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Ji Y, Wang R, Zhao H. Toward Sensitive and Reliable Immunoassays of Marine Biotoxins: From Rational Design to Food Analysis. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:16076-16094. [PMID: 39010820 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.4c01865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/17/2024]
Abstract
Marine biotoxins are metabolites produced by algae that can accumulate in shellfish or fish and enter organisms through the food chain, posing a serious threat to biological health. Therefore, accurate and rapid detection is an urgent requirement for food safety. Although various detection methods, including the mouse bioassay, liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, and cell detection methods, and protein phosphatase inhibition assays have been developed in the past decades, the current detection methods cannot fully meet these demands. Among these methods, the outstanding immunoassay virtues of high sensitivity, reliability, and low cost are highly advantageous for marine biotoxin detection in complex samples. In this work, we review the recent 5-year progress in marine biotoxin immunodetection technologies such as optical immunoassays, electrochemical immunoassays, and piezoelectric immunoassays. With the assistance of immunoassays, the detection of food-related marine biotoxins can be implemented for ensuring public health and preventing food poisoning. In addition, the immunodetection technique platforms including lateral flow chips and microfluidic chips are also discussed. We carefully investigate the advantages and disadvantages for each immunoassay, which are compared to demonstrate the guidance for selecting appropriate immunoassays and platforms for the detection of marine biotoxins. It is expected that this review will provide insights for the further development of immunoassays and promote the rapid progress and successful translation of advanced immunoassays with food safety detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxiang Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resources Utilization in South China Sea and Center for Eco-Environment Restoration of Hainan Province, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, School of Tropical Medicine, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan 571199, China
| | - Rui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Hainan Trauma and Disaster Rescue, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Engineering Research Center for Hainan Bio-Smart Materials and Bio-Medical Devices, College of Emergency and Trauma, Hainan Medical University, Haikou 571199, China
| | - Hongwei Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resources Utilization in South China Sea and Center for Eco-Environment Restoration of Hainan Province, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
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2
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Kamali N, Abbas F, Lehane M, Griew M, Furey A. A Review of In Situ Methods-Solid Phase Adsorption Toxin Tracking (SPATT) and Polar Organic Chemical Integrative Sampler (POCIS) for the Collection and Concentration of Marine Biotoxins and Pharmaceuticals in Environmental Waters. Molecules 2022; 27:7898. [PMID: 36431996 PMCID: PMC9698218 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27227898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Solid Phase Adsorption Toxin Tracking (SPATT) and Polar Organic Chemical Integrative Sampler (POCIS) are in situ methods that have been applied to pre-concentrate a range of marine toxins, pesticides and pharmaceutical compounds that occur at low levels in marine and environmental waters. Recent research has identified the widespread distribution of biotoxins and pharmaceuticals in environmental waters (marine, brackish and freshwater) highlighting the need for the development of effective techniques to generate accurate quantitative water system profiles. In this manuscript, we reviewed in situ methods known as Solid Phase Adsorption Toxin Tracking (SPATT) and Polar Organic Chemical Integrative Sampler (POCIS) for the collection and concentration of marine biotoxins, freshwater cyanotoxins and pharmaceuticals in environmental waters since the 1980s to present. Twelve different adsorption substrates in SPATT and 18 different sorbents in POCIS were reviewed for their ability to absorb a range of lipophilic and hydrophilic marine biotoxins, pharmaceuticals, pesticides, antibiotics and microcystins in marine water, freshwater and wastewater. This review suggests the gaps in reported studies, outlines future research possibilities and guides researchers who wish to work on water contaminates using Solid Phase Adsorption Toxin Tracking (SPATT) and Polar Organic Chemical Integrative Sampler (POCIS) technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naghmeh Kamali
- Mass Spectrometry Group, Department Physical Sciences, Munster Technological University (MTU), Rossa Avenue, Bishopstown, T12 P928 Cork, Ireland
- HALPIN Centre for Research & Innovation, National Maritime College of Ireland (NMCI), Munster Technological University (MTU), P43 XV65 Ringaskiddy, Ireland
| | - Feras Abbas
- Mass Spectrometry Group, Department Physical Sciences, Munster Technological University (MTU), Rossa Avenue, Bishopstown, T12 P928 Cork, Ireland
- CREATE (Centre for Research in Advanced Therapeutic Engineering) and BioExplore, Munster Technological University (MTU), Rossa Avenue, Bishopstown, T12 P928 Cork, Ireland
| | - Mary Lehane
- Mass Spectrometry Group, Department Physical Sciences, Munster Technological University (MTU), Rossa Avenue, Bishopstown, T12 P928 Cork, Ireland
- CREATE (Centre for Research in Advanced Therapeutic Engineering) and BioExplore, Munster Technological University (MTU), Rossa Avenue, Bishopstown, T12 P928 Cork, Ireland
| | - Michael Griew
- HALPIN Centre for Research & Innovation, National Maritime College of Ireland (NMCI), Munster Technological University (MTU), P43 XV65 Ringaskiddy, Ireland
| | - Ambrose Furey
- Mass Spectrometry Group, Department Physical Sciences, Munster Technological University (MTU), Rossa Avenue, Bishopstown, T12 P928 Cork, Ireland
- CREATE (Centre for Research in Advanced Therapeutic Engineering) and BioExplore, Munster Technological University (MTU), Rossa Avenue, Bishopstown, T12 P928 Cork, Ireland
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A Strategy to Replace the Mouse Bioassay for Detecting and Identifying Lipophilic Marine Biotoxins by Combining the Neuro-2a Bioassay and LC-MS/MS Analysis. Mar Drugs 2018; 16:md16120501. [PMID: 30545061 PMCID: PMC6315780 DOI: 10.3390/md16120501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Revised: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Marine biotoxins in fish and shellfish can cause several symptoms in consumers, such as diarrhea, amnesia, or even death by paralysis. Monitoring programs are in place for testing shellfish on a regular basis. In some countries testing is performed using the so-called mouse bioassay, an assay that faces ethical concerns not only because of animal distress, but also because it lacks specificity and results in high amounts of false positives. In Europe, for lipophilic marine biotoxins (LMBs), a chemical analytical method using LC-MS/MS was developed as an alternative and is now the reference method. However, safety is often questioned when relying solely on such a method, and as a result, the mouse bioassay might still be used. In this study the use of a cell-based assay for screening, i.e., the neuro-2a assay, in combination with the official LC-MS/MS method was investigated as a new alternative strategy for the detection and quantification of LMBs. To this end, samples that had been tested previously with the mouse bioassay were analyzed in the neuro-2a bioassay and the LC-MS/MS method. The neuro-2a bioassay was able to detect all LMBs at the regulatory levels and all samples that tested positive in the mouse bioassay were also suspect in the neuro-2a bioassay. In most cases, these samples contained toxin levels (yessotoxins) that explain the outcome of the bioassay but did not exceed the established maximum permitted levels.
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Bodero M, Hoogenboom RL, Bovee TF, Portier L, de Haan L, Peijnenburg A, Hendriksen PJ. Whole genome mRNA transcriptomics analysis reveals different modes of action of the diarrheic shellfish poisons okadaic acid and dinophysis toxin-1 versus azaspiracid-1 in Caco-2 cells. Toxicol In Vitro 2018; 46:102-112. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2017.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Revised: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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5
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Passive Sampling for Freshwater and Marine Algal Toxins. RECENT ADVANCES IN THE ANALYSIS OF MARINE TOXINS 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.coac.2017.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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6
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Forensic genomics as a novel tool for identifying the causes of mass mortality events. Nat Commun 2014; 5:3652. [PMID: 24736548 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms4652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2013] [Accepted: 03/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Toxic spills, hypoxia, disease outbreaks and toxin-producing algal blooms are all possible causes of mass mortality events, but in many cases it can be difficult to pinpoint the cause of death. Here we present a new approach that we name 'forensic genomics', combining field surveys, toxin testing and genomic scans. Forensic genomics queries allele frequencies of surviving animals for signatures of agents causing mass mortality and, where genetic diversity is high, is uniquely suited to identify natural selection in action. As a proof of concept, we use this approach to investigate the causes of an invertebrate mass mortality event, and its genetic effects on an abalone population. Our results support that a harmful algal bloom producing a yessotoxin was a major causative agent to the event.
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Arvanitoyannis IS, Kotsanopoulos KV, Papadopoulou A. Rapid Detection of Chemical Hazards (Toxins, Dioxins, and PCBs) in Seafood. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2014; 54:1473-528. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2011.641132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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8
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Nicolas J, Hendriksen PJM, Gerssen A, Bovee TFH, Rietjens IMCM. Marine neurotoxins: State of the art, bottlenecks, and perspectives for mode of action based methods of detection in seafood. Mol Nutr Food Res 2013; 58:87-100. [DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201300520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2013] [Revised: 10/16/2013] [Accepted: 10/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Nicolas
- Division of Toxicology; Wageningen University; Wageningen The Netherlands
- RIKILT; Institute of Food Safety; Wageningen The Netherlands
| | | | - Arjen Gerssen
- RIKILT; Institute of Food Safety; Wageningen The Netherlands
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9
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Automated, high performance, flow-through chemiluminescence microarray for the multiplexed detection of phycotoxins. Anal Chim Acta 2013; 787:211-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2013.05.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2012] [Revised: 05/10/2013] [Accepted: 05/14/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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10
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Ferreira M, Blanco L, Garrido A, Vieites JM, Cabado AG. In vitro approaches to evaluate toxicity induced by organotin compounds tributyltin (TBT), dibutyltin (DBT), and monobutyltin (MBT) in neuroblastoma cells. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2013; 61:4195-4203. [PMID: 23534342 DOI: 10.1021/jf3050186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The toxic effects of the organotin compounds (OTCs) monobutyltin (MBT), dibutyltin (DBT), and tributyltin (TBT) were evaluated in vitro in a neuroblastoma human cell line. Mechanisms of cell death, apoptosis versus necrosis, were studied by using several markers: inhibition of cell viability and proliferation, F-actin, and mitochondrial membrane potential changes as well as reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and DNA fragmentation. The most toxic effects were detected with DBT and TBT even at very low concentrations (0.1-1 μM). In contrast, MBT induced lighter cytotoxic changes at the higher doses tested. None of the studied compounds stimulated propidium iodide uptake, although the most toxic chemical, TBT, caused lactate dehydrogenase release at the higher concentrations tested. These findings suggest that in neuroblastoma, OTC-induced cytotoxicity involves different pathways depending on the compound, concentration, and incubation time. A screening method for DBT and TBT quantification based on cell viability loss was developed, allowing a fast detection alternative to complex methodology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martiña Ferreira
- Food Safety Division, ANFACO-CECOPESCA, Campus Univ. 16, 36310 Vigo PO, Spain
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11
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Sassolas A, Hayat A, Catanante G, Marty JL. Detection of the marine toxin okadaic acid: Assessing seafood safety. Talanta 2013; 105:306-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2012.10.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2012] [Revised: 10/10/2012] [Accepted: 10/13/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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12
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Rossini GP. Letter to the Editor regarding "Collaborative study for the detection of toxic compounds in shellfish extracts using cell-based assays. Part I: screening strategy and pre-validation study with lipophilic marine toxins" and "Part II: application to shellfish extracts spiked with lipophilic marine toxins.". Anal Bioanal Chem 2012; 404:1611; author reply 1613-4. [PMID: 22797716 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-012-6227-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2012] [Accepted: 06/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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13
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Collaborative study for the detection of toxic compounds in shellfish extracts using cell-based assays. Part I: screening strategy and pre-validation study with lipophilic marine toxins. Anal Bioanal Chem 2012; 403:1983-93. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-012-6028-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2012] [Revised: 03/30/2012] [Accepted: 04/06/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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14
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Ledreux A, Sérandour AL, Morin B, Derick S, Lanceleur R, Hamlaoui S, Furger C, Biré R, Krys S, Fessard V, Troussellier M, Bernard C. Collaborative study for the detection of toxic compounds in shellfish extracts using cell-based assays. Part II: application to shellfish extracts spiked with lipophilic marine toxins. Anal Bioanal Chem 2012; 403:1995-2007. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-012-6029-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2012] [Revised: 03/30/2012] [Accepted: 04/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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15
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Yessotoxin as an apoptotic inducer. Toxicon 2011; 57:947-58. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2011.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2010] [Revised: 01/31/2011] [Accepted: 03/14/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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16
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Bilayer lipid membranes supported on Teflon filters: A functional environment for ion channels. Biosens Bioelectron 2011; 26:3127-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2010.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2010] [Revised: 12/05/2010] [Accepted: 12/07/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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17
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Furey A, O'Doherty S, O'Callaghan K, Lehane M, James KJ. Azaspiracid poisoning (AZP) toxins in shellfish: Toxicological and health considerations. Toxicon 2010; 56:173-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2009.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2008] [Accepted: 09/18/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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18
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Caillaud A, de la Iglesia P, Darius HT, Pauillac S, Aligizaki K, Fraga S, Chinain M, Diogène J. Update on methodologies available for ciguatoxin determination: perspectives to confront the onset of ciguatera fish poisoning in Europe. Mar Drugs 2010; 8:1838-907. [PMID: 20631873 PMCID: PMC2901828 DOI: 10.3390/md8061838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2010] [Revised: 05/18/2010] [Accepted: 06/10/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Ciguatera fish poisoning (CFP) occurs mainly when humans ingest finfish contaminated with ciguatoxins (CTXs). The complexity and variability of such toxins have made it difficult to develop reliable methods to routinely monitor CFP with specificity and sensitivity. This review aims to describe the methodologies available for CTX detection, including those based on the toxicological, biochemical, chemical, and pharmaceutical properties of CTXs. Selecting any of these methodological approaches for routine monitoring of ciguatera may be dependent upon the applicability of the method. However, identifying a reference validation method for CTXs is a critical and urgent issue, and is dependent upon the availability of certified CTX standards and the coordinated action of laboratories. Reports of CFP cases in European hospitals have been described in several countries, and are mostly due to travel to CFP endemic areas. Additionally, the recent detection of the CTX-producing tropical genus Gambierdiscus in the eastern Atlantic Ocean of the northern hemisphere and in the Mediterranean Sea, as well as the confirmation of CFP in the Canary Islands and possibly in Madeira, constitute other reasons to study the onset of CFP in Europe [1]. The question of the possible contribution of climate change to the distribution of toxin-producing microalgae and ciguateric fish is raised. The impact of ciguatera onset on European Union (EU) policies will be discussed with respect to EU regulations on marine toxins in seafood. Critical analysis and availability of methodologies for CTX determination is required for a rapid response to suspected CFP cases and to conduct sound CFP risk analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amandine Caillaud
- IRTA, Ctra. Poble Nou, Km 5,5. 43540 Sant Carles de la Ràpita, Spain; E-Mails: (A.C.); (P.I.)
| | - Pablo de la Iglesia
- IRTA, Ctra. Poble Nou, Km 5,5. 43540 Sant Carles de la Ràpita, Spain; E-Mails: (A.C.); (P.I.)
| | - H. Taiana Darius
- Laboratoire des micro-algues toxiques, Institut Louis Malardé, BP30, 98713 Papeete Tahiti, French Polynesia; E-Mails: (H.T.D.); (M.C.)
| | - Serge Pauillac
- Institut Pasteur, 25-28 rue du docteur Roux, 75 015 Paris, France; E-Mail: (S.P.)
| | - Katerina Aligizaki
- Department of Botany, School of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Aristotle University, 54 124 Thessaloniki, Greece; E-Mail: (K.A.)
| | - Santiago Fraga
- Instituto Español de Oceanografía, Subida a Radio Faro, 50, 36390 Vigo, Spain; E-Mail: (S.F.)
| | - Mireille Chinain
- Laboratoire des micro-algues toxiques, Institut Louis Malardé, BP30, 98713 Papeete Tahiti, French Polynesia; E-Mails: (H.T.D.); (M.C.)
| | - Jorge Diogène
- IRTA, Ctra. Poble Nou, Km 5,5. 43540 Sant Carles de la Ràpita, Spain; E-Mails: (A.C.); (P.I.)
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Gerssen A, Pol-Hofstad IE, Poelman M, Mulder PP, van den Top HJ, de Boer J. Marine toxins: chemistry, toxicity, occurrence and detection, with special reference to the Dutch situation. Toxins (Basel) 2010; 2:878-904. [PMID: 22069615 PMCID: PMC3153220 DOI: 10.3390/toxins2040878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2010] [Revised: 04/14/2010] [Accepted: 04/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Various species of algae can produce marine toxins under certain circumstances. These toxins can then accumulate in shellfish such as mussels, oysters and scallops. When these contaminated shellfish species are consumed severe intoxication can occur. The different types of syndromes that can occur after consumption of contaminated shellfish, the corresponding toxins and relevant legislation are discussed in this review. Amnesic Shellfish Poisoning (ASP), Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning (PSP), Diarrheic Shellfish Poisoning (DSP) and Azaspiracid Shellfish Poisoning (AZP) occur worldwide, Neurologic Shellfish Poisoning (NSP) is mainly limited to the USA and New Zealand while the toxins causing DSP and AZP occur most frequently in Europe. The latter two toxin groups are fat-soluble and can therefore also be classified as lipophilic marine toxins. A detailed overview of the official analytical methods used in the EU (mouse or rat bioassay) and the recently developed alternative methods for the lipophilic marine toxins is given. These alternative methods are based on functional assays, biochemical assays and chemical methods. From the literature it is clear that chemical methods offer the best potential to replace the animal tests that are still legislated worldwide. Finally, an overview is given of the situation of marine toxins in The Netherlands. The rat bioassay has been used for monitoring DSP and AZP toxins in The Netherlands since the 1970s. Nowadays, a combination of a chemical method and the rat bioassay is often used. In The Netherlands toxic events are mainly caused by DSP toxins, which have been found in Dutch shellfish for the first time in 1961, and have reoccurred at irregular intervals and in varying concentrations. From this review it is clear that considerable effort is being undertaken by various research groups to phase out the animal tests that are still used for the official routine monitoring programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arjen Gerssen
- RIKILT, Institute of Food Safety, Wageningen UR, Akkermaalsbos 2, 6708 WB Wageningen, The Netherlands; (P.P.J.M.); (H.J.T.)
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; ; Tel.: +0031-317-480433; Fax: 0031-317-417717
| | - Irene E. Pol-Hofstad
- Microbiological Laboratory for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, A. van Leeuwenhoeklaan 9, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands;
| | - Marnix Poelman
- IMARES, Wageningen UR, Korringaweg 5, 4401 NT Yerseke, The Netherlands;
| | - Patrick P.J. Mulder
- RIKILT, Institute of Food Safety, Wageningen UR, Akkermaalsbos 2, 6708 WB Wageningen, The Netherlands; (P.P.J.M.); (H.J.T.)
| | - Hester J. van den Top
- RIKILT, Institute of Food Safety, Wageningen UR, Akkermaalsbos 2, 6708 WB Wageningen, The Netherlands; (P.P.J.M.); (H.J.T.)
| | - Jacob de Boer
- Institute for Environmental Studies, VU University, De Boelelaan 1087, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
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Improvements in the use of neuroblastomaxglioma hybrid cells (NG108-15) for the toxic effect quantification of marine toxins. Toxicon 2010; 55:381-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2009.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2008] [Revised: 07/28/2009] [Accepted: 08/25/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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21
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Hess P. Requirements for screening and confirmatory methods for the detection and quantification of marine biotoxins in end-product and official control. Anal Bioanal Chem 2010; 397:1683-94. [PMID: 20112011 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-009-3444-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2009] [Revised: 12/24/2009] [Accepted: 12/28/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
An overview is given of the biological origin of phycotoxins, as well as their chemical characteristics. Major poisoning types are described and examples of poisoning events are given to illustrate the importance of the phenomenon to both shellfish consumers and the shellfish producing industry. The characteristics of phycotoxins as natural products, the lack of predictability of their occurrence, economic drivers and the freshness of shellfish consumed in many countries result in a number of requirements for methods to be used in the efficient detection of these compounds. Subsequently, the performance of mouse bioassays and mass spectrometry as detection tools are compared for examples from Irish and French monitoring programmes to assess the usefulness of qualitative and quantitative tools in official control, and their fitness for purpose compared with the requirements. The final part of the paper critically reviews methods available for the end-product and official control of shellfish toxins and their use in screening and confirmatory approaches in monitoring. Recent expert consultations on the methodology for phycotoxins at European and global level are summarised and recommendations are made for future progress in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Hess
- Ifremer, Centre de Nantes, Département Environnement, Microbiologie et Phycotoxines, Rue de l'Ile d'Yeu, 44311 Nantes, Cedex 03, France.
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Cañete E, Campàs M, de la Iglesia P, Diogène J. NG108-15 cell-based and protein phosphatase inhibition assays as alternative semiquantitative tools for the screening of lipophilic toxins in mussels. Okadaic acid detection. Toxicol In Vitro 2009; 24:611-9. [PMID: 19850120 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2009.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2009] [Revised: 10/13/2009] [Accepted: 10/14/2009] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
We report the application of a cell-based assay (CBA) using NG108-15 a hybridoma cell strain and a protein phosphatase inhibition-based assay (PPIA) as alternative toxicological or functional semiquantitative tools, respectively, for the screening of lipophilic toxins in mussels (Mytilusgalloprovincialis). Acetonic extracts were directly tested by CBA and PPIA but severe matrix effects were observed. As a solution, a simple 17-fraction protocol with solid-phase extraction (SPE) cartridges was optimised and applied as a previous step to the CBA or the PPIA. LC-MS/MS analyses were performed in parallel to determine the lipophilic toxins content in mussel extracts. Evaluation of the SPE protocol by LC-MS/MS showed okadaic acid (OA) recovery above 90% and negligible effects of mussel matrix on the SPE performance. The whole methods provided limits of detection of 47 and 45mug OA equivalents/kg for CBA and PPIA, respectively. The combined strategy permitted the identification of OA toxicity in two fractions, and allowed us to clearly distinguish between negative and positive samples, the latter being either OA-spiked or naturally-contaminated samples at levels equal or above the regulatory limit. The combination of fractioning with CBA or PPIA allows the quantification of the toxic and functional effects of samples above these concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Cañete
- IRTA, Ctra. Poble Nou, km 5.5, 43540 Sant Carles de la Ràpita, Tarragona, Spain
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Caillaud A, Cañete E, de la Iglesia P, Giménez G, Diogène J. Cell-based assay coupled with chromatographic fractioning: a strategy for marine toxins detection in natural samples. Toxicol In Vitro 2009; 23:1591-6. [PMID: 19720129 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2009.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2008] [Revised: 07/23/2009] [Accepted: 08/25/2009] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Cell-based assays (CBA) have been proposed for the evaluation of toxicity caused by marine toxins in natural samples (fish, shellfish and microalgae). However, their application has been hindered due to the interferences present in biological matrices that may cause cellular response and interfere in toxicity evaluation. This work reviews in an extensive introduction the use of CBA for toxicity evaluation of marine toxins. Afterwards, the coupling of chromatographic fractioning with neuroblastoma Neuro-2a CBA is presented to enhance the applicability of CBA for complex matrices. Examples of application are provided for mussel samples (Mytilus galloprovincialis) and microalgae (Gambierdiscus sp.), and the results demonstrated the great potential of the combined strategy for reliable toxicological evaluation without ethical concern. Fractioning of an equivalent of 72 mg eq mL(-1) of mussel sample allowed the identification of non-toxic and toxic fractions whereas only 2.5mg eq mL(-1) of non-purified mussel sample was responsible for 20% of cell mortality. Furthermore, the application of CBA allowed selectively distinguishing between ciguatoxin-like and other unspecific toxicity in Gambierdiscus sp. extract.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Caillaud
- IRTA, C. Poble Nou, Km 5.5, 43540 Sant Carles de la Ràpita, Spain
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24
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Albano C, Ronzitti G, Rossini AM, Callegari F, Rossini GP. The total activity of a mixture of okadaic acid-group compounds can be calculated by those of individual analogues in a phosphoprotein phosphatase 2A assay. Toxicon 2009; 53:631-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2009.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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25
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Sala GL, Ronzitti G, Sasaki M, Fuwa H, Yasumoto T, Bigiani A, Rossini GP. Proteomic Analysis Reveals Multiple Patterns of Response in Cells Exposed to a Toxin Mixture. Chem Res Toxicol 2009; 22:1077-85. [DOI: 10.1021/tx900044p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Gian Luca Sala
- Centro Interdisciplinare di Scienze e Tecnologie per la Qualità e Sicurezza degli Alimenti, Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia, I-41100 Modena, Italy, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai 981-8555, Japan, and Okinawa Science and Technology Promotion Center, Okinawa, 904-2234, Japan
| | - Giuseppe Ronzitti
- Centro Interdisciplinare di Scienze e Tecnologie per la Qualità e Sicurezza degli Alimenti, Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia, I-41100 Modena, Italy, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai 981-8555, Japan, and Okinawa Science and Technology Promotion Center, Okinawa, 904-2234, Japan
| | - Makoto Sasaki
- Centro Interdisciplinare di Scienze e Tecnologie per la Qualità e Sicurezza degli Alimenti, Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia, I-41100 Modena, Italy, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai 981-8555, Japan, and Okinawa Science and Technology Promotion Center, Okinawa, 904-2234, Japan
| | - Haruhiko Fuwa
- Centro Interdisciplinare di Scienze e Tecnologie per la Qualità e Sicurezza degli Alimenti, Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia, I-41100 Modena, Italy, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai 981-8555, Japan, and Okinawa Science and Technology Promotion Center, Okinawa, 904-2234, Japan
| | - Takeshi Yasumoto
- Centro Interdisciplinare di Scienze e Tecnologie per la Qualità e Sicurezza degli Alimenti, Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia, I-41100 Modena, Italy, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai 981-8555, Japan, and Okinawa Science and Technology Promotion Center, Okinawa, 904-2234, Japan
| | - Albertino Bigiani
- Centro Interdisciplinare di Scienze e Tecnologie per la Qualità e Sicurezza degli Alimenti, Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia, I-41100 Modena, Italy, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai 981-8555, Japan, and Okinawa Science and Technology Promotion Center, Okinawa, 904-2234, Japan
| | - Gian Paolo Rossini
- Centro Interdisciplinare di Scienze e Tecnologie per la Qualità e Sicurezza degli Alimenti, Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia, I-41100 Modena, Italy, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai 981-8555, Japan, and Okinawa Science and Technology Promotion Center, Okinawa, 904-2234, Japan
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26
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Ledreux A, Krys S, Bernard C. Suitability of the Neuro-2a cell line for the detection of palytoxin and analogues (neurotoxic phycotoxins). Toxicon 2008; 53:300-8. [PMID: 19100760 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2008.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2008] [Revised: 12/03/2008] [Accepted: 12/04/2008] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Palytoxin and related compounds are neurotoxic phycotoxins produced by benthic microalgae belonging to the genus Ostreopsis. For several years this family of phycotoxins has been posing a threat to human health since they can bioaccumulate in shellfish. With the aim of replacing current biological assays, such as the mouse or hemolytic assays, we investigated using the Neuro-2a neuroblastoma cell line to detect palytoxin and related compounds. Cell death induced by the effects of PlTX and analogues on Na+, K+-ATPase were measured using the 1-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-3,5-diphenylformazan (MTT) assay for mitochondrial reductase activity as a surrogate for cell number. The specificity of the Neuro-2a cell-based assay for palytoxin detection was confirmed by using ouabain, which also acts on Na+, K+-ATPase. Pre-treatment of the Neuro-2a cells with ouabain minimizes the effects of palytoxin. The specificity of the Neuro-2a assay was confirmed by the finding that cell death was not detected when Neuro-2a cells were exposed to other phycotoxins with unrelated cellular targets. When the Neuro-2a assay was used to detect palytoxin in mussel extracts spiked with levels of palytoxin around the proposed regulatory value of 250 microg palytoxin/kg shellfish, a good correlation was observed between the levels found and the expected values. We conclude by proposing an experimental design for functional assays using the Neuro-2a cell line for the specific detection of four neurotoxic phycotoxin families: saxitoxins, brevetoxins, ciguatoxins and palytoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélie Ledreux
- Unité Ecosystèmes et interactions toxiques, USM 0505/EA 4105 MNHN, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Case 39, 12 rue Buffon, F-75231 Paris Cedex 5, France
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27
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Protein markers of algal toxin contamination in shellfish. Toxicon 2008; 52:705-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2008.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2008] [Revised: 08/04/2008] [Accepted: 08/07/2008] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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28
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Chapela MJ, Reboreda A, Vieites JM, Cabado AG. Lipophilic toxins analyzed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and comparison with mouse bioassay in fresh, frozen, and processed molluscs. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2008; 56:8979-86. [PMID: 18778063 DOI: 10.1021/jf801572j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The search for alternative methods to the mouse bioassay (MBA) has intensified over recent years. The present work analyzes seven different species of shellfish (clams, small scallops, small clams, mussels, oysters, cockles, and edible whelks) in fresh, frozen boiled, and canned presentations using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), and the results are compared with the same samples analyzed through MBA. The toxins studied were OA, DTX1, DTX2, YTX, PTX2, and AZA1, which are legislated in the EU, and SPX1, which is not regulated yet. Consistent results between LC-MS/MS and MBA were found in 69% of the samples, whereas 26% of MBA showed "false-positive" results with respect to the toxins analyzed. No "false negatives" were observed. The possibility of LC-MS/MS as an alternative or complementary technique to MBA is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Chapela
- ANFACO-CECOPESCA, Col Univ 16, 36310 Vigo, Pontevedra, Spain
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29
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Cañete E, Diogène J. Comparative study of the use of neuroblastoma cells (Neuro-2a) and neuroblastoma×glioma hybrid cells (NG108-15) for the toxic effect quantification of marine toxins. Toxicon 2008; 52:541-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2008.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2008] [Revised: 06/04/2008] [Accepted: 06/30/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Llamas NM, Stewart L, Fodey T, Higgins HC, Velasco MLR, Botana LM, Elliott CT. Development of a novel immunobiosensor method for the rapid detection of okadaic acid contamination in shellfish extracts. Anal Bioanal Chem 2007; 389:581-7. [PMID: 17646971 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-007-1444-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2007] [Revised: 06/10/2007] [Accepted: 06/18/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The mouse bioassay is the methodology that is most widely used to detect okadaic acid (OA) in shellfish samples. This is one of the best-known toxins, and it belongs to the family of marine biotoxins referred to as the diarrhetic shellfish poisons (DSP). Due to animal welfare concerns, alternative methods of toxin detection are being sought. A rapid and specific biosensor immunoassay method was developed and validated for the detection of OA. An optical sensor instrument based on the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) phenomenon was utilised. A polyclonal antibody to OA was raised against OA-bovine thyroglobulin conjugate and OA-N-hydroxy succinimide ester was immobilised onto an amine sensor chip surface. The assay parameters selected for the analysis of the samples were: antibody dilution, 1/750; ratio of antibody to standard, 1:1; volume of sample injected, 25 microl min(-1); flow rate, 25 microl min(-1). An assay action limit of 126 ng g(-1) was established by analysing of 20 shellfish samples spiked with OA at the critical concentration of 160 ng g(-1), which is the action limit established by the European Union (EU). At this concentration of OA, the assay delivered coefficient of variations (CVs) of <10%. The chip surface developed was shown to be highly stable, allowing more than 50 analyses per channel. When the concentrations of OA determined with the biosensor method were compared with the values obtained by LC-MS in contaminated shellfish samples, the correlation between the two analytical methods was found to be highly satisfactory (r(2) = 0.991).
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuria M Llamas
- Institute of Agri-Food and Land Use, Queen's University of Belfast, Stranmillis Road, BT9 5AG Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
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31
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Abstract
This review covers the literature published in 2005 for marine natural products, with 704 citations (493 for the period January to December 2005) referring to compounds isolated from marine microorganisms and phytoplankton, green algae, brown algae, red algae, sponges, coelenterates, bryozoans, molluscs, tunicates and echinoderms. The emphasis is on new compounds (812 for 2005), together with their relevant biological activities, source organisms and country of origin. Biosynthetic studies, first syntheses, and syntheses that lead to the revision of structures or stereochemistries, have been included.
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Affiliation(s)
- John W Blunt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand.
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32
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Zhang YL, Dunlop J, Dalziel JE. Recombinant human voltage-gated skeletal muscle sodium channels are pharmacologically functional in planar lipid bilayers. Biosens Bioelectron 2007; 22:1006-12. [PMID: 16713241 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2006.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2005] [Revised: 04/06/2006] [Accepted: 04/19/2006] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Human voltage-gated sodium ion channels are major sites of action for drugs and toxins that modulate cellular excitability, and are therefore key molecular targets for ion channel research, high throughput screening for new drugs, and toxin detection. Protein suitable for these applications must be produced in a functionally active form. We report the successful use of ion metal affinity chromatography (IMAC) to purify C-terminal polyhistidine tagged human skeletal muscle voltage-gated sodium (hSkM1-HT) channels from Sf9 insect cells; hSkM1 channels were pharmacologically functional when reconstituted into liposomes and incorporated into planar bilayer lipid membranes. hSkM1-HT single channel currents activated by veratridine had a conductance of 21 pS and those activated by brevetoxin, 16 pS. Channel activity was inhibited by tetrodotoxin and saxitoxin. This protein is suitable for the development of biosensor and high throughput screening technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Li Zhang
- AgResearch Limited, Grasslands Research Centre, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
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Del Barga I, Frenzilli G, Scarcelli V, Nigro M, Malmvärn A, Asplund L, Förlin L, Sturve J. Effects of algal extracts (Polysiphonia fucoides) on rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss): a biomarker approach. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2006; 62 Suppl:S283-6. [PMID: 16697459 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2006.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The genotoxicity of algal extracts (Polysiphonia fucoides) was investigated in erythrocytes of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Trout were exposed to 0.5% of the algal extract for 7 days. Comet assay (alkaline and neutral versions) and Micronucleus test were used to assess DNA damage, and Diffusion Assay to detect apoptotic cells. EROD activities and oxidative stress parameters in rainbow trout liver were also measured. A significant induction of DNA single strand breaks comparable to the ones induced by the in vivo exposure to 20 mg/kg B[a]P was observed at the end of the treatment, while increases of double strand breaks and apoptotic cells were not observed. The absence of activation of antioxidant responses seems to underline a mechanism of action of the genotoxic algal extract which does not involve oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Del Barga
- Department of Human Morphology and Applied Biology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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34
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Hess P, Grune B, Anderson DB, Aune T, Botana LM, Caricato P, van Egmond HP, Halder M, Hall S, Lawrence JF, Moffat C, Poletti R, Richmond J, Rossini GP, Seamer C, Vilageliu JS. Three Rs Approaches in Marine Biotoxin Testing. The Report and Recommendations of a joint ECVAM/DG SANCO Workshop (ECVAM Workshop 54). Altern Lab Anim 2006; 34:193-224. [PMID: 16704292 DOI: 10.1177/026119290603400207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Hess
- Marine Institute, Rinville, Oranmore, Co. Galway, Ireland.
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