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Zahumenska R, Badurova B, Pavelek M, Sojka P, Pavlisova T, Spanik P, Sivonova MK, Novakova S, Strnadel J, Halasova E, Frivaldsky M, Skovierova H. Comparison of pulsed and continuous electromagnetic field generated by WPT system on human dermal and neural cells. Sci Rep 2024; 14:5514. [PMID: 38448548 PMCID: PMC10918061 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-56051-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024] Open
Abstract
In recent decades, we have seen significant technical progress in the modern world, leading to the widespread use of telecommunications systems, electrical appliances, and wireless technologies. These devices generate electromagnetic radiation (EMR) and electromagnetic fields (EMF) most often in the extremely low frequency or radio-frequency range. Therefore, they were included in the group of environmental risk factors that affect the human body and health on a daily basis. In this study, we tested the effect of exposure EMF generated by a new prototype wireless charging system on four human cell lines (normal cell lines-HDFa, NHA; tumor cell lines-SH-SY5Y, T98G). We tested different operating parameters of the wireless power transfer (WPT) device (87-207 kHz, 1.01-1.05 kW, 1.3-1.7 mT) at different exposure times (pulsed 6 × 10 min; continuous 1 × 60 min). We observed the effect of EMF on cell morphology and cytoskeletal changes, cell viability and mitotic activity, cytotoxicity, genotoxicity, and oxidative stress. The results of our study did not show any negative effect of the generated EMF on either normal cells or tumor cell lines. However, in order to be able to estimate the risk, further population and epidemiological studies are needed, which would reveal the clinical consequences of EMF impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romana Zahumenska
- Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Biomedical Centre Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava, Mala Hora 4C, 036 01, Martin, Slovakia
| | - Bibiana Badurova
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava, Mala Hora 4D, 036 01, Martin, Slovakia
| | - Miroslav Pavelek
- Department of Mechatronics and Electronics, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Information Technologies, University of Zilina, 010 26, Žilina, Slovakia
| | - Peter Sojka
- Department of Mechatronics and Electronics, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Information Technologies, University of Zilina, 010 26, Žilina, Slovakia
| | - Tereza Pavlisova
- Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Biomedical Centre Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava, Mala Hora 4C, 036 01, Martin, Slovakia
| | - Pavol Spanik
- Department of Mechatronics and Electronics, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Information Technologies, University of Zilina, 010 26, Žilina, Slovakia
| | - Monika Kmetova Sivonova
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava, Mala Hora 4D, 036 01, Martin, Slovakia
| | - Slavomira Novakova
- Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Biomedical Centre Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava, Mala Hora 4C, 036 01, Martin, Slovakia
| | - Jan Strnadel
- Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Biomedical Centre Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava, Mala Hora 4C, 036 01, Martin, Slovakia
| | - Erika Halasova
- Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Biomedical Centre Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava, Mala Hora 4C, 036 01, Martin, Slovakia
| | - Michal Frivaldsky
- Department of Mechatronics and Electronics, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Information Technologies, University of Zilina, 010 26, Žilina, Slovakia.
| | - Henrieta Skovierova
- Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Biomedical Centre Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava, Mala Hora 4C, 036 01, Martin, Slovakia.
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Benavides RAS, Leiro-Vidal JM, Rodriguez-Gonzalez JA, Ares-Pena FJ, López-Martín E. The HL-60 human promyelocytic cell line constitutes an effective in vitro model for evaluating toxicity, oxidative stress and necrosis/apoptosis after exposure to black carbon particles and 2.45 GHz radio frequency. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 867:161475. [PMID: 36632900 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.161475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The cellular and molecular mechanisms by which atmospheric pollution from particulate matter and/or electromagnetic fields (EMFs) may prove harmful to human health have not been extensively researched. We analyzed whether the combined action of EMFs and black carbon (BC) particles induced cell damage and a pro-apoptotic response in the HL-60 promyelocytic cell line when exposed to 2.45 GHz radio frequency (RF) radiation in a gigahertz transverse electromagnetic (GTEM) chamber at sub-thermal specific absorption rate (SAR) levels. RF and BC induced moderately significant levels of cell damage in the first 8 or 24 h for all exposure times/doses and much greater damage after 48 h irradiation and the higher dose of BC. We observed a clear antiproliferative effect that increased with RF exposure time and BC dose. Oxidative stress or ROS production increased with time (24 or 48 h of radiation), BC dose and the combination of both. Significant differences between the proportion of damaged and healthy cells were observed in all groups. Both radiation and BC participated separately and jointly in triggering necrosis and apoptosis in a programmed way. Oxidative-antioxidant action activated mitochondrial anti-apoptotic BCL2a gene expression after 24 h irradiation and exposure to BC. After irradiation of the cells for 48 h, expression of FASR cell death receptors was activated, precipitating the onset of pro-apoptotic phenomena and expression and intracellular activity of caspase-3 in the mitochondrial pathways, all of which can lead to cell death. Our results indicate that the interaction between BC and RF modifies the immune response in the human promyelocytic cell line and that these cells had two fates mediated by different pathways: necrosis and mitochondria-caspase dependent apoptosis. The findings may be important in regard to antimicrobial, inflammatory and autoimmune responses in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Ana Sueiro Benavides
- Institute of Research in Biological and Chemical Analysis, IAQBUS, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - José Manuel Leiro-Vidal
- Institute of Research in Biological and Chemical Analysis, IAQBUS, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - J Antonio Rodriguez-Gonzalez
- Department of Applied Physics, Santiago de Compostela School of Physics, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - Francisco J Ares-Pena
- Department of Applied Physics, Santiago de Compostela School of Physics, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - Elena López-Martín
- Department of Morphological Sciences, Santiago de Compostela School of Medicine, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
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Bektas H, Algul S, Altindag F, Yegin K, Akdag MZ, Dasdag S. Effects of 3.5 GHz radiofrequency radiation on ghrelin, nesfatin-1, and irisin level in diabetic and healthy brains. J Chem Neuroanat 2022; 126:102168. [PMID: 36220504 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2022.102168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes, mobile phone use, and obesity have increased simultaneously in recent years. The radiofrequency radiation (RFR) emitted from mobile phones is largely absorbed in the heads of users. With 5 G, which has started to be used in some countries without the necessary precautions being taken, the amount of RFR to which living things are exposed will increase. In this study, the changes in energy homeostasis and redox balance caused by 5 G (3.5 GHz, GSM-modulated) were explored. The effects of RFR on the brains of diabetic and healthy rats were investigated and histopathological analysis was performed. Twenty-eight Wistar albino rats weighing 200-250 g were divided into 4 groups as sham, RFR, diabetes, and RFR+diabetes groups (n = 7). The rats in each group were kept in a plexiglass carousel for 2 h a day for 30 days. While the rats in the experimental groups were exposed to RFR for 2 h a day, the rats in the sham group were kept under the same experimental conditions but with the radiofrequency generator turned off. At the end of the experiment, brain tissues were collected from euthanized rats. Total antioxidant (TAS), total oxidant (TOS), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), ghrelin, nesfatin-1, and irisin levels were determined. In addition, histopathological analyses of the brain tissues were performed. The specific absorption rate in the gray matter of the brain was calculated as 323 mW/kg and 195 mW/kg for 1 g and 10 g averaging, respectively. After RFR exposure among diabetic and healthy rats, decreased TAS levels and increased TOS and H2O2 levels were observed in brain tissues. RFR caused increases in ghrelin and irisin and a decrease in nesfatin-1 in the brain. It was also observed that RFR increased the number of degenerated neurons in the hippocampus. Our results indicate that 3.5 GHz RFR causes changes in the energy metabolism and appetite of both healthy and diabetic rats. Thus, 5 G may not be innocent in terms of its biological effects, especially in the presence of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hava Bektas
- Department of Biophysics, Medical School of Van Yuzuncu Yil University, Van, Turkey
| | - Sermin Algul
- Department of Physiology, Medical School of Van Yuzuncu Yil University, Van, Turkey
| | - Fikret Altindag
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical School of Van Yuzuncu Yil University, Van, Turkey
| | - Korkut Yegin
- Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Ege University, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Zulkuf Akdag
- Department of Biophysics, Medical School of Dicle University, Diyarbakır, Turkey
| | - Suleyman Dasdag
- Department of Biophysics, Medical School of Istanbul Medeniyet University, Istanbul, Turkey.
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4
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Microwave Radiation and the Brain: Mechanisms, Current Status, and Future Prospects. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23169288. [PMID: 36012552 PMCID: PMC9409438 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23169288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Modern humanity wades daily through various radiations, resulting in frequent exposure and causing potentially important biological effects. Among them, the brain is the organ most sensitive to electromagnetic radiation (EMR) exposure. Despite numerous correlated studies, critical unknowns surround the different parameters used, including operational frequency, power density (i.e., energy dose), and irradiation time that could permit reproducibility and comparability between analyses. Furthermore, the interactions of EMR with biological systems and its precise mechanisms remain poorly characterized. In this review, recent approaches examining the effects of microwave radiations on the brain, specifically learning and memory capabilities, as well as the mechanisms of brain dysfunction with exposure as reported in the literature, are analyzed and interpreted to provide prospective views for future research directed at this important and novel medical technology for developing preventive and therapeutic strategies on brain degeneration caused by microwave radiation. Additionally, the interactions of microwaves with biological systems and possible mechanisms are presented in this review. Treatment with natural products and safe techniques to reduce harm to organs have become essential components of daily life, and some promising techniques to treat cancers and their radioprotective effects are summarized as well. This review can serve as a platform for researchers to understand the mechanism and interactions of microwave radiation with biological systems, the present scenario, and prospects for future studies on the effect of microwaves on the brain.
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Zadeh-Haghighi H, Simon C. Magnetic field effects in biology from the perspective of the radical pair mechanism. J R Soc Interface 2022; 19:20220325. [PMID: 35919980 PMCID: PMC9346374 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2022.0325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 04/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hundreds of studies have found that weak magnetic fields can significantly influence various biological systems. However, the underlying mechanisms behind these phenomena remain elusive. Remarkably, the magnetic energies implicated in these effects are much smaller than thermal energies. Here, we review these observations, and we suggest an explanation based on the radical pair mechanism, which involves the quantum dynamics of the electron and nuclear spins of transient radical molecules. While the radical pair mechanism has been studied in detail in the context of avian magnetoreception, the studies reviewed here show that magnetosensitivity is widespread throughout biology. We review magnetic field effects on various physiological functions, discussing static, hypomagnetic and oscillating magnetic fields, as well as isotope effects. We then review the radical pair mechanism as a potential unifying model for the described magnetic field effects, and we discuss plausible candidate molecules for the radical pairs. We review recent studies proposing that the radical pair mechanism provides explanations for isotope effects in xenon anaesthesia and lithium treatment of hyperactivity, magnetic field effects on the circadian clock, and hypomagnetic field effects on neurogenesis and microtubule assembly. We conclude by discussing future lines of investigation in this exciting new area of quantum biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadi Zadeh-Haghighi
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 1N4
- Institute for Quantum Science and Technology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 1N4
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 1N4
| | - Christoph Simon
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 1N4
- Institute for Quantum Science and Technology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 1N4
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 1N4
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Sannino A, Scarfì MR, Dufossée M, Romeo S, Poeta L, Prouzet-Mauléon V, Priault M, Zeni O. Inhibition of Autophagy Negates Radiofrequency-Induced Adaptive Response in SH-SY5Y Neuroblastoma Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23158414. [PMID: 35955556 PMCID: PMC9369083 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 07/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
In the last years, radiofrequency (RF) has demonstrated that it can reduce DNA damage induced by a subsequent treatment with chemical or physical agents in different cell types, resembling the adaptive response, a phenomenon well documented in radiobiology. Such an effect has also been reported by other authors both in vitro and in vivo, and plausible hypotheses have been formulated, spanning from the perturbation of the cell redox status, to DNA repair mechanisms, and stress response machinery, as possible cellular mechanisms activated by RF pre-exposure. These mechanisms may underpin the observed phenomenon, and require deeper investigations. The present study aimed to determine whether autophagy contributes to RF-induced adaptive response. To this purpose, SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells were exposed for 20 h to 1950 MHz, UMTS signal, and then treated with menadione. The results obtained indicated a reduction in menadione-induced DNA damage, assessed by applying the comet assay. Such a reduction was negated when autophagy was inhibited by bafilomycin A1 and E64d. Moreover, CRISPR SH-SY5Y cell lines defective for ATG7 or ATG5 genes did not show an adaptive response. These findings suggest the involvement of autophagy in the RF-induced adaptive response in human neuroblastoma cells; although, further investigation is required to extend such observation at the molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Sannino
- Institute for Electromagnetic Sensing of the Environment (IREA), National Research Council, Via Diocleziano 328, 80124 Napoli, Italy; (A.S.); (S.R.); (L.P.); (O.Z.)
| | - Maria Rosaria Scarfì
- Institute for Electromagnetic Sensing of the Environment (IREA), National Research Council, Via Diocleziano 328, 80124 Napoli, Italy; (A.S.); (S.R.); (L.P.); (O.Z.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-081-7620659
| | - Mélody Dufossée
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, IBGC, UMR 5095, F-33000 Bordeaux, France; (M.D.); (M.P.)
| | - Stefania Romeo
- Institute for Electromagnetic Sensing of the Environment (IREA), National Research Council, Via Diocleziano 328, 80124 Napoli, Italy; (A.S.); (S.R.); (L.P.); (O.Z.)
| | - Loredana Poeta
- Institute for Electromagnetic Sensing of the Environment (IREA), National Research Council, Via Diocleziano 328, 80124 Napoli, Italy; (A.S.); (S.R.); (L.P.); (O.Z.)
| | - Valerie Prouzet-Mauléon
- Plateformecrisp’edit—TBMCore, Université de Bordeaux, F-33000 Bordeaux, France;
- INSERM, US005, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
- CNRS, UAR3427, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Muriel Priault
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, IBGC, UMR 5095, F-33000 Bordeaux, France; (M.D.); (M.P.)
| | - Olga Zeni
- Institute for Electromagnetic Sensing of the Environment (IREA), National Research Council, Via Diocleziano 328, 80124 Napoli, Italy; (A.S.); (S.R.); (L.P.); (O.Z.)
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7
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Zheng Y, Mei L, Li S, Ma T, Xia B, Hao Y, Gao X, Wei B, Wei Y, Jing D, Luo Z, Huang J. Pulsed Electromagnetic Field Alleviates Intervertebral Disc Degeneration by Activating Sirt1-Autophagy Signaling Network. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:853872. [PMID: 35387300 PMCID: PMC8978825 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.853872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration is regarded as a major contributor to low back pain (LBP), causing serious economic burden on individuals and society. Unfortunately, there are limited effective treatment for IVD degeneration. Pulsed electromagnetic field (PEMF) is an economical and effective physical therapy method, with reduced side-effects. It offers certain protection to a number of degenerative diseases. Therefore, understanding the underlying mechanism of PEMF on IVD is important for improving the PEMF therapeutic efficiency. In this study, PEMF up-regulated extracellular matrix (ECM) related genes in degenerated nucleus pulposus (NP) cells. It also increased SIRT1 expression and promoted autophagy in degenerated NP cells. In contrast, the autophagy suppressor 3-methyladenine (3-MA) reversed the beneficial effect of PEMF on ECM production. Similarly, the SIRT1 enzyme activity suppressor EX 527 also inhibited the effect of PEMF on autophagy and ECM production in NP cells, thereby suggesting that PEMF regulated ECM related genes expression through SIRT1-autophagy signaling pathway. Lastly, PEMF significantly reduced IVD degeneration in a rat model of IVD degeneration in vivo. In summary, our study uncovers a critical role of SIRT1-dependent autophagy signaling pathway in ECM protection and thus in the establishment of therapeutic effect of PEMF on IVD degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zheng
- Department of Orthopedics, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Liangwei Mei
- Department of Orthopedics, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Shengyou Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Teng Ma
- Department of Orthopedics, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Bing Xia
- Department of Orthopedics, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yiming Hao
- Department of Orthopedics, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xue Gao
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Bin Wei
- Department of Orthopedics, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yitao Wei
- Department of Orthopedics, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Da Jing
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Zhuojing Luo
- Department of Orthopedics, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jinghui Huang
- Department of Orthopedics, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
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8
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Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Field Exposure and Apoptosis: A Scoping Review of In Vitro Studies on Mammalian Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23042322. [PMID: 35216437 PMCID: PMC8877695 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23042322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In the last decades, experimental studies have been carried out to investigate the effects of radiofrequency (RF, 100 kHz–300 GHz) electromagnetic fields (EMF) exposure on the apoptotic process. As evidence-based critical evaluation of RF and apoptosis in vitro is lacking, we performed a scoping literature review with the aim of systematically mapping the research performed in this area and identifying gaps in knowledge. Eligible for inclusion were in vitro studies assessing apoptosis in mammalian cells exposed to RF-EMF, which met basic quality criteria (sham control, at least three independent experiments, appropriate dosimetry analysis and temperature monitoring). We conducted a systematic literature review and charted data in order to overview the main characteristics of included studies. From the 4362 papers retrieved with our search strategy, 121 were pertinent but, among them, only 42 met basic quality criteria. We pooled data with respect to exposure (frequency, exposure level and duration) and biological parameters (cell type, endpoint), and highlighted some qualitative trends with respect to the detection of significant effect of RF-EMF on the apoptotic process. We provided a qualitative picture of the evidence accumulated so far, and highlighted that the quality of experimental methodology still needs to be highly improved.
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Joushomme A, Garenne A, Dufossée M, Renom R, Ruigrok HJ, Chappe YL, Canovi A, Patrignoni L, Hurtier A, Poulletier de Gannes F, Lagroye I, Lévêque P, Lewis N, Priault M, Arnaud-Cormos D, Percherancier Y. Label-Free Study of the Global Cell Behavior during Exposure to Environmental Radiofrequency Fields in the Presence or Absence of Pro-Apoptotic or Pro-Autophagic Treatments. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23020658. [PMID: 35054844 PMCID: PMC8776001 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23020658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
It remains controversial whether exposure to environmental radiofrequency signals (RF) impacts cell status or response to cellular stress such as apoptosis or autophagy. We used two label-free techniques, cellular impedancemetry and Digital Holographic Microscopy (DHM), to assess the overall cellular response during RF exposure alone, or during co-exposure to RF and chemical treatments known to induce either apoptosis or autophagy. Two human cell lines (SH-SY5Y and HCT116) and two cultures of primary rat cortex cells (astrocytes and co-culture of neurons and glial cells) were exposed to RF using an 1800 MHz carrier wave modulated with various environmental signals (GSM: Global System for Mobile Communications, 2G signal), UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System, 3G signal), LTE (Long-Term Evolution, 4G signal, and Wi-Fi) or unmodulated RF (continuous wave, CW). The specific absorption rates (S.A.R.) used were 1.5 and 6 W/kg during DHM experiments and ranged from 5 to 24 W/kg during the recording of cellular impedance. Cells were continuously exposed for three to five consecutive days while the temporal phenotypic signature of cells behavior was recorded at constant temperature. Statistical analysis of the results does not indicate that RF-EMF exposure impacted the global behavior of healthy, apoptotic, or autophagic cells, even at S.A.R. levels higher than the guidelines, provided that the temperature was kept constant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Joushomme
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, IMS/UMR 5218, F-33400 Talence, France; (A.J.); (A.G.); (R.R.); (H.J.R.); (Y.L.C.); (A.C.); (L.P.); (A.H.); (F.P.d.G.); (I.L.); (N.L.)
| | - André Garenne
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, IMS/UMR 5218, F-33400 Talence, France; (A.J.); (A.G.); (R.R.); (H.J.R.); (Y.L.C.); (A.C.); (L.P.); (A.H.); (F.P.d.G.); (I.L.); (N.L.)
| | - Mélody Dufossée
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, IBGC/UMR 5095, F-33000 Bordeaux, France; (M.D.); (M.P.)
| | - Rémy Renom
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, IMS/UMR 5218, F-33400 Talence, France; (A.J.); (A.G.); (R.R.); (H.J.R.); (Y.L.C.); (A.C.); (L.P.); (A.H.); (F.P.d.G.); (I.L.); (N.L.)
| | - Hermanus Johannes Ruigrok
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, IMS/UMR 5218, F-33400 Talence, France; (A.J.); (A.G.); (R.R.); (H.J.R.); (Y.L.C.); (A.C.); (L.P.); (A.H.); (F.P.d.G.); (I.L.); (N.L.)
| | - Yann Loick Chappe
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, IMS/UMR 5218, F-33400 Talence, France; (A.J.); (A.G.); (R.R.); (H.J.R.); (Y.L.C.); (A.C.); (L.P.); (A.H.); (F.P.d.G.); (I.L.); (N.L.)
| | - Anne Canovi
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, IMS/UMR 5218, F-33400 Talence, France; (A.J.); (A.G.); (R.R.); (H.J.R.); (Y.L.C.); (A.C.); (L.P.); (A.H.); (F.P.d.G.); (I.L.); (N.L.)
| | - Lorenza Patrignoni
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, IMS/UMR 5218, F-33400 Talence, France; (A.J.); (A.G.); (R.R.); (H.J.R.); (Y.L.C.); (A.C.); (L.P.); (A.H.); (F.P.d.G.); (I.L.); (N.L.)
| | - Annabelle Hurtier
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, IMS/UMR 5218, F-33400 Talence, France; (A.J.); (A.G.); (R.R.); (H.J.R.); (Y.L.C.); (A.C.); (L.P.); (A.H.); (F.P.d.G.); (I.L.); (N.L.)
| | - Florence Poulletier de Gannes
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, IMS/UMR 5218, F-33400 Talence, France; (A.J.); (A.G.); (R.R.); (H.J.R.); (Y.L.C.); (A.C.); (L.P.); (A.H.); (F.P.d.G.); (I.L.); (N.L.)
| | - Isabelle Lagroye
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, IMS/UMR 5218, F-33400 Talence, France; (A.J.); (A.G.); (R.R.); (H.J.R.); (Y.L.C.); (A.C.); (L.P.); (A.H.); (F.P.d.G.); (I.L.); (N.L.)
- Paris Sciences et Lettres Research University, F-75006 Paris, France
| | - Philippe Lévêque
- Univ. Limoges, CNRS, XLIM/UMR 7252, F-87000 Limoges, France; (P.L.); (D.A.-C.)
| | - Noëlle Lewis
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, IMS/UMR 5218, F-33400 Talence, France; (A.J.); (A.G.); (R.R.); (H.J.R.); (Y.L.C.); (A.C.); (L.P.); (A.H.); (F.P.d.G.); (I.L.); (N.L.)
| | - Muriel Priault
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, IBGC/UMR 5095, F-33000 Bordeaux, France; (M.D.); (M.P.)
| | - Delia Arnaud-Cormos
- Univ. Limoges, CNRS, XLIM/UMR 7252, F-87000 Limoges, France; (P.L.); (D.A.-C.)
- Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Yann Percherancier
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, IMS/UMR 5218, F-33400 Talence, France; (A.J.); (A.G.); (R.R.); (H.J.R.); (Y.L.C.); (A.C.); (L.P.); (A.H.); (F.P.d.G.); (I.L.); (N.L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-5-40-00-27-24
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10
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McNamee JP, Grybas VS, Qutob SS, Bellier PV. Effects of 1800 MHz radiofrequency fields on signal transduction and antioxidant proteins in human A172 glioblastoma cells. Int J Radiat Biol 2021; 97:1316-1323. [PMID: 34047676 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2021.1934751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To assess the effects of 1800 MHz radiofrequency electromagnetic field (RF-EMF) exposure on the expression of signal transduction and antioxidant proteins in a human-derived A172 glioblastoma cell line. MATERIALS AND METHODS Adherent human-derived A172 glioblastoma cells (1.0 × 105 cells per 35 mm culture dish, containing 2 mL DMEM media) were exposed to 1800 MHz continuous-wave (CW) or GSM-modulated RF fields, in the presence or absence of serum for 5, 30 or 240 min at a specific absorption rate (SAR) of 0 (sham) or 2.0 W/kg. Concurrent negative (vehicle) and positive controls (1 µg/mL anisomycin) were included in each experiment. Cell lysates were collected immediately after exposure, stabilized by protease and phosphatase inhibitors in lysis buffer, then frozen and maintained at -80 °C until analysis. The relative expression levels of phosphorylated- and total-signal transduction proteins (CREB, JNK, NF-κB, ERK1/2, Akt, p70S6K, STAT3 and STAT5) and antioxidant proteins (SOD1, SOD2, CAT, TRX1, PRX2) were assessed using Milliplex magnetic bead array panels and a MagPix Multiplex imaging system. RESULTS In cells exposed to 1800 MHz continuous-wave RF-EMF with the presence of serum in the culture medium, CAT expression was statistically significantly decreased after a 30 min exposure, total JNK was decreased at both 30 and 240 min of exposure, STAT3 was decreased after 240 min of exposure and phosphorylated-CREB expression was decreased after 30 min of exposure. In cells exposed to 1800 MHz GSM-modulated RF-EMF in serum-free cultures, the expression level of total STAT5 was decreased after 30 and 240 min of exposure. These observed changes were detected sporadically across time-points, culture conditions and RF-EMF exposure conditions indicating the likelihood of false positive events. When cells were treated with anisomycin for 15 min as a positive control, dramatic increases in the expression of phosphorylated signaling proteins were observed in both serum-starved and serum-fed A172 cells, with larger fold change increases in the serum-free cultures. No statistically significant differences in the expression levels of SOD1, SOD2 or TRX1 were observed under any tested conditions after exposure to RF-EMF. CONCLUSIONS The current study found no consistent evidence of changes in the expression of antioxidant proteins (SOD1, SOD2, CAT or TRX2) or a variety of signal transductions proteins (CREB, JNK, NF-κB, ERK1/2, Akt, p70S6K, STAT3, STAT5) in a human-derived glioblastoma A172 cell line in response to exposure to 1800 MHz continuous-wave or GSM-modulated RF-EMF for 5, 30 or 240 min in either serum-free or serum-containing cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- James P McNamee
- Environmental and Radiation Health Sciences Directorate, Consumer and Clinical Radiation Protection Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Veronica S Grybas
- Environmental and Radiation Health Sciences Directorate, Consumer and Clinical Radiation Protection Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Sami S Qutob
- Environmental and Radiation Health Sciences Directorate, Consumer and Clinical Radiation Protection Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Pascale V Bellier
- Environmental and Radiation Health Sciences Directorate, Consumer and Clinical Radiation Protection Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, Canada
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11
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Schuermann D, Mevissen M. Manmade Electromagnetic Fields and Oxidative Stress-Biological Effects and Consequences for Health. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22073772. [PMID: 33917298 PMCID: PMC8038719 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22073772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Concomitant with the ever-expanding use of electrical appliances and mobile communication systems, public and occupational exposure to electromagnetic fields (EMF) in the extremely-low-frequency and radiofrequency range has become a widely debated environmental risk factor for health. Radiofrequency (RF) EMF and extremely-low-frequency (ELF) MF have been classified as possibly carcinogenic to humans (Group 2B) by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). The production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), potentially leading to cellular or systemic oxidative stress, was frequently found to be influenced by EMF exposure in animals and cells. In this review, we summarize key experimental findings on oxidative stress related to EMF exposure from animal and cell studies of the last decade. The observations are discussed in the context of molecular mechanisms and functionalities relevant to health such as neurological function, genome stability, immune response, and reproduction. Most animal and many cell studies showed increased oxidative stress caused by RF-EMF and ELF-MF. In order to estimate the risk for human health by manmade exposure, experimental studies in humans and epidemiological studies need to be considered as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Schuermann
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 28, CH-4058 Basel, Switzerland
- Correspondence: (D.S.); (M.M.)
| | - Meike Mevissen
- Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Laenggassstrasse 124, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
- Correspondence: (D.S.); (M.M.)
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