter-laboratory variability in the levels of cytokines produced, but similar patterns of response were observed across laboratories that replicated the cytokine release patterns previously published for the respective clinical therapeutic mAbs. Therefore, the positive and negative mAbs are suitable as a reference panel for the qualification and validation of CRAs, comparison of different CRA platforms (e.g. solid vs aqueous phase), and intra- and inter-laboratory comparison of CRA performance. Thus, the use of this panel of positive and negative control mAbs will increase the confidence in the robustness of a CRA platform to identify a potential CRS risk for novel immunomodulatory therapeutic candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandrine Vessillier
- National Institute for Biological Standards and Control (NIBSC), Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire, UK
| | - Madeline Fort
- Amgen Inc., 1120 Veterans Blvd, South San Francisco CA 94080, USA
| | - Lynn O'Donnell
- Drug Safety Research and Development, Pfizer, Inc., Groton, CT 06340, USA
| | - Heather Hinton
- Roche Innovation Center, Basel, Switzerland. Pharmaceutical Sciences Switzerland
| | - Kimberly Nadwodny
- GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 South Collegeville Road, Collegeville, PA 19426, USA
| | - Joseph Piccotti
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, 10300 Campus Point Drive, Suite 100, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Peter Rigsby
- National Institute for Biological Standards and Control (NIBSC), Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire, UK
| | - Karin Staflin
- Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Richard Stebbings
- Oncology Safety, Clinical Pharmacology & Safety Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Divya Mekala
- Janssen R&D, 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, PA 19477, USA
| | - Aarron Willingham
- MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., 213 E Grand Ave, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Babette Wolf
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Klybeckstrasse 141, Basel CH-4002, Switzerland
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8
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Steiner G, Marban-Doran C, Langer J, Pimenova T, Duran-Pacheco G, Sauter D, Langenkamp A, Solier C, Singer T, Bray-French K, Ducret A. Enabling Routine MHC-II-Associated Peptide Proteomics for Risk Assessment of Drug-Induced Immunogenicity. J Proteome Res 2020; 19:3792-3806. [PMID: 32786679 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.0c00309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Major histocompatibility complex-II (MHC-II)-Associated Peptide Proteomics (MAPPs) is a mass spectrometry-based approach to identify and relatively quantitate naturally processed and presented MHC-II-associated peptides that can potentially activate T cells and contribute to the immunogenicity of a drug. Acceptance of the MAPPs technology as an appropriate preclinical (and potentially clinical) immunogenicity risk assessment tool depends not only on its technical stability and robustness but also on the ability to compare results across experiments and donors. To this end, we developed a specialized MAPPs data processing pipeline, dataMAPPs, which presents complex mass spectrometric data sets in the form of heat maps (heatMAPPs), enabling rapid and convenient comparison between conditions and donors. A customized normalization procedure based on identified endogenous peptides standardizes signal intensities within and between donors and enables cross-experimental comparison. We evaluated the technical reproducibility of the MAPPs platform using tool compounds with respect to the most prominent experimental factors and found that the systematic biological differences across donors by far outweighed any technical source of variation. We illustrate the capability of the MAPPs platform to generate data that may be used for preclinical risk assessment of drug-induced immunogenicity and discuss its applicability in the clinics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guido Steiner
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Innovation Center Basel, Basel 4070, Switzerland
| | - Céline Marban-Doran
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Innovation Center Basel, Basel 4070, Switzerland
| | - Jessica Langer
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Innovation Center Basel, Basel 4070, Switzerland
| | - Tatiana Pimenova
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Innovation Center Basel, Basel 4070, Switzerland
| | - Gonzalo Duran-Pacheco
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Innovation Center Basel, Basel 4070, Switzerland
| | - Denise Sauter
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Innovation Center Basel, Basel 4070, Switzerland
| | - Anja Langenkamp
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Innovation Center Basel, Basel 4070, Switzerland
| | - Corinne Solier
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Innovation Center Basel, Basel 4070, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Singer
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Innovation Center Basel, Basel 4070, Switzerland
| | - Katharine Bray-French
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Innovation Center Basel, Basel 4070, Switzerland
| | - Axel Ducret
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Innovation Center Basel, Basel 4070, Switzerland
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9
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Wen Y, Cahya S, Zeng W, Lin J, Wang X, Liu L, Malherbe L, Siegel R, Ferrante A, Kaliyaperumal A. Development of a FRET-Based Assay for Analysis of mAbs Internalization and Processing by Dendritic Cells in Preclinical Immunogenicity Risk Assessment. AAPS JOURNAL 2020; 22:68. [DOI: 10.1208/s12248-020-00444-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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10
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Peterson NC, Mahalingaiah PK, Fullerton A, Di Piazza M. Application of microphysiological systems in biopharmaceutical research and development. LAB ON A CHIP 2020; 20:697-708. [PMID: 31967156 DOI: 10.1039/c9lc00962k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Within the last 10 years, several tissue microphysiological systems (MPS) have been developed and characterized for retention of morphologic characteristics and specific gene/protein expression profiles from their natural in vivo state. Once developed, their utility is typically further tested by comparing responses to known toxic small-molecule pharmaceuticals in efforts to develop strategies for further toxicity testing of compounds under development. More recently, application of this technology in biopharmaceutical (large molecules) development is beginning to be more appreciated. In this review, we describe some of the advances made for tissue-specific MPS and outline the advantages and challenges of applying and further developing MPS technology in preclinical biopharmaceutical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norman C Peterson
- Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, AstraZeneca, One Medimmune Way, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA.
| | | | | | - Matteo Di Piazza
- Nonclinical Drug Safety, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 900 Ridgebury Rd, Ridgefield, CT 06877, USA
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11
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Baldrick P. Nonclinical Immunotoxicity Testing in the Pharmaceutical World: The Past, Present, and Future. Ther Innov Regul Sci 2019:2168479019864555. [PMID: 31409131 DOI: 10.1177/2168479019864555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
An examination for potential direct or indirect adverse effects on the immune system (immunotoxicity) is an established component of nonclinical testing to support safe use of new drugs. Testing recommendations occur in various regulatory guidance documents, especially ICH S8, and these will be presented. Key evaluation usually occurs in toxicology studies with further investigative work a consideration if a positive signal is seen. Expectations around whether findings may occur are related to the type of compound being developed, including a chemically synthesized small molecule, a small molecule oncology drug, a biopharmaceutical, an oligonucleotide, a gene therapy/stem cell product, a vaccine, or reformulation of drugs in liposomes or depots. Examples of immunotoxicity/immunogenicity findings will be discussed for all of these types of compound. Overall, it can be concluded that our main tool for evaluation of potential immunotoxicity/immunogenicity for a new drug still remains standard toxicology study testing with key assessment for effects on clinical pathology and lymphoid organs/tissues (weights and cellularity). Additional evaluation from studies using a T cell-dependent antibody response (TDAR) and lymphocyte phenotyping is also valuable, if needed. Thus, using the tools from the past, it is the role of toxicologists to work with clinical teams now and in the future, to interpret findings from nonclinical testing to possible adverse findings in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Baldrick
- 1 Covance Laboratories Ltd, England, United Kingdom
- 2 Lincoln School of Pharmacy, University of Lincoln, United Kingdom
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12
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Guth BD, Grobler AF, Frazier KS, Greiter-Wilke A, Herzyk D, Hough TA, Khan AA, Markert M, Smith JD, Svenson KL, Wells S, Pugsley MK. Drug safety Africa: An overview of safety pharmacology & toxicology in South Africa. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2019; 98:106579. [PMID: 31085319 DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2019.106579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Revised: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
This meeting report is based on presentations given at the first Drug Safety Africa Meeting in Potchefstroom, South Africa from November 20-22, 2018 at the North-West University campus. There were 134 attendees (including 26 speakers and 34 students) from the pharmaceutical industry, academia, regulatory agencies as well as 6 exhibitors. These meeting proceedings are designed to inform the content that was presented in terms of Safety Pharmacology (SP) and Toxicology methods and models that are used by the pharmaceutical industry to characterize the safety profile of novel small chemical or biological molecules. The first part of this report includes an overview of the core battery studies defined by cardiovascular, central nervous system (CNS) and respiratory studies. Approaches to evaluating drug effects on the renal and gastrointestinal systems and murine phenotyping were also discussed. Subsequently, toxicological approaches were presented including standard strategies and options for early identification and characterization of risks associated with a novel therapeutic, the types of toxicology studies conducted and relevance to risk assessment supporting first-in-human (FIH) clinical trials and target organ toxicity. Biopharmaceutical development and principles of immunotoxicology were discussed as well as emerging technologies. An additional poster session was held that included 18 posters on advanced studies and topics by South African researchers, postgraduate students and postdoctoral fellows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian D Guth
- Boehringer Ingelheim GmbH & Co KG, Biberach an der Riss, Germany; North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa.
| | | | | | | | - Danuta Herzyk
- Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp., A subsidiary of Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA
| | - Tertius A Hough
- Mary Lyon Centre and Mammalian Genetics Unit, Medical Research Council, Harwell, UK
| | | | - Michael Markert
- Boehringer Ingelheim GmbH & Co KG, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - James D Smith
- Boehringer-Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc., Ridgefield, CT, USA
| | | | - Sara Wells
- Mary Lyon Centre and Mammalian Genetics Unit, Medical Research Council, Harwell, UK
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13
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Johnson DE. Biotherapeutics: Challenges and Opportunities for Predictive Toxicology of Monoclonal Antibodies. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E3685. [PMID: 30469350 PMCID: PMC6274697 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19113685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Revised: 11/18/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Biotherapeutics are a rapidly growing portion of the total pharmaceutical market accounting for almost one-half of recent new drug approvals. A major portion of these approvals each year are monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). During development, non-clinical pharmacology and toxicology testing of mAbs differs from that done with chemical entities since these biotherapeutics are derived from a biological source and therefore the animal models must share the same epitopes (targets) as humans to elicit a pharmacological response. Mechanisms of toxicity of mAbs are both pharmacological and non-pharmacological in nature; however, standard in silico predictive toxicological methods used in research and development of chemical entities currently do not apply to these biotherapeutics. Challenges and potential opportunities exist for new methodologies to provide a more predictive program to assess and monitor potential adverse drug reactions of mAbs for specific patients before and during clinical trials and after market approval.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dale E Johnson
- Morgan Hall, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
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14
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Ochoa de Olza M, Oliva M, Hierro C, Matos I, Martin-Liberal J, Garralda E. Early-drug development in the era of immuno-oncology: are we ready to face the challenges? Ann Oncol 2018; 29:1727-1740. [PMID: 29945232 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdy225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The classical development of drugs has progressively faded away, and we are currently in an era of seamless drug-development, where first-in-human trials include unusually big expansion cohorts in the search for early signs of activity and rapid regulatory approval. The fierce competition between different pharmaceutical companies and the hype for immune combinations obliges us to question the current way in which we are evaluating these drugs. In this review, we discuss critical issues and caveats in immunotherapy development. A particular emphasis is put on the limitations of pre-clinical toxicology studies, where both murine models and cynomolgus monkeys have underpredicted toxicity in humans. Moreover, relevant issues surrounding dose determination during phase I trials, such as dose-escalation methods or flat versus body-weight dosing, are discussed. A proposal of how to face these different challenges is offered, in order to achieve maximum efficacy with minimum toxicity for our patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ochoa de Olza
- Medical Oncology Department, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain; Molecular Therapeutics Research Unit, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Barcelona, Spain.
| | - M Oliva
- Drug Development Program, Department of Medical Oncology and Haematology, Princess Margaret Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - C Hierro
- Medical Oncology Department, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain; Molecular Therapeutics Research Unit, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Barcelona, Spain
| | - I Matos
- Medical Oncology Department, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain; Molecular Therapeutics Research Unit, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Barcelona, Spain
| | - J Martin-Liberal
- Molecular Therapeutics Research Unit, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Barcelona, Spain; Medical Oncology Department, Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO), l'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - E Garralda
- Medical Oncology Department, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain; Molecular Therapeutics Research Unit, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Barcelona, Spain
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15
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Alakhras NS, Qiu J, Rocha GV, Witcher DR, Koester A, You J, Schaer DA, Holmgaard RB, Driscoll K, Willy JA, Malherbe LP. FcγRIIIa-dependent IFN-γ release in whole blood assay is predictive of therapeutic IgG1 antibodies safety. MAbs 2018; 10:913-921. [PMID: 29953319 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2018.1474996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunomodulatory monoclonal IgG1 antibodies developed for cancer and autoimmune disease have an inherent risk of systemic release of pro-inflammatory cytokines. In vitro cytokine release assays are currently used to predict cytokine release syndrome (CRS) risk, but the validation of these preclinical tools suffers from the limited number of characterized CRS-inducing IgG1 antibodies and the poor understanding of the mechanisms regulating cytokine release. Here, we incubated human whole blood from naïve healthy volunteers with four monoclonal IgG1 antibodies with different proven or predicted capacity to elicit CRS in clinic and measured cytokine release using a multiplex assay. We found that, in contrast to anti-CD52 antibodies (Campath-1H homolog) that elicited high level of multiple inflammatory cytokines from human blood cells in vitro, other IgG1 antibodies with CRS-inducing potential consistently induced release of a single tested cytokine, interferon (IFN)-γ, with a smaller magnitude than Campath. IFN-γ expression was observed as early as 2-4 h after incubation, mediated by natural killer cells, and dependent upon tumor necrosis factor and FcγRIII. Importantly, the magnitude of the IFN-γ response elicited by IgG1 antibodies with CRS-inducing potential was determined by donor FcγRIIIa-V158F polymorphism. Overall, our results highlight the importance of FcγRIIIa-dependent IFN-γ release in preclinical cytokine release assay for the prediction of CRS risk associated with therapeutic IgG1 antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nada S Alakhras
- a Lilly Research Laboratories , A Division of Eli Lilly and Company , Indianapolis , IN , USA
| | - Jiabin Qiu
- a Lilly Research Laboratories , A Division of Eli Lilly and Company , Indianapolis , IN , USA
| | - Guilherme V Rocha
- a Lilly Research Laboratories , A Division of Eli Lilly and Company , Indianapolis , IN , USA
| | - Derrick R Witcher
- a Lilly Research Laboratories , A Division of Eli Lilly and Company , Indianapolis , IN , USA
| | - Anja Koester
- a Lilly Research Laboratories , A Division of Eli Lilly and Company , Indianapolis , IN , USA
| | - Jinsam You
- a Lilly Research Laboratories , A Division of Eli Lilly and Company , Indianapolis , IN , USA
| | - David A Schaer
- a Lilly Research Laboratories , A Division of Eli Lilly and Company , Indianapolis , IN , USA
| | - Rikke B Holmgaard
- a Lilly Research Laboratories , A Division of Eli Lilly and Company , Indianapolis , IN , USA
| | - Kyla Driscoll
- a Lilly Research Laboratories , A Division of Eli Lilly and Company , Indianapolis , IN , USA
| | - Jeffrey A Willy
- a Lilly Research Laboratories , A Division of Eli Lilly and Company , Indianapolis , IN , USA
| | - Laurent P Malherbe
- a Lilly Research Laboratories , A Division of Eli Lilly and Company , Indianapolis , IN , USA
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16
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17
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Saber H, Del Valle P, Ricks TK, Leighton JK. An FDA oncology analysis of CD3 bispecific constructs and first-in-human dose selection. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2017; 90:144-152. [PMID: 28887049 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2017.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Revised: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 09/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
We retrospectively examined the nonclinical studies conducted with 17 CD3 bispecific constructs in support of first-in-human (FIH) trials in oncology. We also collected information on the design of dose-finding clinical trials. Sponsors have used different MABEL approaches for FIH dose selection. To better assess acceptable approaches, FIH doses were computed from nonclinical studies and compared to the maximum tolerated doses (MTDs) in patients, to the highest human doses (HHDs) when an MTD was not identified, or to the recommended human dose (RHD) for blinatumomab. We concluded that approaches based on receptor occupancy, highest non-severely toxic dose, or no-observed adverse effect level are not acceptable for selecting the FIH dose as they resulted in doses close to or above the MTDs, HHDs, or the RHD. A FIH dose corresponding to 10%-30% pharmacologic activity (PA) was an acceptable approach. A FIH dose corresponding to 50% PA was acceptable for all except one construct, potentially due to its biological or structural properties. The most common toxicities in animals and patients were those related to cytokine release. Doses were better tolerated when intra-animal or intra-patient dose escalation was used. Exposing naïve patients to an MTD achieved with intra-patient dose escalation design may be unsafe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haleh Saber
- US Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Office of Hematology and Oncology Products, 10903 New Hampshire Ave, Silver Spring, MD 20903, United States.
| | - Pedro Del Valle
- US Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Office of Hematology and Oncology Products, 10903 New Hampshire Ave, Silver Spring, MD 20903, United States
| | - Tiffany K Ricks
- US Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Office of Hematology and Oncology Products, 10903 New Hampshire Ave, Silver Spring, MD 20903, United States
| | - John K Leighton
- US Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Office of Hematology and Oncology Products, 10903 New Hampshire Ave, Silver Spring, MD 20903, United States
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18
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Prior H, Sewell F, Stewart J. Overview of 3Rs opportunities in drug discovery and development using non-human primates. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ddmod.2017.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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