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Jeffries RE, Gomez SM, Macdonald JM, Gamcsik MP. Direct Detection of Glutathione Biosynthesis, Conjugation, Depletion and Recovery in Intact Hepatoma Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23094733. [PMID: 35563124 PMCID: PMC9104575 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23094733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy was used to monitor glutathione metabolism in alginate-encapsulated JM-1 hepatoma cells perfused with growth media containing [3,3′-13C2]-cystine. After 20 h of perfusion with labeled medium, the 13C NMR spectrum is dominated by the signal from the 13C-labeled glutathione. Once 13C-labeled, the high intensity of the glutathione resonance allows the acquisition of subsequent spectra in 1.2 min intervals. At this temporal resolution, the detailed kinetics of glutathione metabolism can be monitored as the thiol alkylating agent monobromobimane (mBBr) is added to the perfusate. The addition of a bolus dose of mBBr results in rapid diminution of the resonance for 13C-labeled glutathione due to a loss of this metabolite through alkylation by mBBr. As the glutathione resonance decreases, a new resonance due to the production of intracellular glutathione-bimane conjugate is detectable. After clearance of the mBBr dose from the cells, intracellular glutathione repletion is then observed by a restoration of the 13C-glutathione signal along with wash-out of the conjugate. These data demonstrate that standard NMR techniques can directly monitor intracellular processes such as glutathione depletion with a time resolution of approximately < 2 min.
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Tikunov AP, Tipton JD, Garrett TJ, Shinde SV, Kim HJ, Gerber DA, Herring LE, Graves LM, Macdonald JM. Green Chemistry Preservation and Extraction of Biospecimens for Multi-omic Analyses. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2394:267-298. [PMID: 35094334 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1811-0_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The Environmental Protection Agency's definition of "Green Chemistry" is "the design of chemical products and processes that reduces or eliminates the use or generation of hazardous substances. Green chemistry applies across the life cycle of a chemical product, including its design, manufacture, use, and ultimate disposal." Conventional omic tissue extraction procedures use solvents that are toxic and carcinogenic, such as chloroform and methyl-tert-butyl ether for lipidomics, or caustic chaotropic solutions for genomics and transcriptomics, such as guanidine or urea. A common preservation solution for pathology is formaldehyde, which is a carcinogen. Use of acetonitrile as a universal biospecimen preservation and extraction solvent will reduce these hazardous wastes, because it is less toxic and more environmentally friendly than the conventional solvents used in biorepository and biospecimen research. A new extraction method never applied to multi-omic, system biology research, called cold-induced phase separation (CIPS), uses freezing point temperatures to induce a phase separation of acetonitrile-water mixtures. Also, the CO2 exposure during CIPS will acidify the water precipitating DNA out of aqueous phase. The resulting phase separation brings hydrophobic lipids to the top acetonitrile fraction that is easily decanted from the bottom aqueous fraction, especially when the water is frozen. This CIPS acetonitrile extract contains the lipidome (lipids), the bottom aqueous fraction is sampled to obtain the transcriptome (RNA) fraction, and the remaining water and pellet is extracted with 60% acetonitrile to isolate the metabolome (<1 kD polar molecules). Finally, steps 4 and 5 use a TRIzol™ liquid-liquid extraction SOP of the pellet to isolate the genome (DNA) and proteome (proteins). This chapter details the multi-omic sequential extraction SOP and potential problems associated with each of the 5 steps, with steps 2, 4, and 5 still requiring validation. The metabolomic and lipidomic extraction efficiencies using the CIPS SOP is compared to conventional solvent extraction SOPs and is analyzed by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS), respectively. Acetonitrile biospecimen preservation combined with the CIPS multi-omic extraction SOP is green chemistry technology that will eliminate the generation of the hazardous substances associated with biospecimen processing and permits separation and safe disposal of acetonitrile avoiding environmental contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey P Tikunov
- Departments of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Jeremiah D Tipton
- Departments of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Timothy J Garrett
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Sachi V Shinde
- Departments of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Hong Jin Kim
- Departments of Surgery, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - David A Gerber
- Departments of Surgery, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Laura E Herring
- Departments of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Lee M Graves
- Departments of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Jeffrey M Macdonald
- Departments of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
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3
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Bryant KL, Stalnecker CA, Zeitouni D, Klomp JE, Peng S, Tikunov AP, Gunda V, Pierobon M, Waters AM, George SD, Tomar G, Papke B, Hobbs GA, Yan L, Hayes TK, Diehl JN, Goode GD, Chaika NV, Wang Y, Zhang GF, Witkiewicz AK, Knudsen ES, Petricoin EF, Singh PK, Macdonald JM, Tran NL, Lyssiotis CA, Ying H, Kimmelman AC, Cox AD, Der CJ. Author Correction: Combination of ERK and autophagy inhibition as a treatment approach for pancreatic cancer. Nat Med 2020; 26:982. [PMID: 32483362 DOI: 10.1038/s41591-020-0947-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten L Bryant
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Clint A Stalnecker
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Daniel Zeitouni
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Jennifer E Klomp
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Sen Peng
- Cancer and Cell Biology Division, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Andrey P Tikunov
- Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Venugopal Gunda
- Eppley Institute for Cancer Research, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Mariaelena Pierobon
- Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA
| | - Andrew M Waters
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Samuel D George
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Garima Tomar
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Björn Papke
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - G Aaron Hobbs
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Liang Yan
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, Division of Basic Science Research, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Tikvah K Hayes
- Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - J Nathaniel Diehl
- Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Gennifer D Goode
- Eppley Institute for Cancer Research, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Nina V Chaika
- Eppley Institute for Cancer Research, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Yingxue Wang
- Sarah W. Stedman Nutrition and Metabolism Center & Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Guo-Fang Zhang
- Sarah W. Stedman Nutrition and Metabolism Center & Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | - Erik S Knudsen
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Roswell Park Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Emanuel F Petricoin
- Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA
| | - Pankaj K Singh
- Eppley Institute for Cancer Research, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Jeffrey M Macdonald
- Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Nhan L Tran
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Costas A Lyssiotis
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology; Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Haoqiang Ying
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, Division of Basic Science Research, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Alec C Kimmelman
- Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York City, NY, USA
| | - Adrienne D Cox
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Channing J Der
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
- Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
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Niemuth JN, Harms CA, Macdonald JM, Stoskopf MK. NMR-based metabolomic profile of cold stun syndrome in loggerhead Caretta caretta, green Chelonia mydas and Kemp's ridley Lepidochelys kempii sea turtles in North Carolina, USA. Wildlife Biology 2020. [DOI: 10.2981/wlb.00587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Craig A. Harms
- MKS and C. A. Harms: Center for Marine Sciences and Technology, North Carolina State Univ., Morehead City, NC, USA
| | - Jeffrey M. Macdonald
- J. M. Macdonald and M. K. Stoskopf, Environmental Medicine Consortium, North Carolina State Univ., Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Michael K. Stoskopf
- J. M. Macdonald and M. K. Stoskopf, Environmental Medicine Consortium, North Carolina State Univ., Raleigh, NC, USA
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5
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Behrens KA, Jania LA, Snouwaert JN, Nguyen M, Moy SS, Tikunov AP, Macdonald JM, Koller BH. Beyond detoxification: Pleiotropic functions of multiple glutathione S-transferase isoforms protect mice against a toxic electrophile. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0225449. [PMID: 31747445 PMCID: PMC6867637 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0225449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Environmental and endogenous electrophiles cause tissue damage through their high reactivity with endogenous nucleophiles such as DNA, proteins, and lipids. Protection against damage is mediated by glutathione (GSH) conjugation, which can occur spontaneously or be facilitated by the glutathione S-transferase (GST) enzymes. To determine the role of GST enzymes in protection against electrophiles as well as the role of specific GST families in mediating this protection, we exposed mutant mouse lines lacking the GSTP, GSTM, and/or GSTT enzyme families to the model electrophile acrylamide, a ubiquitous dietary contaminant known to cause adverse effects in humans. An analysis of urinary metabolites after acute acrylamide exposure identified the GSTM family as the primary mediator of GSH conjugation to acrylamide. However, surprisingly, mice lacking only this enzyme family did not show increased toxicity after an acute acrylamide exposure. Therefore, GSH conjugation is not the sole mechanism by which GSTs protect against the toxicity of this substrate. Given the prevalence of null GST polymorphisms in the human population (approximately 50% for GSTM1 and 20–50% for GSTT1), a substantial portion of the population may also have impaired acrylamide metabolism. However, our study also defines a role for GSTP and/or GSTT in protection against acrylamide mediated toxicity. Thus, while the canonical detoxification function of GSTs may be impaired in GSTM null individuals, disease risk secondary to acrylamide exposure may be mitigated through non-canonical pathways involving members of the GSTP and/or GSTT families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey A. Behrens
- Curriculum in Toxicology & Environmental Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Leigh A. Jania
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - John N. Snouwaert
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - MyTrang Nguyen
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Sheryl S. Moy
- Carolina Institute for Developmental Disabilities and Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Andrey P. Tikunov
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey M. Macdonald
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Beverly H. Koller
- Curriculum in Toxicology & Environmental Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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6
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Khanal S, Bhattarai SR, Sankar J, Bhandari RK, Macdonald JM, Bhattarai N. Nano-fibre Integrated Microcapsules: A Nano-in-Micro Platform for 3D Cell Culture. Sci Rep 2019; 9:13951. [PMID: 31562351 PMCID: PMC6765003 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-50380-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Nano-in-micro (NIM) system is a promising approach to enhance the performance of devices for a wide range of applications in disease treatment and tissue regeneration. In this study, polymeric nanofibre-integrated alginate (PNA) hydrogel microcapsules were designed using NIM technology. Various ratios of cryo-ground poly (lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) nanofibres (CPN) were incorporated into PNA hydrogel microcapsule. Electrostatic encapsulation method was used to incorporate living cells into the PNA microcapsules (~500 µm diameter). Human liver carcinoma cells, HepG2, were encapsulated into the microcapsules and their physio-chemical properties were studied. Morphology, stability, and chemical composition of the PNA microcapsules were analysed by light microscopy, fluorescent microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier-Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The incorporation of CPN caused no significant changes in the morphology, size, and chemical structure of PNA microcapsules in cell culture media. Among four PNA microcapsule products (PNA-0, PNA-10, PNA-30, and PNA-50 with size 489 ± 31 µm, 480 ± 40 µm, 473 ± 51 µm and 464 ± 35 µm, respectively), PNA-10 showed overall suitability for HepG2 growth with high cellular metabolic activity, indicating that the 3D PNA-10 microcapsule could be suitable to maintain better vitality and liver-specific metabolic functions. Overall, this novel design of PNA microcapsule and the one-step method of cell encapsulation can be a versatile 3D NIM system for spontaneous generation of organoids with in vivo like tissue architectures, and the system can be useful for numerous biomedical applications, especially for liver tissue engineering, cell preservation, and drug toxicity study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shalil Khanal
- 0000 0001 0287 4439grid.261037.1Department of Applied Science and Technology, North Carolina A&T State University, Greensboro, NC USA ,0000 0001 0287 4439grid.261037.1Department of Chemical, Biological, and Bioengineering, North Carolina A&T State University, Greensboro, NC USA
| | - Shanta R. Bhattarai
- 0000 0001 0287 4439grid.261037.1Department of Chemistry, North Carolina A&T State University, Greensboro, NC USA ,0000 0001 0287 4439grid.261037.1Department of Biology, North Carolina A&T State University, Greensboro, NC USA ,0000 0001 0671 255Xgrid.266860.cDepartment of Biology, University of North Carolina Greensboro, Greensboro, NC USA
| | - Jagannathan Sankar
- 0000 0001 0287 4439grid.261037.1Department of Mechanical Engineering, North Carolina A&T State University, Greensboro, NC USA
| | - Ramji K. Bhandari
- 0000 0001 0671 255Xgrid.266860.cDepartment of Biology, University of North Carolina Greensboro, Greensboro, NC USA
| | - Jeffrey M. Macdonald
- 0000 0001 1034 1720grid.410711.2Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC USA
| | - Narayan Bhattarai
- 0000 0001 0287 4439grid.261037.1Department of Chemical, Biological, and Bioengineering, North Carolina A&T State University, Greensboro, NC USA
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7
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Bryant KL, Stalnecker CA, Zeitouni D, Klomp JE, Peng S, Tikunov AP, Gunda V, Pierobon M, Waters AM, George SD, Tomar G, Papke B, Hobbs GA, Yan L, Hayes TK, Diehl JN, Goode GD, Chaika NV, Wang Y, Zhang GF, Witkiewicz AK, Knudsen ES, Petricoin EF, Singh PK, Macdonald JM, Tran NL, Lyssiotis CA, Ying H, Kimmelman AC, Cox AD, Der CJ. Combination of ERK and autophagy inhibition as a treatment approach for pancreatic cancer. Nat Med 2019; 25:628-640. [PMID: 30833752 PMCID: PMC6484853 DOI: 10.1038/s41591-019-0368-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 443] [Impact Index Per Article: 88.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is characterized by KRAS- and autophagy-dependent tumorigenic growth, but the role of KRAS in supporting autophagy has not been established. We show that, to our surprise, suppression of KRAS increased autophagic flux, as did pharmacological inhibition of its effector ERK MAPK. Furthermore, we demonstrate that either KRAS suppression or ERK inhibition decreased both glycolytic and mitochondrial functions. We speculated that ERK inhibition might thus enhance PDAC dependence on autophagy, in part by impairing other KRAS- or ERK-driven metabolic processes. Accordingly, we found that the autophagy inhibitor chloroquine and genetic or pharmacologic inhibition of specific autophagy regulators synergistically enhanced the ability of ERK inhibitors to mediate antitumor activity in KRAS-driven PDAC. We conclude that combinations of pharmacologic inhibitors that concurrently block both ERK MAPK and autophagic processes that are upregulated in response to ERK inhibition may be effective treatments for PDAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten L Bryant
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Clint A Stalnecker
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Daniel Zeitouni
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Jennifer E Klomp
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Sen Peng
- Cancer and Cell Biology Division, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Andrey P Tikunov
- Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Venugopal Gunda
- Eppley Institute for Cancer Research, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Mariaelena Pierobon
- Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA
| | - Andrew M Waters
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Samuel D George
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Garima Tomar
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Björn Papke
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - G Aaron Hobbs
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Liang Yan
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, Division of Basic Science Research, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Tikvah K Hayes
- Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - J Nathaniel Diehl
- Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Gennifer D Goode
- Eppley Institute for Cancer Research, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Nina V Chaika
- Eppley Institute for Cancer Research, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Yingxue Wang
- Sarah W. Stedman Nutrition and Metabolism Center & Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Guo-Fang Zhang
- Sarah W. Stedman Nutrition and Metabolism Center & Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | - Erik S Knudsen
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Roswell Park Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Emanuel F Petricoin
- Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA
| | - Pankaj K Singh
- Eppley Institute for Cancer Research, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Jeffrey M Macdonald
- Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Nhan L Tran
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Costas A Lyssiotis
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology; Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Haoqiang Ying
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, Division of Basic Science Research, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Alec C Kimmelman
- Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York City, NY, USA
| | - Adrienne D Cox
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Channing J Der
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
- Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
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Phillips MB, Balbuena-Venancio P, Enders JR, Norini RL, Shim YS, Burgunder E, Rao L, Billings D, Pedersen J, Macdonald JM, Andersen M, Clewell HJ, Yoon M. Xenobiotic Metabolism in Alginate-Encapsulated Primary Human Hepatocytes Over Long Timeframes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1089/aivt.2017.0029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Pergentino Balbuena-Venancio
- ScitoVation, LLC, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
- Institute for Chemical Safety Sciences, The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | | | | | - Yoo-Sik Shim
- ScitoVation, LLC, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
- Institute for Chemical Safety Sciences, The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Erin Burgunder
- ScitoVation, LLC, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
- Institute for Chemical Safety Sciences, The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Lavanya Rao
- ScitoVation, LLC, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - David Billings
- ScitoVation, LLC, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
- Institute for Chemical Safety Sciences, The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Jenny Pedersen
- Institute for Chemical Safety Sciences, The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Jeffrey M. Macdonald
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Melvin Andersen
- ScitoVation, LLC, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
- Institute for Chemical Safety Sciences, The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Harvey J. Clewell
- ScitoVation, LLC, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
- Institute for Chemical Safety Sciences, The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Miyoung Yoon
- ScitoVation, LLC, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
- Institute for Chemical Safety Sciences, The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
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Szolnoky G, Tuczai M, Macdonald JM, Dosa-Racz E, Barsony K, Balogh M, Szabad G, Dobozy A, Kemeny L. Adjunctive role of manual lymph drainage in the healing of venous ulcers: A comparative pilot study. Lymphology 2018; 51:148-159. [PMID: 31119905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Compression therapy plays a pivotal role in the treatment of venous leg ulcers and clinical observations include lymph stasis as contributing to the maintenance of chronic wounds. This finding raises the question whether further improvement in lymph circulation with manual lymph drainage (MLD) as a part of complex decongestive physiotherapy (CDP) can improve ulcer healing. We examined whether CDP improves healing of venous leg ulcers and compared the efficacy of CDP with that of multilayered compression with short-stretch bandages. Eight patients (mean age: 64.8 years, mean ulcer area: 23.07 cm2, duration of ulcers: 25.37 months) were treated with a 5-day-course of CDP and 9 patients (mean age: 70.77 years, mean ulcer area: 21.47 cm2, duration of ulcers: 15.8 months) were included in a 10-day-course of CDP. Control goup consisted of 9 patients (mean age: 56.33 years, mean ulcer area: 13.87 cm2, duration of ulcers: 6.11 months) receiving multilayered compression. Wound surface measurement was carried out on days 5 and 10 and ulcer area reduction rate was calculated as area (initial)-area (final)/time unit. There was no statistical difference between the 5-daycourse of CDP and compression of the same duration regarding ulcer healing (t=-1.62, df=15, p= 0.125). A 10-day-course of CDP significantly increased ulcer healing compared to compression of the same duration (t=-2.42, df=16, p= 0.039). Our preliminary results suggest that MLD as a part of CDP supports healing of venous leg ulcers.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Szolnoky
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - M Tuczai
- Private practice for physiotherapy and lymphedema treatment, Szeged, Hungary
| | - J M Macdonald
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami, Miami, USA
| | - E Dosa-Racz
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - K Barsony
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - M Balogh
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
- MTA SZTE Dermatological Research Group, Szeged, Hungary
| | - G Szabad
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - A Dobozy
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - L Kemeny
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
- MTA SZTE Dermatological Research Group, Szeged, Hungary
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10
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Tikunov AP, Shim YS, Bhattarai N, Siler SQ, Soldatow V, LeCluyse EL, McDunn JE, Watkins PB, Macdonald JM. Dose-response in a high density three-dimensional liver device with real-time bioenergetic and metabolic flux quantification. Toxicol In Vitro 2017; 45:119-127. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2017.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Revised: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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11
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Tech K, Tikunov AP, Farooq H, Morrissy AS, Meidinger J, Fish T, Green SC, Liu H, Li Y, Mungall AJ, Moore RA, Ma Y, Jones SJM, Marra MA, Vander Heiden MG, Taylor MD, Macdonald JM, Gershon TR. Pyruvate Kinase Inhibits Proliferation during Postnatal Cerebellar Neurogenesis and Suppresses Medulloblastoma Formation. Cancer Res 2017; 77:3217-3230. [PMID: 28515149 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-16-3304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Revised: 02/20/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Aerobic glycolysis supports proliferation through unresolved mechanisms. We have previously shown that aerobic glycolysis is required for the regulated proliferation of cerebellar granule neuron progenitors (CGNP) and for the growth of CGNP-derived medulloblastoma. Blocking the initiation of glycolysis via deletion of hexokinase-2 (Hk2) disrupts CGNP proliferation and restricts medulloblastoma growth. Here, we assessed whether disrupting pyruvate kinase-M (Pkm), an enzyme that acts in the terminal steps of glycolysis, would alter CGNP metabolism, proliferation, and tumorigenesis. We observed a dichotomous pattern of PKM expression, in which postmitotic neurons throughout the brain expressed the constitutively active PKM1 isoform, while neural progenitors and medulloblastomas exclusively expressed the less active PKM2. Isoform-specific Pkm2 deletion in CGNPs blocked all Pkm expression. Pkm2-deleted CGNPs showed reduced lactate production and increased SHH-driven proliferation. 13C-flux analysis showed that Pkm2 deletion reduced the flow of glucose carbons into lactate and glutamate without markedly increasing glucose-to-ribose flux. Pkm2 deletion accelerated tumor formation in medulloblastoma-prone ND2:SmoA1 mice, indicating the disrupting PKM releases CGNPs from a tumor-suppressive effect. These findings show that distal and proximal disruptions of glycolysis have opposite effects on proliferation, and that efforts to block the oncogenic effect of aerobic glycolysis must target reactions upstream of PKM. Cancer Res; 77(12); 3217-30. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Tech
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.,Department of Neurology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Andrey P Tikunov
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Hamza Farooq
- Developmental & Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,The Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - A Sorana Morrissy
- Developmental & Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,The Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jessica Meidinger
- Department of Neurology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Taylor Fish
- Department of Neurology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Sarah C Green
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Hedi Liu
- Department of Neurology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Yisu Li
- Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Andrew J Mungall
- Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Richard A Moore
- Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Yussanne Ma
- Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Steven J M Jones
- Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Marco A Marra
- Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Matthew G Vander Heiden
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts.,Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Michael D Taylor
- Developmental & Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,The Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Division of Neurosurgery, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jeffrey M Macdonald
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Timothy R Gershon
- Department of Neurology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina. .,Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.,UNC Neuroscience Center, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
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12
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Franklin DA, He Y, Leslie PL, Tikunov AP, Fenger N, Macdonald JM, Zhang Y. p53 coordinates DNA repair with nucleotide synthesis by suppressing PFKFB3 expression and promoting the pentose phosphate pathway. Sci Rep 2016; 6:38067. [PMID: 27901115 PMCID: PMC5128917 DOI: 10.1038/srep38067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Accepted: 11/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Activation of p53 in response to DNA damage is essential for tumor suppression. Although previous studies have emphasized the importance of p53-dependent cell cycle arrest and apoptosis for tumor suppression, recent studies have suggested that other areas of p53 regulation, such as metabolism and DNA damage repair (DDR), are also essential for p53-dependent tumor suppression. However, the intrinsic connections between p53-mediated DDR and metabolic regulation remain incompletely understood. Here, we present data suggesting that p53 promotes nucleotide biosynthesis in response to DNA damage by repressing the expression of the phosphofructokinase-2 (PFK2) isoform 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2,6-biphosphatase 3 (PFKFB3), a rate-limiting enzyme that promotes glycolysis. PFKFB3 suppression increases the flux of glucose through the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) to increase nucleotide production, which results in more efficient DNA damage repair and increased cell survival. Interestingly, although p53-mediated suppression of PFKFB3 could increase the two major PPP products, NADPH and nucleotides, only nucleotide production was essential to promote DDR. By identifying the novel p53 target PFKFB3, we report an important mechanistic connection between p53-regulated metabolism and DDR, both of which play crucial roles in tumor suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek A Franklin
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA
| | - Yizhou He
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.,Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA
| | - Patrick L Leslie
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.,Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA
| | - Andrey P Tikunov
- UNC Metabolomics Laboratory, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA
| | - Nick Fenger
- UNC Metabolomics Laboratory, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA
| | - Jeffrey M Macdonald
- UNC Metabolomics Laboratory, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA
| | - Yanping Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA.,Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA.,Jiangsu Center for the Collaboration and Innovation of Cancer Biotherapy, Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221002, China
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13
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Pedersen JM, Shim YS, Hans V, Phillips MB, Macdonald JM, Walker G, Andersen ME, Clewell HJ, Yoon M. Fluid Dynamic Modeling to Support the Development of Flow-Based Hepatocyte Culture Systems for Metabolism Studies. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2016; 4:72. [PMID: 27747210 PMCID: PMC5044513 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2016.00072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 09/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Accurate prediction of metabolism is a significant outstanding challenge in toxicology. The best predictions are based on experimental data from in vitro systems using primary hepatocytes. The predictivity of the primary hepatocyte-based culture systems, however, is still limited due to well-known phenotypic instability and rapid decline of metabolic competence within a few hours. Dynamic flow bioreactors for three-dimensional cell cultures are thought to be better at recapitulating tissue microenvironments and show potential to improve in vivo extrapolations of chemical or drug toxicity based on in vitro test results. These more physiologically relevant culture systems hold potential for extending metabolic competence of primary hepatocyte cultures as well. In this investigation, we used computational fluid dynamics to determine the optimal design of a flow-based hepatocyte culture system for evaluating chemical metabolism in vitro. The main design goals were (1) minimization of shear stress experienced by the cells to maximize viability, (2) rapid establishment of a uniform distribution of test compound in the chamber, and (3) delivery of sufficient oxygen to cells to support aerobic respiration. Two commercially available flow devices – RealBio® and QuasiVivo® (QV) – and a custom developed fluidized bed bioreactor were simulated, and turbulence, flow characteristics, test compound distribution, oxygen distribution, and cellular oxygen consumption were analyzed. Experimental results from the bioreactors were used to validate the simulation results. Our results indicate that maintaining adequate oxygen supply is the most important factor to the long-term viability of liver bioreactor cultures. Cell density and system flow patterns were the major determinants of local oxygen concentrations. The experimental results closely corresponded to the in silico predictions. Of the three bioreactors examined in this study, we were able to optimize the experimental conditions for long-term hepatocyte cell culture using the QV bioreactor. This system facilitated the use of low system volumes coupled with higher flow rates. This design supports cellular respiration by increasing oxygen concentrations in the vicinity of the cells and facilitates long-term kinetic studies of low clearance test compounds. These two goals were achieved while simultaneously keeping the shear stress experienced by the cells within acceptable limits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny M Pedersen
- Institute for Chemical Safety Sciences, The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences , Research Triangle Park, NC , USA
| | - Yoo-Sik Shim
- Institute for Chemical Safety Sciences, The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA; ScitoVation, LLC, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA; Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Vaibhav Hans
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina , Chapel Hill, NC , USA
| | | | - Jeffrey M Macdonald
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina , Chapel Hill, NC , USA
| | - Glenn Walker
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, North Carolina State University , Raleigh, NC , USA
| | - Melvin E Andersen
- Institute for Chemical Safety Sciences, The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA; ScitoVation, LLC, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Harvey J Clewell
- Institute for Chemical Safety Sciences, The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA; ScitoVation, LLC, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Miyoung Yoon
- Institute for Chemical Safety Sciences, The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA; ScitoVation, LLC, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
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14
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Brown NA, Dos Reis TF, Ries LNA, Caldana C, Mah JH, Yu JH, Macdonald JM, Goldman GH. G-protein coupled receptor-mediated nutrient sensing and developmental control in Aspergillus nidulans. Mol Microbiol 2015; 98:420-39. [PMID: 26179439 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.13135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Nutrient sensing and utilisation are fundamental for all life forms. As heterotrophs, fungi have evolved a diverse range of mechanisms for sensing and taking up various nutrients. Despite its importance, only a limited number of nutrient receptors and their corresponding ligands have been identified in fungi. G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) are the largest family of transmembrane receptors. The Aspergillus nidulans genome encodes 16 putative GPCRs, but only a few have been functionally characterised. Our previous study showed the increased expression of an uncharacterised putative GPCR, gprH, during carbon starvation. GprH appears conserved throughout numerous filamentous fungi. Here, we reveal that GprH is a putative receptor involved in glucose and tryptophan sensing. The absence of GprH results in a reduction in cAMP levels and PKA activity upon adding glucose or tryptophan to starved cells. GprH is pre-formed in conidia and is increasingly active during carbon starvation, where it plays a role in glucose uptake and the recovery of hyphal growth. GprH also represses sexual development under conditions favouring sexual fruiting and during carbon starvation in submerged cultures. In summary, the GprH nutrient-sensing system functions upstream of the cAMP-PKA pathway, influences primary metabolism and hyphal growth, while represses sexual development in A. nidulans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil Andrew Brown
- Plant Biology and Crop Science, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Herts, AL5 2JQ, UK
| | - Thaila Fernanda Dos Reis
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Camila Caldana
- Laboratório Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia do Bioetanol - CTBE, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.,Max Planck Partnergroup at CTBE/CNPEM, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jae-Hyung Mah
- Department of Food and Biotechnology, Korea University, Sejong, South Korea
| | - Jae-Hyuk Yu
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Jeffrey M Macdonald
- UNC Metabolomic Facility, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Gustavo Henrique Goldman
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Laboratório Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia do Bioetanol - CTBE, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
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15
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Abstract
Bioreactors are assembled tools conceived to exploit engineering principles with inbuilt biological -relevance. Such reactors are created as in vitro models to better replicate natural in vivo organs. These biotools are subsets within the interdisciplinary tissue engineering field and are established as inert devices to improve upon biological stimuli while simultaneously allowing tissue functional properties to be nondestructively measured. Design and fabrication efforts are focused on two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) physical constructs while linking environment-cell relations, the microenvironment. Product proficiencies generally involve material scaffolds, nutrient dispersion, compartmentalized units, passive and kinetic flow channels, temperature regulation, pressure management, and cell line or primary cells from assorted organs as tissues. Bioreactor advancements continue with interdisciplinary principles such as energy conservation, cell ecosystems, system-biological approaches, and viable-cell design innovation. Herein, we describe the design and construction of a hollow fiber multicoaxial bioreactor with integral oxygenation (i.e., oxygenation within the bioreactor proper) for use with liver cells, but it could be used with any anchorage-dependent cell type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randall McClelland
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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16
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Uehara T, Kosyk O, Jeannot E, Bradford BU, Tech K, Macdonald JM, Boorman GA, Chatterjee S, Mason RP, Melnyk SB, Tryndyak VP, Pogribny IP, Rusyn I. Acetaminophen-induced acute liver injury in HCV transgenic mice. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2012. [PMID: 23200774 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2012.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The exact etiology of clinical cases of acute liver failure is difficult to ascertain and it is likely that various co-morbidity factors play a role. For example, epidemiological evidence suggests that coexistent hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection increased the risk of acetaminophen-induced acute liver injury, and was associated with an increased risk of progression to acute liver failure. However, little is known about possible mechanisms of enhanced acetaminophen hepatotoxicity in HCV-infected subjects. In this study, we tested a hypothesis that HCV-Tg mice may be more susceptible to acetaminophen hepatotoxicity, and also evaluated the mechanisms of acetaminophen-induced liver damage in wild type and HCV-Tg mice expressing core, E1 and E2 proteins. Male mice were treated with a single dose of acetaminophen (300 or 500 mg/kg in fed animals; or 200 mg/kg in fasted animals; i.g.) and liver and serum endpoints were evaluated at 4 and 24h after dosing. Our results suggest that in fed mice, liver toxicity in HCV-Tg mice is not markedly exaggerated as compared to the wild-type mice. In fasted mice, greater liver injury was observed in HCV-Tg mice. In fed mice dosed with 300 mg/kg acetaminophen, we observed that liver mitochondria in HCV-Tg mice exhibited signs of dysfunction showing the potential mechanism for increased susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeki Uehara
- Department of Environmental Sciences & Engineering, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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17
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Jeffries RE, Gamcsik MP, Keshari KR, Pediaditakis P, Tikunov AP, Young GB, Lee H, Watkins PB, Macdonald JM. Effect of oxygen concentration on viability and metabolism in a fluidized-bed bioartificial liver using ³¹P and ¹³C NMR spectroscopy. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2012; 19:93-100. [PMID: 22835003 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2011.0629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Many oxygen mass-transfer modeling studies have been performed for various bioartificial liver (BAL) encapsulation types; yet, to our knowledge, there is no experimental study that directly and noninvasively measures viability and metabolism as a function of time and oxygen concentration. We report the effect of oxygen concentration on viability and metabolism in a fluidized-bed NMR-compatible BAL using in vivo ³¹P and ¹³C NMR spectroscopy, respectively, by monitoring nucleotide triphosphate (NTP) and ¹³C-labeled nutrient metabolites, respectively. Fluidized-bed bioreactors eliminate the potential channeling that occurs with packed-bed bioreactors and serve as an ideal experimental model for homogeneous oxygen distribution. Hepatocytes were electrostatically encapsulated in alginate (avg. diameter, 500 μm; 3.5×10⁷ cells/mL) and perfused at 3 mL/min in a 9-cm (inner diameter) cylindrical glass NMR tube. Four oxygen treatments were tested and validated by an in-line oxygen electrode: (1) 95:5 oxygen:carbon dioxide (carbogen), (2) 75:20:5 nitrogen:oxygen:carbon dioxide, (3) 60:35:5 nitrogen:oxygen:carbon dioxide, and (4) 45:50:5 nitrogen:oxygen:carbon dioxide. With 20% oxygen, β-NTP steadily decreased until it was no longer detected at 11 h. The 35%, 50%, and 95% oxygen treatments resulted in steady β-NTP levels throughout the 28-h experimental period. For the 50% and 95% oxygen treatment, a ¹³C NMR time course (∼5 h) revealed 2-¹³C-glycine and 2-¹³C-glucose to be incorporated into [2-¹³C-glycyl]glutathione (GSH) and 2-¹³C-lactate, respectively, with 95% having a lower rate of lactate formation. ³¹P and ¹³C NMR spectroscopy is a noninvasive method for determining viability and metabolic rates. Modifying tissue-engineered devices to be NMR compatible is a relatively easy and inexpensive process depending on the bioreactor shape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rex E Jeffries
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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18
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Abstract
We report the imaging of β-cyclodextrin-benzoic acid binding at 14T using hyperpolarized (13)C magnetic resonance (MR). Benzoic acid was polarized using a dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) approach and combined with β-cyclodextrin in aqueous solution. As anticipated, decreases in the spin-lattice relaxation constant (T(1)) were observed with decreases in the ligand-receptor ratio. The calculated log K was approximately 1.7, similar to previously reported binding constants. Hyperpolarized [1-(13)C] benzoic acid was used to interrogate solutions of variable β-cyclodextrin concentrations, with the mixtures imaged at 14T using a 3D frequency-selective MR sequence. Differences in β-cyclodextrin concentration were easily visualized. These results suggest that hyperpolarized (13)C MR could be used in vivo to determine the presence and density of receptors for a given ligand-receptor pair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayvan R Keshari
- Department of Radiology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, USA
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19
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Mousley CJ, Yuan P, Gaur NA, Trettin KD, Nile AH, Deminoff SJ, Dewar BJ, Wolpert M, Macdonald JM, Herman PK, Hinnebusch AG, Bankaitis VA. A sterol-binding protein integrates endosomal lipid metabolism with TOR signaling and nitrogen sensing. Cell 2012; 148:702-15. [PMID: 22341443 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2011.12.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2010] [Revised: 10/13/2011] [Accepted: 12/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Kes1, and other oxysterol-binding protein superfamily members, are involved in membrane and lipid trafficking through trans-Golgi network (TGN) and endosomal systems. We demonstrate that Kes1 represents a sterol-regulated antagonist of TGN/endosomal phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate signaling. This regulation modulates TOR activation by amino acids and dampens gene expression driven by Gcn4, the primary transcriptional activator of the general amino acid control regulon. Kes1-mediated repression of Gcn4 transcription factor activity is characterized by nonproductive Gcn4 binding to its target sequences, involves TGN/endosome-derived sphingolipid signaling, and requires activity of the cyclin-dependent kinase 8 (CDK8) module of the enigmatic "large Mediator" complex. These data describe a pathway by which Kes1 integrates lipid metabolism with TORC1 signaling and nitrogen sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl J Mousley
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7090, USA.
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20
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Jeffries RE, Macdonald JM. New advances in MR-compatible bioartificial liver. NMR Biomed 2012; 25:427-442. [PMID: 22351642 PMCID: PMC4332620 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.1633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2010] [Revised: 08/23/2010] [Accepted: 10/05/2010] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
MR-compatible bioartificial liver (BAL) studies have been performed for 30 years and are reviewed. There are two types of study: (i) metabolism and drug studies using multinuclear MRS; primarily short-term (< 8 h) studies; (ii) the use of multinuclear MRS and MRI to noninvasively define the features and functions of BAL systems for long-term liver tissue engineering. In the latter, these systems often undergo not only modification of the perfusion system, but also the construction of MR radiofrequency probes around the bioreactor. We present novel MR-compatible BALs and the use of multinuclear MRS ((13)C, (19)F, (31)P) for the noninvasive monitoring of their growth, metabolism and viability, as well as (1)H MRI methods for the determination of flow profiles, diffusion, cell distribution, quality assurance and bioreactor integrity. Finally, a simple flexible coil design and circuit, and life support system, are described that can make almost any BAL MR-compatible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rex E Jeffries
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7575, USA
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21
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Thelwall PE, Simpson NE, Rabbani ZN, Clark MD, Pourdeyhimi R, Macdonald JM, Blackband SJ, Gamcsik MP. In vivo MR studies of glycine and glutathione metabolism in a rat mammary tumor. NMR Biomed 2012; 25:271-278. [PMID: 21751272 PMCID: PMC3193887 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.1745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2010] [Revised: 04/12/2011] [Accepted: 04/14/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The metabolism of glycine into glutathione was monitored noninvasively in vivo in intact rat mammary adenocarcinomas (R3230Ac) by MRI and MRS. Metabolism was tracked by following the isotope label from intravenously infused [2-(13)C]-glycine into the glycinyl residue of glutathione. Signals from [2-(13)C]-glycine and γ-glutamylcysteinyl-[2-(13)C]-glycine ((13)C-glutathione) were detected by nonlocalized (13)C spectroscopy, as these resonances are distinct from background signals. In addition, using spectroscopic imaging methods, heterogeneity in the in vivo tumor distribution of glutathione was observed. In vivo spectroscopy also detected isotope incorporation from [2-(13)C]-glycine into both the 2- and 3-carbons of serine. Analyses of tumor tissue extracts showed single- and multiple-label incorporation from [2-(13)C]-glycine into serine from metabolism through the serine hydroxymethyltransferase and glycine cleavage system pathways. Mass spectrometric analysis of extracts also showed that isotope-labeled serine is further metabolized via the trans-sulfuration pathway, as (13)C isotope labels appear in both the glycinyl and cysteinyl residues of glutathione. Our studies demonstrate the use of MRI and MRS for the monitoring of tumor metabolic processes central to oxidative stress defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter E. Thelwall
- Newcastle Magnetic Resonance Centre, Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Nicholas E. Simpson
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Zahid N. Rabbani
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
| | - M. Daniel Clark
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Roxana Pourdeyhimi
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Jeffrey M. Macdonald
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | | | - Michael P. Gamcsik
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
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Johnson CB, Tikunov AP, Lee H, Wolak JE, Pediaditakis P, Romney DA, Holmuhamedov E, Gamcsik MP, Macdonald JM. ¹³C magnetic resonance spectroscopy detection of changes in serine isotopomers reflects changes in mitochondrial redox status. Magn Reson Med 2011; 68:671-9. [PMID: 22190282 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.23296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2011] [Revised: 10/14/2011] [Accepted: 10/24/2011] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The glycine cleavage system (GCS), the major pathway of glycine catabolism in liver, is found only in the mitochondria matrix and is regulated by the oxidized nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD(+) )/reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) ratio. In conjunction with serine hydroxymethyltransferase, glycine forms the 1 and 2 positions of serine, while the 3 position is formed exclusively by GCS. Therefore, we sought to exploit this pathway to show that quantitative measurements of serine isotopomers in liver can be used to monitor the NAD(+) /NADH ratio using (13) C NMR spectroscopy. Rat hepatocytes were treated with modulators of GCS activity followed by addition of 2-(13) C-glycine, and the changes in the proportions of newly synthesized serine isotopomers were compared to controls. Cysteamine, a competitive inhibitor of GCS, prevented formation of mitochondrial 3-(13) C-serine and 2,3-(13) C-serine isotopomers while reducing 2-(13) C-serine by 55%, demonstrating that ca. 20% of glycine-derived serine is produced in the cytosol. Glucagon, which activates GCS activity, and the mitochondrial uncoupler carbonyl cyanide-3-chlorophenylhydrazone both increased serine isotopomers, whereas rotenone, an inhibitor of complex I, had the opposite effect. These results demonstrate that (13) C magnetic resonance spectroscopy monitoring of the formation of serine isotopomers in isolated rat hepatocytes given 2-(13) C-glycine reflects the changes of mitochondrial redox status.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Bryce Johnson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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Grahl N, Puttikamonkul S, Macdonald JM, Gamcsik MP, Ngo LY, Hohl TM, Cramer RA. In vivo hypoxia and a fungal alcohol dehydrogenase influence the pathogenesis of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis. PLoS Pathog 2011; 7:e1002145. [PMID: 21811407 PMCID: PMC3141044 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2011] [Accepted: 05/17/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Currently, our knowledge of how pathogenic fungi grow in mammalian host environments is limited. Using a chemotherapeutic murine model of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA) and (1)H-NMR metabolomics, we detected ethanol in the lungs of mice infected with Aspergillus fumigatus. This result suggests that A. fumigatus is exposed to oxygen depleted microenvironments during infection. To test this hypothesis, we utilized a chemical hypoxia detection agent, pimonidazole hydrochloride, in three immunologically distinct murine models of IPA (chemotherapeutic, X-CGD, and corticosteroid). In all three IPA murine models, hypoxia was observed during the course of infection. We next tested the hypothesis that production of ethanol in vivo by the fungus is involved in hypoxia adaptation and fungal pathogenesis. Ethanol deficient A. fumigatus strains showed no growth defects in hypoxia and were able to cause wild type levels of mortality in all 3 murine models. However, lung immunohistopathology and flow cytometry analyses revealed an increase in the inflammatory response in mice infected with an alcohol dehydrogenase null mutant strain that corresponded with a reduction in fungal burden. Consequently, in this study we present the first in vivo observations that hypoxic microenvironments occur during a pulmonary invasive fungal infection and observe that a fungal alcohol dehydrogenase influences fungal pathogenesis in the lung. Thus, environmental conditions encountered by invading pathogenic fungi may result in substantial fungal metabolism changes that influence subsequent host immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora Grahl
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, United States of America
| | - Srisombat Puttikamonkul
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey M. Macdonald
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Michael P. Gamcsik
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Lisa Y. Ngo
- Infectious Disease Sciences, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Tobias M. Hohl
- Infectious Disease Sciences, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Robert A. Cramer
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Tikunov AP, Johnson CB, Lee H, Stoskopf MK, Macdonald JM. Metabolomic investigations of American oysters using H-NMR spectroscopy. Mar Drugs 2010; 8:2578-96. [PMID: 21116407 PMCID: PMC2992993 DOI: 10.3390/md8102578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2010] [Revised: 09/22/2010] [Accepted: 09/30/2010] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The Eastern oyster (Crassostrea virginica) is a useful, robust model marine organism for tissue metabolism studies. Its relatively few organs are easily delineated and there is sufficient understanding of their functions based on classical assays to support interpretation of advanced spectroscopic approaches. Here we apply high-resolution proton nuclear magnetic resonance ((1)H NMR)-based metabolomic analysis to C. virginica to investigate the differences in the metabolic profile of different organ groups, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to non-invasively identify the well separated organs. Metabolites were identified in perchloric acid extracts of three portions of the oyster containing: (1) adductor muscle, (2) stomach and digestive gland, and (3) mantle and gills. Osmolytes dominated the metabolome in all three organ blocks with decreasing concentration as follows: betaine > taurine > proline > glycine > ß-alanine > hypotaurine. Mitochondrial metabolism appeared most pronounced in the adductor muscle with elevated levels of carnitine facilitating ß-oxidation, and ATP, and phosphoarginine synthesis, while glycogen was elevated in the mantle/gills and stomach/digestive gland. A biochemical schematic is presented that relates metabolites to biochemical pathways correlated with physiological organ functions. This study identifies metabolites and corresponding (1)H NMR peak assignments for future NMR-based metabolomic studies in oysters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey P. Tikunov
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, NC State University and UNC Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; E-Mail: (H.L.)
- Environmental Medicine Consortium, NC State University, 4700 Hillsborough St., Raleigh, NC 27606, USA; E-Mail: (J.M.M.)
| | - Christopher B. Johnson
- Department of Surgery, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA; E-Mail:
| | - Haakil Lee
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, NC State University and UNC Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; E-Mail: (H.L.)
- Environmental Medicine Consortium, NC State University, 4700 Hillsborough St., Raleigh, NC 27606, USA; E-Mail: (J.M.M.)
| | - Michael K. Stoskopf
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, NC State University and UNC Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; E-Mail: (H.L.)
- Environmental Medicine Consortium, NC State University, 4700 Hillsborough St., Raleigh, NC 27606, USA; E-Mail: (J.M.M.)
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 4700 Hillsborough St., Raleigh, NC 27606, USA; E-Mail:
| | - Jeffrey M. Macdonald
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, NC State University and UNC Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; E-Mail: (H.L.)
- Environmental Medicine Consortium, NC State University, 4700 Hillsborough St., Raleigh, NC 27606, USA; E-Mail: (J.M.M.)
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Mayrovitz HN, Macdonald JM. Medical compression: effects on pulsatile leg blood flow. INT ANGIOL 2010; 29:436-441. [PMID: 20924348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
AIM Leg compression bandaging is the mainstay of venous ulcer treatment, yet little is known about the impact of therapeutic compression levels on arterial haemodynamics. In this study, the effect of foot-to-knee, four-layer compression bandaging on below-knee arterial pulsatile blood flow was assessed by nuclear magnetic resonance flowmetry. METHODS In 14 healthy supine subjects, bilateral pulsatile blood flow measured at five below-knee sites without compression; and during compression of one leg to an average malleolar sub-bandage pressure of 40.7±4.0 mmHg. RESULTS The forefoot-to-knee compression bandaging caused a highly significant (P<0.001) increase in the bandaged leg pulsatile blood flow due to increases in both peak flow and pulse width. CONCLUSION It is hypothesized that arteriolar vasodilatation, induced either myogenically by reduced transmural pressure or by vasodilatory substance release triggered by increased venous shear stress and veno-arterial interactions, possibly combined with altered vascular compliance, produce the observed compression-related phenomenon. Whatever the mechanism(s), the finding of a compression-associated pulsatile flow increase suggests an arterial linkage, which may play a role in the well-documented beneficial effects of compression bandaging in venous ulcer and lymphedema treatment. Possible beneficial effects of the arterial flow-pulse increase on venous ulcer outcome may be related to a decrease in leukocyte effects in the distal microvasculature.
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Affiliation(s)
- H N Mayrovitz
- Nova Southeastern University, College of Medical Sciences, Ft Lauderdale, FL 33328, USA.
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Dewar BJ, Keshari K, Jeffries R, Dzeja P, Graves LM, Macdonald JM. Metabolic assessment of a novel chronic myelogenous leukemic cell line and an imatinib resistant subline by H NMR spectroscopy. Metabolomics 2010; 6:439-450. [PMID: 20676217 PMCID: PMC2899017 DOI: 10.1007/s11306-010-0204-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2009] [Accepted: 03/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The goal of this study was to examine metabolic differences between a novel chronic myelogenous leukemic (CML) cell line, MyL, and a sub-clone, MyL-R, which displays enhanced resistance to the targeted Bcr-Abl tyrosine kinase inhibitor imatinib. (1)H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy was carried out on cell extracts and conditioned media from each cell type. Both principal component analysis (PCA) and specific metabolite identification and quantification were used to examine metabolic differences between the cell types. MyL cells showed enhanced glucose removal from the media compared to MyL-R cells with significant differences in production rates of the glycolytic end-products, lactate and alanine. Interestingly, the total intracellular creatine pool (creatine + phosphocreatine) was significantly elevated in MyL-R compared to MyL cells. We further demonstrated that the MyL-R cells converted the creatine to phosphocreatine using non-invasive monitoring of perfused alginate-encapsulated MyL-R and MyL cells by in vivo (31)P NMR spectroscopy and subsequent HPLC analysis of extracts. Our data demonstrated a clear difference in the metabolite profiles of drug-resistant and sensitive cells, with the biggest difference being an elevation of creatine metabolites in the imatinib-resistant MyL-R cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian J. Dewar
- Curriculum in Toxicology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, CB# 7575, 152 MacNider Hall, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7575 USA
| | - Kayvan Keshari
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, CB# 7575, 152 MacNider Hall, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7575 USA
| | - Rex Jeffries
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, CB# 7575, 152 MacNider Hall, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7575 USA
| | - Petras Dzeja
- Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Departments of Medicine, Molecular Pharmacology, and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905 USA
| | - Lee M. Graves
- Curriculum in Toxicology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA
| | - Jeffrey M. Macdonald
- Curriculum in Toxicology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, CB# 7575, 152 MacNider Hall, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7575 USA
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Lee H, Tikunov A, Stoskopf MK, Macdonald JM. Applications of chemical shift imaging to marine sciences. Mar Drugs 2010; 8:2369-83. [PMID: 20948912 PMCID: PMC2953408 DOI: 10.3390/md8082369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2010] [Revised: 07/21/2010] [Accepted: 08/13/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The successful applications of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in medicine are mostly due to the non-invasive and non-destructive nature of MRI techniques. Longitudinal studies of humans and animals are easily accomplished, taking advantage of the fact that MRI does not use harmful radiation that would be needed for plain film radiographic, computerized tomography (CT) or positron emission (PET) scans. Routine anatomic and functional studies using the strong signal from the most abundant magnetic nucleus, the proton, can also provide metabolic information when combined with in vivo magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS). MRS can be performed using either protons or hetero-nuclei (meaning any magnetic nuclei other than protons or ¹H) including carbon (¹³C) or phosphorus (³¹P). In vivo MR spectra can be obtained from single region of interest (ROI or voxel) or multiple ROIs simultaneously using the technique typically called chemical shift imaging (CSI). Here we report applications of CSI to marine samples and describe a technique to study in vivo glycine metabolism in oysters using ¹³C MRS 12 h after immersion in a sea water chamber dosed with [2-¹³C]-glycine. This is the first report of ¹³C CSI in a marine organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haakil Lee
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering NC State University and UNC Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Andrey Tikunov
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering NC State University and UNC Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Environmental Medicine Consortium, NC State University, 4700 Hillsborough St., Raleigh, NC 27606 USA; E-Mails: (A.T.); (M.K.S.); (J.M.M.)
| | - Michael K. Stoskopf
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering NC State University and UNC Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Environmental Medicine Consortium, NC State University, 4700 Hillsborough St., Raleigh, NC 27606 USA; E-Mails: (A.T.); (M.K.S.); (J.M.M.)
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 4700 Hillsborough St., Raleigh, NC, 27606, USA
| | - Jeffrey M. Macdonald
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering NC State University and UNC Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Environmental Medicine Consortium, NC State University, 4700 Hillsborough St., Raleigh, NC 27606 USA; E-Mails: (A.T.); (M.K.S.); (J.M.M.)
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28
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Wilson DM, Keshari KR, Larson PEZ, Chen AP, Hu S, Van Criekinge M, Bok R, Nelson SJ, Macdonald JM, Vigneron DB, Kurhanewicz J. Multi-compound polarization by DNP allows simultaneous assessment of multiple enzymatic activities in vivo. J Magn Reson 2010; 205:141-7. [PMID: 20478721 PMCID: PMC2885774 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2010.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2009] [Revised: 04/21/2010] [Accepted: 04/21/2010] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Methods for the simultaneous polarization of multiple 13C-enriched metabolites were developed to probe several enzymatic pathways and other physiologic properties in vivo, using a single intravenous bolus. A new method for polarization of 13C sodium bicarbonate suitable for use in patients was developed, and the co-polarization of 13C sodium bicarbonate and [1-(13)C] pyruvate in the same sample was achieved, resulting in high solution-state polarizations (15.7% and 17.6%, respectively) and long spin-lattice relaxation times (T1) (46.7 s and 47.7 s respectively at 3 T). Consistent with chemical shift anisotropy dominating the T1 relaxation of carbonyls, T1 values for 13C bicarbonate and [1-(13)C] pyruvate were even longer at 3 T (49.7s and 67.3s, respectively). Co-polarized 13C bicarbonate and [1-(13)C] pyruvate were injected into normal mice and a murine prostate tumor model at 3T. Rapid equilibration of injected hyperpolarized 13C sodium bicarbonate with 13C CO2 allowed calculation of pH on a voxel by voxel basis, and simultaneous assessment of pyruvate metabolism with cellular uptake and conversion of [1-(13)C] pyruvate to its metabolic products. Initial studies in a Transgenic Adenocarcinoma of Mouse Prostate (TRAMP) model demonstrated higher levels of hyperpolarized lactate and lower pH within tumor, relative to surrounding benign tissues and to the abdominal viscera of normal controls. There was no significant difference observed in the tumor lactate/pyruvate ratio obtained after the injection of co-polarized 13C bicarbonate and [1-(13)C] pyruvate or polarized [1-(13)C] pyruvate alone. The technique was extended to polarize four 13C labelled substrates potentially providing information on pH, metabolism, necrosis and perfusion, namely [1-(13)C]pyruvic acid, 13C sodium bicarbonate, [1,4-(13)C]fumaric acid, and 13C urea with high levels of solution polarization (17.5%, 10.3%, 15.6% and 11.6%, respectively) and spin-lattice relaxation values similar to those recorded for the individual metabolites. These studies demonstrated the feasibility of simultaneously measuring in vivo pH and tumor metabolism using nontoxic, endogenous species, and the potential to extend the multi-polarization approach to include up to four hyperpolarized probes providing multiple metabolic and physiologic measures in a single MR acquisition.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M. Wilson
- Department of Radiology, University of California San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, California, United Sates
| | - Kayvan R. Keshari
- Department of Radiology, University of California San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, California, United Sates
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill (UNC-CH), Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States
| | - Peder E. Z. Larson
- Department of Radiology, University of California San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, California, United Sates
| | | | - Simon Hu
- Department of Radiology, University of California San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, California, United Sates
| | - Mark Van Criekinge
- Department of Radiology, University of California San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, California, United Sates
| | - Robert Bok
- Department of Radiology, University of California San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, California, United Sates
| | - Sarah J. Nelson
- Department of Radiology, University of California San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, California, United Sates
| | - Jeffrey M. Macdonald
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill (UNC-CH), Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States
| | - Daniel B. Vigneron
- Department of Radiology, University of California San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, California, United Sates
| | - John Kurhanewicz
- Department of Radiology, University of California San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, California, United Sates
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Keshari KR, Kurhanewicz J, Jeffries RE, Wilson DM, Dewar BJ, Van Criekinge M, Zierhut M, Vigneron DB, Macdonald JM. Hyperpolarized (13)C spectroscopy and an NMR-compatible bioreactor system for the investigation of real-time cellular metabolism. Magn Reson Med 2010; 63:322-9. [PMID: 20099325 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.22225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to combine a three-dimensional NMR-compatible bioreactor with hyperpolarized (13)C NMR spectroscopy in order to probe cellular metabolism in real time. JM1 (immortalized rat hepatoma) cells were cultured in a three-dimensional NMR-compatible fluidized bioreactor. (31)P spectra were acquired before and after each injection of hyperpolarized [1-(13)C] pyruvate and subsequent (13)C spectroscopy at 11.7 T. (1)H and two-dimensional (1)H-(1)H-total correlation spectroscopy spectra were acquired from extracts of cells grown in uniformly labeled (13)C-glucose, on a 16.4 T, to determine (13)C fractional enrichment and distribution of (13)C label. JM1 cells were found to have a high rate of aerobic glycolysis in both two-dimensional culture and in the bioreactor, with 85% of the (13)C label from uniformly labeled (13)C-glucose being present as either lactate or alanine after 23 h. Flux measurements of pyruvate through lactate dehydrogenase and alanine aminotransferase in the bioreactor system were 12.18 +/- 0.49 nmols/sec/10(8) cells and 2.39 +/- 0.30 nmols/sec/10(8) cells, respectively, were reproducible in the same bioreactor, and were not significantly different over the course of 2 days. Although this preliminary study involved immortalized cells, this combination of technologies can be extended to the real-time metabolic exploration of primary benign and cancerous cells and tissues prior to and after therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayvan R Keshari
- Department of Radiology, University of California San Francisco, SanFrancisco, California, USA
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Winnike JH, Li Z, Wright FA, Macdonald JM, O'Connell TM, Watkins PB. Use of Pharmaco-Metabonomics for Early Prediction of Acetaminophen-Induced Hepatotoxicity in Humans. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2010; 88:45-51. [DOI: 10.1038/clpt.2009.240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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31
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Tikunov A, Johnson CB, Pediaditakis P, Markevich N, Macdonald JM, Lemasters JJ, Holmuhamedov E. Closure of VDAC causes oxidative stress and accelerates the Ca(2+)-induced mitochondrial permeability transition in rat liver mitochondria. Arch Biochem Biophys 2010; 495:174-81. [PMID: 20097153 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2010.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2009] [Accepted: 01/16/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The electron transport chain of mitochondria is a major source of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which play a critical role in augmenting the Ca(2+)-induced mitochondrial permeability transition (MPT). Mitochondrial release of superoxide anions (O(2)(-)) from the intermembrane space (IMS) to the cytosol is mediated by voltage dependent anion channels (VDAC) in the outer membrane. Here, we examined whether closure of VDAC increases intramitochondrial oxidative stress by blocking efflux of O(2)(-) from the IMS and sensitizing to the Ca(2+)-induced MPT. Treatment of isolated rat liver mitochondria with 5microM G3139, an 18-mer phosphorothioate blocker of VDAC, accelerated onset of the MPT by 6.8+/-1.4min within a range of 100-250microM Ca(2+). G3139-mediated acceleration of the MPT was reversed by 20microM butylated hydroxytoluene, a water soluble antioxidant. Pre-treatment of mitochondria with G3139 also increased accumulation of O(2)(-) in mitochondria, as monitored by dihydroethidium fluorescence, and permeabilization of the mitochondrial outer membrane with digitonin reversed the effect of G3139 on O(2)(-) accumulation. Mathematical modeling of generation and turnover of O(2)(-) within the IMS indicated that closure of VDAC produces a 1.55-fold increase in the steady-state level of mitochondrial O(2)(-). In conclusion, closure of VDAC appears to impede the efflux of superoxide anions from the IMS, resulting in an increased steady-state level of O(2)(-), which causes an internal oxidative stress and sensitizes mitochondria toward the Ca(2+)-induced MPT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey Tikunov
- Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 27599, USA
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32
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Keshari KR, Wilson DM, Chen AP, Bok R, Larson PEZ, Hu S, Van Criekinge M, Macdonald JM, Vigneron DB, Kurhanewicz J. Hyperpolarized [2-13C]-fructose: a hemiketal DNP substrate for in vivo metabolic imaging. J Am Chem Soc 2009; 131:17591-6. [PMID: 19860409 PMCID: PMC2796621 DOI: 10.1021/ja9049355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Hyperpolarized (13)C labeled molecular probes have been used to investigate metabolic pathways of interest as well as facilitate in vivo spectroscopic imaging by taking advantage of the dramatic signal enhancement provided by DNP. Due to the limited lifetime of the hyperpolarized nucleus, with signal decay dependent on T(1) relaxation, carboxylate carbons have been the primary targets for development of hyperpolarized metabolic probes. The use of these carbon nuclei makes it difficult to investigate upstream glycolytic processes, which have been related to both cancer metabolism as well as other metabolic abnormalities, such as fatty liver disease and diabetes. Glucose carbons have very short T(1)s (<1 s) and therefore cannot be used as an in vivo hyperpolarized metabolic probe of glycolysis. However, the pentose analogue fructose can also enter glycolysis through its phosphorylation by hexokinase and yield complementary information. The C(2) of fructose is a hemiketal that has a relatively longer relaxation time (approximately 16 s at 37 degrees C) and high solution state polarization (approximately 12%). Hyperpolarized [2-(13)C]-fructose was also injected into a transgenic model of prostate cancer (TRAMP) and demonstrated difference in uptake and metabolism in regions of tumor relative to surrounding tissue. Thus, this study demonstrates the first hyperpolarization of a carbohydrate carbon with a sufficient T(1) and solution state polarization for ex vivo spectroscopy and in vivo spectroscopic imaging studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayvan R. Keshari
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco (UCSF), 1700 4 St., Byers Hall 203, San Francisco, California, United Sates 94158
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill (UNC), 152 MacNider Hall, Campus Box 7575, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States 27599
| | - David M. Wilson
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco (UCSF), 1700 4 St., Byers Hall 203, San Francisco, California, United Sates 94158
| | - Albert P. Chen
- GE Healthcare, 333 Ravenswood Ave., Building 207, Menlo Park, CA 94025
| | - Robert Bok
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco (UCSF), 1700 4 St., Byers Hall 203, San Francisco, California, United Sates 94158
| | - Peder E. Z. Larson
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco (UCSF), 1700 4 St., Byers Hall 203, San Francisco, California, United Sates 94158
| | - Simon Hu
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco (UCSF), 1700 4 St., Byers Hall 203, San Francisco, California, United Sates 94158
| | - Mark Van Criekinge
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco (UCSF), 1700 4 St., Byers Hall 203, San Francisco, California, United Sates 94158
| | - Jeffrey M. Macdonald
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill (UNC), 152 MacNider Hall, Campus Box 7575, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States 27599
| | - Daniel B. Vigneron
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco (UCSF), 1700 4 St., Byers Hall 203, San Francisco, California, United Sates 94158
| | - John Kurhanewicz
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco (UCSF), 1700 4 St., Byers Hall 203, San Francisco, California, United Sates 94158
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Li C, Charlton LM, Lakkavaram A, Seagle C, Wang G, Young GB, Macdonald JM, Pielak GJ. Differential dynamical effects of macromolecular crowding on an intrinsically disordered protein and a globular protein: implications for in-cell NMR spectroscopy. J Am Chem Soc 2008; 130:6310-1. [PMID: 18419123 DOI: 10.1021/ja801020z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In-cell NMR provides a valuable means to assess how macromolecules, with concentrations up to 300 g/L in the cytoplasm, affect the structure and dynamics of proteins at atomic resolution. Here an intrinsically disordered protein, alpha-synuclein (alphaSN), and a globular protein, chymotrypsin inhibitor 2 (CI2) were examined by using in-cell NMR. High-resolution in-cell spectra of alphaSN can be obtained, but CI2 leaks from the cell and the remaining intracellular CI2 is not detectable. Even after stabilizing the cells from leakage by using alginate encapsulation, no CI2 signal is detected. From in vitro studies we conclude that this difference in detectability is the result of the differential dynamical response of disordered and ordered proteins to the changes of motion caused by the increased viscosity in cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conggang Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
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Nicholas PC, Kim D, Crews FT, Macdonald JM. 1H NMR-Based Metabolomic Analysis of Liver, Serum, and Brain Following Ethanol Administration in Rats. Chem Res Toxicol 2008; 21:408-20. [DOI: 10.1021/tx700324t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Nicholas PC, Kim D, Crews FT, Macdonald JM. Proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopic determination of ethanol-induced formation of ethyl glucuronide in liver. Anal Biochem 2006; 358:185-91. [PMID: 17027904 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2006.08.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2006] [Revised: 08/24/2006] [Accepted: 08/29/2006] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Ethyl glucuronide (ethyl-beta-D-6-glucosiduronic acid, EtG), a unique metabolite of ethanol, has received much recent attention as a sensitive and specific biological marker of ethanol consumption. Formed in the liver via conjugation of ethanol with activated glucuronate, EtG remains detectable in serum, plasma, and hair for days after ethanol abuse. Thus far, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays have been developed to detect trace quantities of EtG for forensic purposes, but reports of the nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) properties of EtG have been scarce. Herein we present the first report of EtG determination using proton NMR spectroscopy. We collected 700-MHz proton spectra of liver extracts from rats treated with a 4-day binge ethanol protocol (average ethanol dose: 8.6g/kg/day). An unexpected signal (triplet, 1.24 ppm) appeared in ethanol-treated liver extracts but not in control samples; based on chemical shift and multiplicity, we suspected EtG. We observed quantitative hydrolysis of the unknown species to ethanol while incubating our samples with beta-glucuronidase, confirming that the methyl protons of EtG were responsible for the triplet at 1.24 ppm. This study demonstrates that proton NMR spectroscopy is capable of detecting EtG and that future NMR-based metabolomic studies may encounter this metabolite of ethanol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter C Nicholas
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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Thelwall PE, Yemin AY, Gillian TL, Simpson NE, Kasibhatla MS, Rabbani ZN, Macdonald JM, Blackband SJ, Gamcsik MP. Noninvasive in vivo detection of glutathione metabolism in tumors. Cancer Res 2006; 65:10149-53. [PMID: 16287997 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-05-1781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging has been used to follow glutathione metabolism and evaluate glutathione heterogeneity in intact tumor tissue. Stable isotope-labeled glutathione was detected in s.c. implanted fibrosarcoma tumors in anesthetized rats following infusion of [2-13C]glycine. Using 1H-decoupled 13C magnetic resonance spectroscopy, the appearance of [2-13C]glycine at 42.4 ppm and the subsequent incorporation of this isotope label into the glycyl residue of glutathione at 44.2 ppm can be detected. The identity and relative concentrations of labeled metabolites observed in the in vivo spectrum were confirmed in studies of tissue extracts. The high level of isotopic enrichment and the concentration of glutathione in tumor tissue allow for collection of spatially localized spectra using 13C chemical shift imaging methods. These data provide the first direct images of glutathione in intact tumor tissue and show metabolic heterogeneity. This method may lead to the ability to monitor changes in tumor tissue redox state that may ultimately affect diagnosis, monitoring, and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter E Thelwall
- Department of Neuroscience, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
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37
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Abstract
Part one of this article describes the development of the nurse practitioner role in the UK. Part two reports on a research study examining whether or not community nurse practitioners were able to achieve a 'higher level of practice' as envisaged by the United Kingdom Central Council and will be published in next week's Nursing Standard.
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Abstract
A method for in vivo (13)C NMR monitoring of hepatic glutathione (GSH) in intact, anesthetized rats has been developed. Studies were conducted using a triple-tuned, surgically implanted surface coil designed for this animal model. The coil permitted complete decoupling and sufficient resolution in the (13)C NMR spectrum to monitor the time course of hepatic (13)C-metabolites of intravenously administered 2-(13)C-glycine, particularly GSH at 44.2 ppm and serine signals at 61.1 and 57.2 ppm, respectively. It further allowed concomitant monitoring of high-energy phosphagens and intracellular pH by (31)P NMR. To confirm in vivo NMR peak assignments, we compared high-resolution 2D (1)H[(13)C] heteronuclear multiple quantum coherence and 1D (13)C spectra of hepatic perchloric acid extracts to those of authentic standards. The fractional isotopic enrichment of hepatic (13)C-glycine increased exponentially at a rate of 1.68 h(-1) and reached its plateau level of 81% in 2 h. The (13)C fractional isotopic enrichment of GSH increased exponentially at a rate of 0.316 h(-1) and reached 55% after 4 h of 2-(13)C-glycine infusion, but without achieving a plateau. To confirm that the resonance at 44.2 ppm resulted from GSH, a rat was given an intravenous dose of 2-oxothiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid (OTC), a cysteine precursor that increases intracellular GSH. As expected, with OTC administration the hepatic (13)C GSH-to-glycine peak area increased more than sevenfold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey M Macdonald
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, USA
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Wolfe SP, Hsu E, Reid LM, Macdonald JM. A novel multi-coaxial hollow fiber bioreactor for adherent cell types. Part 1: hydrodynamic studies. Biotechnol Bioeng 2002; 77:83-90. [PMID: 11745176 DOI: 10.1002/bit.10081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
A novel multi-coaxial bioreactor for three-dimensional cultures of adherent cell types, such as liver, is described. It is composed of four tubes of increasing diameter placed one inside the other, creating four spatially isolated compartments. Liver acinar structure and physiological parameters are mimicked by sandwiching cells in the space between the two innermost semi-permeable tubes, or hollows fibers, and creating a radial flow of media from an outer compartment (ECC), through the cell mass compartment, and to an inner compartment (ICC). The outermost compartment is created by gas-permeable tubing, and the housing is used to oxygenate the perfusion media to periportal levels in the ECC. Experiments were performed using distilled water to correlate the radial flow rate (Q(r)) with (1) the pressure drop (DeltaP) between the media compartments that sandwich the cell compartment and (2) the pressure in the cell compartment (P(c)). These results were compared with the theoretical profile calculated based on the hydraulic permeability of the two innermost fibers. Phase-contrast velocity-encoded magnetic resonance imaging was used to visualize directly the axial velocities inside the bioreactor and confirm the assumptions of laminar flow and zero axial velocity at the boundaries of each compartment in the bioreactor. Axial flow rates were calculated from the magnetic resonance imaging results and were similar to the measured axial flow rates for the previously described experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen P Wolfe
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
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Macdonald JM. Wound healing and lymphedema: a new look at an old problem. Ostomy Wound Manage 2001; 47:52-7. [PMID: 11890089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
As the science of wound healing has evolved in the past two decades, so has awareness of the "hidden epidemic" of lymphedema. Substantial information has been accumulated regarding the pathophysiology and therapy of lymphedema. However, until now, the relationship between wound care and lymphedema has received little attention. This review outlines this relationship and asserts that proper wound care demands attention to the related lymphedema. The differences between edema and lymphedema, as well as current evidence-based support defining the negative effect of lymphedema on wound healing, are discussed. The principles of compression therapy in wound related lymphedema also are addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Macdonald
- Wound Healing and Lymphedema Center, North Broward Hospital District, 4010 North Ocean Blvd., Ft. Lauderdale, FL 33308, USA
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41
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Macdonald JM, Haas AL, London RE. Novel mechanism of surface catalysis of protein adduct formation. NMR studies of the acetylation of ubiquitin. J Biol Chem 2000; 275:31908-13. [PMID: 10906321 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m000684200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactivity of surface lysyl residues of proteins with a broad range of chemical agents has been proposed to be dependent on the catalytic microenvironment of the residue. We have investigated the acetylation of wild type ubiquitin and of the UbH68N mutant to evaluate the potential contribution of His-68 to the reactivity of Lys-6, which is about 4 A distant. These studies were performed using [1-(13)C]acetyl salicylate or [1,1'-(13)C(2)]acetic anhydride, and the acetylated products were detected by two-dimensional heteronuclear multiple quantum coherence spectroscopy. The results demonstrate that His-68 makes a positive contribution to the rate of acetylation of Lys-6 by labeled aspirin. Additionally, a pair of transient resonances is observed after treatment of wild type ubiquitin with the labeled acetic anhydride but not upon treatment of the H68N mutant. These resonances are assigned to the acetylated His-68 residue. The loss of intensity of the acetylhistidine resonances is accompanied by an increase in intensity of the acetyl-Lys-6 peak, supporting the existence of a transacetylation process between the acetylhistidine 68 and lysine 6 residues located on the protein surface. Hence, this may be the first direct demonstration of a catalytic intermediate forming on the protein surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Macdonald
- Laboratory of Structural Biology, NIEHS, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, USA
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Abstract
Acetylation of hemoglobin by aspirin and other acetylating agents has been used to generate hemoglobin analogs with altered structural and functional properties, and may prove useful in the treatment of sickle cell disease. We have studied the acetylation of human hemoglobin using [1'-(13)C]acetylsalicylic acid in combination with two-dimensional HMQC and HSQC NMR analysis. The spectra of the acetylated hemoglobin exhibit a number of well resolved resonances. Several spectral assignment strategies were used: blocking the 2, 3-DPG binding site non-covalently with inositol hexaphosphate or covalently with a cross-linking agent, selective carbamylation of the N-terminal valine amino groups with cyanate, spin-labeling the hemoglobin at betaCys93, and analysis of a hemoglobin triple mutant: betaV1MH2DeltaK144R, in which betaLys144 is replaced by an arginine residue. These studies support the conclusion that the most rapidly acetylated residue is betaLys82 rather than betaLys144, as previously reported. Further, it is apparent that acetyl betaLys82 can give rise to several resonances due to additional acetylation of betaLys82' or other nearby residues. An additional assignment strategy involving comparison of the chemical shifts of the acetyl resonances observed for adducts of diamagnetic carbonmonoxyhemoglobin with the shifts observed in paramagnetic cyanomethemoglobin provides information about the location of the acetyl derivatives relative to the heme irons. This approach is limited, however, by the lack of well defined structural information for the lysine residues on the protein surface. Additional tentative assignments have also been made, using the above approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Xu
- Laboratory of Structural Biology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, P.O. Box 12233, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709-2233, USA
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43
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Abstract
The acetylation of ubiquitin by [acetyl-1-13C]aspirin has been studied using 2D NMR methods. Studies performed in a 50:50 H2O:D2O medium show doubling of the acetyl carbonyl resonances, indicating that all of the stable adducts formed involved amide linkages. Assignment of the heteronuclear multiple quantum coherence (HMQC) resonances was accomplished based on comparison of resonance intensities with the results of an Edman degradation analysis, pH titration studies of acetylated ubiquitin, and analysis of two ubiquitin mutants, K33R and K63R. The presence of a single tyrosine residue in close proximity to lysine-48 suggested another assignment strategy. Nitration of tyrosine-59 resulted in a small, pH-dependent shift of the resonance assigned to lysine-48, with a pK of 7.0, close to that expected for the nitrotyrosyl hydroxyl group. An additional adduct resonance with very low intensity also was observed and tentatively assigned to the acetylated N-terminal methionine residue. The relative rates of acetylation of the various lysine residues were obtained from time-dependent HMQC studies. Since no sample preparation artifacts were introduced, the levels of modification of the various residues could be determined with relatively high accuracy. Based on the time-dependent intensity data, the relative rate constants for modification of K6, K48, K63, K11, K33, and M1 were 1.0, 0.59, 0.43, 0.26, 0.23, and 0.03, respectively. These results were in much better agreement with amino accessibility predictions based on the crystal structure of the ubiquitin monomer than with predictions based on the ubiquitin structure in the crystallized dimeric and tetrameric forms. This approach provides a useful basis for understanding how local environmental factors can influence protein adduct formation, as well as for comparing the extent and specificity of various acetylation reagents.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Macdonald
- Laboratory of Structural Biology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
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Abstract
NMR feasibility was established for a coaxial hydrophobic-membrane bioreactor containing isolated rat hepatocytes with features designed to mimic the human liver. A novel triple-tuned NMR probe and a perfusion system controlling temperature, gas concentrations, flow-rate, and pH were used. We determined the optimum coaxial interfiber distance (i.e. diffusion distance) for maintaining hepatocyte viability in two bioreactor prototypes. Prototype no. 1 and no. 2 had diffusion distances of 500 microns and 200 microns, respectively. Cell viability was established by 31P NMR and trypan blue exclusion. Only prototype no. 2 maintained cell viability for more than 6 h, indicating the importance of diffusion distance. 31P spectra obtained over this 6 h time period were similar to in vivo spectra of rat liver. The 31P spectra were found to be more sensitive to subacute cell viability than trypan blue exclusion. In the 1H and 31P spectra, 1H2O and inorganic phosphate signals were split in two at all flow-rates, probably due to bulk magnetic susceptibility effects originating from the three bioreactor compartments. MRI was useful for quality control and determining flow dynamics, fiber integrity, and cell inoculate distribution. MRI revealed that the inner fibers were not centered in either prototype. Although an increased flow-rate did not influence spectral resolution or chemical shifts, significant degradation of MRI quality occurred above 50 mL/min. NMR spectroscopy and imaging provide valuable, real-time information on cell biochemistry and flow dynamics which can be used in development and monitoring of bioreactors designed as artificial livers.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Macdonald
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco 94143-0446, USA
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Espanol MT, Litt L, Hasegawa K, Chang LH, Macdonald JM, Gregory G, James TL, Chan PH. Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate preserves adenosine triphosphate but not intracellular pH during hypoxia in respiring neonatal rat brain slices. Anesthesiology 1998; 88:461-72. [PMID: 9477067 DOI: 10.1097/00000542-199802000-00025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate (FBP) sometimes provides substantial cerebral protection during hypoxia or ischemia. 31P/1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy of cerebrocortical slices was used to study the effects of FBP on hypoxia-induced metabolic changes. In addition, 13C-labeled glucose was administered and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy was used to search for FBP-induced modulations in glycolysis and the pentose-phosphate pathway. METHODS In each experiment, 80 slices (350 microm) obtained from ten 7-day-old Sprague-Dawley rat litter mates were placed together in a 20-mm nuclear magnetic resonance tube, perfused, and subjected to 30 min of hypoxia (PO2 < 3 mmHg). Nine experiments were performed, with n = 3 in each of three groups: (1) no treatment with FBP; (2) 60 min of prehypoxia treatment with FBP (2 mM); and (3) 60 min of posthypoxia treatment with FBP (2 mM). 31P/1H Interleaved nuclear magnetic resonance spectra at 4.7 T provided average adenosine triphosphate, intracellular pH, and lactate. Cresyl violet stains of random slices taken at predetermined time points were studied histologically. Some experiments had [2-13C]glucose in the perfusate. Slices from these studies were frozen for perchloric acid extraction of intracellular metabolites and studied with high-resolution 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy at 11.75 T. RESULTS With no pretreatment with FBP, hypoxia caused an approximately 50% loss of adenosine triphosphate, an approximately 700% increase in lactate, and a decrease in intracellular pH to approximately 6.4. Pretreatment with FBP resulted in no detectable loss of adenosine triphosphate, no increase in lactate, and minimal morphologic changes but did not alter decreases in intracellular pH. 13C Nuclear magnetic resonance spectra of extracted metabolites showed that pretreatment caused accumulation of [1-13C]fructose-6-phosphate, an early pentose-phosphate pathway metabolite. Posthypoxic treatment with FBP had no effects compared with no treatment. CONCLUSIONS During severe hypoxia, pretreatment with FBP completely preserves adenosine triphosphate and almost completely preserves cell morphology but does not alter hypoxia-induced decreases in intracellular pH. Pretreatment also substantially augments the flux of glucose into the pentose-phosphate pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- M T Espanol
- Department of Anesthesia, Cardiovascular Research Institute, The University of California, San Francisco, 94143-0648, USA
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Macdonald JM, Leslie GI. An unusual congenital dorsal midline thoracic mass. J Paediatr Child Health 1996; 32:71-2. [PMID: 8652221 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1754.1996.tb01547.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe the presentation and investigation of an unusual form of congenital dorsal midline thoracic mass. RESULTS An infant born by emergency Caesarean section at 34 weeks gestation was found to have a large dorsal midline thoracic mass. The infant had normal neurological function in all limbs. Radiological investigation showed no abnormality in the vertebrae. Ultrasonographic investigation suggested the mass to consist of subcutaneous oedema. The mass resolved completely within the first 2 weeks. CONCLUSIONS The lesion observed in this infant represents a very unusual location for a benign condition caused by cervical pressure on the presenting fetal part. The use of ultrasonography enabled rapid exclusion of the more common, potentially serious, causes of a congenital midline dorsal thoracic mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Macdonald
- Department of Neonatology, Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, New South Wales, Australia
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47
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Leinweber CE, Macdonald JM, Campbell HS. Community smoking cessation contests: an effective public health strategy. Can J Public Health 1994; 85:95-8. [PMID: 8012926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
This report describes the follow-up of a community-sponsored smoking cessation contest. The aims of the evaluation were to describe the characteristics of contestants and the quit rates at six weeks, six months and one year. The "Quit to Win" contest was held as part of a larger cancer prevention program in Medicine Hat, Alberta. In order to be eligible for prizes, contestants were required to be smoke-free for six weeks and have their smoking status verified by a "Buddy". Contestants were contacted by telephone at the end of the contest and again at six months and one year. Seventy-five individuals entered the contest. The quit rates, 56%, 27% and 21% at six weeks, six months and one year respectively, compare favourably with other smoking cessation interventions. This study demonstrates that a community-based program can reach a variety of smokers with a relatively simple intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- C E Leinweber
- Cancer Prevention Program, Alberta Cancer Board, Calgary
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48
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Campbell HS, Macdonald JM. Tobacco counselling among Alberta dentists. J Can Dent Assoc 1994; 60:218-20, 223-6. [PMID: 8156460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Evidence suggests that dentists, with their existing commitment to prevention and their opportunity for regular interaction with patients, have the potential to significantly decrease tobacco-related morbidity and mortality. In 1992, dentists belonging to the Alberta Dental Association were surveyed to determine their attitudes, behavior and perceived obstacles to tobacco counselling. The 755 respondents represent 55 per cent of the province's practising dentists. Their attitudes toward involvement in tobacco counselling varied. Over 90 per cent agreed that dentists should show leadership and set a good example. However, only 60-70 per cent indicated that they should try to convince or actively help patients quit, and 25 per cent indicated that intervention was not appropriate. Little difference was found in the preferred counselling approach, with most dentists limiting their counselling efforts to discussing the hazards of smoking and benefits of quitting. Very few provided patients with specific strategies to change their smoking behavior. Perceived obstacles to tobacco counselling included a lack of coordination and exchange of information between dentistry and cessation services, pessimism about the patients' ability to change their tobacco habit, the need for further training, and the fact that counselling was not a high priority. This survey suggests that dentists could expand their role as tobacco counsellors. Professional associations and educational institutions have the potential to greatly assist the dental community in this regard, and attention should be given to the development and dissemination of informational campaigns and educational workshops.
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Affiliation(s)
- H S Campbell
- Cancer Prevention Program, Alberta Cancer Board, Division of Epidemiology and Preventive Oncology, Calgary
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Dahiya R, Boyle B, Park HD, Kurhanewicz J, Macdonald JM, Narayan P. 13-cis-retinoic acid-mediated growth inhibition of DU-145 human prostate cancer cells. Biochem Mol Biol Int 1994; 32:1-12. [PMID: 8012274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of 13-cis-retinoic acid (13-cis-RA) on the growth regulation of DU-145 human prostatic cancer cells. The results of these experiments demonstrate that cell growth and metastatic potential of DU-145 cells were significantly inhibited by 13-cis-RA (10 microM). In order to elucidate the possible molecular mechanisms of 13-cis-RA action on prostate cancer cells, we examined the expression of nuclear receptor genes (hRXR alpha) and found that 13-cis-RA treated cells showed higher mRNA expression for hRXR alpha nuclear receptors compared to untreated cells. To elucidate further the possible biochemical mechanisms associated with these alterations, we analyzed the phosphorous metabolites by MR spectroscopy and found that the major metabolites were PME, (PC, PE) and DPDE (UDP-GalNAc, UDP-GLcNAc). The DU-145 cells and xenografts, which were both treated with 13-cis-RA, showed a two-fold decrease in DPDE's, compared to their controls. The higher resolution spectra of perfused cells revealed that phosphocholine levels were twice as high in 13-cis-RA-treated DU-145 cells as compared to untreated cells. These investigations demonstrate for the first time that 13-cis-RA inhibits the growth of human prostatic cancer cells, and this inhibition is associated with an increase in hRXR alpha nuclear receptor gene expression and alterations in phosphorous metabolites detected by 31P MR spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Dahiya
- Department of Urology, University of California, School of Medicine, San Francisco
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50
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Macdonald JM, Kurhanewicz J, Dahiya R, Espanol MT, Chang LH, Goldberg B, James TL, Narayan P. Effect of glucose and confluency on phosphorus metabolites of perfused human prostatic adenocarcinoma cells as determined by 31P MRS. Magn Reson Med 1993; 29:244-8. [PMID: 8429789 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.1910290213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
A series of perfused cell 31P MRS studies were conducted using a well established human prostate adenocarcinoma cell line (DU 145) at different phases of growth, and exposed to varying glucose concentrations during growth. The spectral characteristics of perfused DU 145 cells were compared with the same cells grown in nude mice (xenografts). Perfused DU 145 cells had lower levels of inorganic phosphate and phosphocreative relative to in vivo nude mice xenografts. 31P MR spectra obtained from perfused cells at different phases of growth and exposed to varying glucose concentrations during grown suggest that increases in diphosphodiester levels are associated with high glucose concentrations and confluency. Perfused DU 145 cells grown in 5.5 mM glucose and harvested at log phase of growth best reflected the phosphorus MR spectra of the same cell line grown in nude mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Macdonald
- Department of Urology, Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Medicine and Radiology, University of California School of Medicine, San Francisco
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