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Parks CG, Hofmann JN, Beane Freeman LE, Sandler DP. Agricultural Pesticides and Shingles Risk in a Prospective Cohort of Licensed Pesticide Applicators. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2021; 129:77005. [PMID: 34319145 PMCID: PMC8317610 DOI: 10.1289/ehp7797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Some pesticides are immunotoxic and have been associated with an increased risk of immune-mediated diseases. The risk of shingles, the clinical reactivation of varicella-zoster virus, increases with aging and immunosuppression; little is known about its associations with pesticides. OBJECTIVE We examined the use of agricultural pesticides in relation to incident shingles in a prospective cohort of licensed pesticide applicators. METHODS The study sample included 12,820 (97% male) farmers (enrolled in 1993-1997 in North Carolina and Iowa), who were followed for a median of 12 y (interquartile range: 11-13). Shingles was self-reported at enrollment and at follow-up. We evaluated ever-use of 48 agricultural pesticides reported at study enrollment in relation to shingles risk and considered exposure-response for intensity-weighted lifetime days (IWLDs) of use. Hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using Cox proportional hazard models, adjusting for state, and allowing estimates to vary by median attained age (60 y). RESULTS Incident shingles was reported by 590 participants. Associations were positive (HRs>1.2) for ever- vs. never-use of eight insecticides, three fumigants, two fungicides, and five herbicides, and exposure-response trends were seen across increasing quartiles (Q3 and Q4>Q1) or tertiles (T3 and T2>T1) of IWLDs for four insecticides [permethrin (crops), coumaphos, malathion, and lindane], two fumigants (carbon tetrachloride/carbon disulfide and methyl bromide), and three herbicides [alachlor, trifluralin (<60 years of age) and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid]. Shingles was not associated with total years or days per year mixed or applied any pesticides, but in older participants, shingles was associated with a history of a high pesticide exposure event [HR=1.89 (95% CI: 1.45, 2.45)]. CONCLUSIONS Several specific pesticides were associated with increased risk of shingles in farmers, especially at higher levels of cumulative use. These novel findings, if replicated in other populations, could have broader implications for the potential effects of pesticides on vaccine efficacy and susceptibility to other infections. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP7797.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine G. Parks
- Epidemiology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jonathan N. Hofmann
- Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Laura E. Beane Freeman
- Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Dale P. Sandler
- Epidemiology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
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Yu Y, Chen H, Hua X, Wang Z, Li L, Li Z, Xiang M, Ding P. Long-term toxicity of lindane through oxidative stress and cell apoptosis in Caenorhabditis elegans. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 272:116036. [PMID: 33218777 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.116036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Lindane persists in the environment and bioaccumulates as an organochlorine pesticide and can pose risks to ecological environments and human health. To explore the long-term toxicity and underlying mechanisms of lindane, Caenorhabditis elegans was chosen as an animal model for toxicological study. The indicators of physiological, oxidative stress and cell apoptosis were examined in nematodes chronically exposed to environmentally relevant concentrations of lindane (0.01-100 ng/L). The data suggested that exposure to lindane at doses above 0.01 ng/L induced adverse physiological effects in C. elegans. Significant increases of ROS production and lipofuscin accumulation were observed in 100 ng/L of lindane-exposed nematodes, suggesting that lindane exposure induced oxidative stress in nematodes. Exposure to 10-100 ng/L of lindane also significantly increased the average number of germ cell corpses, which indicated cell apoptosis induced by lindane in C. elegans. Moreover, chronic exposure to 100 ng/L lindane significantly influenced the expression of genes related to oxidative stress and cell apoptosis (e.g., isp-1, sod-3, ced-3, and cep-1 genes). These results indicated that oxidative stress and cell apoptosis could play an important role in toxicity induced by lindane in nematodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunjiang Yu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou, 510655, China.
| | - Haibo Chen
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou, 510655, China; Institute for Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, PR China
| | - Xin Hua
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou, 510655, China
| | - Zhengdong Wang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou, 510655, China
| | - Liangzhong Li
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou, 510655, China
| | - Zongrui Li
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou, 510655, China
| | - Mingdeng Xiang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou, 510655, China
| | - Ping Ding
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou, 510655, China
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Hematological Abnormality, Oxidative Stress, and Genotoxicity Induction in the Greenhouse Pesticide Sprayers; Investigating the Role of NQO1 Gene Polymorphism. TOXICS 2018; 6:toxics6010013. [PMID: 29414880 PMCID: PMC5874786 DOI: 10.3390/toxics6010013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Revised: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The widespread use of pesticides in agriculture represents a threat to the human populations exposed to them. In this cross-sectional study, the hematological and biochemical parameters, plasma cholinesterase (PChE) activity, oxidative stress, genotoxicity, and NAD(P)H: quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1) C609T polymorphism were measured in 100 greenhouse workers occupationally exposed to pesticide mixture and 104 normal healthy controls. There was a decrease in erythrocytes (5.45%, p = 0.026) and hemoglobin (3.26%, p = 0.025), and an increase in mean corpuscular hemoglobin (3.54%, p = 0.013) in the exposed workers. Sprayers showed a reduction in PChE (23%) and GSH (50%) levels, and an increase in lipid peroxidation (LPO) (55%), protein carbonyl (145%), Superoxide dismutase activity (61%), and total antioxidant capacity (35%) (p < 0.001 for all parameters but LPO: p = 0.009). Genotoxicity parameters were significantly high in the exposed cases (for all parameters: p < 0.001 but tail length: p = 0.002). There was a significant correlation between oxidative stress and genotoxicity parameters, and also between these biomarkers and PChE activity. The NQO1 C609T polymorphism was not significantly associated with studied biomarkers. The findings indicate that occupational exposure to a mixture of pesticides can induce hematotoxicity, oxidative stress, and genotoxicity in greenhouse workers.
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Ramos-Chavez LA, Sordo M, Calderon-Aranda E, Castañeda-Saucedo E, Ostrosky-Wegman P, Moreno-Godinez ME. A permethrin/allethrin mixture induces genotoxicity and cytotoxicity in human peripheral blood lymphocytes. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2015; 78:7-14. [PMID: 25424543 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2015.956025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Two pyrethroids, permethrin and allethrin, are often combined for large-scale use in public health programs to control vector-borne diseases. In this study, the genotoxic potential of a commercial formulation of permethrin and allethrin was examined using cultured human peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL). Genotoxicity was evaluated using the cytokinesis-block micronucleus cytome (CBMN cyt) assay by measuring the frequency of micronuclei (MN), nuclear division index (NDI), formation of nucleoplasmic bridges (NPB) and nuclear buds (NBUD), as well as apoptotic and necrotic cells. Human PBL were treated with different concentrations of a permethrin/allethrin mixture (1/0.01, 5/0.07, and 10/0.14 μg/ml) for 24 or 36 h. The highest concentration (10/0.14 μg/ml) of permethrin/allethrin mixture significantly increased MN frequency and percent apoptotic cells after incubations for 24 or 36 h. The NDI was markedly decreased in response to treatment with 5/0.07 or 10/0.14 μg/ml permethrin/allethrin for both 24 and 36 h. Exposure to the permethrin/allethrin mixture did not significantly alter formation of NBUD, NPB, or percent necrotic cells. The MN frequency was significantly correlated with the number of apoptotic and necrotic cells but inversely correlated with NDI. Data demonstrated that a mixture of permethrin and allethrin induced concentration- and time-dependent cytotoxic and genotoxic damage to human PBL in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucio A Ramos-Chavez
- a Unidad Académica de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero , Guerrero , México
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REGAN RC, GOGAL RM, BARBER JP, TUCKFIELD RC, HOWERTH EW, LAWRENCE JA. Cytotoxic effects of loperamide hydrochloride on canine cancer cells. J Vet Med Sci 2014; 76:1563-8. [PMID: 25649936 PMCID: PMC4300369 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.13-0537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2013] [Accepted: 08/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Loperamide is a peripheral opiate agonist that can cause apoptosis and G2/M arrest in human cancer cell lines and may sensitize cells to chemotherapy. The objectives of this study were to investigate the effects of loperamide on viability, apoptosis and cell cycle kinetics in canine cancer cells and to establish whether the drug sensitizes cells to doxorubicin. Cell viability was assessed using Alamar Blue. Cell death and cell cycle were studied using flow cytometry with 7-Aminoactinomycin-D (7-AAD) and propidium iodide (PI), respectively. Loperamide decreased cell viability in a dose-dependent fashion and was most effective against canine osteosarcoma cells. In all cell lines, it induced a dose and time dependent apoptosis and resulted in accumulation in G0/G1. When co-incubated with doxorubicin, loperamide induced a synergistic cell kill in canine carcinoma cells. Investigation is warranted into the role of loperamide in the treatment of canine cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Cohen REGAN
- University of Georgia, Department of Small Animal Medicine
and Surgery, 501 DW Brooks Dr., Athens, GA 30602, U.S.A
| | - Robert Michael GOGAL
- University of Georgia, Department of Small Animal Medicine
and Surgery, 501 DW Brooks Dr., Athens, GA 30602, U.S.A
| | - James Perry BARBER
- University of Georgia, Department of Small Animal Medicine
and Surgery, 501 DW Brooks Dr., Athens, GA 30602, U.S.A
| | | | - Elizabeth Wynne HOWERTH
- University of Georgia, Department of Small Animal Medicine
and Surgery, 501 DW Brooks Dr., Athens, GA 30602, U.S.A
| | - Jessica Ann LAWRENCE
- University of Georgia, Department of Small Animal Medicine
and Surgery, 501 DW Brooks Dr., Athens, GA 30602, U.S.A
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Shao J, Katika MR, Schmeits PCJ, Hendriksen PJM, van Loveren H, Peijnenburg AACM, Volger OL. Toxicogenomics-based identification of mechanisms for direct immunotoxicity. Toxicol Sci 2013; 135:328-46. [PMID: 23824090 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kft151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Compounds with direct immunotoxic properties, including metals, mycotoxins, agricultural pesticides, and industrial chemicals, form potential human health risks due to exposure through food, drinking water, and the environment. Insights into the mechanisms of action are currently lacking for the majority of these direct immunotoxicants. Therefore, the present work aimed to gain insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying direct immunotoxicity. To this end, we assessed in vitro the effects of 31 test compounds on the transcriptome of the human Jurkat T-cell line. These compounds included direct immunotoxicants, immunosuppressive drugs with different mode of actions, and nonimmunotoxic control chemicals. Pathway analysis of the microarray data allowed us to identify canonical pathways and Gene Ontology processes that were transcriptionally regulated in common by immunotoxicants (1) with structural similarities, such as tributyltin chloride and tributyltin oxide that activated the retinoic acid/X receptor signaling pathway and (2) without structural similarities, such as As2O3, dibutyltin chloride, diazinon, MeHg, ochratoxin A (OTA), S9-treated OTA, S9-treated cyclophosphamide, and S9-treated benzo[a]pyrene, which activated unfolded protein response, and FTY720, lindane, and propanil, which activated the cholesterol biosynthesis pathway. In addition, processes uniquely affected by individual immunotoxicants were identified, such as the induction of Notch receptor signaling and the downregulation of acute-phase response genes by OTA. These findings were validated by quantitative real-time PCR analysis of genes involved in these processes. Our study indicated that diverse modes of action are involved in direct immunotoxicity and that a set of pathways or genes, rather than one single gene, can be used to screen compounds for direct immunotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Shao
- * RIKILT-Institute of Food Safety, Wageningen University and Research Centre, 6700 AE Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Yavuz O, Aksoy A, Das YK, Gulbahar MY, Guvenc D, Atmaca E, Yarim FG, Cenesiz M. Subacute oral toxicity of combinations of selected synthetic pyrethroids, piperonyl butoxide, and tetramethrin in rats. Toxicol Ind Health 2013; 31:289-97. [DOI: 10.1177/0748233712469651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
In this study, 70 Wistar rats were randomly divided into seven equal groups (six experimental and one control), which consisted of animals belonging to both sexes. Different combinations of insecticides were administered daily to the experimental groups (group 1: cypermethrin + piperonyl butoxide (PBO); group 2: alphacypermethrin + PBO; group 3: deltamethrin + PBO; group 4: cypermethrin + PBO + tetramethrin; group 5: alphacypermethrin + PBO + tetramethrin; and group 6: deltamethrin + PBO + tetramethrin) for 28 days. During the study period, mortality and serious clinical findings were not observed in any animal. However, feed consumptions decreased in groups 1 and 3 ( p < 0.05). Red blood cells, white blood cells, and hemoglobin levels, especially in cypermethrin and alphacypermethrin groups (groups 1, 2, and 4), were found to be higher than the control group ( p < 0.05). Furthermore, biochemical changes related to liver, kidney functions, and protein metabolism occurred in males of almost all the groups. Relative liver and kidney weights of the male animals increased in the cypermethrin and alphacypermethrin groups ( p < 0.05). The most common finding observed during the histopathological examination of all the experimental groups was centrilobular degeneration in the liver. It was concluded that although clinical symptoms were not observed, synthetic pyrethroid, synergist, and knockdown agent combinations might cause serious abnormalities when administered in certain doses in mammalians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oguzhan Yavuz
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ondokuz Mayis University, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Abdurrahman Aksoy
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ondokuz Mayis University, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Yavuz Kursad Das
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ondokuz Mayis University, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Yavuz Gulbahar
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ondokuz Mayis University, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Dilek Guvenc
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ondokuz Mayis University, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Enes Atmaca
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ondokuz Mayis University, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Fatma Gul Yarim
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ondokuz Mayis University, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Metin Cenesiz
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ondokuz Mayis University, Samsun, Turkey
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De Camargo MR, Barbisan LF, Martinez MF, Da Silva Franchi CA, De Camargo JLV, Spinardi-Barbisan ALT. Macrophage activity and histopathology of the lymphohematopoietic organs in male Wistar rats orally exposed to single or mixed pesticides. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART. B, PESTICIDES, FOOD CONTAMINANTS, AND AGRICULTURAL WASTES 2013; 48:607-613. [PMID: 23581695 DOI: 10.1080/03601234.2013.775020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The noxious effects of low or effective dose exposure to single or mixed pesticides on macrophage activity and the lymphohematopoietic organs were investigated. Male Wistar rats were orally exposed to dichlorvos, dicofol, endosulfan, dieldrin and permethrin, either as single or combined mixtures during a 28-day study containing eight groups: one group received a semipurified diet (non-treated); two groups received a semipurified diet containing low dose mixture (dieldrin 0.025 mg/kg, endosulfan, 0.6 mg/kg, dicofol 0.22 mg/kg, dichlorvos 0.23 mg/kg, permethrin 5 mg/kg) or an effective dose mixture (dichlorvos 2.3 mg/kg, dicofol 2.5 mg/kg, endosulfan 2.9 mg/kg, dieldrin 0.05 mg/kg and permethrin 25.0 mg/kg), respectively; the other five groups received a semipurified diet containing each single pesticide in effective doses. At sacrifice, the thymus, spleen, mesenteric lymph nodes, Payer's patches and bone marrow were removed for histological analysis. Peritoneal macrophages were obtained to determine the phagocytosis and spreading indexes and tumoral necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), nitric oxide (NO) and H₂O₂ production. Exposure to pesticide mixtures did not alter the percentage of macrophage phagocytosis and spreading, TNF-α production or the NO and H₂O₂ release when compared to the non-treated group. Neither was there any apparent evidence that a pesticide mixture at low or effective doses altered the histological structure of the lymphohematopoietic organs. The findings indicate that short-term treatment with pesticide mixtures did not induce an apparent immunotoxic effect in male Wistar rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcela Rodrigues De Camargo
- a Department of Pathology, Botucatu Medical School , UNESP - Univ. Estadual Paulista , Botucatu , São Paulo State , Brazil
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Chen JY, Song Y, Zhang LS. Immunotoxicity of atrazine in Balb/c mice. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART. B, PESTICIDES, FOOD CONTAMINANTS, AND AGRICULTURAL WASTES 2013; 48:637-45. [PMID: 23638890 DOI: 10.1080/03601234.2013.777308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The present study was designed to investigate the immunotoxicity of atrazine (ATZ) in male Balb/c mice. ATZ (175, 87.5, and 43.75 mg/kg bw/day) was administered by gavage method for 28 days. The following indexes were determined in various groups of mice: body and organ weight; antibody aggregation of serum hemolysin; proliferative response of splenocytes to ConA; delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH); natural killer cell activity; clearance of neutral red and nitric oxide (NO) release from peritoneal macrophages; apostosis and necrosis of splenocytes and thymocytes; cytokine production; and serum lysozyme. Results showed that cell-mediated, humoral immunity, and non-specific immune function in the high-dose ATZ group were suppressed; NO release and interferon-γ(IFN-γ)/interleukin-4 (IL-4) were also significantly decreased in the high-dose group. In the medium-dose group, the proliferation response and IFN-γ production was significantly decreased. In the low-dose group, the proliferation response was significantly decreased. Serum lysozyme was decreased in the ATZ-treated groups. The percentage of early apoptosis in thymocytes was increased significantly in high- and medium-dose ATZ groups. In conclusion, ATZ elicited an inhibitory effect on cell-mediated immunity, humoral immunity, and non-specific immune function of mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Y Chen
- West China School of Public Health, Sichuan University, P. R. China
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Jafari M, Salehi M, Asgari A, Ahmadi S, Abbasnezhad M, Hajihoosani R, Hajigholamali M. Effects of paraoxon on serum biochemical parameters and oxidative stress induction in various tissues of Wistar and Norway rats. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2012; 34:876-887. [PMID: 23021855 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2012.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2012] [Revised: 08/14/2012] [Accepted: 08/24/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
This study investigates the effects of different doses of paroxon (POX), an active metabolite of the organophosphate pesticide parathion, on some serum biochemical parameters and induction of oxidative stress in various tissues of female Wistar and Norway rats. The rats were intraperitoneally treated with 0.3, 0.7, 1 and 1.5 mg/kg of POX. The parameters were evaluated after 24h. The results showed that the decreased glutathione level and catalase, glutathione-S-transferase and lactate dehydrogenase activities in tissues of Wistar rat were higher than Norway rat at higher doses of POX. At these concentrations, POX increased superoxide dismutase activity, malondialdehyde level and some serum biochemical indices. In conclusion, POX induces the production of free radicals and oxidative stress in a dose-dependent manner. Induction of oxidative stress in POX-treated rats is in the order of brain > liver > heart > kidney>spleen. Wistar rat is found to be more sensitive to the toxicity of POX compared to Norway rat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahvash Jafari
- Chemical Injuries Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Jafari M, Salehi M, Ahmadi S, Asgari A, Abasnezhad M, Hajigholamali M. The role of oxidative stress in diazinon-induced tissues toxicity in Wistar and Norway rats. Toxicol Mech Methods 2012; 22:638-47. [DOI: 10.3109/15376516.2012.716090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/06/2022]
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Graillot V, Takakura N, Hegarat LL, Fessard V, Audebert M, Cravedi JP. Genotoxicity of pesticide mixtures present in the diet of the French population. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2012; 53:173-184. [PMID: 22389207 DOI: 10.1002/em.21676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2011] [Revised: 11/28/2011] [Accepted: 11/29/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Consumers may be simultaneously exposed to several pesticide residues in their diet. A previous study identified the seven most common pesticide mixtures to which the French population was exposed through food consumption in 2006. The aim of this study was to investigate if the seven mixtures are potentially cytotoxic and genotoxic and if so, whether compounds in a same mixture have a combined effect. The cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of the seven mixtures were investigated with a new assay (γ-H2AX) using four human cell lines (ACHN, SH-SY5Y, LS-174T, and HepG2). Mixtures were tested at equimolar concentrations and also at concentrations reflecting their actual proportion in the diet. Irrespective of the cell line tested, parallel cytotoxicity of the seven mixtures was observed. Only one mixture was genotoxic for the HepG2 cells at concentrations = 3 μM in equimolar proportion and at 30 μM in actual proportion. Caspase 3/7 activity, the comet assay, and reactive oxygen species production were also investigated using the same mixture and HepG2 cells. Our results suggest that pesticide metabolites from the mixture generated by HepG2 cells were responsible for the observed damage to DNA. Among the five compounds in the genotoxic mixture, only fludioxonil and cyprodinil were genotoxic for HepG2 cells alone at concentrations = 4 and 20 μM, respectively. Our data suggest a combined genotoxic effect of the mixture at low concentrations with a significantly higher effect of the mixture of pesticides than would be expected from the response to the individual compounds. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Manikkam M, Guerrero-Bosagna C, Tracey R, Haque MM, Skinner MK. Transgenerational actions of environmental compounds on reproductive disease and identification of epigenetic biomarkers of ancestral exposures. PLoS One 2012; 7:e31901. [PMID: 22389676 PMCID: PMC3289630 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0031901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 302] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2011] [Accepted: 01/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Environmental factors during fetal development can induce a permanent epigenetic change in the germ line (sperm) that then transmits epigenetic transgenerational inheritance of adult-onset disease in the absence of any subsequent exposure. The epigenetic transgenerational actions of various environmental compounds and relevant mixtures were investigated with the use of a pesticide mixture (permethrin and insect repellant DEET), a plastic mixture (bisphenol A and phthalates), dioxin (TCDD) and a hydrocarbon mixture (jet fuel, JP8). After transient exposure of F0 gestating female rats during the period of embryonic gonadal sex determination, the subsequent F1-F3 generations were obtained in the absence of any environmental exposure. The effects on the F1, F2 and F3 generations pubertal onset and gonadal function were assessed. The plastics, dioxin and jet fuel were found to promote early-onset female puberty transgenerationally (F3 generation). Spermatogenic cell apoptosis was affected transgenerationally. Ovarian primordial follicle pool size was significantly decreased with all treatments transgenerationally. Differential DNA methylation of the F3 generation sperm promoter epigenome was examined. Differential DNA methylation regions (DMR) were identified in the sperm of all exposure lineage males and found to be consistent within a specific exposure lineage, but different between the exposures. Several genomic features of the DMR, such as low density CpG content, were identified. Exposure-specific epigenetic biomarkers were identified that may allow for the assessment of ancestral environmental exposures associated with adult onset disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Michael K. Skinner
- Center for Reproductive Biology, School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, United States of America
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Amorim MJB, Pereira C, Menezes-Oliveira VB, Campos B, Soares AMVM, Loureiro S. Assessing single and joint effects of chemicals on the survival and reproduction of Folsomia candida (Collembola) in soil. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2012; 160:145-152. [PMID: 22035938 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2011.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2011] [Revised: 09/02/2011] [Accepted: 09/03/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Chemicals are often found in the environment as complex mixtures. There has been a large effort in the last decade to assess the combined effect of chemicals, using the conceptual models of Concentration Addition and Independent Action, but also including synergistic, antagonistic, dose-level and dose-ratio dependent deviations from these models. In the present study, single and mixture toxicity of atrazine, dimethoate, lindane, zinc and cadmium were studied in Folsomia candida, assessing survival and reproduction. Different response patterns were observed for the different endpoints and synergistic patterns were observed when pesticides were present. Compared with the previously tested Enchytraeus albidus and Porcellionides pruinosus, the mixture toxicity pattern for F. candida was species specific. The present study highlights the importance of studying toxicity of chemicals mixtures due to the observed potentiation of effects and confirms that for an adequate ecologically relevant risk assessment different organisms and endpoints should be included.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J B Amorim
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810 193 Aveiro, Portugal.
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15
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Siviková K, Dianovsky J, Holecková B. Induction of SCEs and DNA fragmentation in bovine peripheral lymphocytes by in vitro exposure to tolylfluanid-based fungicide. Genet Mol Biol 2011; 34:110-5. [PMID: 21637552 PMCID: PMC3085355 DOI: 10.1590/s1415-47572010005000097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2010] [Accepted: 07/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The potential for genotoxic and cytotoxic effects of tolylfluanid-based fungicide (50% active agent) was evaluated using sister chromatid exchange (SCE) and proliferation indices (PI) in cultured bovine peripheral lymphocytes. For the detection of possible genetic damage, DNA fragmentation assay was also applied. Bovine lymphocytes cultured for 72 h were treated with the fungicide at the final concentrations of 1.75, 3.5, 8.75, and 17.5 μg/mL for the last 24 and 48 h of culture without S9 metabolic activation, and during the last 2 h of culture with S9 metabolic activation. In the SCE assays no evidence for genotoxic activity of the fungicide was found in treatments of 24 h without and 2 h with S9. After the 24 h exposure to tolylfluanid, a weak decrease in the PI was observed. With the prolonged exposure time (48 h), dose dependence in the increase of SCE frequencies was observed. Moreover, after 48 h exposure slight fragmentation of DNA at the concentrations of 3.5 and 8.75 μg/mL was demonstrated. SCE quantification is the most widely used approach for the assessment of genotoxic/cytogenetic effects of chemical compounds. Positive results in the assay at 48 h exposure indicated a potential of the fungicide to increase frequency of chromosomal damage (replication injuries) that is the confirmation of early effect of exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarína Siviková
- Institute of Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Kosice, Slovak Republic
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16
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Novais SC, Soares AMVM, Amorim MJB. Can avoidance in Enchytraeus albidus be used as a screening parameter for pesticides testing? CHEMOSPHERE 2010; 79:233-237. [PMID: 20132962 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2009] [Revised: 01/08/2010] [Accepted: 01/11/2010] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Enchytraeids are important inhabitants of a wide variety of soil types and suitable test organisms for environmental risk assessment through the determination of effects on survival and reproduction. In this study, the effect of pesticides with different modes of action is assessed in the standard test species Enchytraeus albidus. Main goals were: (a) to test the toxicity of a range of pesticides to E. albidus in a natural soil (LUFA 2.2), (b) to assess whether avoidance gave a prediction of effects on the survival and reproduction, and (c) to investigate if the organisms' response to different toxics can be grouped into the respective chemical classes. Pesticides selected were the: (1) herbicides: phenmedipham and atrazine; (2) fungicides: carbendazim and pentachlorophenol; and (3) insecticides: dimethoate and lindane. All tested pesticides caused effects in the survival and reproduction of E. albidus and the compounds that showed a higher toxicity were carbendazim, dimethoate and atrazine. The effect concentrations were not chemical class dependent. In general, survival and reproduction showed similar response patterns. Avoidance behaviour showed trends of response similar to these other measured endpoints, but was less sensitive and more variable (data from a previous study). It was not possible to establish a clear correlation between survival, reproduction and avoidance endpoints. From an ecological point of view, avoidance tests are relevant but due to lower sensitivity and higher variability it is recommended that the enchytraeid avoidance test should not be used for risk assessment purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara C Novais
- CESAM and Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810193 Aveiro, Portugal.
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17
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Rana I, Shivanandappa T. Mechanism of potentiation of endosulfan cytotoxicity by thiram in Ehrlich ascites tumor cells. Toxicol In Vitro 2010; 24:40-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2009.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2009] [Revised: 06/26/2009] [Accepted: 09/17/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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18
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Battaglia CLR, Gogal RM, Zimmerman K, Misra HP. Malathion, Lindane, and Piperonyl Butoxide, Individually or in Combined Mixtures, Induce Immunotoxicity via Apoptosis in Murine Splenocytes In Vitro. Int J Toxicol 2010; 29:209-20. [DOI: 10.1177/1091581809357954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Lindane, malathion, and piperonyl butoxide were cultured singly or as mixtures with murine splenocytes to evaluate changes in cell death and caused cytotoxicity in a concentration- and time-dependent manner. Pesticide mixture studies were then performed based on minimum cytotoxicity concentrations (<LC25). Cytologic analysis and the alamarBlue assay revealed that individual pesticides and mixtures of malathion/lindane and malathion/piperonyl butoxide prompted cytotoxicity, which was supported by DNA ladder analysis. Using 7-aminoactinomycin D, apoptosis was quantified at 6.5%, 12.0%, 13.2%, 19.3%, and 23.4% for malathion, lindane, piperonyl butoxide, malathion-lindane, and malathion-piperonyl butoxide, respectively. Staining with 7-aminoactinomycin D and B- or T-cell–specific fluorescent-labeled monoclonal antibodies showed B cells to be more susceptible to malathion and piperonyl butoxide treatments than T cells. Treatment of murine splenocytes in vitro with minimum cytotoxic concentrations of lindane, malathion, and piperonyl butoxide and their mixtures induced apoptosis, the effect elicited by the mixtures being additive compared with the individual pesticide effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine L. R. Battaglia
- Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
- Present address: Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Robert M. Gogal
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Kurt Zimmerman
- Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Hara P. Misra
- Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
- Virginia College of Osteopathic Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
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19
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Yavuz O, Aksoy A, Das YK, Gulbahar MY, Yarim GF, Cenesiz M, Atmaca E, Guvenc D. Repeated-dose 14-day dermal toxicity of different combinations of some synthetic pyrethroid insecticides, piperonyl butoxide, and tetramethrin in rats. Cutan Ocul Toxicol 2009; 29:16-25. [DOI: 10.3109/15569520903415076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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20
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Yang G, Xu X, Shen M, Wang W, Xu L, Chen G, Fu F. Determination of organophosphorus pesticides by capillary electrophoresis-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry with collective sample-introduction technique. Electrophoresis 2009; 30:1718-23. [PMID: 19391145 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200800387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A new method for the determination of organophosphorus pesticides using CE-ICP-MS with collective sample-introduction technique has been developed in this study. The method has been successfully used to separate and determine dimethoate, trichlorfon and glyphosate with an RSD of < 5% for migration times (n = 6) and < 4% for peak areas (n = 6). The experimental results showed that the collective sample-introduction considerably reduced the makeup volume and the dilution of analyte, and eventually resulted in a much lower detection limit and a much better electrophoretic resolution. The peak widths and the detection limits of dimethoate, trichlorfon and glyphosate obtained with this method are 15-17 s and 0.05-0.07 microg/mL (as compound), respectively. Using this method, we have successfully separated and determined dimethoate, trichlorfon and glyphosate in vegetable sample with a recovery of 90-96%.
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Affiliation(s)
- GuiDi Yang
- Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection for Food Safety of Ministry of Education and Department of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian, P. R. China
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21
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Dikić D, Zidovec-Lepej S, Remenar A, Bendelja K, Benković V, Horvat-Knežević A, Brozović G, Oršolić N. Effects of prometryne on apoptosis and necrosis in thymus, lymph node and spleen in mice. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2009; 27:182-186. [PMID: 21783937 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2008.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2008] [Revised: 09/28/2008] [Accepted: 10/04/2008] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Prometryne is a methylthio-s-triazine herbicide. Significant traces are documented in environment, mainly waters, soil and plants used for nutrition. The aim of this study was to estimate prometryne immunotoxic properties through induction of apoptotic and/or necrotic changes in thymocytes, splenocytes and lymph node cells after repeated subchronical exposure. Three different doses of prometryne (185, 375, 555mgkg(-1)) were applied per os every 48h, over 28 days. Flow cytometry assay (annexinV-FITC and PI) was conducted to record apoptotic and necrotic damage. In the spleen significant changes in the percentage of apoptotic cells were not detected between treated and control groups respectively. In thymus and lymph node, within the lowest dose group (185mgkg(-)1), an increase in percentage of early apoptosis without any significant increase in necrosis was detected. Medium (375mgkg(-1)) as well as high dose triggered increase in late apoptosis in lymph node while in thymus; late apoptosis was increased only in animals exposed to the highest dose (555mgkg(-1)). The highest applied dose, in thymus and lymph node respectively, caused a general decrease in percentage of vital cells in favour of marked increase of percentages of all types of dying cells (apoptotic, late apoptotic/early necrotic and necrotic). Prometryne caused disbalance in major organs of immune system, markedly lymph nodes and thymus, by induction of early apoptotic changes in dose/time specific manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domagoj Dikić
- Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Department of Animal Physiology, Biology Division, Rooseveltov trg 6, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia
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22
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Loureiro S, Amorim MJB, Campos B, Rodrigues SMG, Soares AMVM. Assessing joint toxicity of chemicals in Enchytraeus albidus (Enchytraeidae) and Porcellionides pruinosus (Isopoda) using avoidance behaviour as an endpoint. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2009; 157:625-636. [PMID: 18848376 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2008.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2008] [Revised: 08/13/2008] [Accepted: 08/17/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Contamination problems are often characterized by complex mixtures of chemicals. There are two conceptual models usually used to evaluate patterns of mixture toxicity: Concentration Addition (CA) and Independent Action (IA). Deviations from these models as synergism, antagonism and dose dependency also occur. In the present study, single and mixture toxicity of atrazine, dimethoate, lindane, zinc and cadmium were tested in Porcellionides pruinosus and Enchytraeus albidus, using avoidance as test parameter. For both species patterns of antagonism were found when exposed to dimethoate and atrazine, synergism for lindane and dimethoate exposures (with the exception of lower doses in the isopod case study) and concentration addition for cadmium and zinc occurred, while the exposure to cadmium and dimethoate showed dissimilar patterns. This study highlights the importance of dose dependencies when testing chemical mixtures and that avoidance tests can also be used to asses the effects of mixture toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana Loureiro
- CESAM-Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies & Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
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23
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Zhao M, Zhang Y, Wang C, Fu Z, Liu W, Gan J. Induction of Macrophage Apoptosis by an Organochlorine Insecticide Acetofenate. Chem Res Toxicol 2009; 22:504-10. [DOI: 10.1021/tx800358b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Meirong Zhao
- Research Center of Green Chirality, College of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, People’s Republic of China, Institute of Environmental Science, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 210027, People’s Republic of China, and Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, California 92521
| | - Ying Zhang
- Research Center of Green Chirality, College of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, People’s Republic of China, Institute of Environmental Science, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 210027, People’s Republic of China, and Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, California 92521
| | - Cui Wang
- Research Center of Green Chirality, College of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, People’s Republic of China, Institute of Environmental Science, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 210027, People’s Republic of China, and Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, California 92521
| | - Zhengwei Fu
- Research Center of Green Chirality, College of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, People’s Republic of China, Institute of Environmental Science, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 210027, People’s Republic of China, and Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, California 92521
| | - Weiping Liu
- Research Center of Green Chirality, College of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, People’s Republic of China, Institute of Environmental Science, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 210027, People’s Republic of China, and Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, California 92521
| | - Jay Gan
- Research Center of Green Chirality, College of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, People’s Republic of China, Institute of Environmental Science, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 210027, People’s Republic of China, and Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, California 92521
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24
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Exposure to multiple chemicals: when and how to assess the risk from pesticide residues in food. Trends Food Sci Technol 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2008.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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25
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Besteman EG, Zimmerman KL, Holladay SD. Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-Dioxin (TCDD) Inhibits Differentiation and Increases Apoptotic Cell Death of Precursor T-Cells in the Fetal Mouse Thymus. J Immunotoxicol 2008; 2:107-14. [DOI: 10.1080/15476910500182541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
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26
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Ahmed T, Tripathi AK, Ahmed RS, Das S, Suke SG, Pathak R, Chakraboti A, Banerjee BD. Endosulfan-induced apoptosis and glutathione depletion in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells: Attenuation byN-acetylcysteine. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2008; 22:299-304. [DOI: 10.1002/jbt.20240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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27
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Permethrin may induce adult male mouse reproductive toxicity due to cis isomer not trans isomer. Toxicology 2008; 248:136-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2008.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2008] [Revised: 03/24/2008] [Accepted: 03/25/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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28
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Opinion of the Scientific Panel on Plant Protection products and their Residues to evaluate the suitability of existing methodologies and, if appropriate, the identification of new approaches to assess cumulative and synergistic risks from pesticides to h. EFSA J 2008. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2008.705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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29
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Vetrova E, Esimbekova E, Remmel N, Kotova S, Beloskov N, Kratasyuk V, Gitelson I. A bioluminescent signal system: detection of chemical toxicants in water. LUMINESCENCE 2007; 22:206-14. [PMID: 17603816 DOI: 10.1002/bio.951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Prototype technologies of a bioluminescent signal system (BSS) based on the luminous bacterium Photobacterium phosphoreum and three enzymatic bioluminescence systems have been proposed for detecting and signalling the presence of toxicants in water systems. A number of pesticides, mostly known as poisonous substances, similar in their structures and physicochemical properties, have been taken as model compounds of chemical agents. The effect of toxicants (organophosphates, derivatives of dithiocarbamide acid, and pyrethroid preparations) on the bioluminescence of the four systems has been analysed. EC(50) and EC(80) have been determined and compared to the maximum permissible concentration for each of the analysed substances. The triple-enzyme systems with ADH and trypsin have been shown to be more sensitive to organophosphorous compounds (0.13-11 mg/L), while the triple-enzyme system with trypsin is highly sensitive to lipotropic poison, a derivative of dithiocarbamine acid (0.03 mg/L). Sensitivities of the triple-enzyme systems to pyrethroid preparations are similar to those of luminous bacteria (0.9-5 mg/L). The results can be used to construct an alarm-test bioluminescence system for detecting chemical toxicants, based on intact bacteria or enzyme systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Vetrova
- Institute of Biophysics, Akademgorodok, 660036 Krasnoyarsk, Russia
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30
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Filipak Neto F, Zanata SM, Silva de Assis HC, Bussolaro D, Ferraro MVM, Randi MAF, Alves Costa JRM, Cestari MM, Roche H, Oliveira Ribeiro CA. Use of hepatocytes from Hoplias malabaricus to characterize the toxicity of a complex mixture of lipophilic halogenated compounds. Toxicol In Vitro 2007; 21:706-15. [PMID: 17293077 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2006.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2006] [Revised: 12/11/2006] [Accepted: 12/12/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Organisms are continuously exposed to a plethora of anthropogenic toxicants daily released to the environment. In the present study, the effects of a mixture of halogenated organic compounds (HOCs) extracted from hepatic lipids were evaluated on the primary hepatocyte culture from fish Hoplias malabaricus. Cells were isolated through non-enzymatic perfusion protocol and cultured during 3 days to allow attachment. Two concentrations of the mixture of HOCs (10 ng ml(-1) [Mix10] and 50 ng ml(-1) [Mix50]) were tested in cells for 2 days by medium replacement. The control groups, with and without solvent (DMSO) were run in the same conditions. Both tested concentrations of HOCs increased the catalase and GST activities, but only the Mix50 increase the DNA damage and decreased the GSH concentration and cell viability. Lipid peroxidation increased in the Mix10 group, but it seems to be more a consequence of DMSO presence than the HOCs themselves. The DMSO at 0.1% increased the lipid peroxidation, GSH concentration, apoptosis and DNA damage. The present data suggest that DMSO interferes with the hepatocytes of H. malabaricus in culture and that the mixture of HOCs tested alters the redox state of the hepatocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Filipak Neto
- Departamento de Biologia Celular, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Cx. Postal 19031, CEP: 81.531-990, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
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31
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Olgun S, Misra HP. Pesticides induced oxidative stress in thymocytes. Mol Cell Biochem 2006; 290:137-44. [PMID: 16718366 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-006-9178-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2005] [Accepted: 03/02/2006] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The role of oxidative stress in immune cell toxicity caused by the pesticides lindane, malathion and permethrin was investigated in thymic cells from C57BL/6 mice. Thymocytes treated with any of these pesticides (concentrations ranging between 50-150 microM) were found to generate both superoxide ((*)O(2) (-)) and H(2)O(2). The production of (*)O(2) (-) was detected with hydroethidine-ethidium bromide assay. H(2)O(2) production was monitored with a flow cytometric fluorescent (DCFH-DA) assay. All three pesticides stimulated (*)O(2) (-) release after 5 min exposure. Lindane and permethrin, but not malathion, continued to have significant (p < or = 0.05) effects on (*)O(2) (-) generation following 15 min of exposure. The lindane + malathion mixture was found to cause more-than-additive increase in (*)O(2) (-) production compared to individual pesticide treatments (at both 5 and 15 min). However, the effect of the lindane + permethrin mixture was not significantly different than individual components of this mixture. The effects of these pesticides on levels of antioxidant enzymes were also investigated, and only mixtures were found to have significant (p < or = 0.05) effects. Thus, lindane + malathion and lindane + permethrin mixtures increased total superoxide dismutase (SOD) specific activity, had no effect on catalase levels and inhibited GSH-peroxidase and GSH-reductase specific activities. Although the results of these studies do not explain the mechanism of action of these pesticides on the generation of (*)O(2) (-) and H(2)O(2), it is worthy of note that mixtures of these chemicals have oxidative responses greater than those of single chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selen Olgun
- Edward Via Virginia College of Osteopathic Medicine, Virginia Tech CRC, 2265 Kraft Drive, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA
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32
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Chen XY, Shao JZ, Xiang LX, Liu XM. Involvement of apoptosis in malathion-induced cytotoxicity in a grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus) cell line. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2006; 142:36-45. [PMID: 16311074 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2005.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2005] [Revised: 09/27/2005] [Accepted: 10/02/2005] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the role of apoptosis in malathion-induced cytotoxicity in the grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus) cell line ZC-7901. Fish cells were treated with different concentrations of malathion (0.62-95 mg/L), and the IC(50) ranged from 37.94+/-1.93 mg/L for 12 h to 3.04+/-0.27 mg/L for 72 h by the MTT assay. Apoptosis was detected by confocal laser scanning microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, TUNEL reaction, DNA laddering and a flow cytometric PI staining assay. The results demonstrated that apoptosis was involved in the cytotoxic effect of malathion, and that malathion-induced apoptosis occurred in a dose- and time-dependent manner. In addition, the induction of apoptosis by malathion was accompanied by mitochondrial membrane potential (DeltaPsi(m)) disruption, intracellular Ca(2+) elevation, generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and ATP depletion. Our investigation suggested that malathion exerts its cytotoxic effects by the induction of apoptosis via a direct effect on the mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-yong Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China
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33
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Yavasoglu A, Sayim F, Uyanikgil Y, Turgut M, Karabay-Yavasoglu NÜ. The Pyrethroid Cypermethrin-Induced Biochemical and Histological Alterations in Rat Liver. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1248/jhs.52.774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Altug Yavasoglu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Ege University, Faculty of Medicine
| | - Ferah Sayim
- Department of Biology, Ege University, Faculty of Science
| | - Yigit Uyanikgil
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Ege University, Faculty of Medicine
| | - Mehmet Turgut
- Department of Neurosurgery, Adnan Menderes University, Faculty of Medicine
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34
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Skandrani D, Gaubin Y, Vincent C, Beau B, Claude Murat J, Soleilhavoup JP, Croute F. Relationship between toxicity of selected insecticides and expression of stress proteins (HSP, GRP) in cultured human cells: Effects of commercial formulations versus pure active molecules. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2006; 1760:95-103. [PMID: 16271832 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2005.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2005] [Revised: 09/27/2005] [Accepted: 09/27/2005] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Three carbamate (formetanate, methomyl, pyrimicarb) and one pyrethroid (bifenthrin) insecticides were investigated both as pure chemicals and as commercial formulations in order to unveil possible toxic effects of additives and solvents present in the commercial formulations and to evaluate the cellular stress response as a defense mechanism. Toxic effects were evaluated on A549 cells, derived from a human lung carcinoma, by measuring (1) threshold concentrations leading to a decrease of the growth rate (LOEC), (2) sublethal concentrations (SC) which arrested growth without killing the cells, and (3) expression levels of several stress proteins, i.e., HSP27, HSP72/73, HSP90, GRP78, and GRP94. As compared to the pure active molecule, LOEC appeared at lower concentrations when using the commercial formulations, i.e., Dicarzol (formetanate), Lannate20 (methomyl) and Talstar or Kiros EV (bifenthrin). Propylene glycol and propylene glycol monomethyl ether, respectively, present in Talstar and kiros, do not account for the high toxicity of these commercial formulations and do not potentiate the toxicity of bifenthrin. Additive but not synergistic adverse effects were observed when cells are exposed to a mixture of 4 different commercial formulations. Our results show that the concentrations of active molecules recommended in flori-cultural general use or for spray preparations are much higher than SC concentrations, as determined on A549 pulmonary cells. GRP78 was up-regulated by all the insecticides, commercial preparations being more efficient to trigger the stress reaction. This suggests that insecticides and additives present in commercial formulations disrupt ER functions. Conversely, HSP72/73 was found to be down-regulated by all the insecticides. This seems to be related with a decrease of protein synthesis in the cytosol, as a result of the ER unfolded protein response. Indeed, tunicamycin, known to inhibit N-linked glycosylation in the ER, was found to induce a similar inverse correlation between GRP78 overexpression and HSP72/73 under-expression. Expression of GRP94 was found to be increased and HSP27 lowered by the highest concentrations of bifenthrin commercial formulations. Methomyl and Lannate20 only induced an under-expression of HSP90.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalila Skandrani
- Laboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire et Pollution, Faculté de Médecine-Purpan, 37 allées Jules Guesde, 31073 TOULOUSE cedex, France
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Ray DE, Fry JR. A reassessment of the neurotoxicity of pyrethroid insecticides. Pharmacol Ther 2005; 111:174-93. [PMID: 16324748 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2005.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2005] [Accepted: 10/05/2005] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The pyrethroids are a widely used class of insecticides to which there is significant human exposure. They are however generally regarded as safe to man, and there have been few reports of human fatalities. Their acute toxicity is dominated by pharmacological actions upon the central nervous system (CNS), predominantly mediated by prolongation of the kinetics of voltage-gated sodium channels, although other mechanisms operate. This review summarizes our present understanding of such actions and the pharmacological options to antagonize them. One significant problem is the very clear heterogeneity of pyrethroid sensitivity that is seen across sodium channel subtypes; however, the distribution and function of these across the central nervous system are poorly characterized. The review also provides an overview of recent studies that suggest additional effects of pyrethroids: developmental neurotoxicity, the production of neuronal death, and action mediated via pyrethroid metabolites. The evidence for these is at present equivocal, but all 3 carry important implications for human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- David E Ray
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Nottingham Medical School, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK.
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Bloom SE, Lemley AT, Muscarella DE. Potentiation of Apoptosis by Heat Stress Plus Pesticide Exposure in Stress Resistant Human B-Lymphoma Cells and Its Attenuation through Interaction with Follicular Dendritic Cells: Role for c-Jun N-terminal Kinase Signaling. Toxicol Sci 2005; 89:214-23. [PMID: 16237197 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfj021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
B lymphocytes (B cells) become increasingly resistant to apoptosis induction during their differentiation in the microenvironment of the germinal center of lymphoid follicles. This is due to increases in the levels of Bcl-2 protein as well as survival signals generated through B-cell binding to follicular dendritic cells (FDC). However, it is not known whether this cellular resistance may be bypassed as a result of exposure to multiple environmental stress factors resulting in excessive apoptosis induction in B cells. We examined this question of whether apoptosis may be induced, and possibly potentiated, as a result of exposure of the human EW36 B-lineage cell line, having elevated Bcl-2 protein, to heat stress and pesticide combination exposures in a co-culture system with a human FDC cell line. This co-culture system recapitulates essential features of a human germinal center including adherence of B cells to FDC generating survival signals. We found that heat stress plus pesticide exposures resulted in substantial potentiation of apoptosis in EW36 cells, effectively bypassing their stress resistance. Similar results were obtained when paraquat was substituted for heat stress. Furthermore, the JNK pathway was activated by some combination exposures, such as heat stress plus antimycin A, but this pathway was found to play a cytoprotective role in EW36 cells. Importantly, EW36 cell binding to FDC reduced the extent of apoptosis induction by most combination exposures. These results reveal cell stress scenarios that can greatly augment apoptosis in stress-resistant human B-cells and a germinal center interaction that selectively attenuates pesticide-induced apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen E Bloom
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Veterinary Medical Center, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA.
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Wuilloud RG, Shah M, Kannamkumarath SS, Altamirano JC. The potential of inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometric detection for capillary electrophoretic analysis of pesticides. Electrophoresis 2005; 26:1598-605. [PMID: 15765486 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200410098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
In this work, the potential of inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) coupled to capillary electrophoresis (CE) to determine organophosphorus pesticides (OPPs) is demonstrated. Element specific detection of (31)P with ICP-MS is performed for the detection of OPPs. Three common OPPs, including glyphosate, glufosinate, and aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA), were analyzed by CE-ICP-MS to demonstrate its applicability for the analysis of OPPs. The advantages of using ICP-MS with respect to other common detectors, such as flame photometric detection (FPD), for CE analysis of OPPs are shown. Additionally, different CE separation conditions were studied to achieve complete baseline separation of the pesticide compounds in short migration times. Two CE buffer systems were evaluated for the separation of OPPs using ICP-MS detection. A buffer solution containing 40 mmol.L(-1) ammonium acetate at pH 9.0 and an applied voltage of +20 kV were finally selected leading to a separation time of 10.0 min. Both migration time and area relative standard deviations (%RSD) were evaluated and their respective values were in the intervals of 1.1-3.3% and 2.7-5.3%. Detection limits obtained with the CE-ICP-MS system were in the range of 0.11-0.19 mg.L(-1) (as compound) yielding an enhancement of 130- to 230-fold with respect to FPD. The proposed methodology was finally applied for the determination of the OPPs mentioned above in natural river water samples.
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Chen J, Su XS, Jiang YF. cDNA cloning and expression of human CD95 ligand and its role in apoptosis of HepG2 cell lines. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2004; 12:1789-1792. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v12.i8.1789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate CD95 ligand and its physiological function in liver neoplasms.
METHODS: The levels of soluble Fas ligand (sFasL) were evaluated in a group of patients affected by hepatitis B virus (HBV)-induced chronic hepatitis, HBV-positive liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).To further study, we constructed recombinant eukaryotic expression vector pcDNA3.1 hisB-CD95L, which was then tranfected into human hepatoma cell line HepG2 by lipofection.After stained by annexin V and propidium iodine, HepG2 cells were detected by flow cytometer.
RESULTS: CD95L levels were significantly decreased in patients with HCC when compared to the patients with hepatitis or liver cirrhosis.The correct recombinant pcDNA3.1hisB-CD95L was selected by PCR and restriction endonuclease digestion and confirmed by DNA sequencing respectively.Subsequently a significant proportion of cells became apoptotic, as evidenced by positive annexin staining.
CONCLUSION: CD95-CD95 ligand system can induce apoptosis of hepatoma cells.
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