1
|
Tikunov AP. Whole-Body Mouse Fluxomic Analysis to Detect Metabolic Disruptions Associated with Microcephaly: Using 13C Isotopes. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2583:149-156. [PMID: 36418732 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2752-5_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Diverse metabolic disorders can disrupt brain growth, and analyzing metabolism in animal models of microcephaly may reveal new mechanisms of pathogenesis. The metabolism of functioning cells in a living organism is constantly changing in response to a changing environment, circadian rhythms, consumed food, drugs, progressing sicknesses, aging, and many other factors. Metabolic profiling can give important insights into the working machinery of the cell. However, a frozen snapshot of the interconnected, complex network of reactions gives very limited information about this system. Flux analysis using stable isotope labels enables more robust metabolic studies that consider interrogate metabolite processing and changes in molecular concentrations over time.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrey P Tikunov
- Department of Neurology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Van Ness KP, Cesar F, Yeung CK, Himmelfarb J, Kelly EJ. Microphysiological systems in absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination sciences. Clin Transl Sci 2022; 15:9-42. [PMID: 34378335 PMCID: PMC8742652 DOI: 10.1111/cts.13132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of microphysiological systems (MPS) to support absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination (ADME) sciences has grown substantially in the last decade, in part driven by regulatory demands to move away from traditional animal-based safety assessment studies and industry desires to develop methodologies to efficiently screen and characterize drugs in the development pipeline. The past decade of MPS development has yielded great user-driven technological advances with the collective fine-tuning of cell culture techniques, fluid delivery systems, materials engineering, and performance enhancing modifications. The rapid advances in MPS technology have now made it feasible to evaluate critical ADME parameters within a stand-alone organ system or through interconnected organ systems. This review surveys current MPS developed for liver, kidney, and intestinal systems as stand-alone or interconnected organ systems, and evaluates each system for specific performance criteria recommended by regulatory authorities and MPS leaders that would render each system suitable for evaluating drug ADME. Whereas some systems are more suitable for ADME type research than others, not all system designs were intended to meet the recently published desired performance criteria and are reported as a summary of initial proof-of-concept studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kirk P. Van Ness
- Department of PharmaceuticsUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWashingtonUSA
| | - Francine Cesar
- Department of PharmaceuticsUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWashingtonUSA
| | - Catherine K. Yeung
- Department of PharmacyUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWashingtonUSA
- Kidney Research InstituteUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWashingtonUSA
| | | | - Edward J. Kelly
- Department of PharmaceuticsUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWashingtonUSA
- Kidney Research InstituteUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWashingtonUSA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Baudy AR, Otieno MA, Hewitt P, Gan J, Roth A, Keller D, Sura R, Van Vleet TR, Proctor WR. Liver microphysiological systems development guidelines for safety risk assessment in the pharmaceutical industry. LAB ON A CHIP 2020; 20:215-225. [PMID: 31799979 DOI: 10.1039/c9lc00768g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The liver is critical to consider during drug development because of its central role in the handling of xenobiotics, a process which often leads to localized and/or downstream tissue injury. Our ability to predict human clinical safety outcomes with animal testing is limited due to species differences in drug metabolism and disposition, while traditional human in vitro liver models often lack the necessary in vivo physiological fidelity. To address this, increasing numbers of liver microphysiological systems (MPS) are being developed, however the inconsistency in their optimization and characterization often leads to models that do not possess critical levels of baseline performance that is required for many pharmaceutical industry applications. Herein we provide a guidance on best approaches to benchmark liver MPS based on 3 stages of characterization that includes key performance metrics and a 20 compound safety test set. Additionally, we give an overview of frequently used liver injury safety assays, describe the ideal MPS model, and provide a perspective on currently best suited MPS contexts of use. This pharmaceutical industry guidance has been written to help MPS developers and end users identify what could be the most valuable models for safety risk assessment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Monicah A Otieno
- Janssen Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Spring House, PA, USA
| | | | - Jinping Gan
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, New York City, NY, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Khanal S, Bhattarai SR, Sankar J, Bhandari RK, Macdonald JM, Bhattarai N. Nano-fibre Integrated Microcapsules: A Nano-in-Micro Platform for 3D Cell Culture. Sci Rep 2019; 9:13951. [PMID: 31562351 PMCID: PMC6765003 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-50380-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Nano-in-micro (NIM) system is a promising approach to enhance the performance of devices for a wide range of applications in disease treatment and tissue regeneration. In this study, polymeric nanofibre-integrated alginate (PNA) hydrogel microcapsules were designed using NIM technology. Various ratios of cryo-ground poly (lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) nanofibres (CPN) were incorporated into PNA hydrogel microcapsule. Electrostatic encapsulation method was used to incorporate living cells into the PNA microcapsules (~500 µm diameter). Human liver carcinoma cells, HepG2, were encapsulated into the microcapsules and their physio-chemical properties were studied. Morphology, stability, and chemical composition of the PNA microcapsules were analysed by light microscopy, fluorescent microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier-Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The incorporation of CPN caused no significant changes in the morphology, size, and chemical structure of PNA microcapsules in cell culture media. Among four PNA microcapsule products (PNA-0, PNA-10, PNA-30, and PNA-50 with size 489 ± 31 µm, 480 ± 40 µm, 473 ± 51 µm and 464 ± 35 µm, respectively), PNA-10 showed overall suitability for HepG2 growth with high cellular metabolic activity, indicating that the 3D PNA-10 microcapsule could be suitable to maintain better vitality and liver-specific metabolic functions. Overall, this novel design of PNA microcapsule and the one-step method of cell encapsulation can be a versatile 3D NIM system for spontaneous generation of organoids with in vivo like tissue architectures, and the system can be useful for numerous biomedical applications, especially for liver tissue engineering, cell preservation, and drug toxicity study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shalil Khanal
- 0000 0001 0287 4439grid.261037.1Department of Applied Science and Technology, North Carolina A&T State University, Greensboro, NC USA ,0000 0001 0287 4439grid.261037.1Department of Chemical, Biological, and Bioengineering, North Carolina A&T State University, Greensboro, NC USA
| | - Shanta R. Bhattarai
- 0000 0001 0287 4439grid.261037.1Department of Chemistry, North Carolina A&T State University, Greensboro, NC USA ,0000 0001 0287 4439grid.261037.1Department of Biology, North Carolina A&T State University, Greensboro, NC USA ,0000 0001 0671 255Xgrid.266860.cDepartment of Biology, University of North Carolina Greensboro, Greensboro, NC USA
| | - Jagannathan Sankar
- 0000 0001 0287 4439grid.261037.1Department of Mechanical Engineering, North Carolina A&T State University, Greensboro, NC USA
| | - Ramji K. Bhandari
- 0000 0001 0671 255Xgrid.266860.cDepartment of Biology, University of North Carolina Greensboro, Greensboro, NC USA
| | - Jeffrey M. Macdonald
- 0000 0001 1034 1720grid.410711.2Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC USA
| | - Narayan Bhattarai
- 0000 0001 0287 4439grid.261037.1Department of Chemical, Biological, and Bioengineering, North Carolina A&T State University, Greensboro, NC USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Reed MAC, Roberts J, Gierth P, Kupče Ē, Günther UL. Quantitative Isotopomer Rates in Real-Time Metabolism of Cells Determined by NMR Methods. Chembiochem 2019; 20:2207-2211. [PMID: 30990951 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201900084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Revised: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Tracer-based metabolism is becoming increasingly important for studying metabolic mechanisms in cells. NMR spectroscopy offers several approaches to measure label incorporation in metabolites, including 13 C- and 1 H-detected spectra. The latter are generally more sensitive, but quantification depends on the proton-carbon 1 JCH coupling constant, which varies significantly between different metabolites. It is therefore not possible to have one experiment optimised for all metabolites, and quantification of 1 H-edited spectra such as HSQCs requires precise knowledge of coupling constants. Increasing interest in tracer-based and metabolic flux analysis requires robust analyses with reasonably small acquisition times. Herein, we compare 13 C-filtered and 13 C-edited methods for quantification and show the applicability of the methods for real-time NMR spectroscopy of cancer-cell metabolism, in which label incorporations are subject to constant flux. We find an approach using a double filter to be most suitable and sufficiently robust to reliably obtain 13 C incorporations from difference spectra. This is demonstrated for JJN3 multiple myeloma cells processing glucose over 24 h. The proposed method is equally well suited for calculating the level of label incorporation in labelled cell extracts in the context of metabolic flux analysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michelle A C Reed
- College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Vincent Drive, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Jennie Roberts
- College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Vincent Drive, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Peter Gierth
- Bruker (UK) Limited, Banner Lane, Coventry, CV4 9GH, UK
| | - Ēriks Kupče
- Bruker (UK) Limited, Banner Lane, Coventry, CV4 9GH, UK
| | - Ulrich L Günther
- College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Vincent Drive, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Phillips MB, Balbuena-Venancio P, Enders JR, Norini RL, Shim YS, Burgunder E, Rao L, Billings D, Pedersen J, Macdonald JM, Andersen M, Clewell HJ, Yoon M. Xenobiotic Metabolism in Alginate-Encapsulated Primary Human Hepatocytes Over Long Timeframes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1089/aivt.2017.0029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Pergentino Balbuena-Venancio
- ScitoVation, LLC, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
- Institute for Chemical Safety Sciences, The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | | | | | - Yoo-Sik Shim
- ScitoVation, LLC, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
- Institute for Chemical Safety Sciences, The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Erin Burgunder
- ScitoVation, LLC, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
- Institute for Chemical Safety Sciences, The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Lavanya Rao
- ScitoVation, LLC, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - David Billings
- ScitoVation, LLC, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
- Institute for Chemical Safety Sciences, The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Jenny Pedersen
- Institute for Chemical Safety Sciences, The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Jeffrey M. Macdonald
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Melvin Andersen
- ScitoVation, LLC, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
- Institute for Chemical Safety Sciences, The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Harvey J. Clewell
- ScitoVation, LLC, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
- Institute for Chemical Safety Sciences, The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Miyoung Yoon
- ScitoVation, LLC, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
- Institute for Chemical Safety Sciences, The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| |
Collapse
|