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Acharya K, Shaw S, Bhattacharya SP, Biswas S, Bhandary S, Bhattacharya A. Pigments from pathogenic bacteria: a comprehensive update on recent advances. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2024; 40:270. [PMID: 39030429 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-024-04076-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/21/2024]
Abstract
Bacterial pigments stand out as exceptional natural bioactive compounds with versatile functionalities. The pigments represent molecules from distinct chemical categories including terpenes, terpenoids, carotenoids, pyridine, pyrrole, indole, and phenazines, which are synthesized by diverse groups of bacteria. Their spectrum of physiological activities encompasses bioactive potentials that often confer fitness advantages to facilitate the survival of bacteria amid challenging environmental conditions. A large proportion of such pigments are produced by bacterial pathogens mostly as secondary metabolites. Their multifaceted properties augment potential applications in biomedical, food, pharmaceutical, textile, paint industries, bioremediation, and in biosensor development. Apart from possessing a less detrimental impact on health with environmentally beneficial attributes, tractable and scalable production strategies render bacterial pigments a sustainable option for novel biotechnological exploration for untapped discoveries. The review offers a comprehensive account of physiological role of pigments from bacterial pathogens, production strategies, and potential applications in various biomedical and biotechnological fields. Alongside, the prospect of combining bacterial pigment research with cutting-edge approaches like nanotechnology has been discussed to highlight future endeavours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kusumita Acharya
- AMR-Research Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Adamas University, Barasat-Barrackpore Rd, Kolkata, 700126, India
| | - Swarna Shaw
- AMR-Research Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Adamas University, Barasat-Barrackpore Rd, Kolkata, 700126, India
| | | | - Shatarupa Biswas
- AMR-Research Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Adamas University, Barasat-Barrackpore Rd, Kolkata, 700126, India
| | - Suman Bhandary
- AMR-Research Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Adamas University, Barasat-Barrackpore Rd, Kolkata, 700126, India.
| | - Arijit Bhattacharya
- AMR-Research Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Adamas University, Barasat-Barrackpore Rd, Kolkata, 700126, India.
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Köksal Karayildirim Ç, Şahiner A, Çalişkan S, Soylu FE, Gökhan A, Eroğlu E, Uyanikgil Y, Karayildirim T. Isolation, Identification, and Antimicrobial Evaluation of Secondary Metabolite from Serratia marcescens via an In Vivo Epicutaneous Infection Model. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:8397-8404. [PMID: 38405438 PMCID: PMC10882681 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c09522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
Microbial secondary metabolites, which play a pivotal role in struggling with infectious diseases, are the new source for controlling bacterial contaminations and possess a strong antimicrobial potential. The present study is designed to evaluate the in vitro and in vivo bactericidal activities of prodigiosin against Staphylococcus aureus. For this purpose, Serratia marcescens was used to produce prodigiosin. Characterization of the prodigiosin was carried out using NMR. In addition, bioautographic detection of prodigiosin was detected by TLC. Antibacterial assays, in vivo epicutaneous infection tests, swap analyses, and histopathological examinations were determined. The results revealed that prodigiosin was detected by NMR and TLC. According to antimicrobial susceptibility tests, prodigiosin is an efficient bactericidal compound that demonstrated strong antibacterial activity toward S. aureus. In vivo, animal studies determined that the strong inhibition of S. aureus-caused epidermal infection occurs by prodigiosin at 48 h. Histopathological results showed that S. aureus + prodigiosin skin sections consist of improved and healthy tissues without any infection area compared with the S. aureus and control groups. The in vivo study verified the antibacterial results with swap analyses, and histopathological findings showed that prodigiosin is a promising microbial metabolite effective against S. aureus infection. This study proved that prodigiosin with excellent bioactivity exhibited antibacterial properties, which might possess massive potential for new therapeutic approaches using micro-organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Çinel Köksal Karayildirim
- Department
of Biology, Science Faculty, Ege University, İzmir 35100, Turkey
- Laboratory
Animals Research Center, Ege University, İzmir 35100, Turkey
| | - Aslı Şahiner
- Department
of Biology, Science Faculty, Ege University, İzmir 35100, Turkey
| | - Sennur Çalişkan
- Department
of Biology, Science Faculty, Ege University, İzmir 35100, Turkey
| | - Fahri Emrah Soylu
- Laboratory
Animals Research Center, Ege University, İzmir 35100, Turkey
| | - Aylin Gökhan
- Department
of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, Ege University, Izmir 35040, Turkey
| | - Ebru Eroğlu
- Department
of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, Ege University, Izmir 35040, Turkey
| | - Yiğit Uyanikgil
- Department
of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, Ege University, Izmir 35040, Turkey
| | - Tamer Karayildirim
- Department
of Chemistry, Science Faculty, Ege University, Izmir 35100, Turkey
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Sharma N, Shekhar P, Kumar V, Kaur H, Jayasena V. Microbial pigments: Sources, current status, future challenges in cosmetics and therapeutic applications. J Basic Microbiol 2024; 64:4-21. [PMID: 37861279 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.202300214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
Color serves as the initial attraction and offers a pleasing aspect. While synthetic colorants have been popular for many years, their adverse environmental and health effects cannot be overlooked. This necessitates the search for natural colorants, especially microbial colorants, which have proven and more effective. Pigment-producing microorganisms offer substantial benefits. Natural colors improve product marketability and bestow additional benefits, including antioxidant, antiaging, anticancer, antiviral, antimicrobial, and antitumor properties. This review covers the various types of microbial pigments, the methods to enhance their production, and their cosmetic and therapeutic applications. We also address the challenges faced during the commercial production of microbial pigments and propose potential solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitin Sharma
- Chandigarh Group of Colleges, Landran, Mohali, Punjab, India
| | | | - Vikas Kumar
- University Institute of Biotechnology, Chandigarh University, Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Harpreet Kaur
- Chandigarh Group of Colleges, Landran, Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Vijay Jayasena
- School of Science and Health, Western Sydney University, Penrith, New South Wales, Australia
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Mukhia S, Kumar A, Kumar R. Red bioactive pigment from Himalayan Janthinobacterium sp. ERMR3:09: optimization, characterization, and potential applications. Arch Microbiol 2023; 206:44. [PMID: 38151568 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-023-03779-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 11/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
Prodigiosin is a red pigment commonly produced as a secondary metabolite by Serratia marcescens. It exhibits inherent bioactivities, including antimicrobial and anticancer, with low to no toxic effects on normal cells. The present study investigates a bioactive prodigiosin production from an atypical, red-pigmented, potentially novel Janthinobacterium sp. ERMR3:09 isolated from a glacial moraine. Statistically optimized culture parameters, i.e., w/v 1.0% glucose and 0.08% peptone as carbon and nitrogen sources, temperature 20 °C, and media pH 7, resulted in a four-fold increase in the pigment yield. The upscaled production in an 8 L volume resulted in higher pigment production within a shorter period of 48 h. The ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) analysis validated the identity of the purified pigment as prodigiosin that showed thermostability at 75 °C for 3 h. Evaluation of antimicrobial activity showed potent inhibitory effects (> 50%) against the opportunistic pathogenic fungal and Gram-positive bacterial strains. The pigment showed significant cytotoxicity (p < 0.05) towards A549 and HeLa cell lines with IC50 values of 42.2 μM and 36.11 μM, respectively. The study demonstrated that microbial communities from extreme niches can be ideal sources of bioactive pigments with immense pharmaceutical potential vital for the development of non-synthetic therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srijana Mukhia
- High Altitude Microbiology Laboratory (HAM-LAB), Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Post Box No. 06, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh, 176061, India
- Department of Microbiology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, 143005, India
| | - Anil Kumar
- High Altitude Microbiology Laboratory (HAM-LAB), Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Post Box No. 06, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh, 176061, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Rakshak Kumar
- High Altitude Microbiology Laboratory (HAM-LAB), Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Post Box No. 06, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh, 176061, India.
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India.
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Barreto JVDO, Casanova LM, Junior AN, Reis-Mansur MCPP, Vermelho AB. Microbial Pigments: Major Groups and Industrial Applications. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2920. [PMID: 38138065 PMCID: PMC10745774 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11122920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Microbial pigments have many structures and functions with excellent characteristics, such as being biodegradable, non-toxic, and ecologically friendly, constituting an important source of pigments. Industrial production presents a bottleneck in production cost that restricts large-scale commercialization. However, microbial pigments are progressively gaining popularity because of their health advantages. The development of metabolic engineering and cost reduction of the bioprocess using industry by-products opened possibilities for cost and quality improvements in all production phases. We are thus addressing several points related to microbial pigments, including the major classes and structures found, the advantages of use, the biotechnological applications in different industrial sectors, their characteristics, and their impacts on the environment and society.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Alane Beatriz Vermelho
- Bioinovar Laboratory, Institute of Microbiology Paulo de Goes, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil; (J.V.d.O.B.); (L.M.C.); (A.N.J.); (M.C.P.P.R.-M.)
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Boby F, Bhuiyan MNH, Saha BK, Dey SS, Saha AK, Islam MJ, Bashera MA, Moulick SP, Jahan F, Zaman MAU, Chowdhury SF, Naser SR, Khan MS, Sarkar MMH. In silico exploration of Serratia sp. BRL41 genome for detecting prodigiosin Biosynthetic Gene Cluster (BGC) and in vitro antimicrobial activity assessment of secreted prodigiosin. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0294054. [PMID: 37967102 PMCID: PMC10651056 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0294054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The raising concern of drug resistance, having substantial impacts on public health, has instigated the search of new natural compounds with substantial medicinal activity. In order to find out a natural solution, the current study has utilized prodigiosin, a linear tripyrrole red pigment, as an active ingredient to control bacterial proliferation and prevent cellular oxidation caused by ROS (Reactive Oxygen Species). A prodigiosin-producing bacterium BRL41 was isolated from the ancient Barhind soil of BCSIR Rajshahi Laboratories, Bangladesh, and its morphological and biochemical characteristics were investigated. Whole genome sequencing data of the isolate revealed its identity as Serratia sp. and conferred the presence of prodigiosin gene cluster in the bacterial genome. "Prodigiosin NRPS", among the 10 analyzed gene clusters, showed 100% similarity with query sequences where pigC, pigH, pigI, and pigJ were identified as fundamental genes for prodigiosin biosynthesis. Some other prominent clusters for synthesis of ririwpeptides, yersinopine, trichrysobactin were also found in the chromosome of BRL41, whilst the rest displayed less similarity with query sequences. Except some first-generation beta-lactam resistance genes, no virulence and resistance genes were found in the genome of BRL41. Structural illumination of the extracted red pigment by spectrophotometric scanning, Thin-Layer Chromatography (TLC), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), and change of color at different pH solutions verified the identity of the isolated compound as prodigiosin. Serratia sp. BRL41 attained its maximum productivity 564.74 units/cell at temperature 30˚C and pH 7.5 in two-fold diluted nutrient broth medium. The compound exhibited promising antibacterial activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria with MIC (Minimum Inhibitory Concentration) and MBC (Minimum Bactericidal Concentration) values ranged from 3.9 to15.62 μg/mL and 7.81 to 31.25 μg/mL respectively. At concentration 500 μg/mL, except in Salmonella enterica ATCC-10708, prodigiosin significantly diminished biofilm formed by Listeria monocytogens ATCC-3193, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC-9027, Escherichia coli (environmental isolate), Staphylococcus aureus (environmental isolate). Cellular glutathione level (GSH) was elevated upon application of 250 and 500 μg/mL pigment where 125 μg/mL failed to show any free radical scavenging activity. Additionally, release of cellular components in growth media of both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria were facilitated by the extract that might be associated with cell membrane destabilization. Therefore, the overall findings of antimicrobial, antibiofilm and antioxidant activities suggest that in time to come prodigiosin might be a potential natural source to treat various diseases and infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farhana Boby
- BCSIR Rajshahi Laboratories, Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Nurul Huda Bhuiyan
- BCSIR Rajshahi Laboratories, Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Barun Kanti Saha
- BCSIR Rajshahi Laboratories, Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Subarna Sandhani Dey
- BCSIR Rajshahi Laboratories, Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Anik Kumar Saha
- BCSIR Rajshahi Laboratories, Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Md Jahidul Islam
- BCSIR Rajshahi Laboratories, Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Mahci Al Bashera
- BCSIR Rajshahi Laboratories, Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Shyama Prosad Moulick
- BCSIR Laboratories, Dhaka, Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Farhana Jahan
- BCSIR Rajshahi Laboratories, Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | | | - Sanjana Fatema Chowdhury
- BCSIR Laboratories, Dhaka, Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Showti Raheel Naser
- BCSIR Laboratories, Dhaka, Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Salim Khan
- BCSIR Laboratories, Dhaka, Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Murshed Hasan Sarkar
- BCSIR Laboratories, Dhaka, Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR), Dhaka, Bangladesh
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Arivuselvam R, Dera AA, Parween Ali S, Alraey Y, Saif A, Hani U, Arumugam Ramakrishnan S, Azeeze MSTA, Rajeshkumar R, Susil A, Harindranath H, Kumar BRP. Isolation, Identification, and Antibacterial Properties of Prodigiosin, a Bioactive Product Produced by a New Serratia marcescens JSSCPM1 Strain: Exploring the Biosynthetic Gene Clusters of Serratia Species for Biological Applications. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:1466. [PMID: 37760761 PMCID: PMC10526024 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12091466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Prodigiosin pigment has high medicinal value, so exploring this compound is a top priority. This report presents a prodigiosin bioactive compound isolated from Serratia marcescens JSSCPM1, a new strain. The purification process of this compound involves the application of different chromatographic methods, including UV-visible spectroscopy, high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC/MS). Subsequent analysis was performed using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) to achieve a deeper understanding of the compound's structure. Finally, through a comprehensive review of the existing literature, the structural composition of the isolated bioactive compound was found to correspond to that of the well-known compound prodigiosin. The isolated prodigiosin compound was screened for antibacterial activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. The compound inhibited the growth of Gram-negative bacterial strains compared with Gram-positive bacterial strains. It showed a maximum minimum inhibitory concentration against Escherichia coli NCIM 2065 at a 15.9 ± 0.31 μg/mL concentration. The potential binding capabilities between prodigiosin and the OmpF porin proteins (4GCS, 4GCP, and 4GCQ) were determined using in silico studies, which are generally the primary targets of different antibiotics. Comparative molecular docking analysis indicated that prodigiosin exhibits a good binding affinity toward these selected drug targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajaguru Arivuselvam
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Ooty 643001, TN, India; (R.A.); (S.A.R.)
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Sri Shivarathreeshwara Nagar, Mysore 570015, KA, India
| | - Ayed A. Dera
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Central Research Laboratory, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University, Abha 62529, Saudi Arabia; (A.A.D.); (S.P.A.); (Y.A.)
| | - Syed Parween Ali
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Central Research Laboratory, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University, Abha 62529, Saudi Arabia; (A.A.D.); (S.P.A.); (Y.A.)
| | - Yasser Alraey
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Central Research Laboratory, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University, Abha 62529, Saudi Arabia; (A.A.D.); (S.P.A.); (Y.A.)
| | - Ahmed Saif
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University, Abha 62529, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Umme Hani
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Guraiger, Abha 62529, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Sivaa Arumugam Ramakrishnan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Ooty 643001, TN, India; (R.A.); (S.A.R.)
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Sri Shivarathreeshwara Nagar, Mysore 570015, KA, India
| | | | - Raman Rajeshkumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Ooty 643001, TN, India; (R.A.); (S.A.R.)
| | - Aishwarya Susil
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Sri Shivarathreeshwara Nagar, Mysore 570015, KA, India (H.H.)
| | - Haritha Harindranath
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Sri Shivarathreeshwara Nagar, Mysore 570015, KA, India (H.H.)
| | - B. R. Prashantha Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Sri Shivarathreeshwara Nagar, Mysore 570015, KA, India (H.H.)
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Wood PL, Erol E. Construction of a Bacterial Lipidomics Analytical Platform: Pilot Validation with Bovine Paratuberculosis Serum. Metabolites 2023; 13:809. [PMID: 37512516 PMCID: PMC10383236 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13070809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipidomics analyses of bacteria offer the potential to detect and monitor infections in a host since many bacterial lipids are not present in mammals. To evaluate this omics approach, we first built a database of bacterial lipids for representative Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Our lipidomics analysis of the reference bacteria involved high-resolution mass spectrometry and electrospray ionization with less than a 1.0 ppm mass error. The lipidomics profiles of bacterial cultures clearly distinguished between Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. In the case of bovine paratuberculosis (PTB) serum, we monitored two unique bacterial lipids that we also monitored in Mycobacterium avian subspecies PTB. These were PDIM-B C82, a phthiodiolone dimycocerosate, and the trehalose monomycolate hTMM 28:1, constituents of the bacterial cell envelope in mycolic-containing bacteria. The next step will be to determine if lipidomics can detect subclinical PTB infections which can last 2-to-4 years in bovine PTB. Our data further suggest that it will be worthwhile to continue building our bacterial lipidomics database and investigate the further utility of this approach in other infections of veterinary and human clinical interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul L Wood
- Metabolomics Unit, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lincoln Memorial University, 6965 Cumberland Gap Pkwy, Harrogate, TN 37752, USA
| | - Erdal Erol
- Department of Veterinary Science, Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA
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Rodríguez J, Lobato C, Vázquez L, Mayo B, Flórez AB. Prodigiosin-Producing Serratia marcescens as the Causal Agent of a Red Colour Defect in a Blue Cheese. Foods 2023; 12:2388. [PMID: 37372599 DOI: 10.3390/foods12122388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Technological defects in the organoleptic characteristics of cheese (odour, colour, texture, and flavour) reduce quality and consumer acceptance. A red colour defect in Cabrales cheese (a traditional, blue-veined, Spanish cheese made from raw milk) occurs infrequently but can have a notable economic impact on family-owned, artisanal cheesemaking businesses. This work reports the culture-based determination of Serratia marcescens as the microbe involved in the appearance of red spots on the surface and nearby inner areas of such cheese. Sequencing and analysis of the genome of one S. marcescens isolate, RO1, revealed a cluster of 16 genes involved in the production of prodigiosin, a tripyrrole red pigment. HPLC analysis confirmed the presence of prodigiosin in methanol extracts of S. marcescens RO1 cultures. The same was also observed in extracts from red areas of affected cheeses. The strain showed low survival rates under acidic conditions but was not affected by concentrations of up to 5% NaCl (the usual value for blue cheese). The optimal conditions for prodigiosin production by S. marscescens RO1 on agar plates were 32 °C and aerobic conditions. Prodigiosin has been reported to possess antimicrobial activity, which agrees with the here-observed inhibitory effect of RO1 supernatants on different bacteria, the inhibition of Enterobacteriaceae, and the delayed development of Penicillium roqueforti during cheesemaking. The association between S. marcescens and the red colour defect was strengthened by recreating the fault in experimental cheeses inoculated with RO1. The data gathered in this study point towards the starting milk as the origin of this bacterium in cheese. These findings should help in the development of strategies that minimize the incidence of pigmenting S. marcescens in milk, the red defect the bacterium causes in cheese, and its associated economic losses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Rodríguez
- Departamento de Microbiología y Bioquímica, Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias (IPLA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Paseo Río Linares s/n, 33300 Villaviciosa, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Avenida de Roma s/n, 33011 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Cristina Lobato
- Departamento de Microbiología y Bioquímica, Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias (IPLA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Paseo Río Linares s/n, 33300 Villaviciosa, Spain
| | - Lucía Vázquez
- Departamento de Microbiología y Bioquímica, Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias (IPLA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Paseo Río Linares s/n, 33300 Villaviciosa, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Avenida de Roma s/n, 33011 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Baltasar Mayo
- Departamento de Microbiología y Bioquímica, Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias (IPLA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Paseo Río Linares s/n, 33300 Villaviciosa, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Avenida de Roma s/n, 33011 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Ana Belén Flórez
- Departamento de Microbiología y Bioquímica, Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias (IPLA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Paseo Río Linares s/n, 33300 Villaviciosa, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Avenida de Roma s/n, 33011 Oviedo, Spain
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