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Gensluckner S, Wernly B, Datz C, Aigner E. Iron, Oxidative Stress, and Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease. Antioxidants (Basel) 2024; 13:208. [PMID: 38397806 PMCID: PMC10886327 DOI: 10.3390/antiox13020208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Excess free iron is a substrate for the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), thereby augmenting oxidative stress. Oxidative stress is a well-established cause of organ damage in the liver, the main site of iron storage. Ferroptosis, an iron-dependent mechanism of regulated cell death, has recently been gaining attention in the development of organ damage and the progression of liver disease. We therefore summarize the main mechanisms of iron metabolism, its close connection to oxidative stress and ferroptosis, and its particular relevance to disease mechanisms in metabolic-dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease and potential targets for therapy from a clinical perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Gensluckner
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Paracelsus Medical University, Müllner Hauptstrasse 48, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
- Obesity Research Unit, Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Bernhard Wernly
- Department of Medicine, General Hospital Oberndorf, Teaching Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University, 5110 Oberndorf, Austria; (B.W.); (C.D.)
| | - Christian Datz
- Department of Medicine, General Hospital Oberndorf, Teaching Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University, 5110 Oberndorf, Austria; (B.W.); (C.D.)
| | - Elmar Aigner
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Paracelsus Medical University, Müllner Hauptstrasse 48, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
- Obesity Research Unit, Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
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KAWAGUCHI N, FUKE N, NUEANGPHUET P, PORNTHUMMAWAT A, NIAZI AM, IZZATI UZ, HIRAI T, YAMAGUCHI R. Hepatocellular carcinoma with lung metastasis showing hemochromatosis in an Egyptian fruit bat (Rousettus aegyptiacus). J Vet Med Sci 2024; 86:49-53. [PMID: 37940547 PMCID: PMC10849857 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.23-0152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023] Open
Abstract
After an Egyptian fruit bat (Rousettus aegyptiacus) in a zoo became emaciated and died, a necropsy revealed multiple nodules on the liver and lung surfaces. Microscopy revealed that the liver nodules consisted of neoplastic hepatocytes and showed metastasis in the lung lobes. Most of the neoplastic cells in the liver and lung showed positive labeling for HepPar-1, cytokeratin 19, glypican-3, and Ki-67. Hepatocellular degeneration and necrosis were diffuse in the liver parenchyma. Berlin blue staining revealed large amounts of iron in normal and neoplastic cells. Based on these pieces of evidence, this case was diagnosed as hepatocellular carcinoma with hemochromatosis. This is believed to be the first report of hepatocellular carcinoma in an Egyptian fruit bat that has been immunophenotypically examined in detail by pathological examination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nijiho KAWAGUCHI
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Naoyuki FUKE
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
- Graduate School of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Phawut NUEANGPHUET
- Graduate School of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Apisit PORNTHUMMAWAT
- Graduate School of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
- Department of Pre-Clinic and Applied Animal Science, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Ahmad Massoud NIAZI
- Graduate School of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Uda Zahli IZZATI
- Graduate School of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Takuya HIRAI
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
- Graduate School of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Ryoji YAMAGUCHI
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
- Graduate School of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
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Hiromatsu M, Toshida K, Itoh S, Harada N, Kohashi K, Oda Y, Yoshizumi T. Transferrin Receptor is Associated with Sensitivity to Ferroptosis Inducers in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Ann Surg Oncol 2023; 30:8675-8689. [PMID: 37548836 DOI: 10.1245/s10434-023-14053-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Transferrin receptor (TFR), a membrane protein that has a critical role in the transport of iron into cells, is known to be a ferroptosis-related marker. Although TFR is reported to be abundantly expressed in tumor cells, its relationship with ferroptosis inducers in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains unclear. METHODS The authors performed immunohistochemical staining of TFR and divided 350 HCC patients into two groups according to its expression. They analyzed the association between TFR expression and prognosis or clinicopathologic factors. In addition, the regulation of malignant activity and its effect on the efficacy of ferroptosis inducers were investigated in vitro. RESULTS For this study, 350 patients were divided into TFR-positive (n =180, 51.4%) and TFR-negative (n = 170, 48.6%) groups. The TFR-positive group had more hepatitis B surface antigen (HBs-Ag) (p = 0.0230), higher α-fetoprotein (AFP) levels (p = 0.0023), higher des-gamma-carboxyprothrombin (DCP) levels (p = 0.0327), a larger tumor size (p = 0.0090), greater proportions of Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer (BCLC) stage B or C (p = 0.0005), poor differentiation (p < 0.0001), and microscopic intrahepatic metastasis (p = 0.0066). In the multivariate analyses, TFR expression was an independent prognostic factor in disease-free survival (p = 0.0315). In vitro, TFRC knockdown decreased cell motility. In addition, TFRC knockdown abolished artesunate (AS)-, lenvatinib-, and sorafenib-induced ferroptosis in HCC cell lines. The study demonstrated that simultaneous treatment of AS with multi-kinase inhibitor augmented the ferroptosis-inducing effects of AS in HCC cell lines. CONCLUSION TFR expression is a poor prognostic factor in HCC, but its expression increases sensitivity to ferroptosis-inducing agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maki Hiromatsu
- Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Katsuya Toshida
- Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Shinji Itoh
- Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
| | - Noboru Harada
- Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kenichi Kohashi
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yoshinao Oda
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Tomoharu Yoshizumi
- Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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Kouroumalis E, Tsomidis I, Voumvouraki A. Iron as a therapeutic target in chronic liver disease. World J Gastroenterol 2023; 29:616-655. [PMID: 36742167 PMCID: PMC9896614 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v29.i4.616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
It was clearly realized more than 50 years ago that iron deposition in the liver may be a critical factor in the development and progression of liver disease. The recent clarification of ferroptosis as a specific form of regulated hepatocyte death different from apoptosis and the description of ferritinophagy as a specific variation of autophagy prompted detailed investigations on the association of iron and the liver. In this review, we will present a brief discussion of iron absorption and handling by the liver with emphasis on the role of liver macrophages and the significance of the iron regulators hepcidin, transferrin, and ferritin in iron homeostasis. The regulation of ferroptosis by endogenous and exogenous mod-ulators will be examined. Furthermore, the involvement of iron and ferroptosis in various liver diseases including alcoholic and non-alcoholic liver disease, chronic hepatitis B and C, liver fibrosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) will be analyzed. Finally, experimental and clinical results following interventions to reduce iron deposition and the promising manipulation of ferroptosis will be presented. Most liver diseases will be benefited by ferroptosis inhibition using exogenous inhibitors with the notable exception of HCC, where induction of ferroptosis is the desired effect. Current evidence mostly stems from in vitro and in vivo experimental studies and the need for well-designed future clinical trials is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elias Kouroumalis
- Liver Research Laboratory, University of Crete Medical School, Heraklion 71003, Greece
| | - Ioannis Tsomidis
- First Department of Internal Medicine, AHEPA University Hospital, Thessaloniki 54621, Greece
| | - Argyro Voumvouraki
- First Department of Internal Medicine, AHEPA University Hospital, Thessaloniki 54621, Greece
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Hino K, Yanatori I, Hara Y, Nishina S. Iron and liver cancer: an inseparable connection. FEBS J 2022; 289:7810-7829. [PMID: 34543507 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Iron is an essential element for all organisms. Iron-containing proteins play critical roles in cellular functions. The biological importance of iron is largely attributable to its chemical properties as a transitional metal. However, an excess of 'free' reactive iron damages the macromolecular components of cells and cellular DNA through the production of harmful free radicals. On the contrary, most of the body's excess iron is stored in the liver. Not only hereditary haemochromatosis but also some liver diseases with mild-to-moderate hepatic iron accumulation, such as chronic hepatitis C, alcoholic liver disease and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, are associated with a high risk for liver cancer development. These findings have attracted attention to the causative and promotive roles of iron in the development of liver cancer. In the last decade, accumulating evidence regarding molecules regulating iron metabolism or iron-related cell death programmes such as ferroptosis has shed light on the relationship between hepatic iron accumulation and hepatocarcinogenesis. In this review, we briefly present the current molecular understanding of iron regulation in the liver. Next, we describe the mechanisms underlying dysregulated iron metabolism depending on the aetiology of liver diseases. Finally, we discuss the causative and promotive roles of iron in cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Hino
- Department of Hepatology and Pancreatology, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki, Japan
| | - Izumi Yanatori
- Department of Pathology and Biological Responses, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Yuichi Hara
- Department of Hepatology and Pancreatology, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki, Japan
| | - Sohji Nishina
- Department of Hepatology and Pancreatology, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki, Japan
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Pajoudoro DN, Djacktayang I, Toze FAA, Lissouck D, Mama DB. Investigation of the influence of Z/E configuration on the antioxidant and antiradical activities of lapachol and its derivatives: DFT assessment. Struct Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11224-022-02061-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Tsuchiya H. Iron-Induced Hepatocarcinogenesis—Preventive Effects of Nutrients. Front Oncol 2022; 12:940552. [PMID: 35832553 PMCID: PMC9271801 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.940552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The liver is a primary organ that stores body iron, and plays a central role in the regulation of iron homeostasis. Hepatic iron overload (HIO) is a prevalent feature among patients with chronic liver diseases (CLDs), including alcoholic/nonalcoholic liver diseases and hepatitis C. HIO is suggested to promote the progression toward hepatocellular carcinoma because of the pro-oxidant nature of iron. Iron metabolism is tightly regulated by various factors, such as hepcidin and ferroportin, in healthy individuals to protect the liver from such deteriorative effects. However, their intrinsic expressions or functions are frequently compromised in patients with HIO. Thus, various nutrients have been reported to regulate hepatic iron metabolism and protect the liver from iron-induced damage. These nutrients are beneficial in HIO-associated CLD treatment and eventually prevent iron-mediated hepatocarcinogenesis. This mini-review aimed to discuss the mechanisms and hepatocarcinogenic risk of HIO in patients with CLDs. Moreover, nutrients that hold the potential to prevent iron-induced hepatocarcinogenesis are summarized.
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Chen B, Chu C, Ren E, Lin H, Zhang Y, Wang P, Yao H, Liu A, Liu G, Lin X. Metal Ion-Based Supramolecular Self-Assembly for Cancer Theranostics. Front Chem 2022; 10:870769. [PMID: 35668829 PMCID: PMC9163678 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.870769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Metal-ion-based self-assembly supramolecular theranostics exhibit excellent performance in biomedical applications owing to their potential superiorities for simultaneous precise diagnosis, targeted drug delivery, and monitoring the response to therapy in real-time. Specially, the rational designed systems could achieve specific in vivo self-assembly through complexation or ionic interaction to improve tissue-specific accumulation, penetration, and cell internalization, thereby reducing toxicities of drugs in diagnostics and therapy. Furthermore, such imaging traceable nanosystems could provide real-timely information of drug accumulation and therapeutic effects in a non-invasive and safe manner. Herein, the article highlights the recent prominent applications based on the metal ions self-assembly in cancer treatment. This strategy may open up new research directions to develop novel drug delivery systems for cancer theranostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Chen
- Key Laboratory of Nanomedical Technology (Education Department of Fujian Province), School of Pharmacy, Nano Medical Technology Research Institute, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Chengchao Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - En Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Huirong Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Peiyu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Hong Yao
- Key Laboratory of Nanomedical Technology (Education Department of Fujian Province), School of Pharmacy, Nano Medical Technology Research Institute, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Ailin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Nanomedical Technology (Education Department of Fujian Province), School of Pharmacy, Nano Medical Technology Research Institute, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Gang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Xinhua Lin
- Key Laboratory of Nanomedical Technology (Education Department of Fujian Province), School of Pharmacy, Nano Medical Technology Research Institute, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
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Wang J, Liu G, Wáng YXJ. Transforming a clinical fluorescent dye to sense and treat iron overload disorders: a new reverse translational approach in precision medicine. Quant Imaging Med Surg 2022; 12:3020-3023. [PMID: 35502386 PMCID: PMC9014137 DOI: 10.21037/qims-2022-01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Junqing Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Gang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics & Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Yì Xiáng J. Wáng
- Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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Mooli RGR, Mukhi D, Ramakrishnan SK. Oxidative Stress and Redox Signaling in the Pathophysiology of Liver Diseases. Compr Physiol 2022; 12:3167-3192. [PMID: 35578969 PMCID: PMC10074426 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c200021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The increased production of derivatives of molecular oxygen and nitrogen in the form of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) lead to molecular damage called oxidative stress. Under normal physiological conditions, the ROS generation is tightly regulated in different cells and cellular compartments. Any disturbance in the balance between the cellular generation of ROS and antioxidant balance leads to oxidative stress. In this article, we discuss the sources of ROS (endogenous and exogenous) and antioxidant mechanisms. We also focus on the pathophysiological significance of oxidative stress in various cell types of the liver. Oxidative stress is implicated in the development and progression of various liver diseases. We narrate the master regulators of ROS-mediated signaling and their contribution to liver diseases. Nonalcoholic fatty liver diseases (NAFLD) are influenced by a "multiple parallel-hit model" in which oxidative stress plays a central role. We highlight the recent findings on the role of oxidative stress in the spectrum of NAFLD, including fibrosis and liver cancer. Finally, we provide a brief overview of oxidative stress biomarkers and their therapeutic applications in various liver-related disorders. Overall, the article sheds light on the significance of oxidative stress in the pathophysiology of the liver. © 2022 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 12:3167-3192, 2022.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raja Gopal Reddy Mooli
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Dhanunjay Mukhi
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Sadeesh K Ramakrishnan
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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Hemojuvelin deficiency promotes liver mitochondrial dysfunction and predisposes mice to hepatocellular carcinoma. Commun Biol 2022; 5:153. [PMID: 35194137 PMCID: PMC8863832 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-03108-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Hemojuvelin (HJV) enhances signaling to the iron hormone hepcidin and its deficiency causes iron overload, a risk factor for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). We utilized Hjv−/− mice to dissect mechanisms for hepatocarcinogenesis. We show that suboptimal treatment with diethylnitrosamine (DEN) triggers HCC only in Hjv−/− but not wt mice. Liver proteomics data were obtained by mass spectrometry. Hierarchical clustering analysis revealed that Hjv deficiency and DEN elicit similar liver proteomic responses, including induction of mitochondrial proteins. Dietary iron overload of wt mice does not recapitulate the liver proteomic phenotype of Hjv−/− animals, which is only partially corrected by iron depletion. Consistent with these data, primary Hjv−/− hepatocytes exhibit mitochondrial hyperactivity, while aged Hjv−/− mice develop spontaneous HCC. Moreover, low expression of HJV or hepcidin (HAMP) mRNAs predicts poor prognosis in HCC patients. We conclude that Hjv has a hepatoprotective function and its deficiency in mice promotes mitochondrial dysfunction and hepatocarcinogenesis. Hemojuvelin (HJV), a BMP co-receptor promoting hepcidin expression in the liver, has a hepatoprotective function and its deficiency in mice triggers mitochondrial dysfunction and hepatocarcinogenesis.
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Gouda G, Gupta MK, Donde R, Behera L, Vadde R. Metabolic pathway-based target therapy to hepatocellular carcinoma: a computational approach. THERANOSTICS AND PRECISION MEDICINE FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA, VOLUME 2 2022:83-103. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-98807-0.00003-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
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Zelber-Sagi S, Noureddin M, Shibolet O. Lifestyle and Hepatocellular Carcinoma What Is the Evidence and Prevention Recommendations. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 14:cancers14010103. [PMID: 35008267 PMCID: PMC8750465 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14010103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The increasing public health burden of Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) emphasizes the importance of defining important modifiable risk factors. In the following review, we will discuss the evidence for the relation of major lifestyle risk factors, mostly from large population-based studies. Generally, it is has been shown that healthy lifestyle habits, including minimizing obesity, eating a healthy diet, avoidance of smoking and alcohol, and increasing physical activity, have the potential to prevent HCC. Dietary composition is important beyond obesity. Consumption of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, as well as fish and poultry, vegetables and fiber, are inversely associated with HCC, while red meat, saturated fat, cholesterol and sugar are related to increased risk. Data from multiple studies clearly show a beneficial effect for physical activity in reducing the risk of HCC. Smoking and alcohol can lead to liver fibrosis and liver cancer and jointly lead to an even greater risk. Abstract The increasing burden of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) emphasizes the unmet need for primary prevention. Lifestyle measures appear to be important modifiable risk factors for HCC regardless of its etiology. Lifestyle patterns, as a whole and each component separately, are related to HCC risk. Dietary composition is important beyond obesity. Consumption of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, as well as fish and poultry, are inversely associated with HCC, while red meat, saturated fat, and cholesterol are related to increased risk. Sugar consumption is associated with HCC risk, while fiber and vegetable intake is protective. Data from multiple studies clearly show a beneficial effect for physical activity in reducing the risk of HCC. However, the duration, mode and intensity of physical activity needed are yet to be determined. There is evidence that smoking can lead to liver fibrosis and liver cancer and has a synergistic effect with alcohol drinking. On the other hand, an excessive amount of alcohol by itself has been associated with increased risk of HCC directly (carcinogenic effect) or indirectly (liver fibrosis and cirrhosis progression. Large-scale intervention studies testing the effect of comprehensive lifestyle interventions on HCC prevention among diverse cohorts of liver disease patients are greatly warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shira Zelber-Sagi
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Social Welfare and Health Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa 3498838, Israel
- Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Tel Aviv Medical Center, Tel Aviv 6423906, Israel;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +972-54-4634440; Fax: +972-3-5446086
| | - Mazen Noureddin
- Karsh Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA;
| | - Oren Shibolet
- Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Tel Aviv Medical Center, Tel Aviv 6423906, Israel;
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6697801, Israel
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Lin H, Zhou Y, Wang J, Wang H, Yao T, Chen H, Zheng H, Zhang Y, Ren E, Jiang L, Chu C, Chen X, Mao J, Wang F, Liu G. Repurposing ICG enables MR/PA imaging signal amplification and iron depletion for iron-overload disorders. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:eabl5862. [PMID: 34919434 PMCID: PMC8682994 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abl5862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Precise and noninvasive theranostic methods to quantify and deplete focal iron are of crucial importance for iron-overload disorders. Here, we developed an indocyanine green (ICG)–based imaging platform to reveal Fe3+ in vitro and in vivo. The high sensitivity and specificity of ICG-Fe interaction facilitated MR images with a marked correlation between T1 signal intensity ratio (T1SIR) changes and Fe3+ concentration in rodent models and humans. On the basis of these findings, a rational design for coordination-driven self-assembly ICG-Lecithin (ICG/Leci) was proposed to determine Fe3+. The enhancement of photoacoustic signal at 890 nm with increasing Fe3+ concentration showed an over 600% higher linear slope than that of T1SIR changes in animal models. ICG/Leci also promoted a 100% increase in iron depletion in the liver compared with deferoxamine. The high MR sensitivity and superior photoacoustic contrast, combined with enhanced iron depletion, demonstrate that ICG/Leci is a promising theranostic agent for simultaneous detection and treatment of iron-overload disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huirong Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics and Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Yu Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics and Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Jiaming Wang
- The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, School of Public Health, Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Huimeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics and Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Tianhong Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics and Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Hu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics and Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Huili Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics and Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics and Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - En Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics and Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Lai Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics and Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Chengchao Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics and Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
- Amoy Hopeful Biotechnology Co. Ltd., Xiamen 361027, China
| | - Xiaoyuan Chen
- Departments of Diagnostic Radiology, Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, and Biomedical Engineering, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine and Faculty of Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jingsong Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics and Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
- Department of Radiology, Xiang’an Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
- Corresponding author. (G.L.); (F.W.); (J.M.)
| | - Fudi Wang
- The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, School of Public Health, Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
- Corresponding author. (G.L.); (F.W.); (J.M.)
| | - Gang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics and Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
- Corresponding author. (G.L.); (F.W.); (J.M.)
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15
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Iron at the Interface of Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22084097. [PMID: 33921027 PMCID: PMC8071427 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22084097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer incidence and mortality are rapidly growing, with liver cancer being the sixth most diagnosed cancer worldwide and the third leading cause of cancer death in 2020. A number of risk factors have been identified that trigger the progression to hepatocellular carcinoma. In this review, we focus on iron as a potential risk factor for liver carcinogenesis. Molecules involved in the regulation of iron metabolism are often upregulated in cancer cells, in order to provide a supply of this essential trace element for all stages of tumor development, survival, proliferation, and metastasis. Thus, cellular and systemic iron levels must be tightly regulated to prevent or delay liver cancer progression. Disorders associated with dysregulated iron metabolism are characterized with increased susceptibility to hepatocellular carcinoma. This review discusses the association of iron with metabolic disorders such as hereditary hemochromatosis, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, obesity, and type 2 diabetes, in the background of hepatocellular carcinoma.
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Udali S, De Santis D, Mazzi F, Moruzzi S, Ruzzenente A, Castagna A, Pattini P, Beschin G, Franceschi A, Guglielmi A, Martinelli N, Pizzolo F, Ambrosani F, Olivieri O, Choi SW, Friso S. Trace Elements Status and Metallothioneins DNA Methylation Influence Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma Survival Rate. Front Oncol 2021; 10:596040. [PMID: 33585212 PMCID: PMC7876470 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.596040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mechanisms underlying hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) development are largely unknown. The role of trace elements and proteins regulating metal ions homeostasis, i.e. metallothioneins (MTs), recently gained an increased interest. Object of the study was to investigate the role of promoter DNA methylation in MTs transcriptional regulation and the possible prognostic significance of serum trace elements in HCC. Methods Forty-nine HCC patients were enrolled and clinically characterized. Cu, Se, and Zn contents were measured by Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry in the serum and, for a subset of 27 patients, in HCC and homologous non-neoplastic liver (N) tissues. MT1G and MT1H gene expression in hepatic tissues was assessed by Real-Time RT-PCR and the specific promoter DNA methylation by Bisulfite-Amplicon Sequencing. Results Patients with Cu serum concentration above the 80th percentile had a significantly decreased survival rate (P < 0.001) with a marked increased hazard ratio for mortality (HR 6.88 with 95% CI 2.60-18.23, P < 0.001). Se and Zn levels were significantly lower in HCC as compared to N tissues (P < 0.0001). MT1G and MT1H gene expression was significantly down-regulated in HCC as compared to N tissues (P < 0.05). MTs promoter was hypermethylated in 9 out of the 19 HCC tissues showing MTs down-regulation and methylation levels of three specific CpGs paralleled to an increased mortality rate among the 23 patients analyzed (P = 0.015). Conclusions MT1G and MT1H act as potential tumor suppressor genes regulated through promoter DNA methylation and, together with serum Cu concentrations, be related to survival rate in HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Udali
- Department of Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | | | - Filippo Mazzi
- Department of Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Sara Moruzzi
- Department of Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Greta Beschin
- Department of Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Antonia Franceschi
- Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, University of Verona School of Medicine, Verona, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Sang-Woon Choi
- Chaum Life Center, CHA University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Nutrition, University of Massachusetts School of Public Health and Health Sciences, Amherst, MA, United States
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Zhao J, Zhang X, Fang L, Pan H, Shi J. Association between IL28B Polymorphisms and Outcomes of Hepatitis B Virus Infection: A meta-analysis. BMC MEDICAL GENETICS 2020; 21:88. [PMID: 32357928 PMCID: PMC7195703 DOI: 10.1186/s12881-020-01026-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Interleukin (IL) 28B polymorphisms encoding pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines trigger diverse clinical outcome of hepatitis virus infection. However, there is controversy concerning the association of IL28B polymorphisms with the outcome of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection, with several studies obtaining inconsistent results. We performed a meta-analysis to evaluate the role of 3 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) rs12979860, rs12980275 and rs8099917 in the progression of HBV infection, overall and by ethnicity. METHODS Searched PubMed, Embase and Wiley Online Library electronic databases using 'interleukin 28B', 'IL 28B', 'IL 28B polymorphism', 'hepatitis B virus', 'HBV', and performed meta- analysis for rs12979860, rs12980275 and rs8099917 in Asian and Caucasian populations under the dominant recessive and allele model. RESULTS Eighteen studies were found in total and used for this meta-analysis, including 5587 cases and 4295 controls. The IL28B polymorphism rs12979860 had no association with HBV persistence (CC vs CT + TT: OR = 0.86, 95% CI = 0.76-1.00; TT vs CT + CC: OR = 1.14, 95% CI = 0.76-1.70; T vs C: OR = 1.03, 95% CI = 0.94-1.13). Similarly, neither rs12980275 nor rs8099917 had associations with HBV persistence (rs12980275 in AA vs AG + AA: OR = 1.15, 95% CI = 0.96-1.38; rs8099917 in TT vs GT + GG: OR = 1.15, 95% CI = 0.96-1.39). There was also no significant association of IL28B polymorphisms with persistent HBV infection in Asians or Chinese. There was no evidence of an association of rs12979860 with the HBV-related hepatocellular carcinoma susceptibility (T vs C: OR = 1.53, 95% CI = 0.96-2.43). CONCLUSION IL28B polymorphisms had no association with the outcome of HBV infection overall, nor in the Asians and the Chinese. These 3 SNPs might not be relevant to the development of HBV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyu Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Institute of Hematology & Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Regenerative Medicine Clinic, Tianjin, 300020, China
| | - Xinyue Zhang
- Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, 300060, China
| | - Liwei Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Institute of Hematology & Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Regenerative Medicine Clinic, Tianjin, 300020, China
| | - Hong Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Institute of Hematology & Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Regenerative Medicine Clinic, Tianjin, 300020, China
| | - Jun Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Institute of Hematology & Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Regenerative Medicine Clinic, Tianjin, 300020, China.
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18
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Harro CC, Smedley RC, Buchweitz JP, Langlois DK. Hepatic copper and other trace mineral concentrations in dogs with hepatocellular carcinoma. J Vet Intern Med 2019; 33:2193-2199. [PMID: 31493348 PMCID: PMC6766484 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common primary liver tumor in dogs. Abnormalities in hepatic copper, iron, zinc, and selenium concentrations increase risk for HCC development in other species, but trace mineral concentrations have not been evaluated in dogs with HCC. Objectives To investigate hepatic trace mineral concentrations in dogs with HCC. Animals Archived liver specimens from 85 dogs with HCC and 85 control dogs. Methods Retrospective case‐control study. A histopathology database was searched to identify dogs with HCC (test population) and an age‐matched control population. Demographic information was retrieved, and H&E and rhodanine stained slides were reviewed for all cases. Copper, iron, zinc, and selenium concentrations were determined in noncancerous liver tissues (test and control population) and in HCC tissues (test population) using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Results Hepatic copper concentrations (non‐neoplastic hepatic tissue) were greater in test population dogs (median, IQR; 294.9 μg/g, 233.5‐475.9 μg/g) than in control dogs (202.8 μg/g, 135.0‐295.3 μg/g; P < .001). Hepatic zinc concentrations in test (132.1 μg/g,108.6‐163.2 μg/g) and control dogs (151.5 μg/g, 117.1‐184.5 μg/g) also were different (P = .03). Within test population dogs, all trace mineral concentrations were decreased in the HCC tissue as compared to the non‐neoplastic hepatic tissue (all P < .001). Conclusions and Clinical Importance Hepatic copper accumulation and other abnormalities in hepatic trace mineral concentrations could be involved in the pathogenesis of HCC in some dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cailin C Harro
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | - Rebecca C Smedley
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | - John P Buchweitz
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | - Daniel K Langlois
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
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Cocato ML, Lobo AR, Azevedo-Martins AK, Filho JM, de Sá LRM, Colli C. Effects of a moderate iron overload and its interaction with yacon flour, and/or phytate, in the diet on liver antioxidant enzymes and hepatocyte apoptosis in rats. Food Chem 2019; 285:171-179. [PMID: 30797332 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.01.142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Revised: 12/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The effect of moderate Fe overload in the diet and its interaction with phytate, and/or yacon flour (YF), recognized as an inhibitor, and facilitator, of Fe absorption, respectively, was evaluated in healthy rats. For this purpose the following parameters were analyzed: (1) apparent iron (Fe), copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) absorption; (2) blood Fe; (3) blood lipids (cholesterol, tryacylglicerol); (4) blood AST and ALT; (5) liver histology (histopathology, hemosiderin depots, apoptosis index; (6) liver fatty acid incorporation; (7) liver antioxidant enzyme activity. Moderate Fe overload may cause change in some liver markers (hemosiderin depots, apoptosis index and GPx) and blood lipids (total cholesterol and VLDL) and the interaction with yacon flour, and phytate, in the Fe overloaded diets may exert a protective effect on these alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Lucia Cocato
- Department of Food Experimental and Experimental Nutrition, Pharmaceutical Sciences Faculty of São Paulo University, 05508 900 São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Alexandre Rodrigues Lobo
- Department of Food Experimental and Experimental Nutrition, Pharmaceutical Sciences Faculty of São Paulo University, 05508 900 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Jorge Mancini Filho
- Department of Food Experimental and Experimental Nutrition, Pharmaceutical Sciences Faculty of São Paulo University, 05508 900 São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Lilian Rose Marques de Sá
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health of São Paulo University, 05508 900 São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Célia Colli
- Department of Food Experimental and Experimental Nutrition, Pharmaceutical Sciences Faculty of São Paulo University, 05508 900 São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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20
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Matsushita H, Takaki A. Alcohol and hepatocellular carcinoma. BMJ Open Gastroenterol 2019; 6:e000260. [PMID: 31139422 PMCID: PMC6505979 DOI: 10.1136/bmjgast-2018-000260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Revised: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Alcohol is classified as a Group 1 carcinogen by the International Agency for Research on Cancer because it induces hepatocellular carcinoma (among other cancers) in humans. An excessive alcohol intake may result in fatty liver, acute/chronic hepatitis, and cirrhosis and eventually lead to hepatocellular carcinoma. It has been reported that alcohol abuse increases the relative risk of hepatocellular carcinoma by 3- to 10-fold. Aim and Methods To clarify the known mechanisms of alcohol-related carcinogenesis, we searched Pubmed using the terms alcohol and immune mechanism, alcohol and cancer, and immune mechanism and cancer and summarized the articles as a qualitative review. Results From a clinical perspective, it is well known that alcohol interacts with other factors, such as smoking, viral hepatitis, and diabetes, leading to an increased risk of hepatocellular carcinoma. There are several possible mechanisms through which alcohol may induce liver carcinogenicity, including the mutagenic effects of acetaldehyde and the production of ROS due to the excessive hepatic deposition of iron. Furthermore, it has been reported that alcohol accelerates hepatitis C virus-induced liver tumorigenesis through TLR4 signaling. Despite intense investigations to elucidate the mechanisms, they remain poorly understood. Conclusion This review summarizes the recent findings of clinical and pathological studies that have investigated the carcinogenic effects of alcohol in the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Matsushita
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Okayama University, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Akinobu Takaki
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Okayama University, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
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Bian Z, Hann HW, Ye Z, Yin C, Wang Y, Fang W, Wan S, Wang C, Tao K. Ferritin level prospectively predicts hepatocarcinogenesis in patients with chronic hepatitis B virus infection. Oncol Lett 2018; 16:3499-3508. [PMID: 30127954 PMCID: PMC6096080 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2018.9099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have detected a higher level of ferritin in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), but a potential causal association between serum ferritin level and hepatocarcinogenesis remains to be clarified. Using a well-established prospective cohort and longitudinally collected serial blood samples, the association between baseline ferritin levels and HCC risk were evaluated in 1,152 patients infected with hepatitis B virus (HBV), a major risk factor for HCC. The association was assessed by Cox proportional hazards regression model using univariate and multivariate analyses and longitudinal analysis. It was demonstrated that HBV patients who developed HCC had a significantly higher baseline ferritin level than those who remained cancer-free (188.00 vs. 108.00 ng/ml, P<0.0001). The patients with a high ferritin level (≥200 ng/ml) had 2.43-fold increased risk of HCC compared to those with lower ferritin levels [hazard ratio (HR), 2.43; 95% confidence interval, 1.63–3.63]. A significant trend of increasing HRs along with elevated ferritin levels was observed (P for trend <0.0001). The association was still significant after multivariate adjustment. Incorporating ferritin into the α-fetoprotein (AFP) model significantly improved the performance of HCC prediction (the area under the curve from 0.74 to 0.77, P=0.003). Longitudinal analysis showed that the average ferritin level in HBV patients who developed HCC was persistently higher than in those who were cancer-free during follow-up. HCC risk reached a peak at approximately the fifth year after baseline ferritin detection. Moreover, stratified analyses showed that the association was noted in both males and females, and was prominent in patients with a low AFP value. In short, serum ferritin level could independently predict the risk of HBV-related HCC and may have a complementary role in AFP-based HCC diagnosis. Future studies are warranted to validate these findings and test its clinical applicability in HCC prevention and management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenyuan Bian
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
| | - Hie-Won Hann
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Liver Disease Prevention Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Zhong Ye
- Division of Population Science, Department of Medical Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Chun Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Experimental Teaching Center of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
| | - Yang Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
| | - Wan Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Experimental Teaching Center of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
| | - Shaogui Wan
- Institute of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical College of Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan 475004, P.R. China
| | - Chun Wang
- Division of Population Science, Department of Medical Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Kaishan Tao
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
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Chung JW, Shin E, Kim H, Han HS, Cho JY, Choi YR, Hong S, Jang ES, Kim JW, Jeong SH. Hepatic iron overload in the portal tract predicts poor survival in hepatocellular carcinoma after curative resection. Liver Int 2018; 38:903-914. [PMID: 29105340 DOI: 10.1111/liv.13619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Hepatic iron overload is associated with liver injury and hepatocarcinogenesis; however, it has not been evaluated in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in Asia. The aim of this study was to clarify the degree and distribution of intrahepatic iron deposition, and their effects on the survival of HCC patients. METHODS Intrahepatic iron deposition was examined using non-tumorous liver tissues from 204 HCC patients after curative resection, and they were scored by 2 semi-quantitative methods: simplified Scheuer's and modified Deugnier's methods. For the Scheuer's method, iron deposition in hepatocytes and Kupffer cells was separately evaluated, while for the modified Deugnier's method, hepatocyte iron score (HIS), sinusoidal iron score (SIS) and portal iron score (PIS) were systematically evaluated, and the corrected total iron score (cTIS) was calculated by multiplying the sum (TIS) of the HIS, SIS, and PIS by the coefficient. RESULTS The overall prevalence of hepatic iron was 40.7% with the simplified Scheuer's method and 45.1% with the modified Deugnier's method with a mean cTIS score of 2.46. During a median follow-up of 67 months, the cTIS was not associated with overall survival. However, a positive PIS was significantly associated with a lower 5-year overall survival rate (50.0%) compared with a negative PIS (73.7%, P = .006). In the multivariate analysis, a positive PIS was an independent factor for overall mortality (hazard ratio, 2.310; 95% confidence interval, 1.181-4.517). CONCLUSIONS Intrahepatic iron deposition was common, and iron overload in the portal tract indicated poor survival in curatively resected HCC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Wha Chung
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Eun Shin
- Department of Pathology, Hallym University Dongtan Sacred Heart Hospital
| | - Haeryoung Kim
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Ho-Seong Han
- Department of Surgery, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Jai Young Cho
- Department of Surgery, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Young Rok Choi
- Department of Surgery, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Sukho Hong
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Eun Sun Jang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Jin-Wook Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Sook-Hyang Jeong
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Korea
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Cui J, Li Y, Yu P, Zhan Q, Wang J, Chi Y, Wang P. A novel low molecular weight Enteromorpha polysaccharide-iron (III) complex and its effect on rats with iron deficiency anemia (IDA). Int J Biol Macromol 2017; 108:412-418. [PMID: 29223752 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.12.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Revised: 11/26/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Iron deficiency anemia (IDA) is a common nutritional disease that affects normal erythropoiesis. Traditional iron supplements usually cause gastrointestinal irritation. In this study, a novel low-molecular-weight polysaccharide from Enteromorpha prolifera (LPE) was prepared by oxidation degradation, and LPE-iron (III) complex was synthesized and characterized. The molecular weight of LPE-iron (III) complex was 21.25kDa, and iron content was 25%. The therapeutic effects of LPE-iron (III) complex on IDA were investigated in rats. The hematological indices and organ coefficients of the rats were analyzed. Results showed a dose-dependent relationship, and a prior intragastric administration of LPE-iron (III) complex (2mg Fe/kg body weight) exhibited considerable effect when compared with the positive control. Therefore, LPE-iron (III) complex could be exploited as a new iron fortifier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiefen Cui
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, PR China
| | - Yinping Li
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, PR China
| | - Peng Yu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, PR China
| | - Qiping Zhan
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, PR China
| | - Jingfeng Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, PR China
| | - Yongzhou Chi
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, PR China
| | - Peng Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Seaweed Substances, Qingdao 266400, PR China.
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Abstract
Liver cancer remains one of the most common human cancers with a high mortality rate. Therapies for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remain ineffective, due to the heterogeneity of HCC with regard to both the etiology and mutation spectrum, as well as its chemotherapy resistant nature; thus surgical resection and liver transplantation remain the gold standard of patient care. The most common etiologies of HCC are extrinsic factors. Humans have multiple defense mechanisms against extrinsic factor-induced carcinogenesis, of which tumor suppressors play crucial roles in preventing normal cells from becoming cancerous. The tumor suppressor p53 is one of the most frequently mutated genes in liver cancer. p53 regulates expression of genes involved in cell cycle progression, cell death, and cellular metabolism to avert tumor development due to carcinogens. This review article mainly summarizes extrinsic factors that induce liver cancer and potentially have etiological association with p53, including aflatoxin B1, vinyl chloride, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, iron overload, and infection of hepatitis viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Link
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Tomoo Iwakuma
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
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Natural history of chronic hepatitis C development and progression as a consequence of iron and HFE or TfR1 mutations. EGYPTIAN LIVER JOURNAL 2017. [DOI: 10.1097/01.elx.0000524701.59978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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Himoto T, Fujita K, Nomura T, Tani J, Miyoshi H, Morishita A, Yoneyama H, Kubota S, Haba R, Suzuki Y, Masaki T. Roles of Copper in Hepatocarcinogenesis via the Activation of Hypoxia-Inducible Factor-1α. Biol Trace Elem Res 2016; 174:58-64. [PMID: 27121973 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-016-0702-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) is involved in the pathogenesis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, the roles of trace elements in the activation of HIF-1α during hepatocarcinogenesis have been unclear. We investigated whether copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) participated in the activation of HIF-1α in the process of hepatocarcinogenesis or not. Nine patients with chronic hepatitis (CH), five with liver cirrhosis (LC), 12 with HCC, and nine normal healthy controls were enrolled in this study. Their serum HIF-1α, Cu, and Zn levels were determined in the enrolled patients. Hepatic HIF-1α expression was evaluated, using an immunohistochemical procedure. The HCC patients had significantly higher serum HIF-1α levels than the CH patients (6.47 ± 1.57 vs. 5.09 ± 1.22 ng/ml, p = 0.0344). The serum Cu level in the HCC patients was also significantly higher than those in the CH and LC patients (137 ± 24 vs. 107 ± 15 μg/dl, 114 ± 24 μg/dl). Interestingly, a positive correlation was observed between serum HIF-1α and Cu levels in the enrolled patients (r = 0.425, p = 0.0137). In contrast, no significant differences in serum Zn levels were present between the HCC patients and the CH or LC patients. The serum HIF-1α was not positively correlated with the serum Zn level in the enrolled patients, either. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that two of the five HCC patients had HIF-1α expression in the tumor tissues, whereas none of CH and LC had hepatic HIF-1α expression in the liver tissues. These data suggest that the activation of HIF-1α derived from a Cu accumulation in the liver may cause hepatocarcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Himoto
- Department of Medical Technology, Kagawa Prefectural University of Health Sciences, 281-1, Hara, Mure-cho, Takamatsu, Kagawa, 761-0123, Japan.
| | - Koji Fujita
- Department of Gastroenterology and Neurology, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Takako Nomura
- Department of Gastroenterology and Neurology, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Joji Tani
- Department of Gastroenterology and Neurology, Kagawa, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | - Reiji Haba
- Department of Diagnosis Pathology, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Suzuki
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Kagawa University School of Medicine, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Masaki
- Department of Gastroenterology and Neurology, Kagawa, Japan
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Funakoshi N, Chaze I, Alary AS, Tachon G, Cunat S, Giansily-Blaizot M, Bismuth M, Larrey D, Pageaux GP, Schved JF, Donnadieu-Rigole H, Blanc P, Aguilar-Martinez P. The role of genetic factors in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma and iron overload - a prospective series of 234 patients. Liver Int 2016; 36:746-54. [PMID: 26474245 DOI: 10.1111/liv.12984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2015] [Accepted: 10/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Iron overload (IO) in HFE-related hereditary haemochromatosis is associated with increased risk of liver cancer. This study aimed to investigate the role of other genes involved in hereditary IO among patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). METHODS Patients with HCC diagnosed in our institution were included in this prospective study. Those with ferritin levels ≥300 μg/L (males) or ≥200 μg/L (females) and/or transferrin saturation ≥50% (males) or ≥45% (females) had liver iron concentration (LIC) evaluated by MRI. HFE C282Y and H63D mutations were screened. Genetic analyses of genes involved in hereditary IO (HFE, HJV/HFE2, HAMP, TFR2, SLC40A1, GNPAT) were performed in patients with increased LIC. RESULTS A total of 234 patients were included; 215 (92%) had common acquired risk factors of HCC (mainly alcoholism or chronic viral hepatitis). 119 patients had abnormal iron parameters. Twelve (5.1%) were C282Y homozygotes, three were compound C282Y/H63D heterozygotes. LIC was measured by MRI in 100 patients. Thirteen patients with a LIC>70 μmol/g were enrolled in further genetic analyses: two unrelated patients bore the HAMP:c.-153C>T mutation at the heterozygous state, which is associated with increased risk of IO and severe haemochromatosis. Specific haplotypes of SLC40A1 were also studied. CONCLUSIONS Additional genetic risk factors of IO were found in 18 patients (7.7%) among a large series of 234 HCC patients. Screening for IO and the associated at-risk genotypes in patients who have developed HCC, is useful for both determining etiologic diagnosis and enabling family screening and possibly primary prevention in relatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Funakoshi
- Department of Hepato-Gastroenterology B, CHRU de Montpellier, Hôpital Saint Eloi, France
| | - Iphigénie Chaze
- Department of Hepato-Gastroenterology B, CHRU de Montpellier, Hôpital Saint Eloi, France.,Department of Internal Medicine E, CHRU de Montpellier, Hôpital Saint Eloi, France
| | - Anne-Sophie Alary
- Laboratory of Hematology, CHRU de Montpellier, Hôpital Saint Eloi, France
| | - Gaëlle Tachon
- Laboratory of Hematology, CHRU de Montpellier, Hôpital Saint Eloi, France
| | - Séverine Cunat
- Laboratory of Hematology, CHRU de Montpellier, Hôpital Saint Eloi, France
| | | | - Michael Bismuth
- Department of Hepato-Gastroenterology B, CHRU de Montpellier, Hôpital Saint Eloi, France
| | - Dominique Larrey
- Department of Hepato-Gastroenterology A, CHRU de Montpellier, Hôpital Saint Eloi, France
| | | | | | | | - Pierre Blanc
- Department of Hepato-Gastroenterology B, CHRU de Montpellier, Hôpital Saint Eloi, France
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Yamamoto N, Yamasaki T, Takami T, Uchida K, Fujisawa K, Matsumoto T, Saeki I, Terai S, Sakaida I. Deferasirox, an oral iron chelator, prevents hepatocarcinogenesis and adverse effects of sorafenib. J Clin Biochem Nutr 2016; 58:202-9. [PMID: 27257345 PMCID: PMC4865599 DOI: 10.3164/jcbn.15-127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 10/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Although sorafenib is expected to have a chemopreventive effect on hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) recurrence, there are limitations to its use because of adverse effects, including effects on liver function. We have reported that the iron chelator, deferoxamine can prevent liver fibrosis and preneoplastic lesions. We investigated the influence of administering a new oral iron chelator, deferasirox (DFX), on the effects of sorafenib. We used the choline-deficient l-amino acid-defined (CDAA) diet-induced rat liver fibrosis and HCC model. We divided rats into four groups: CDAA diet only (control group), CDAA diet with sorafenib (sorafenib group), CDAA diet with DFX (DFX group), and CDAA diet with DFX and sorafenib (DFX + sorafenib group). Liver fibrosis and development of preneoplastic lesions were assessed. In addition, we assessed adverse effects such as changes in body and liver weight, skin damage (eruption, dryness, and hair loss), which is defined as hand-foot skin syndrome, in the sorafenib and DFX + sorafenib groups. The combination of DFX + sorafenib markedly prevented liver fibrosis and preneoplastic lesions better than the other treatments. Furthermore, the combination therapy significantly decreased adverse effects compared with the sorafenib group. In conclusion, the combination therapy with DFX and sorafenib may be a useful adjuvant therapy to prevent recurrence after curative treatment of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Yamamoto
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Minami Kogushi, Ube, Yamaguchi 755-8505, Japan; Yamaguchi University Health Administration Center, 1677-1 Yoshida, Yamaguchi, Yamaguchi 753-8511, Japan
| | - Takahiro Yamasaki
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Minami Kogushi, Ube, Yamaguchi 755-8505, Japan; Department of Oncology and Laboratory Medicine, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Minami Kogushi, Ube, Yamaguchi 755-8505, Japan
| | - Taro Takami
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Minami Kogushi, Ube, Yamaguchi 755-8505, Japan
| | - Koichi Uchida
- Department of Human Nutrition Faculty of Nursing and Human Nutrition, Yamaguchi Prefectural University, 3-2-1 Sakurabatake, Yamaguchi, Yamaguchi 753-8502, Japan
| | - Koichi Fujisawa
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Minami Kogushi, Ube, Yamaguchi 755-8505, Japan; Center of Research and Education for Regenerative Medicine, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Minami Kogushi, Ube, Yamaguchi 755-8505, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Matsumoto
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Minami Kogushi, Ube, Yamaguchi 755-8505, Japan; Department of Oncology and Laboratory Medicine, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Minami Kogushi, Ube, Yamaguchi 755-8505, Japan
| | - Issei Saeki
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Minami Kogushi, Ube, Yamaguchi 755-8505, Japan
| | - Shuji Terai
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, 1-757 Asahimachidori, Chuo-Ku, Niigata 951-8510, Japan
| | - Isao Sakaida
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Minami Kogushi, Ube, Yamaguchi 755-8505, Japan
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Aziza SAH, Azab MES, El-Shall SK. Ameliorating role of rutin on oxidative stress induced by iron overload in hepatic tissue of rats. Pak J Biol Sci 2015; 17:964-77. [PMID: 26031015 DOI: 10.3923/pjbs.2014.964.977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Iron is an essential element that participates in several metabolic activities of cells; however, excess iron is a major cause of iron-induced oxidative stress and several human diseases. Natural flavonoids, as rutin, are well-known antioxidants and could be efficient protective agents. Therefore, the present study was undertaken to evaluate the protective influence of rutin supplementation to improve rat antioxidant systems against IOL-induced hepatic oxidative stress. Sixty male albino rats were randomly divided to three equal groups. The first group, the control, the second group, iron overload group, the third group was used as iron overload+rutin group. Rats received six doses of ferric hydroxide polymaltose (100 mg kg(-1) b.wt.) as one dose every two days, by intraperitoneal injections (IP) and administrated rutin (50 mg kg(-1) b.wt.) as one daily oral dose until the sacrificed day. Blood samples for serum separation and liver tissue specimens were collected three times, after three, four and five weeks from the onset of the experiment. Serum iron profiles total iron, Total Iron Binding Capacity (TIBC), Unsaturated Iron Binding Capacity (UIBC), transferrin (Tf) and Transferrin Saturation% (TS%)}, ferritin, albumin, total Protein, total cholesterol, triacylglycerols levels and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activities were determined. Moreover, total iron in the liver, L-malondialdehyde (L-MDA), glutathione (GSH), Nitric Oxide (NO) and Total Nucleic Acid (TNA) levels and glutathione peroxidase (GPx), catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities were also determined. The obtained results revealed that, iron overload (IOL) resulted in significant increase in serum iron, TIBC, Tf, TS% and ferritin levels and AST and ALT activities and also increased liver iron, L-MDA and NO levels. Meanwhile, it decreased serum UIBC, total cholesterol, triacylglycerols, albumin, total protein and liver GSH, TNA levels and Gpx, CAT and SOD activities when compared with the control group. Rutin administration to iron-overloaded rats resulted in significant decrease in serum total iron, TIBC, Tf, TS%, ferritin levels and AST and ALT activities and liver total iron, L-MDA and NO levels with significant increases in serum UIBC, albumin, total protein and total cholesterol levels and in liver GSH, CAT and SOD activities compared with the IOL group. This study provides in vivo evidence that rutin administration can improve the antioxidant defense systems against IOL-induced hepatic oxidative stress in rats. This protective effect in liver of iron-loaded rats may be due to both antioxidant and metal chelation activities.
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30
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Bloomer SA, Brown KE. Tumour promotion versus tumour suppression in chronic hepatic iron overload. Cell Biochem Funct 2015; 33:241-8. [DOI: 10.1002/cbf.3110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Revised: 02/25/2015] [Accepted: 03/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Steven A. Bloomer
- Division of Science and Engineering; Penn State Abington College; Abington PA USA
| | - Kyle E. Brown
- Iowa City Veterans Administration Medical Center; Iowa City IA USA
- Division of Gastroenterology-Hepatology; University of Iowa Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine; Iowa City IA USA
- Program in Free Radical and Radiation Biology; University of Iowa Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine; Iowa City IA USA
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Ma J, Wen X, Mo F, Wang X, Shen Z, Li M. Effects of different doses and duration of iron supplementation on curing iron deficiency anemia: an experimental study. Biol Trace Elem Res 2014; 162:242-51. [PMID: 25216792 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-014-0115-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2014] [Accepted: 08/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Many controversies persist with respect to the dosage and therapeutic duration concerning iron deficiency anemia (IDA) treatment. To identify the most suitable cure, this study evaluated the effect of iron supplementation with different doses and for different time periods in rats with iron deficiency anemia. The rats were randomly divided into five groups [normal control (NC), low- iron diet control (LC), normal doses of iron group (NI), middle dose of iron group (MI), and high dose of iron group (HI)]. Each group was subdivided into two subgroups (2 and 4 weeks). The rats were maintained on low-iron diets and treated with oral iron dextran at different dosages. Finally, we investigated red blood cell parameters, iron absorption and metabolism, oxidative stress, and the antioxidant capacity. Our study indicated that through the administration of normal dose iron by gavage to IDA rats, the levels of the red blood cell parameters can be restored in only 2 weeks. In the HI group, iron absorption and transferrin receptor expressions were markedly reduced after 2 weeks. However, the iron content, ferritin and hepcidin expressions were notably increased, and the changes were more apparent after 4 weeks. With increasing doses of iron supplementation and durations of treatment, the liver malondialdehyde (MDA) content in the LC, MI, and HI groups was markedly increased, whereas the superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activities were obviously reduced. This study demonstrated that the dose of iron treatment for IDA should be controlled in a safe range, and a reasonable duration is also critical for IDA therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Ma
- Department of Ship Hygiene, Second Military Medical University, NO.800 Xiangyin Road, Yangpu District, Shanghai, 200433, China
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32
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Sikorska K, Romanowski T, Stalke P, Izycka Swieszewska E, Bielawski KP. Association of hepcidin mRNA expression with hepatocyte iron accumulation and effects of antiviral therapy in chronic hepatitis C infection. HEPATITIS MONTHLY 2014; 14:e21184. [PMID: 25598789 PMCID: PMC4286710 DOI: 10.5812/hepatmon.21184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2014] [Revised: 08/18/2014] [Accepted: 09/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Iron overload is frequently observed in patients with chronic hepatitis C (CHC) and is associated with the increased risk of liver fibrosis and carcinogenesis. Hepcidin is a regulator of iron homeostasis and a component of innate immunity. Based on experimental studies, iron overload might be a result of low hepcidin synthesis in CHC. OBJECTIVES The aim of this case-control study was to assess hepcidin mRNA expression in liver tissue of patients with CHC in terms of iron metabolism parameters, hemochromatosis (HFE) gene mutations, disease activity, and efficacy of antiviral treatment with pegylated interferon and ribavirin. PATIENTS AND METHODS A total of 31 patients with CHC, who were qualified for antiviral therapy, were compared with 19 patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB). In both groups, liver function tests and serum iron parameters were assayed and hepcidin mRNA expression was measured in liver specimens using real time PCR with normalization to reference genes mRNA of stable expression. RESULTS Patients with CHC had lower hepcidin mRNA expression and more frequently iron deposits in hepatocytes than subjects with CHB did. In CHC group, hepcidin mRNA expression was positively correlated with alanine aminotransferase activity and serum iron concentration. Low expression of hepcidin had no correlation with tissue iron overload in those with CHC. In univariate analysis, HCV viral load and efficacy of antiviral treatment were not significantly associated with hepcidin mRNA expression. CONCLUSIONS Further studies on the role of hepcidin in pathogenesis of CHC are needed to assess the potency of its use in antiviral treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Sikorska
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Medical University of
Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
- Corresponding Author: Katarzyna Sikorska, Department
of Infectious Diseases, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland. Tel: +48-583412887,
Fax: +48-5834128287, E-mail:
| | - Tomasz Romanowski
- Department of Biotechnology, Intercollegiate Faculty of
Biotechnology, University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Piotr Stalke
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Medical University of
Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Ewa Izycka Swieszewska
- Department of Pathology and Neuropathology, Medical
University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Piotr Bielawski
- Department of Biotechnology, Intercollegiate Faculty of
Biotechnology, University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
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Zhuang T, Han H, Yang Z. Iron, oxidative stress and gestational diabetes. Nutrients 2014; 6:3968-80. [PMID: 25255832 PMCID: PMC4179198 DOI: 10.3390/nu6093968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Revised: 08/27/2014] [Accepted: 09/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Both iron deficiency and hyperglycemia are highly prevalent globally for pregnant women. Iron supplementation is recommended during pregnancy to control iron deficiency. The purposes of the review are to assess the oxidative effects of iron supplementation and the potential relationship between iron nutrition and gestational diabetes. High doses of iron (~relative to 60 mg or more daily for adult humans) can induce lipid peroxidation in vitro and in animal studies. Pharmaceutical doses of iron supplements (e.g., 10× RDA or more for oral supplements or direct iron supplementation via injection or addition to the cell culture medium) for a short or long duration will induce DNA damage. Higher heme-iron intake or iron status measured by various biomarkers, especially serum ferritin, might contribute to greater risk of gestational diabetes, which may be mediated by iron oxidative stress though lipid oxidation and/or DNA damage. However, information is lacking about the effect of low dose iron supplementation (≤60 mg daily) on lipid peroxidation, DNA damage and gestational diabetes. Randomized trials of low-dose iron supplementation (≤60 mg daily) for pregnant women are warranted to test the relationship between iron oxidative stress and insulin resistance/gestational diabetes, especially for iron-replete women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taifeng Zhuang
- Department of Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU), Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100026, China.
| | - Huijun Han
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China.
| | - Zhenyu Yang
- Key Laboratory of Trace Element Nutrition of the Ministry of Health, National Institute of Nutrition and Food Safety, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No. 27 Nanwei Road, Xicheng District, Beijing 100050, China.
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Fargion S, Valenti L, Fracanzani AL. Role of iron in hepatocellular carcinoma. Clin Liver Dis (Hoboken) 2014; 3:108-110. [PMID: 30992900 PMCID: PMC6448713 DOI: 10.1002/cld.350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2014] [Revised: 03/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/27/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Fargion
- Fondazione Cà Granda, IRCCS, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Physiopatology and Liver Transplantation DepartmentUniversity of MilanMilanItaly
| | - Luca Valenti
- Fondazione Cà Granda, IRCCS, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Physiopatology and Liver Transplantation DepartmentUniversity of MilanMilanItaly
| | - Anna Ludovica Fracanzani
- Fondazione Cà Granda, IRCCS, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Physiopatology and Liver Transplantation DepartmentUniversity of MilanMilanItaly
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Tu T, Budzinska MA, Maczurek AE, Cheng R, Di Bartolomeo A, Warner FJ, McCaughan GW, McLennan SV, Shackel NA. Novel aspects of the liver microenvironment in hepatocellular carcinoma pathogenesis and development. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:9422-58. [PMID: 24871369 PMCID: PMC4100103 DOI: 10.3390/ijms15069422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2014] [Revised: 05/13/2014] [Accepted: 05/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a prevalent primary liver cancer that is derived from hepatocytes and is characterised by high mortality rate and poor prognosis. While HCC is driven by cumulative changes in the hepatocyte genome, it is increasingly recognised that the liver microenvironment plays a pivotal role in HCC propensity, progression and treatment response. The microenvironmental stimuli that have been recognised as being involved in HCC pathogenesis are diverse and include intrahepatic cell subpopulations, such as immune and stellate cells, pathogens, such as hepatitis viruses, and non-cellular factors, such as abnormal extracellular matrix (ECM) and tissue hypoxia. Recently, a number of novel environmental influences have been shown to have an equally dramatic, but previously unrecognized, role in HCC progression. Novel aspects, including diet, gastrointestinal tract (GIT) microflora and circulating microvesicles, are now being recognized as increasingly important in HCC pathogenesis. This review will outline aspects of the HCC microenvironment, including the potential role of GIT microflora and microvesicles, in providing new insights into tumourigenesis and identifying potential novel targets in the treatment of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Tu
- Liver Cell Biology, Centenary Institute, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia.
| | | | | | - Robert Cheng
- Liver Cell Biology, Centenary Institute, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia.
| | - Anna Di Bartolomeo
- School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia.
| | - Fiona J Warner
- Liver Cell Biology, Centenary Institute, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia.
| | | | - Susan V McLennan
- Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
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Abstract
In recent years it has become increasingly evident that excess body iron may be complicated by the supervention of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Hereditary hemochromatosis (HH) was the first condition in which hepatic iron overload was shown to predispose to the development of HCC. The inherited predisposition to excessive absorption of dietary iron in HH is almost always the result of homozygosity of the C282Y mutation of the HFE gene, which causes inappropriately low secretion of hepcidin. HCC develops in 8-10% of patients with HH and is responsible for approximately 45% of deaths in the HCC patients. Cirrhosis is almost always present when HCC is diagnosed. Dietary iron overload is a condition which occurs in rural-dwelling Black Africans in southern Africa as a result of the consumption, over time, of large volumes of alcohol home-brewed in iron containers and having, as a consequence, a high iron content. Iron loading of the liver results and may be complicated by malignant transformation of the liver (relative risk of approximately 10.0). Accompanying cirrhosis does occur but is less common than that in HH. The development of HCC as a consequence of increased dietary iron, and the fact that it may develop in the absence of cirrhosis, has been confirmed in an animal model. Drinking water with a high iron content might contribute to the high incidence of HCC in parts of Taiwan. The metabolic syndrome [obesity, insulin resistance type 2 (or diabetes mellitus type 2), non-alcoholic fatty liver or non-alcoholic steatohepatitis] has in recent years become a major public health problem in some resource-rich countries. A link between excess body iron and insulin resistance or the metabolic syndrome has become apparent. The metabolic syndrome may be complicated by the supervention of HCC, and recent evidence suggests that increased body iron may contribute to this complication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael C. Kew
- Department of Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital and University of Cape Town, Cape Town, Africa
- Department of Medicine, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
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Enosawa S, Dozen M, Tada Y, Hirasawa K. Electron Therapy Attenuated Elevated Alanine Aminotransferase and Oxidative Stress Values in Type 2 Diabetes-Induced Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis of Rats. CELL MEDICINE 2013; 6:63-73. [PMID: 26858882 DOI: 10.3727/215517913x674225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Chronic oxidative stress plays a key role in the progression of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). We examined the efficacy of antioxidative electron treatment on type 2 diabetes-induced NASH in a rat model. We established NASH model rats, induced by neonatal administration of streptozotocin and a high-fat diet, which exhibited pathologically high values of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), glucose, and malondialdehyde (MDA). The rats were exposed to electron discharge at very low energy for 4 weeks; this dose results in the reduction of Fe(3+) and glutathione disulfide in vitro. Serum ALT values were increased from baseline (8 weeks) to 125.0 ± 13 U/L at 10 weeks in the control group. In contrast, the values in the treated group did not show any increase at 10 weeks [87 ± 10 U/L (p = 0.0391)]. Hepatic MDA levels were also significantly decreased at 12 weeks (p < 0.05), but 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine values were not statistically significant (p = 0.076). A gradual but steadily decreasing trend from initially high glucose levels was observed, though the values were not significant in 12-week-old animals (p = 0.074). However, the serum values of MDA, ALT, and glucose were well correlated. The progression of fibrosis as measured by increased serum levels of hyaluronic acid and histological examinations were not affected by the treatment in this model. Antioxidative electron treatment at very low energy attenuated the pathogenically elevated liver inflammation and oxidative stress, together with presumably impaired glucose metabolism in NASH rat model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin Enosawa
- Division for Advanced Medical Sciences, Clinical Research Center, National Center for Child Health and Development , Setagaya-ku, Tokyo , Japan
| | - Masaharu Dozen
- Division for Advanced Medical Sciences, Clinical Research Center, National Center for Child Health and Development, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, Japan; †Research Unit, Cambwick Healthcare Corporation, Akishima City, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuki Tada
- † Research Unit, Cambwick Healthcare Corporation , Akishima City, Tokyo , Japan
| | - Keisuke Hirasawa
- † Research Unit, Cambwick Healthcare Corporation , Akishima City, Tokyo , Japan
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Ali Hussei S, El-Said Az M, Kamal El-S S. Protective Effect of Curcumin on Antioxidant Defense System and Oxidative Stress in Liver Tissue of Iron Overloading Rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.3923/ajcn.2014.1.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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39
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Behrens G, Matthews CE, Moore SC, Freedman ND, McGlynn KA, Everhart JE, Hollenbeck AR, Leitzmann MF. The association between frequency of vigorous physical activity and hepatobiliary cancers in the NIH-AARP Diet and Health Study. Eur J Epidemiol 2013; 28:55-66. [PMID: 23354983 DOI: 10.1007/s10654-013-9767-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2012] [Accepted: 01/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Despite a potential preventive effect of physical activity on hepatobiliary cancer, little information is available on the relation between the two. We studied the association between frequency of vigorous physical activity and hepatobiliary cancer among 507,897 participants of the NIH-AARP Diet and Health Study, aged 50-71 years at baseline in 1995/1996. During 10 years of follow-up, 628 incident cases of liver cancer and 317 cases of extrahepatic biliary tract cancer were registered. Physical activity levels were assigned according to the frequency of engagement in 20 min or more of vigorous physical activity per week: never/rarely (lowest level), less than once per week, 1-2 times per week, 3-4 times per week, 5 or more times per week (highest level). Using Cox regression, multivariate-adjusted relative risks (RR) comparing the highest with the lowest level of physical activity revealed a statistically significant decreased risk for liver cancer (RR = 0.64, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.49-0.84, p-trend <0.001), particularly hepatocellular carcinoma (RR = 0.56, 95% CI = 0.41-0.78, p-trend <0.001), independent of body mass index. By comparison, multivariate analyses indicated that physical activity was not statistically significantly associated with extrahepatic bile duct cancer (RR = 0.86, 95% CI = 0.45-1.65), ampulla of Vater cancer (RR = 0.66, 95% CI = 0.29-1.48), or gallbladder cancer (RR = 0.63, 95% CI = 0.33-1.21). These results suggest a potential preventive effect of physical activity on liver cancer but not extrahepatic biliary tract cancer, independent of body mass index.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gundula Behrens
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Regensburg University Medical Center, Franz-Josef-Strauss-Allee 11, 93053 Regensburg, Germany.
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40
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Hayashi H, Taniai E, Morita R, Yafune A, Suzuki K, Shibutani M, Mitsumori K. Threshold dose of liver tumor promoting effect of β-naphthoflavone in rats. J Toxicol Sci 2012; 37:517-26. [PMID: 22687991 DOI: 10.2131/jts.37.517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
To determine the threshold dose of β-Naphthoflavone (BNF) that induces hepatocellular tumor promoting effects, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and thiobarbituric acid-reactive substance (TBARS) formation, and drug-metabolizing enzymes that protect against ROS generation, two-stage liver carcinogenesis model was used. Partial hepatectomized rats (n = 11 to 12) were fed diets containing 0, 0.03, 0.06, 0.125 or 0.25% BNF for 6 weeks after an intraperitoneal injection of N-diethylnitrosamine (DEN) to initiate hepatocarcinogenesis. Histopathologically, glutathione S-transferase placental form (GST-P)-positive foci significantly increased in rats given 0.25% BNF. No marked changes in ROS production and TBARS contents were observed between the BNF treated and DEN alone groups. Real-time RT-PCR showed that the expression of Cyp1a1, Cyp1a2, Cyp1b1 and Nqo1 significantly increased in the groups given 0.03% BNF or more, but Ugt1a6, Akr7a3 and Gstm1 significantly increased in the groups given 0.125% BNF or more. Gpx2 and Yc2 significantly increased in the groups given 0.06% BNF or more and 0.25% BNF, respectively. Inflammation-related genes such as Ccl2, Mmp12, Serpine1 and Cox-2 significantly increased in the 0.25% BNF group. In immunohistochemistry, the number of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2)-positive cells increased in rats given 0.25% BNF. These results suggest that 0.25% BNF is the threshold dose for liver tumor promotion, and the fact that inflammation-related genes and COX-2 protein increased in the 0.25% BNF group strongly suggests that inflammation is involved in the liver tumor promoting effect of BNF in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitomi Hayashi
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo Japan
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41
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Shander A, Berth U, Betta J, Javidroozi M. Iron overload and toxicity: implications for anesthesiologists. J Clin Anesth 2012; 24:419-25. [PMID: 22658368 DOI: 10.1016/j.jclinane.2011.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2010] [Revised: 12/02/2011] [Accepted: 12/07/2011] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Conditions leading to iron overload range from rare hereditary disorders to more common medical conditions associated with chronic blood transfusions. Iron overload has deleterious effects on various vital organs (eg, liver, heart, and endocrine glands). Serum ferritin (in conjunction with transferrin saturation) is the most widely used test to evaluate iron burden and to screen for iron overload. The management plan should be adjusted to account for iron overload and potential consequences of liver, heart, and other organ involvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aryeh Shander
- Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Hyperbaric Medicine, Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood, NJ 07631, USA.
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42
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Marques L, Auriac A, Willemetz A, Banha J, Silva B, Canonne-Hergaux F, Costa L. Immune cells and hepatocytes express glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored ceruloplasmin at their cell surface. Blood Cells Mol Dis 2011; 48:110-20. [PMID: 22178061 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcmd.2011.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2011] [Revised: 10/21/2011] [Accepted: 11/09/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ceruloplasmin is a positive acute-phase protein with both anti- and pro-oxidant activities, thus having still unclear physiological functions in inflammatory processes. Importantly, ceruloplasmin has been implicated in iron metabolism due to its ferroxidase activity, assisting ferroportin on cellular iron efflux. Ceruloplasmin can be expressed as a secreted or as a membrane glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored protein (GPI-ceruloplasmin), this latter one being reported as expressed mostly in the brain. DESIGN AND METHODS We studied the expression of both ceruloplasmin isoforms in human peripheral blood lymphocytes, monocytes, mouse macrophages and human hepatocarcinoma cell line HepG2, using immunofluorescence and immunoblotting techniques. Co-localization of ceruloplasmin and ferroportin was also investigated by immunofluorescence in mouse macrophages. RESULTS Ceruloplasmin was detected by immunoblotting and immunofluorescence in membrane and cytosol of all cell types. The cell surface ceruloplasmin was identified as the GPI-isoform and localized in lipid rafts from monocytes, macrophages and HepG2 cells. In macrophages, increased expression levels and co-localization of ferroportin and GPI-ceruloplasmin in cell surface lipid rafts were observed after iron treatment. Such iron upregulation of ceruloplasmin was not observed in HepG2. CONCLUSIONS Our results revealed an unexpected ubiquitous expression of the GPI-ceruloplasmin isoform in immune and hepatic cells. Different patterns of regulation of ceruloplasmin in these cells may reflect distinct physiologic functions of this oxidase. In macrophages, GPI-ceruloplasmin and ferroportin likely interact in lipid rafts to export iron from cells. Precise knowledge about ceruloplasmin isoforms expression and function in various cell types will help to clarify the role of ceruloplasmin in many diseases related to iron metabolism, inflammation and oxidative biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liliana Marques
- National Institute of Health Dr Ricardo Jorge, Lisbon, Portugal
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43
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Abstract
Oxidatively damaged DNA is implicated in various diseases, including neurodegenerative disorders, cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular and inflammatory diseases as well as aging. Several methods have been developed to detect oxidatively damaged DNA. They include chromatographic techniques, the Comet assay, (32)P-postlabelling and immunochemical methods that use antibodies to detect oxidized lesions. In this review, we discuss the detection of 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-29-deoxyguanosine (8-oxodG), the most abundant oxidized nucleoside. This lesion is frequently used as a marker of exposure to oxidants, including environmental pollutants, as well as a potential marker of disease progression. We concentrate on studies published between the years 2000 and 2011 that used enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and immunohistochemistry to detect 8-oxodG in humans, laboratory animals and in cell lines. Oxidative damage observed in these organisms resulted from disease, exposure to environmental pollutants or from in vitro treatment with various chemical and physical factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Rossner
- Laboratory of Genetic Ecotoxicology, Institute of Experimental Medicine AS CR, Videnska 1083, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic.
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Ba Q, Hao M, Huang H, Hou J, Ge S, Zhang Z, Yin J, Chu R, Jiang H, Wang F, Chen K, Liu H, Wang H. Iron deprivation suppresses hepatocellular carcinoma growth in experimental studies. Clin Cancer Res 2011; 17:7625-33. [PMID: 22052937 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-10-3099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the third most common cause of cancer-related death, and iron overload is a significant risk factor in the development of HCC. In this study, we investigated the potential application of depriving iron by a novel iron chelator, thiosemicarbazone-24 (TSC24), in HCC treatment. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Two HCC cell lines and HFE knockout (HFE(-/-)) mice were used to determine iron chelation efficiency of TSC24. The anticancer effects of TSC24 on HCC were analyzed in vitro and in athymic xenograft mouse models. RESULTS Treatment with TSC24 significantly decreased the cellular iron concentration in hepatoma cells and the serum iron concentration in HFE(-/-) mice by blocking iron uptake and interfering with normal regulation of iron levels. Moreover, the viability of HCC cell lines was reduced by TSC24. Confirming the mechanism of the agent, this decrease in viability could be partially rescued by addition of exogenous iron. TSC24 also suppressed tumor growth in athymic mice bearing human HCC xenografts in a concentration-dependent manner, without apparent toxicity in parallel with a decrease in the serum iron level. Further studies revealed that TSC24 efficiently triggered cell-cycle arrest and apoptosis in Hep3B and HepG2 cell lines. CONCLUSIONS TSC24 is a potent iron chelator that suppresses human HCC tumor growth by disrupting iron homeostasis, reducing available iron, and triggering cell-cycle arrest and apoptosis, without apparent host toxicity at effective doses. Thus, TSC24 shows great potential for the treatment of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Ba
- Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai, China
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45
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Kew MC. Hepatocellular carcinoma in African Blacks: Recent progress in etiology and pathogenesis. World J Hepatol 2010; 2:65-73. [PMID: 21160975 PMCID: PMC2999270 DOI: 10.4254/wjh.v2.i2.65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2009] [Revised: 01/14/2010] [Accepted: 01/21/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Occult hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection was shown to be present in 75% of Black Africans with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in whom the tumor was hitherto not thought to be caused by chronic HBV infection. The association between chronic HBV infection and the development of the tumor is thus even closer than was originally thought. HBV viral load was found to be significantly higher in patients with HCC than in Black African controls. As in other populations, HBV e antigen-positive patients with hepatocellular carcinoma had significantly higher viral loads than patients negative for this antigen. The significance of this finding is discussed. The risk for HCC development with genotype A of HBV, the predominant genotype in African isolates, has not been investigated. Genotype A was shown to be 4.5 times more likely than other genotypes to cause HCC in Black Africans, and tumours occurred at a significantly younger age. Increasing numbers of patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and HBV co-infection are being reported to develop HCC. A preliminary case/control comparison supports the belief that HIV co-infection enhances the hepatocarcinogenic potential of HBV. A study from The Gambia provides the first evidence that dietary exposure to aflatoxin B(1) may cause cirrhosis and that this may play a contributory role in the pathogenesis of aflatoxin-induced HCC. An animal model has provided experimental support for the clinical evidence that dietary iron overload in the African is directly hepatocarcinogenic, in addition to causing the tumor indirectly through the development of cirrhosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael C Kew
- Michael C Kew, Department of Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital, Old Main Building, K Floor, Main Road, Observatory 7935, Cape Town, South Africa
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46
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Asare GA, Ntombini B, Kew MC, Kahler-Venter CP, Nortey EN. Possible adverse effect of high δ-alpha-tocopherol intake on hepatic iron overload: Enhanced production of vitamin C and the genotoxin, 8-hydroxy-2′- deoxyguanosine. Toxicol Mech Methods 2010; 20:96-104. [DOI: 10.3109/15376510903572888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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47
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Shander A, Sazama K. Clinical consequences of iron overload from chronic red blood cell transfusions, its diagnosis, and its management by chelation therapy. Transfusion 2010; 50:1144-55. [PMID: 20088842 DOI: 10.1111/j.1537-2995.2009.02551.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Iron overload from chronic transfusion therapy can be extremely toxic. Excess transfusional iron is deposited in the liver, heart, and other organs as free iron, which can cause organ dysfunction and damage over time. Increased awareness of the risk of iron overload in patients requiring chronic transfusion therapy is needed, and such patients should be screened for hyperferritinemia. Those with serial serum ferritin levels exceeding 1000 ng/mL and a total infused red blood cell volume of 120 mL/kg of body weight or more should be treated with chelation therapy and then monitored to ensure that treatment adequately reduces iron levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aryeh Shander
- Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care Medicine, and Hyperbaric Medicine, Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood, New Jersey 07631, USA.
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48
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Jin M, Dewa Y, Kawai M, Nishimura J, Saegusa Y, Kemmochi S, Harada T, Shibutani M, Mitsumori K. The threshold dose for liver tumor promoting effects of dicyclanil in ICR mice. J Toxicol Sci 2010; 35:69-78. [DOI: 10.2131/jts.35.69] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Meilan Jin
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology
- Division of Pathology, Biological Safety Research Center, National Institute of Health Sciences
| | - Yasuaki Dewa
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology
| | - Masaomi Kawai
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology
- Pathogenetic Veterinary Science, United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University
| | - Jihei Nishimura
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology
| | - Yukie Saegusa
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology
- Pathogenetic Veterinary Science, United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University
| | - Sayaka Kemmochi
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology
- Pathogenetic Veterinary Science, United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University
| | - Tomoaki Harada
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology
| | - Makoto Shibutani
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology
| | - Kunitoshi Mitsumori
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology
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49
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Zadrozny LM, Williams CV, Remick AK, Cullen JM. Spontaneous hepatocellular carcinoma in captive prosimians. Vet Pathol 2009; 47:306-11. [PMID: 20147584 DOI: 10.1177/0300985809359380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Spontaneous hepatocellular carcinoma has been reported as a relatively common neoplasm in prosimians; however, the cause is unknown. To investigate possible pathogenic mechanisms, the authors performed a review of all adult animals from a captive prosimian population that had postmortem examinations over the past 10 years. They performed a detailed histologic evaluation of all suspected proliferative liver lesions and diagnosed hepatocellular carcinoma in 14 of 145 lemurs (9.7%). Affected animals ranged between the ages of 6 and 40 years old. The tumors had an unusually aggressive growth pattern for animal species; metastasis to the lungs or mediastinum was evident in 7 of 14 animals. Thirty-one animals-9 with hepatocellular carcinomas and 22 age-matched controls without hepatic neoplasia-were tested to evaluate the relationship between hepatic iron stores (as well as other trace metals) and the presence of hepatocellular carcinoma. There was no difference between the hepatic iron, copper, or molybdenum in lemurs with hepatocellular carcinoma and those without, suggesting that iron is not a key element in the pathogenesis of liver tumor formation. Analysis of 22 serum samples from animals with and without liver tumors indicated no evidence of active infection with a hepadnavirus, the virus family that includes hepatitis B virus. Hepatitis C virus and aflatoxin B1 were considered as potential causes and ruled out owing to lack of associated histopathologic lesions. In conclusion, hepatocellular neoplasia is relatively common in captive prosimians, although previously suspected etiologies seem unlikely.
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Affiliation(s)
- L M Zadrozny
- North Carolina State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA
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50
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Tan MGK, Kumarasinghe MP, Wang SM, Ooi LLPJ, Aw SE, Hui KM. Modulation of Iron-Regulatory Genes in Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma and Its Physiological Consequences. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2009; 234:693-702. [PMID: 19307463 DOI: 10.3181/0807-rm-227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) commonly develops in patients with underlying chronic liver disease. Additionally, the tumorous lesions of HCC patients are consistently characterized by the lack of iron accumulation even when arising in iron-loaded liver. However, the molecular mechanism leading to this observed phenomenon is currently poorly understood. In this study, all tumorous tissues from 24 HCC patients with chronic HBV infection were stained negative for iron when histologically assessed by Perls’ Prussian blue stain, whereas excess iron deposits were present in 17 of the 24 adjacent non-tumorous liver tissues. To elucidate the concerted regulation of iron homeostasis in these patients, we studied the gene expression profiling of 42 relevant iron-regulatory genes in the tumorous and adjacent non-tumorous liver tissues of these HCC patients along with 10 normal liver controls. Expression for most of the iron-regulatory genes, including hepcidin, transferrin receptor 2 (TfR2), transferrin (Tf), ceruloplasmin (Cp) and iron regulatory protein 1 (IRP1), were significantly down-regulated in the tumorous tissues of these patients compared to the adjacent non-tumorous liver tissues and normal liver controls. On the other hand, expression of hepcidin, TfR2, ferroportin 1 and DMT1 were significantly up-regulated in iron-loaded non-cirrhotic non-tumorous liver tissues as compared with normal liver controls. Hence, the reduction of hepcidin expression within the iron-depleted tumorous lesions likely reflects the physiological consequence of the obligate demand for iron in the rapidly growing neoplastic cells, whereas the up-regulation of hepcidin expression in the iron-loaded adjacent non-tumorous liver tissues is likely a physiological response.
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