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Xu M, Su S, Jiang S, Li W, Zhang Z, Zhang J, Hu X. Short-term arecoline exposure affected the systemic health state of mice, in which gut microbes played an important role. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 259:115055. [PMID: 37224782 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.115055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Arecoline is a critical bioactive component in areca nuts with toxicity and pharmacological activities. However, its effects on body health remain unclear. Here, we investigated the effects of arecoline on physiologic and biochemical parameters in mouse serum, liver, brain, and intestine. The effect of arecoline on gut microbiota was investigated based on shotgun metagenomic sequencing. The results showed that arecoline promoted lipid metabolism in mice, manifested as significantly reduced serum TC and TG and liver TC levels and a reduction in abdominal fat accumulation. Arecoline intake significantly modulated the neurotransmitters 5-HT and NE levels in the brain. Notably, arecoline intervention significantly increased serum IL-6 and LPS levels, leading to inflammation in the body. High-dose arecoline significantly reduced liver GSH levels and increased MDA levels, which led to oxidative stress in the liver. Arecoline intake promoted the release of intestinal IL-6 and IL-1β, causing intestinal injury. In addition, we observed a significant response of gut microbiota to arecoline intake, reflecting significant changes in diversity and function of the gut microbes. Further mechanistic exploration suggested that arecoline intake can regulate gut microbes and ultimately affect the host's health. This study provided technical help for the pharmacochemical application and toxicity control of arecoline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Xu
- School of Food Science and Engineering, School of public administration, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Shunyong Su
- School of Food Science and Engineering, School of public administration, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Shuaiming Jiang
- School of Food Science and Engineering, School of public administration, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Wanggao Li
- School of Food Science and Engineering, School of public administration, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Zeng Zhang
- School of Food Science and Engineering, School of public administration, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Jiachao Zhang
- School of Food Science and Engineering, School of public administration, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; One Health Institute, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China.
| | - Xiaosong Hu
- School of Food Science and Engineering, School of public administration, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China.
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2
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Chuang HC, Tsai MH, Lin YT, Chou MH, Yang KL, Chien CY. Systemic and Local Effects Among Patients With Betel Quid-Related Oral Cancer. Technol Cancer Res Treat 2022; 21:15330338221146870. [PMID: 36575633 PMCID: PMC9806389 DOI: 10.1177/15330338221146870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The major predisposing factors of developing oral cancer include smoking, alcohol drinking, and betel quid chewing. Betel quid chewing could cause the abrasion and damage of oral mucosa by crude fibers, chemical insults by additive slaked lime, and arecoline from areca nut. These would lead to the local consequence of oral submucosal fibrosis, which is regarded clinically as a precancer lesion and a major cause of trismus. In addition, the components and additives in betel quid contain chemical toxins and carcinogens, which would further affect the oral mucosa and gradually develop a malignancy. Following literature review, aside from having a greater total tumor burden and more local diseases in the oral cavity and digestive tract, patients with betel quid-related oral cancer also have more systemic diseases from metabolic syndrome, hypertension, cardiovascular disease, type II diabetes mellitus, and obesity than those without this habit. In conclusion, those patients who have the history of smoking, alcohol drinking, and betel quid chewing would present much more unique clinical characteristics than those who only have a history of smoking and alcohol drinking. More attention should therefore be paid to pretreatment evaluation, treatment strategy, and posttreatment follow-up among betel quid chewers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Ching Chuang
- Department of Otolaryngology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan,Kaohsiung Chang Gung Head and Neck Oncology Group, Cancer Center, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung , Taiwan,Center for mitochondrial Research and Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Hsien Tsai
- Department of Otolaryngology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan,Kaohsiung Chang Gung Head and Neck Oncology Group, Cancer Center, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung , Taiwan
| | - Yu-Tsai Lin
- Department of Otolaryngology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan,Kaohsiung Chang Gung Head and Neck Oncology Group, Cancer Center, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung , Taiwan
| | - Ming-Huei Chou
- Kaohsiung Chang Gung Head and Neck Oncology Group, Cancer Center, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung , Taiwan,Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan,Center for General Education, Cheng-Shiu University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Kun-Lin Yang
- Department of Otolaryngology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan,Kaohsiung Chang Gung Head and Neck Oncology Group, Cancer Center, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung , Taiwan
| | - Chih-Yen Chien
- Department of Otolaryngology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan,Kaohsiung Chang Gung Head and Neck Oncology Group, Cancer Center, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung , Taiwan,Chang Gung Molecular Medicine Research Center, Taiwan ,Institute for Translation Research in Biomedicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taiwan,Chih-Yen Chien, Department of Otolaryngology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
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3
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Myers AL. Metabolism of the areca alkaloids - toxic and psychoactive constituents of the areca (betel) nut. Drug Metab Rev 2022; 54:343-360. [PMID: 35543097 DOI: 10.1080/03602532.2022.2075010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Areca nut (AN) is consumed by millions of people for its therapeutic and psychoactive effects, making it one of the most widely self-administered psychoactive substances in the world. Even so, AN use/abuse is associated with myriad oral and systemic side effects, affecting most organ systems in the body. Alkaloids abundant in the nut (e.g. arecoline, arecaidine, guvacoline, and guvacine), collectively called the areca alkaloids, are presumably responsible for the major pharmacological effects experienced by users, with arecoline being the most abundant alkaloid with notable toxicological properties. However, the mechanisms of arecoline and other areca alkaloid elimination in humans remain poorly documented. Therefore, the purpose of this review is to provide an in-depth review of areca alkaloid pharmacokinetics (PK) in biological systems, and discuss mechanisms of metabolism by presenting information found in the literature. Also, the toxicological relevance of the known and purported metabolic steps will be reviewed. In brief, several areca alkaloids contain a labile methyl ester group and are susceptible to hydrolysis, although the human esterase responsible remains presumptive. Other notable mechanisms include N-oxidation, glutathionylation, nitrosamine conversion, and carbon-carbon double-bond reduction. These metabolic conversions result in toxic and sometimes less-toxic derivatives. Arecoline and arecaidine undergo extensive metabolism while far less is known about guvacine and guvacoline. Metabolism information may help predict drug interactions with human pharmaceuticals with overlapping elimination pathways. Altogether, this review provides a first-of-its-kind comprehensive analysis of AN alkaloid metabolism, adds perspective on new mechanisms of metabolism, and highlights the need for future metabolism work in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan L Myers
- Department of Diagnostic and Biomedical Sciences, School of Dentistry, The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA
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4
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Xie H, Jing R, Liao X, Chen H, Xie X, Dai H, Pan L. Arecoline promotes proliferation and migration of human HepG2 cells through activation of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway. Hereditas 2022; 159:29. [PMID: 35836300 PMCID: PMC9281068 DOI: 10.1186/s41065-022-00241-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Arecoline is a well-known risk factor for oral submucosal fibrosis and cancer. However, the mechanistic correlation between arecoline and hepatocellular cancer remains elusive. Here, we investigated the effect of arecoline on the proliferation and migration of human HepG2 hepatoma cells and its potential oncogenic mechanisms. Methods Bioinformatic technologies were used to identify the deferentially expressed miRNAs (DE-miRNAs) and hub target genes of arecoline-induced cancers. These DE-miRNAs, hub genes and pathway were proved in arecoline-treated HepG2 cells. Results A total of 86 DE-miRNAs and 460 target genes were identified. These target genes are associated with DNA-templated regulation of transcription and other biological processes. Significant molecular functions were protein binding, calcium ion binding, and enrichment in the nucleus and cytoplasm. These genes are involved in the PI3K-AKT pathway. CDK1, CCND1, RAF1, CDKN1B and BTRC were defined as the top 5 hub target genes, and patients with high expression of CDK1 showed poor prognosis. Compared with control group, 2.5 µM arecoline treatment increased the proliferation and migration ability of the HepG2 cells. Treatment with 2.5 µM arecoline increased the levels of miR-21-3p, miR-21-5p and miR-1267, upregulated the expression of PI3K-AKT pathway factors, CDK1, CCND1 but decreased RAF1 expression. Conclusion A low concentration arecoline can induce the proliferation and migration of HepG2 cells, with the potential mechanism of action linked to high levels of exosomal miR-21 and miR-1267, activation of the PI3K-AKT pathway, upregulation of CDK1 and CCND1, and downregulation of RAF1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai Xie
- Department of Anesthesiology, Guangxi Medical University Affiliated Cancer Hospital, He Di Rd No.71, Nanning, 530021, PR China.,Guangxi Key Laboratory for Basic Science and Prevention of Perioperative Organ Disfunction, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, China.,Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical College, Haikou, China
| | - Ren Jing
- Department of Anesthesiology, Guangxi Medical University Affiliated Cancer Hospital, He Di Rd No.71, Nanning, 530021, PR China.,Guangxi Key Laboratory for Basic Science and Prevention of Perioperative Organ Disfunction, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, China
| | - Xiaoting Liao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Guangxi Medical University Affiliated Cancer Hospital, He Di Rd No.71, Nanning, 530021, PR China.,Guangxi Key Laboratory for Basic Science and Prevention of Perioperative Organ Disfunction, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, China
| | - Haishao Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Guangxi Medical University Affiliated Cancer Hospital, He Di Rd No.71, Nanning, 530021, PR China.,Guangxi Key Laboratory for Basic Science and Prevention of Perioperative Organ Disfunction, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, China
| | - Xianlong Xie
- Department of Anesthesiology, Guangxi Medical University Affiliated Cancer Hospital, He Di Rd No.71, Nanning, 530021, PR China.,Guangxi Key Laboratory for Basic Science and Prevention of Perioperative Organ Disfunction, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, China
| | - Huijun Dai
- Department of Anesthesiology, Guangxi Medical University Affiliated Cancer Hospital, He Di Rd No.71, Nanning, 530021, PR China.,Guangxi Key Laboratory for Basic Science and Prevention of Perioperative Organ Disfunction, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, China
| | - Linghui Pan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Guangxi Medical University Affiliated Cancer Hospital, He Di Rd No.71, Nanning, 530021, PR China. .,Guangxi Key Laboratory for Basic Science and Prevention of Perioperative Organ Disfunction, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, China.
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5
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Chu M, Fu G, Deng J, Wang R, Fan Q, Chen Z, Lu J, Liu XA. Evaluation of the inhalation toxicity of arecoline benzoate aerosol in rats. J Appl Toxicol 2022; 42:1396-1410. [PMID: 35170056 DOI: 10.1002/jat.4303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 02/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Arecoline is a pharmacologically active alkaloid isolated from Areca catechu. There are no published data available regarding the inhalation toxicity of arecoline in animals. This study aimed to evaluate the inhalation toxicity of arecoline in vitro and in vivo. For this purpose, arecoline benzoate (ABA) salt was prepared to stabilize arecoline in an aerosol. The MTT assay determined the half-maximal inhibitory concentration values of ABA and arecoline in A549 cell proliferation to be 832 μg/ml and 412 μg/ml, respectively. The toxicity of acute and subacute inhalation in Sprague-Dawley rats was evaluated using the guidelines of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. For acute inhalation, the median lethal concentration value of ABA solvent was >5175 mg/m3 . After the exposure and during the recovery period, no treatment-related clinical signs were observed. In the 28-Day inhalation toxicity test, daily nose-only exposure to 2510 mg/m3 aerosol of the ABA solvent contained 75 mg/m3 ABA for male rats and 375 mg/m3 ABA for female rats, which caused no observed adverse effects, except for the decreased body weight gain in male rats exposed to 375 mg/m3 ABA. In this study, the no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) for the 28-Day repeated dose inhalation of ABA aerosol was calculated to be around 13 mg/kg/day for male rats and 68.8 mg/kg/day for female rats, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Chu
- Laboratory of Life and Health Sciences, Shenzhen First Union Technology Co., Ltd, Shenzhen, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Behavior, CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Manipulation, Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute (BCBDI), Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science-Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, Shenzhen, China
| | - Guofeng Fu
- Laboratory of Life and Health Sciences, Shenzhen First Union Technology Co., Ltd, Shenzhen, China.,Laboratory of Life Sciences, Shenzhen Icybetel Biotechnology Co, Ltd, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jingjing Deng
- Laboratory of Life and Health Sciences, Shenzhen First Union Technology Co., Ltd, Shenzhen, China
| | - Ruoxi Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Behavior, CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Manipulation, Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute (BCBDI), Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science-Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, Shenzhen, China
| | - Qiming Fan
- GuangdongZhongkeEnHealth Science and Technology Co., Ltd., Foshan, China
| | - Zuxin Chen
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Drug Addiction, Shenzhen Neher Neural Plasticity Laboratory, the Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS); Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science-Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, Shenzhen, 518055, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jin Lu
- Laboratory of Life and Health Sciences, Shenzhen First Union Technology Co., Ltd, Shenzhen, China.,Laboratory of Life Sciences, Shenzhen Icybetel Biotechnology Co, Ltd, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xin-An Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Behavior, CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Manipulation, Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute (BCBDI), Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science-Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, Shenzhen, 518055, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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6
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Sun J, Tang Q, Zhang J, Chen G, Peng J, Chen L. Possible Immunotherapeutic Strategies Based on Carcinogen-Dependent Subgroup Classification for Oral Cancer. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:717038. [PMID: 34497832 PMCID: PMC8419237 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.717038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The oral cavity serves as an open local organ of the human body, exposed to multiple external factors from the outside environment. Coincidentally, initiation and development of oral cancer are attributed to many external factors, such as smoking and drinking, to a great extent. This phenomenon was partly explained by the genetic abnormalities traditionally induced by carcinogens. However, more and more attention has been attracted to the influence of carcinogens on the local immune status. On the other hand, immune heterogeneity of cancer patients is a huge obstacle for enhancing the clinical efficacy of tumor immunotherapy. Thus, in this review, we try to summarize the current opinions about variant genetic changes and multiple immune alterations induced by different oral cancer carcinogens and discuss the prospects of targeted immunotherapeutic strategies based on specific immune abnormalities caused by different carcinogens, as a predictive way to improve clinical outcomes of immunotherapy-treated oral cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiwei Sun
- Department of Stomatology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,School of Stomatology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Development and Regeneration, Wuhan, China
| | - Qingming Tang
- Department of Stomatology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,School of Stomatology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Development and Regeneration, Wuhan, China
| | - Junyuan Zhang
- Department of Stomatology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,School of Stomatology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Development and Regeneration, Wuhan, China
| | - Guangjin Chen
- Department of Stomatology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,School of Stomatology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Development and Regeneration, Wuhan, China
| | - Jinfeng Peng
- Department of Stomatology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,School of Stomatology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Development and Regeneration, Wuhan, China
| | - Lili Chen
- Department of Stomatology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,School of Stomatology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Development and Regeneration, Wuhan, China
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7
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Ansari A, Mahmood T, Bagga P, Ahsan F, Shamim A, Ahmad S, Shariq M, Parveen S. Areca catechu
: A phytopharmacological legwork. FOOD FRONTIERS 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/fft2.70] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Farogh Ahsan
- Faculty of Pharmacy Integral University Lucknow India
| | | | - Shoaib Ahmad
- Faculty of Pharmacy Integral University Lucknow India
| | | | - Saba Parveen
- Faculty of Pharmacy Integral University Lucknow India
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Das A, Giri S. A Review on Role of Arecoline and Its Metabolites in the Molecular Pathogenesis of Oral Lesions with an Insight into Current Status of Its Metabolomics. Prague Med Rep 2020; 121:209-235. [PMID: 33270010 DOI: 10.14712/23362936.2020.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Areca nut consumption is a popular habit in Southeast Asian countries. One of the important biologically active alkaloids of areca nut is arecoline, which plays a role in mediating the development of several pathologies of the primary exposure site, the oral cavity. Studies on the metabolism of arecoline revealed the formation of several metabolites which themselves might be toxic. Moreover, polymorphisms in genes encoding enzymes involved in the metabolism of arecoline might predispose an organism towards the development of oral cancer. The present review tries to accumulate all the relevant existing literature and then elucidate the molecular mechanism by which arecoline plays a role in the development of oral submucous fibrosis and oral cancer. Existing information regarding arecoline metabolism, enzymes involved in the metabolic process and biological effects of the metabolites of arecoline have also been compiled and compared to study the toxicity of metabolites with its parent compound arecoline and whether they play any role in the pathogenesis of oral cancer mediated by areca nut consumption. A repertoire of molecular targets has come up in the discussion whose expression profile is perturbed by arecoline. Construction of induction cascade from existing literature has given an idea about the process of molecular pathogenesis. The summarized and analysed data can help to determine the molecular mechanism and drug targets, which in turn could be helpful in the prevention or treatment of these pathological conditions. It also brings into light areas where further research needs to be directed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aparajita Das
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cell Biology, Department of Life Science and Bioinformatics, Assam University, Silchar, India
| | - Sarbani Giri
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cell Biology, Department of Life Science and Bioinformatics, Assam University, Silchar, India.
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9
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Dasgupta R, Saha I, Ray PP, Maity A, Pradhan D, Sarkar HP, Maiti BR. Arecoline plays dual role on adrenal function and glucose-glycogen homeostasis under thermal stress in mice. Arch Physiol Biochem 2020; 126:214-224. [PMID: 30318934 DOI: 10.1080/13813455.2018.1508238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Arecoline has biomedical importance, but it has untoward side effects on endocrine functions. The aim is to investigate its role on adrenal activity under thermal stress by ultrastructural and hormonal parameters in mice. Cold (4 °C) or heat (37 °C) stress, or arecoline (10 mg/kg body wt), each for 7 days in cold or heat stress stimulated adrenocortical activity ultrastructurally with an elevation of corticosterone level. Adrenomedullary activity was suppressed in cold stress with depletion of catecholamine levels. In heat stress, adrenomedullary activity was stimulated ultrastructurally with an elevation of catecholamine levels. Arecoline treatment alone, or in cold or heat stress suppressed adrenomedullary activity, judged by ultrastructural and hormonal parameters. Arecoline treatment caused hypoglycemia with an elevation of glycogen level, but cold or heat stress, or arecoline treatment in thermal stress caused hyperglycemia, with a fall in glycogen profile. Thus, arecoline in thermal stress plays a dual role on adrenal function and glucose-glycogen homeostasis in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romi Dasgupta
- Department of Zoology, University of Calcutta, Calcutta, India
| | | | | | - Aniruddha Maity
- Department of Zoology, University of Calcutta, Calcutta, India
| | | | | | - B R Maiti
- Department of Zoology, University of Calcutta, Calcutta, India
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10
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Li K, Wang C, Zhao Z, Wu Z, Wu Z, Tian X, Xiao Y, Li Z, Wang Y. A comparison for the effects of raw, smoked, and smoked and brined areca nut extracts on the immune and inflammatory responses in the Kunming mice. J Food Biochem 2020; 44:e13319. [PMID: 32537741 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.13319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Chewing of areca nuts is quite popular in various regions worldwide. Previous studies have demonstrated the pharmacological and toxicological effects of fresh areca nuts. However, processed areca nuts, which are popular in the Hunan province of China, have not been extensively studied for its biological effect. This study aimed at investigating the impact of the acrea nut extracts (ANE) prepared from the raw material, the semi-product, and the final product on the immune system and inflammation-related markers in the Kunming mice. The mice were assigned to seven different groups and administered different ANE at two concentrations (1X and 5X) for four weeks. Total body weight gain and organ coefficient of the liver, spleen, and kidney, as well as the immune system and inflammation-related markers were evaluated. The results revealed that processed areca nuts have a much milder effect on the mice immune system and some inflammatory markers than fresh areca nut in the Kunming mice. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Chewing various forms of areca nuts is popular in China, Southeast Asia, and other regions. People from Hunan, China prefer to chew a processed areca nut, which has rarely been studied. This manuscript explores the effects of three kinds of areca nut extracts on the immune system- and inflammation-related indicators in Kunming mice. The obtained results revealed that processed areca nuts had significantly milder effects than the raw nut/nut extract, particularly on the body weight, immune responses, and inflammatory markers. The results of the present study provide some new directions for the areca nut industry and raise public awareness for the undesirable effects of areca nuts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Li
- College of Food Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Food Science and Biotechnology, Changsha, China.,National Engineering Center of Plant Functional Components Utilization, Changsha, China
| | - Chuanhua Wang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Ziwei Zhao
- College of Food Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Food Science and Biotechnology, Changsha, China.,National Engineering Center of Plant Functional Components Utilization, Changsha, China
| | - Zhongqin Wu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Food Science and Biotechnology, Changsha, China.,National Engineering Center of Plant Functional Components Utilization, Changsha, China
| | - Zhongkun Wu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Food Science and Biotechnology, Changsha, China.,National Engineering Center of Plant Functional Components Utilization, Changsha, China
| | - Xing Tian
- College of Food Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Food Science and Biotechnology, Changsha, China.,National Engineering Center of Plant Functional Components Utilization, Changsha, China.,College of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - Yu Xiao
- College of Food Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Food Science and Biotechnology, Changsha, China.,National Engineering Center of Plant Functional Components Utilization, Changsha, China
| | - Zongjun Li
- College of Food Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Food Science and Biotechnology, Changsha, China.,National Engineering Center of Plant Functional Components Utilization, Changsha, China
| | - Yuanliang Wang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Food Science and Biotechnology, Changsha, China.,National Engineering Center of Plant Functional Components Utilization, Changsha, China
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11
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Glutathione S-transferasesP1 AA (105Ile) allele increases oral cancer risk, interacts strongly with c-Jun Kinase and weakly detoxifies areca-nut metabolites. Sci Rep 2020; 10:6032. [PMID: 32265484 PMCID: PMC7138809 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-63034-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The Glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) protects cellular DNA against oxidative damage. The role of GSTP1 polymorphism (A313G; Ile105Val) as a susceptibility factor in oral cancer was evaluated in a hospital-based case-control study in North-East India, because the habit of chewing raw areca-nut (RAN) with/without tobacco is common in this region. Genetic polymorphism was investigated by genotyping 445 cases and 444 controls. Individuals with the GSTP1 AA-genotype showed association with the oral cancer (OR = 3.1, 95% CI = 2.4–4.2, p = 0.0002). Even after adjusting for age, sex and habit the AA-genotype is found to be significantly associated with oral cancer (OR = 2.4, 95% CI = 1.7–3.2, p = 0.0001). A protein-protein docking analysis demonstrated that in the GG-genotype the binding geometry between c-Jun Kinase and GSTP1 was disrupted. It was validated by immunohistochemistry in human samples, showing lower c-Jun-phosphorylation and down-regulation of pro-apoptotic genes in normal oral epithelial cells with the AA-genotype. In silico docking revealed that AA-genotype weakly detoxifies the RAN/tobacco metabolites. In addition, experiments revealed a higher level of 8-Oxo-2′-deoxyguanosine induction in tumor samples with the AA-genotype. Thus, habit of using RAN/tobacco and GSTP1 AA-genotype together play a significant role in predisposition to oral cancer risk by showing higher DNA-lesions and lower c-Jun phosphorylation that may inhibit apoptosis.
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Liu FL, Chen CL, Lai CC, Lee CC, Chang DM. Arecoline suppresses RANKL-induced osteoclast differentiation in vitro and attenuates LPS-induced bone loss in vivo. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2020; 69:153195. [PMID: 32200293 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2020.153195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Areca nut has anti-inflammatory, antiparasitic, antihypertensive, and antidepressant properties. The pathological hallmarks of inflammatory joint diseases are an increased number of osteoclasts and impaired differentiation of osteoblasts, which may disrupt the bone remodeling balance and eventually lead to bone loss. PURPOSE The present study assessed the effects of arecoline, the main alkaloid found in areca nut, on osteoclast and osteoblast differentiation and function. METHOD M-CSF/RANKL-stimulated murine bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMMs) were incubated with several concentrations of arecoline, and TRAP staining and pit formation were assessed to monitor osteoclast formation. Quantitative real-time RT-PCR and western blot analyses were used to analyze the expression of osteoclast-associated genes and signaling pathways. The effects of arecoline on bone were investigated in an in vivo mouse model of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced trabecular bone loss after oral administration of arecoline. Alizarin red S staining and assays to measure ALP activity and the transcription level of osteoblast-related genes were used to evaluate the effects of arecoline on osteoblast differentiation and bone mineralization. RESULTS In a dose-dependent manner, arecoline at concentrations of 50-100 μM reduced both the development of TRAP-positive multinucleated osteoclasts and the formation of resorption pits in M-CSF/RANKL-stimulated BMMs. In M-CSF/RANKL-stimulated BMMs, arecoline also suppressed the expression and translocation of c-Fos and NFATcl, and osteoclast differentiated-related genes via interference with the AKT, MAPK, and NF-kB activation pathways. Femur bone loss and microcomputed tomography parameters were recovered by oral administration of arecoline in the mouse LPS-induced bone loss model. Lastly, arecoline increased ALP activity, bone mineralization, and the expression of osteoblast differentiation-related genes, such as ALP and Runx2, in MC3T3-E1 cells. CONCLUSION Our data suggest that arecoline may attenuate or prevent bone loss by suppressing osteoclastogenesis and promoting osteoblastogenesis. These findings provide evidence supporting arecoline's use as a potential therapeutic agent in bone-loss disorders and diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei-Lan Liu
- Division of Allergy-Immunology-Rheumatology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Biobank Management Center of the Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Liang Chen
- Graduate Institutes of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Chih Lai
- Division of Allergy-Immunology-Rheumatology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Chung Lee
- Graduate Institutes of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Deh-Ming Chang
- Division of Allergy-Immunology-Rheumatology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Graduate Institutes of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Saha I, Chakraborty SB, Chatterjee A, Pradhan D, Chatterji U, Maiti BR. Arecoline inhibits pineal-testis function in experimentally induced hypothyroid rats. Arch Physiol Biochem 2020; 126:7-16. [PMID: 30145920 DOI: 10.1080/13813455.2018.1486428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Arecoline is known to cause endocrine dysfunction. In the current article role of arecoline on pineal-testis activity was investigated in hypothyroid rats induced by propylthiouracil (PTU). PTU treatment caused thyroid dysfunction ultrastructurally with a fall in T3 and T4 levels followed by a rise of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) level. Pineal activity was impaired by PTU treatment, as evident from degenerated synaptic ribbons and mitochondria of the pinealocytes with depletion of pineal and serum N-acetyl serotonin and melatonin levels. Leydig cell function was suppressed, evident from reduced smooth endoplasmic reticulum and depletion of testosterone level. Sex accessories function was impaired by showing scanty rough endoplasmic reticulum with depletion of fructose and sialic acid levels. Arecoline treatment that caused pineal dysfunction and testicular stimulation in control rats, suppressed both pineal and testis functions after PTU treatment. The findings suggest that arecoline inhibits pineal-testis function in experimentally induced hypothyroid rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indraneel Saha
- Department of Zoology, University of Calcutta, Calcutta, India
| | | | | | | | - Urmi Chatterji
- Department of Zoology, University of Calcutta, Calcutta, India
| | - B R Maiti
- Department of Zoology, University of Calcutta, Calcutta, India
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Wang X, Saud SM, Zhang X, Li W, Hua B. Protective effect of Shaoyao Decoction against colorectal cancer via the Keap1-Nrf2-ARE signaling pathway. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2019; 241:111981. [PMID: 31146002 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2019.111981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Revised: 05/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Ulcerative colitis is one of the three high risk factors for colorectal cancer. Studies have found that about 20% of cancers are caused by repeated chronic inflammatory stimuli over a long period of time. Ulcer-related colorectal cancer is one of the main causes of death in patients with ulcerative colitis. At present, surgery is the first choice for the treatment of colorectal cancer, combined with radiotherapy and chemotherapy, which have serious side effects. However, reportedly, a compound prescription of Chinese traditional medicine Shaoyao Decoction (SYD) commonly used to treat damp-heat dysentery has anti-colorectal cancer effect. Thus this study described the effect of SYD to AOM/DSS-induced colon cancer model. AIM OF THE STUDY In this study, modern biomedical approaches were employed for investigating the protective/preventive effects of SYD in mice with azoxymethane (AOM)/DSS-induced CRC. MATERIALS AND METHODS The mice pretreated with AOM/DSS were randomly allocated to SYDL, SYDM, SYDH group and SASP (sulfasalazine) group. Mice without AOM/DSS treatment were randomly divided into PBS control group and SYD control group. RESULTS It was found that SYD inhibited the production of inflammatory cytokines, TNF-α, IL-1β, superoxide dismutase (SOD), and malonaldehyde (MDA), and increased the antioxidant indices, as measured by the mRNA expression of GR, TR, HO-1, γ-GCSc, γ-GCSm, NQO-1, UGT1A1, and UGT1A10 in AOM-treated mice. Particularly, the expressions rates of NF-κB and Ki-67 in the SYD-treated experimental groups were significantly lower than those in the model group, indicating that the proliferative ability of the CRC tissues was weaker in the SYD-treated experimental groups. Moreover, the positive levels of Nrf2 in the SYD-treated experimental groups were slightly higher than those in the model group, suggesting that SYD exhibited antioxidant activity. CONCLUSIONS To sum up, our results suggest that SYD inhibits the development of acute/chronic colitis and prevents colitis-associated CRC by suppressing inflammation and preventing oxidative stress-induced cellular damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Wang
- Department of Oncology, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, No.5, Beixiange Road, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100053, China.
| | - Shakir M Saud
- Department of Family Medicine, Contra Costa Regional Medical Center, Martinez, CA, 94553, USA.
| | - Xiwen Zhang
- Department of Oncology, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, No.5, Beixiange Road, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100053, China.
| | - Weidong Li
- Department of Scientific Research Management, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, No.5, Beixiange Road, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100053, China.
| | - Baojin Hua
- Department of Oncology, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, No.5, Beixiange Road, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100053, China.
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Volgin AD, Bashirzade A, Amstislavskaya TG, Yakovlev OA, Demin KA, Ho YJ, Wang D, Shevyrin VA, Yan D, Tang Z, Wang J, Wang M, Alpyshov ET, Serikuly N, Wappler-Guzzetta EA, Lakstygal AM, Kalueff AV. DARK Classics in Chemical Neuroscience: Arecoline. ACS Chem Neurosci 2019; 10:2176-2185. [PMID: 30664352 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.8b00711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Arecoline is a naturally occurring psychoactive alkaloid from areca (betel) nuts of the areca palm ( Areca catechu) endemic to South and Southeast Asia. A partial agonist of nicotinic and muscarinic acetylcholine receptors, arecoline evokes multiple effects on the central nervous system (CNS), including stimulation, alertness, elation, and anxiolysis. Like nicotine, arecoline also evokes addiction and withdrawal symptoms (upon discontinuation). The abuse of areca nuts is widespread, with over 600 million users globally. The importance of arecoline is further supported by its being the world's fourth most commonly used human psychoactive substance (after alcohol, nicotine, and caffeine). Here, we discuss neuropharmacology, pharmacokinetics, and metabolism of arecoline, as well as social and historical aspects of its use and abuse. Paralleling clinical findings, we also evaluate its effects in animal models and outline future clinical and preclinical CNS research in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey D. Volgin
- Scientific Research Institute of Physiology and Basic Medicine, Novosibirsk 630117, Russia
| | - Alim Bashirzade
- Scientific Research Institute of Physiology and Basic Medicine, Novosibirsk 630117, Russia
| | | | - Oleg A. Yakovlev
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Almazov National Medical Research Centre, St. Petersburg 194156, Russia
- Institute of Translational Biomedicine, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg 199034, Russia
| | - Konstantin A. Demin
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Almazov National Medical Research Centre, St. Petersburg 194156, Russia
- Institute of Translational Biomedicine, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg 199034, Russia
| | - Ying-Jui Ho
- Department of Psychology, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Dongmei Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest University, Chongqing 400700, China
| | | | - Dongni Yan
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest University, Chongqing 400700, China
| | - Zhichong Tang
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest University, Chongqing 400700, China
| | - Jingtao Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest University, Chongqing 400700, China
| | - Mengyao Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest University, Chongqing 400700, China
| | - Erik T. Alpyshov
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest University, Chongqing 400700, China
| | - Nazar Serikuly
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest University, Chongqing 400700, China
| | | | - Anton M. Lakstygal
- Institute of Translational Biomedicine, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg 199034, Russia
- Russian Scientific Center of Radiology and Surgical Technologies, Ministry of Healthcare of Russian Federation, St. Petersburg 197758, Russia
| | - Allan V. Kalueff
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest University, Chongqing 400700, China
- Ural Federal University, Ekaterinburg 620002, Russia
- The International Zebrafish Neuroscience Research Consortium (ZNRC), Slidell, Louisiana 70458, United States
- Anatomy and Physiology Laboratory, Ural Federal University, Ekaterinburg 620002, Russia
- ZENEREI Research Center, Slidell, Louisiana 70458, United States
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Divaricoside Exerts Antitumor Effects, in Part, by Modulating Mcl-1 in Human Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma Cells. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2019; 17:151-159. [PMID: 30788081 PMCID: PMC6369261 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2019.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Revised: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiac glycosides (CGs), prescribed to treat congestive heart failure and arrhythmias, exert potent antitumor activity. In this study, divaricoside (DIV), a CG isolated from Strophanthus divaricatus was examined for its antitumor potency in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) cells. Cell growth was inhibited by DIV in a dose- and time-dependent manner in SCC2095 and OECM-1 OSCC cells using MTT assays. DIV induced S and G2/M phase arrest accompanied by downregulation of phosphorylated CDC25C, CDC25C, and CDC2 in SCC2095 cells. In addition, DIV induced apoptosis by activating caspase-3 and downregulating the expression of Mcl-1. Furthermore, overexpression of Mcl-1 partially reversed DIV-induced death in SCC2095 cells. Additionally, western blot and transmission electron microscopy analyses also indicated that DIV induced autophagy in SCC2095 cells. However, the combination of autophagy inhibitor did not affect DIV-mediated apoptosis in SCC2095 cells. Together, these findings suggest that translational potential of DIV to be developed as a therapeutic agent for OSCC treatment.
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Dasgupta R, Saha I, Maity A, Ray PP, Maiti BR. Arecoline ameliorates hyperthyroid condition in mice under cold stress. Arch Physiol Biochem 2018; 124:436-441. [PMID: 29278926 DOI: 10.1080/13813455.2017.1420665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Betel nut of Areca catechu is chewed by millions of people for increased capacity to work and stress reduction, but it contains arecoline that causes hypothyroidism. The aim is to investigate the role of arecoline on thyroid activity in cold stress in mice. Arecoline treatment (10 mg/kg body wt/day, for 7 d) caused a reduction in thyroid weight and ultrastructural degeneration of thyro-follicular cells with depletion of T3 and T4 levels compared with the control mice. Cold stress (4 °C for 2 h, twice daily, for 7 d) stimulated thyroid activity ultrastructurally with an elevation of T3 and T4 levels. Arecoline treatment in cold stress suppressed thyroid activity by showing reversed changes to those of cold stress. In contrast, TSH concentrations were consistently increased under all experimental conditions. The findings suggest that cold stress causes hyperthyroidism which arecoline can ameliorate in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romi Dasgupta
- a Department of Zoology , University of Calcutta , Calcutta , India
| | - Indraneel Saha
- b Department of Zoology , Sarsuna College , Calcutta , India
| | - Aniruddha Maity
- a Department of Zoology , University of Calcutta , Calcutta , India
| | | | - B R Maiti
- a Department of Zoology , University of Calcutta , Calcutta , India
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Wang X, Song X, Si Y, Xia J, Wang B, Wang P. Effect of autophagy-associated proteins on the arecoline-induced liver injury in mice. Exp Ther Med 2018; 16:3041-3049. [PMID: 30214523 PMCID: PMC6125830 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2018.6564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Arecoline can be used to treat diseases including glaucoma and tapeworm infection, however, long-term administration can cause severe adverse effects, including oral submucosal fibrosis, oral cancer, hepatic injury and liver cancer. Autophagy serves a role in these injuries. The present study established a mouse model of arecoline-induced hepatic injury and investigated the role of autophagy-associated proteins in this injury. The results indicated that the expression levels of the autophagy marker protein microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3 B (MAP1LC3B) and autophagy-promoting protein beclin 1 were elevated in the injured hepatic cells, while the expression levels of a well-known negative regulator of autophagy, mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), were reduced. Following treatment of the hepatic injury with glutathione, the liver function improved and liver damage was reduced effectively. Compared with the control group, the expression levels of both MAP1LC3B and beclin 1 were significantly upregulated in the glutathione-treated mice, but the expression of mTOR was significantly downregulated. It may be concluded that in the process of protecting against arecoline-induced hepatic injury, glutathione cooperates with mTOR and beclin 1 to accelerate autophagy, maintaining stable cell morphology and cellular functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Wang
- Department of Pathology, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong 264003, P.R. China
| | - Xinhong Song
- Department of Radiology, Yantai Affiliated Hospital of Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong 264100, P.R. China
| | - Youjiao Si
- Department of Radiology, Yantai Affiliated Hospital of Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong 264100, P.R. China
| | - Jikai Xia
- Department of Radiology, Yantai Affiliated Hospital of Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong 264100, P.R. China
| | - Bin Wang
- Medical Imaging Research Institute, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong 264003, P.R. China
| | - Peiyuan Wang
- Department of Radiology, Yantai Affiliated Hospital of Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong 264100, P.R. China
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Kim HJ, Ko JW, Cha SB, Heo HS, Seo JH, Cha MJ, Bae JS, Lee HK, Song SW, Kim JC. Evaluation of 13-week repeated oral dose toxicity of Areca catechu in F344/N rats. Food Chem Toxicol 2018; 114:41-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Revised: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Pan H, Li Y, Huang L, Zhou X, Lu Y, Shi F. Development and validation of a rapid LC-MS/MS method for simultaneous quantification of arecoline and its two active metabolites in rat plasma and its application to a pharmacokinetic study. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2018; 154:397-403. [PMID: 29573735 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2018.03.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Revised: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Arecoline is the primary active and toxic constituent of areca nut. Arecaidine and arecoline N-oxide are two major active metabolites of arecoline. In this work, an accurate and simple high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry method for simultaneous quantification of arecoline, arecaidine and arecoline N-oxide in rat plasma was developed and fully validated to study their pharmacokinetic behaviors in rats. After extracted from rat plasma by protein precipitation with methanol and then concentrated, the analytes were chromatographic separated on a Sepax Sapphire C18 analytical column. The mobile phase consisted of methanol and 2 mM ammonium acetate buffer solution containing 0.2% (v/v) formic acid (8:92, v/v) under isocratic elution. The analytes were detected by multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) with an electrospray ionization source in the positive ion mode. The transitions of m/z 156.2 → 53.2, m/z 142.2 → 44.2 and m/z 172.2 → 60.2 were selected for arecoline, arecaidine and arecoline N-oxide, respectively. The method was linear over the concentration range of 0.5-100 ng/mL for arecoline, 5-5000 ng/mL for arecaidine and arecoline N-oxide with no carry-over effect. The accuracies and intra- and inter-batch precisions were all within the acceptance limits. No matrix effect and potential interconversion between the analytes and other metabolites were observed in this method. The validated method was further employed to a preclinical pharmacokinetic study of arecoline, arecaidine and arecoline N-oxide after oral treatment with 20 mg/kg arecoline to rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Pan
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563099, China
| | - Yi Li
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education & Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563099, China
| | - Linyan Huang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563099, China
| | - Xumei Zhou
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563099, China
| | - Yuanfu Lu
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education & Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563099, China.
| | - Fuguo Shi
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education & Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563099, China.
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Saha I, Chatterjee A, Chatterji U, Maiti BR. Arecoline cannot alter testicular dysfunction and pineal activation caused by noise in wistar rat. Arch Physiol Biochem 2018; 124:18-26. [PMID: 28704075 DOI: 10.1080/13813455.2017.1352605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Millions of people consume betel nut for increased capacity to work and for stress reduction. The nut contains arecoline, which has multiple side effects on endocrine functions. Objective of the work is to investigate pineal-testicular responses to noise and after arecoline treatment in noise in rats. Noise exposure (100 dB, 6 h daily, 10 days) caused pineal stimulation ultrastructurally and at indoleamines level. Leydig cell dysfunction with fall of testosterone level and suppression of sex accessories were noticed. In contrast, pineal activity was inhibited and reproductive functions were stimulated after arecoline administration, confirmed from reversed changes to those of noise. Arecoline treatment in noise exposure showed same results as in noise both in pineal and in reproductive functions. It is concluded that noise causes testicular dysfunction probably by gonadotropin suppression induced by pineal melatonin in noise. Furthermore, arecoline cannot prevent it in noise in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indraneel Saha
- a Department of Zoology , University of Calcutta , Kolkata , India
| | | | - Urmi Chatterji
- a Department of Zoology , University of Calcutta , Kolkata , India
| | - B R Maiti
- a Department of Zoology , University of Calcutta , Kolkata , India
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Saha I, Pradhan D, Chatterji U, Maiti BR. ARECOLINE CANNOT ALTER PINEAL-TESTICULAR RESPONSES TO METABOLIC STRESS IN WISTAR RATS. ACTA ENDOCRINOLOGICA-BUCHAREST 2018; 14:175-183. [PMID: 31149255 DOI: 10.4183/aeb.2018.175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Context Betel nut is consumed by millions of people for stress reduction and increased capacity to work. One of its components is arecoline which is useful for Alzheimer and schizophrenia; it also influences endocrine and gonadal functions. Objective Objective is to examine whether arecoline can influence pineal-testicular function in metabolic stress. Design Rats were deprived of food or water or treated them with arecoline, each separately for 5 days. Subjects Pineal and testis with sex accessories were studied. Methods Ultrastructural (pineal, testis, Leydig cells and prostate), hormonal (melatonin and testosterone) and other parameters (fructose and sialic acid) were examined. Pineal indoleamines were quantitated by fluorometric method; testosterone by ELISA, and carbohydrate fractions by spectrophotometric methods. Results Inanition/ water deprivation caused pineal stimulation ultrastructurally (with enlarged synaptic ribbons) and elevation of melatonin level, but reproductive dysfunction by ultrastructural degeneration of Leydig cells and prostate with fall of testosterone, fructose and sialic acid concentrations. Arecoline treatment showed reversed changes to those of metabolic stress, but arecoline treatment in metabolic stress showed same results as in metabolic stress. Conclusion The findings suggest that arecoline cannot alter the action of metabolic stress on pineal-testicular activity in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Saha
- University of Calcutta, Department of Zoology, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - D Pradhan
- University of Calcutta, Department of Zoology, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - U Chatterji
- University of Calcutta, Department of Zoology, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - B R Maiti
- University of Calcutta, Department of Zoology, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
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Dasgupta R, Ray PP, Maity A, Pradhan D, Sarkar S, Maiti BR. DUAL ACTION OF ARECOLINE ON ADRENAL FUNCTION AND GLUCOSE-GLYCOGEN HOMEOSTASIS IN METABOLIC STRESS IN MICE. ACTA ENDOCRINOLOGICA-BUCHAREST 2017; 13:400-409. [PMID: 31149208 DOI: 10.4183/aeb.2017.400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Background People chew betel nut (Areca catechu) for physical work and stress reduction, but it contains arecoline, which has both therapeutic value and untoward effects on endocrine and gonadal functions. Objective Aim of the present study is to investigate its role on adrenal with its target in metabolic stress in mice. Materials and methods Mice were deprived of water / food, each for 5 days / treated with arecoline (10 mg / kg body wt daily for 5 days) / arecoline after water or food deprivation, for 5 days each. Results Water or food-deprivation caused adrenocortical hyperactivity, evident from abundance of enlarged mitochondria and smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) with elevation of corticosterone level (C: 68.31 ± 2.30, WD: 159.31 ± 4.10 / FD: 194.12 ± 3.40 μg/ mL). Arecoline treatment alone or in water deprivation (C: 68.31 ± 2.30, AR: 144.50 ± 4.33, AR+WD: 194.42 ± 3.35 μg/ mL) / food deprivation (AR + FD: 180.89 ± 4.51 μg/ mL) stress also stimulated adrenocortical activity as recorded in metabolic stress. In contrast, adrenomedullary activity was not altered following water/ food deprivation. Arecoline treatment alone or in metabolic stress suppressed adrenomedullary activity by showing depletion of chromaffin granules (E/NE?), epinephrine (E) and norepinephrine (NE) concentrations. Both the stress decreased blood glucose and liver glycogen levels. Arecoline treatment decreased blood glucose level, with a rise in liver glycogen level, but elevated blood glucose level in water deprivation unlike in starvation. Conclusion Arecoline alone or in metabolic stress involves adrenal and probably other endocrine glands (pancreas, posterior pituitary and rennin-angiotensin system) to maintain homeostasis in metabolic stress in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Dasgupta
- University of Calcutta, Department of Zoology, Calcutta, India
| | - P Paramita Ray
- Bangabasi College, Department of Zoology, Calcutta, India
| | - A Maity
- University of Calcutta, Department of Zoology, Calcutta, India
| | - D Pradhan
- University of Calcutta, Department of Zoology, Calcutta, India
| | - S Sarkar
- City College, Department of Zoology, Calcutta, India
| | - B R Maiti
- University of Calcutta, Department of Zoology, Calcutta, India
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Abstract
Millions of people consume betel nut for increased capacity of work. It contains arecoline which is highly toxic and has several untoward side effects on endocrine functions. In this article, the role of arecoline on thyroid function under metabolic stress was investigated in mice. Water or food-deprivation, each for 5 days, caused ultrastructural degeneration of thyro-follicular cells, evident from pycnotic nuclei, scanty rough endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria followed by depletion of blood serum T3 and T4 levels with alteration of TSH level as compared with control. Thyroid activity was also suppressed ultrastructurally as well as at hormonal level after arecoline administration. Further, arecoline treatment in water deprivation or food deprivation stress also caused thyroid dysfunction beyond that of metabolic stress, as evident from further ultrastructural degeneration of thyrocytes and depletion of thyroid hormones in mice. The findings suggest that arecoline aggravates hypothyroid condition in metabolic stress in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romi Dasgupta
- a Department of Zoology , University of Calcutta , Calcutta , India
| | | | | | - B R Maiti
- a Department of Zoology , University of Calcutta , Calcutta , India
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Sun M, Yan D, Yang X, Xue X, Zhou S, Liang S, Wang S, Meng J. Quality assessment of crude and processed Arecae semen based on colorimeter and HPLC combined with chemometrics methods. J Sep Sci 2017; 40:2151-2160. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201700006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Revised: 02/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Meng Sun
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine; Guangdong Pharmaceutical University; Guangzhou China
- The Key Unit of Chinese Medicine Digitalization Quality Evaluation of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine; Guangzhou China
- The Research Center for Quality Engineering Technology of Traditional Chinese Medicine at Guangdong Universities; Guangzhou China
| | - Donghui Yan
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine; Guangdong Pharmaceutical University; Guangzhou China
- The Key Unit of Chinese Medicine Digitalization Quality Evaluation of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine; Guangzhou China
- The Research Center for Quality Engineering Technology of Traditional Chinese Medicine at Guangdong Universities; Guangzhou China
| | - Xiaolu Yang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine; Guangdong Pharmaceutical University; Guangzhou China
- The Key Unit of Chinese Medicine Digitalization Quality Evaluation of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine; Guangzhou China
- The Research Center for Quality Engineering Technology of Traditional Chinese Medicine at Guangdong Universities; Guangzhou China
| | - Xingyang Xue
- Guangzhou Medical University Cancer Hospital and Institute; Guangzhou Guangdong China
| | - Sujuan Zhou
- College of Medical Information Engineering; Guangdong Pharmaceutical University; Guangzhou China
| | - Shengwang Liang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine; Guangdong Pharmaceutical University; Guangzhou China
- The Key Unit of Chinese Medicine Digitalization Quality Evaluation of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine; Guangzhou China
- The Research Center for Quality Engineering Technology of Traditional Chinese Medicine at Guangdong Universities; Guangzhou China
| | - Shumei Wang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine; Guangdong Pharmaceutical University; Guangzhou China
- The Key Unit of Chinese Medicine Digitalization Quality Evaluation of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine; Guangzhou China
- The Research Center for Quality Engineering Technology of Traditional Chinese Medicine at Guangdong Universities; Guangzhou China
| | - Jiang Meng
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine; Guangdong Pharmaceutical University; Guangzhou China
- The Key Unit of Chinese Medicine Digitalization Quality Evaluation of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine; Guangzhou China
- The Research Center for Quality Engineering Technology of Traditional Chinese Medicine at Guangdong Universities; Guangzhou China
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Li S, Yang X, Niu Y, Andrew GL, Bardelang D, Chen X, Wang R. Alleviation of Hepatotoxicity of Arecoline (Areca Alkaloid) by a Synthetic Receptor. ChemistrySelect 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201700333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shengke Li
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine; Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences; University of Macau; Avenida da Universidade, Taipa Macau China
| | - Xue Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine; Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences; University of Macau; Avenida da Universidade, Taipa Macau China
| | - Yanan Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine; Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences; University of Macau; Avenida da Universidade, Taipa Macau China
| | - Greg L. Andrew
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine; Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences; University of Macau; Avenida da Universidade, Taipa Macau China
| | | | - Xiuping Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine; Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences; University of Macau; Avenida da Universidade, Taipa Macau China
| | - Ruibing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine; Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences; University of Macau; Avenida da Universidade, Taipa Macau China
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Huang X, Pu W, Liu H, Li X, Greenshaw AJ, Dursun SM, Xue Z, Liu Z. Altered Brain Functional Connectivity in Betel Quid-Dependent Chewers. Front Psychiatry 2017; 8:239. [PMID: 29209234 PMCID: PMC5701933 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2017.00239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Betel quid (BQ) is a common psychoactive substance worldwide with particularly high usage in many Asian countries. This study aimed to explore the effect of BQ use on functional connectivity by comparing global functional brain networks and their subset between BQ chewers and healthy controls (HCs). METHODS Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) was obtained from 24 betel quid-dependent (BQD) male chewers and 27 healthy male individuals on a 3.0T scanner. We used independent component analysis (ICA) to determine components that represent the brain's functional networks and their spatial aspects of functional connectivity. Two sample t-tests were used to identify the functional connectivity differences in each network between these two groups. RESULTS Seventeen networks were identified by ICA. Nine of them showed connectivity differences between BQD and HCs (two sample t-tests, p < 0.001 uncorrected). We found increased functional connectivity in the orbitofrontal, bilateral frontoparietal, frontotemporal, occipital/parietal, frontotemporal/cerebellum, and temporal/limbic networks, and decreased connectivity in the parietal and medial frontal/anterior cingulate networks in the BQD compared to the HCs. The betel quid dependence scale scores were positively related to the increased functional connectivity in the orbitofrontal (r = 0.39, p = 0.03) while negatively related to the decreased functional connectivity in medial frontal/anterior cingulate networks (r = -0.35, p = 0.02). DISCUSSION Our findings provide further evidence that BQ chewing may lead to brain functional connectivity changes, which may play a key role in the psychological and physiological effects of BQ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojun Huang
- Mental Health Institute of the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,The China National Clinical Research Center for Mental Health Disorders, National Technology Institute of Psychiatry, Key Laboratory of Psychiatry and Mental Health of Hunan Province, Changsha, China
| | - Weidan Pu
- Medical Psychological Institute, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Haihong Liu
- Mental Health Center of Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xinmin Li
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | | | - Serdar M Dursun
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Zhimin Xue
- Mental Health Institute of the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,The China National Clinical Research Center for Mental Health Disorders, National Technology Institute of Psychiatry, Key Laboratory of Psychiatry and Mental Health of Hunan Province, Changsha, China
| | - Zhening Liu
- Mental Health Institute of the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,The China National Clinical Research Center for Mental Health Disorders, National Technology Institute of Psychiatry, Key Laboratory of Psychiatry and Mental Health of Hunan Province, Changsha, China
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Liu YJ, Peng W, Hu MB, Xu M, Wu CJ. The pharmacology, toxicology and potential applications of arecoline: a review. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2016; 54:2753-2760. [PMID: 27046150 DOI: 10.3109/13880209.2016.1160251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Arecoline is an effective constituent of Areca catechu L. (Arecaceae) with various pharmacological effects. However, investigations also revealed that long use of arecoline could arouse some oral diseases. OBJECTIVE The present review gathers the fragmented information available in the literature (before 1 October 2015) regarding pharmacology and toxicology of arecoline. We also discussed the potential developments and applications of arecoline in the future. METHODS All the available information regarding the arecoline is compiled from scientific databases, including Science Direct, PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, etc. RESULTS Previous research demonstrated that arecoline is one of the major effective constituents in A. catechu. Additionally, arecoline has a wide spectrum of pharmacological activities including effects on nervous, cardiovascular, digestive and endocrine systems and anti-parasitic effects. What's more, arecoline is reported to be the primary toxic constituent of A. catechu, and the main toxic effects include oral submucous fibrosis (OSF), oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and genotoxicity. CONCLUSION Arecoline has great potential to be a therapeutic drug for various ailments. However, further investigations are needed in the future to reduce or eliminate its toxicities before developing into new drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Jie Liu
- a College of Pharmacy , Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Chengdu , PR China
| | - Wei Peng
- a College of Pharmacy , Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Chengdu , PR China
| | - Mei-Bian Hu
- a College of Pharmacy , Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Chengdu , PR China
| | - Min Xu
- a College of Pharmacy , Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Chengdu , PR China
| | - Chun-Jie Wu
- a College of Pharmacy , Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Chengdu , PR China
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Arecoline Induces Neurotoxicity to PC12 Cells: Involvement in ER Stress and Disturbance of Endogenous H2S Generation. Neurochem Res 2016; 41:2140-8. [PMID: 27255601 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-016-1929-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2016] [Revised: 03/25/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Arecoline is a major alkaloid of areca nut and has been effect on central nervous system. Although arecoline-induced neurotoxicity has been reported, the possible underlying neurotoxic mechanisms have not yet been elucidated. Increasing evidences have shown that both excessive endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and disturbance of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) production are involved in the pathophysiology of numerous neurodegenerative diseases. Here, the purpose of present study was to verify whether ER stress and the disturbance of endogenous H2S generation are also involved in arecoline-caused neurotoxicity. We found that treatment of PC12 cells with arecoline induced the down-regulation of cells viability and up-regulation of apoptosis and the activity of caspase-3, indicating the neurotoxic role of arecoline to PC12 cells. In addition, arecoline also increased the expression of Bax (pro-apoptotic protein) and attenuated the expression of Bcl-2 (anti-apoptotic protein) in PC12 cells. Simultaneously, arecoline caused excessive ER stress in PC12 cells, as evidenced by the up-regulations of Glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78), CCAAT/enhancer binding protein homologous protein (CHOP), and Cleaved caspase-12 expressions. Notably, the level of H2S in the culture supernatant and the expressions of cystathionine β-synthase and 3-mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase (two major enzymes for endogenous H2S generation in PC12 cells) were also reduced by arecoline treatment. These results indicate that arecoline-caused neurotoxicity to PC12 cells is involved in ER stress and disturbance of endogenous H2S generation and suggest that the modulation of ER stress and endogenous H2S generation may be potential therapeutic approach in treatment of arecoline-caused neurotoxicity.
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Rehman A, Ali S, Lone MA, Atif M, Hassona Y, Prime SS, Pitiyage GN, James ELN, Parkinson EK. Areca nut alkaloids induce irreparable DNA damage and senescence in fibroblasts and may create a favourable environment for tumour progression. J Oral Pathol Med 2015; 45:365-72. [DOI: 10.1111/jop.12370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ambreen Rehman
- Centre for Clinical & Diagnostic Oral Sciences; Institute of Dentistry; Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry; Queen Mary University of London; London UK
| | - Sitara Ali
- Centre for Clinical & Diagnostic Oral Sciences; Institute of Dentistry; Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry; Queen Mary University of London; London UK
| | - Mohid Abrar Lone
- Centre for Clinical & Diagnostic Oral Sciences; Institute of Dentistry; Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry; Queen Mary University of London; London UK
| | - Muhammad Atif
- Centre for Clinical & Diagnostic Oral Sciences; Institute of Dentistry; Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry; Queen Mary University of London; London UK
| | - Yazan Hassona
- Department of Dentistry; University of Jordan; Amman Jordan
| | - Stephen Stewart Prime
- Centre for Clinical & Diagnostic Oral Sciences; Institute of Dentistry; Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry; Queen Mary University of London; London UK
| | - Gayani Nadika Pitiyage
- Centre for Clinical & Diagnostic Oral Sciences; Institute of Dentistry; Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry; Queen Mary University of London; London UK
| | - Emma Louise Naomi James
- Centre for Clinical & Diagnostic Oral Sciences; Institute of Dentistry; Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry; Queen Mary University of London; London UK
| | - Eric Kenneth Parkinson
- Centre for Clinical & Diagnostic Oral Sciences; Institute of Dentistry; Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry; Queen Mary University of London; London UK
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Peng W, Liu YJ, Wu N, Sun T, He XY, Gao YX, Wu CJ. Areca catechu L. (Arecaceae): a review of its traditional uses, botany, phytochemistry, pharmacology and toxicology. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2015; 164:340-356. [PMID: 25681543 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2015.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2014] [Revised: 02/04/2015] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Areca catechu L. (Arecaceae), widely distributed in South and Southeast Asia, is a popular traditional herbal medicine that can be chewed for the purpose of dispersing accumulated fluid in the abdominal cavity and killing worms. The present paper aims to provide an up-to-date review on the traditional uses and advances in the botany, phytochemistry, pharmacology and toxicology of this plant. Furthermore, the possible trends and a perspective for future research of this plant are also discussed. MATERIALS AND METHODS A literature search was performed on A. catechu based on classic books of herbal medicine, PhD. and MSc. dissertations, government reports, the state and local drug standards, scientific databases including Pubmed, SciFinder, Scopus, the Web of Science, Google Scholar, and others. Various types of information regarding this plant are discussed in corresponding parts of this paper. In addition, perspectives for possible future studies of A. catechu are discussed. RESULTS The seeds of A. catechu (areca nut) have been widely used in clinical practice in China, India and other South and Southeast Asian Countries. Currently, over 59 compounds have been isolated and identified from A. catechu, including alkaloids, tannins, flavones, triterpenes, steroids, and fatty acids. The extracts and compounds isolated from A. catechu have many pharmacological activities. These include antiparasitic effects, anti-depressive effects, anti-fatigue effects, antioxidant effects, antibacterial and antifungal effects, antihypertensive effects, anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects, anti-allergic effects, the promotion of digestive functions, suppression of platelet aggregation, regulatory effects on blood glucose and lipids, etc. Although arecoline is the primary active constituent of A. catechu, it is also the primary toxic compound. The main toxicities of arecoline are the promotion of oral submucosal fibrosis (OSF) and cytotoxic effects on normal human cells, which involve inducing apoptosis. CONCLUSION As an important herbal medicine, A. catechu has potential for the treatment of many diseases, especially parasitic diseases, digestive function disorders, and depression. Many traditional uses of A. catechu have now been validated by current investigations. However, further research should be undertaken to investigate the clinical effects, toxic constituents, target organs, and pharmacokinetics and to establish criteria for quality control for A. catechu-derived medications. In addition, it will be interesting to investigate the active macromolecular compounds and active constituents other than alkaloids in both raw and processed products of A. catechu.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Peng
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610075, PR China
| | - Yu-Jie Liu
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610075, PR China
| | - Na Wu
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610075, PR China
| | - Tao Sun
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610075, PR China
| | - Xiao-Yan He
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610075, PR China
| | - Yong-Xiang Gao
- College of Basic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610075, PR China.
| | - Chun-Jie Wu
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610075, PR China.
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So EC, Huang YM, Hsing CH, Liao YK, Wu SN. Arecoline inhibits intermediate-conductance calcium-activated potassium channels in human glioblastoma cell lines. Eur J Pharmacol 2015; 758:177-87. [PMID: 25843414 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2015.03.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2014] [Revised: 03/18/2015] [Accepted: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Arecoline (ARE) is an alkaloid-type natural product from areca nut. This compound has numerous pharmacological and toxicological effects. Whether this agent interacts with ion channels to perturb functional activity of cells remains unknown. The effects of ARE on ionic currents were studied in glioma cell lines (U373 and U87MG) using patch-clamp technique. Like TRAM-34(1-[(2-chlorophenyl)-diphenylmethyl]pyrazole), ARE suppressed the amplitude of whole-cell voltage-gated K(+) currents in U373 cells elicited by a ramp voltage clamp. In cell-attached configuration, ARE did not modify the single-channel conductance of intermediate-conductance Ca(2+)-activated K(+) (IKCa) channels; however, it did reduce channel activity. Its inhibition of IKCa channels was accompanied by a significant lengthening in the slow component of mean closed time of IKCa channels. Based on minimal kinetic scheme, the dissociation constant (KD) required for ARE-mediated prolongation of mean closed time was 11.2µM. ARE-induced inhibition of IKCa channels was voltage-dependent. Inability of ARE to perturb the activity of large-conductance Ca(2+)-activated K(+) (BKCa) channels was seen. Under current-clamp recordings, ARE depolarized the membrane of U373 cells and DCEBIO reversed ARE-induced depolarization. Similarly, ARE suppressed IKCa-channel activities in oral keratinocytes. This study provides the evidence that ARE block IKCa channels in a concentration, voltage and state-dependent manner. ARE-induced block of IKCa channels is unrelated to the binding of muscarinic receptors. The effects of ARE on these channels may partially be responsible for the underlying cellular mechanisms by which it influences the functional activities of glioma cells or oral keratinocytes, if similar findings occur in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edmund Cheung So
- Department of Anesthesia & Medical Research, China Medical University - An Nan Hospital, Tainan City, Taiwan; Department of Anesthesia, China Medical University, Taichung City, Taiwan; Department of Anesthesia, Nan Shan branch of Gilu Hospital, Shandong University, Shandong Province, PR China
| | - Yan-Ming Huang
- Department of Physiology, National Cheng Kung University Medical College, No. 1 University Road, Tainan City 70101, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Hsi Hsing
- Department of Anesthesia, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan City, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Kai Liao
- Department of Physiology, National Cheng Kung University Medical College, No. 1 University Road, Tainan City 70101, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Nan Wu
- Department of Physiology, National Cheng Kung University Medical College, No. 1 University Road, Tainan City 70101, Taiwan.
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Expression of a splice variant of CYP26B1 in betel quid-related oral cancer. ScientificWorldJournal 2014; 2014:810561. [PMID: 25114974 PMCID: PMC4119653 DOI: 10.1155/2014/810561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2014] [Accepted: 06/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Betel quid (BQ) is a psychostimulant, an addictive substance, and a group 1 carcinogen that exhibits the potential to induce adverse health effects. Approximately, 600 million users chew a variety of BQ. Areca nut (AN) is a necessary ingredient in BQ products. Arecoline is the primary alkaloid in the AN and can be metabolized through the cytochrome P450 (CYP) superfamily by inducing reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Full-length CYP26B1 is related to the development of oral pharyngeal cancers. We investigated whether a splice variant of CYP26B1 is associated with the occurrence of ROS related oral and pharyngeal cancer. Cytotoxicity assays were used to measure the effects of arecoline on cell viability in a dose-dependent manner. In vitro and in vivo studies were conducted to evaluate the expression of the CYP26B1 splice variant. The CYP26B1 splice variant exhibited lower expression than did full-length CYP26B1 in the human gingival fibroblast-1 and Ca9-22 cell models. Increased expression of the CYP26B1 splice variant was observed in human oral cancer tissue compared with adjacent normal tissue, and increased expression was observed in patients at a late tumor stage. Our results suggested that the CYP26B1 splice variant is associated with the occurrence of BQ-related oral cancer.
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Li N, Gao C, Peng X, Wang W, Luo M, Fu YJ, Zu YG. Aspidin BB, a phloroglucinol derivative, exerts its antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus by inducing the generation of reactive oxygen species. Res Microbiol 2014; 165:263-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.resmic.2014.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2014] [Accepted: 03/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Zhou J, Sun Q, Yang Z, Zhang J. The hepatotoxicity and testicular toxicity induced by arecoline in mice and protective effects of vitamins C and e. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY & PHARMACOLOGY : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSIOLOGICAL SOCIETY AND THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF PHARMACOLOGY 2014; 18:143-8. [PMID: 24757376 PMCID: PMC3994301 DOI: 10.4196/kjpp.2014.18.2.143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2014] [Revised: 02/05/2014] [Accepted: 02/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Arecoline is a major alkaloid of areca nuts which are widely chewed by southeast Asian and it manifests various toxic effects in different organs of human and animals. In this work, mature mice were treated by vitamins C plus E, arecoline, or both daily for four weeks. The results showed that arecoline significantly increased the levels of serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP), glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT), glutamate pyruvate transaminase (GPT) and significantly decreased the levels of reduced glutathione (GSH), glutathione-S-transferase (GST), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) in the liver tissues. Additionally, the body weight, testis weight, sperm counts, motility and normal sperms also were significantly decreased. The supplement of vitamins C and E can bring the activities of ALP and GPT to normal levels and partially restore the sperm counts compared to the arecoline-treated group but have no other positive effects. In conclusion, the vitamins C and E partially attenuated the arecoline-induced hepatotoxiciy but basically had on protective effects against the arecoline-induced testicular toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhong Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Biological Resource and Ecological Environment of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, PR China
| | - Qi Sun
- Key Laboratory of Biological Resource and Ecological Environment of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, PR China
| | - Zhirong Yang
- Key Laboratory of Biological Resource and Ecological Environment of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, PR China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biological Resource and Ecological Environment of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, PR China
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Li M, Gao F, Zhou ZS, Zhang HM, Zhang R, Wu YF, Bai MH, Li JJ, Lin SR, Peng JY. Arecoline inhibits epithelial cell viability by upregulating the apoptosis pathway: implication for oral submucous fibrosis. Oncol Rep 2014; 31:2422-8. [PMID: 24647969 DOI: 10.3892/or.2014.3091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2013] [Accepted: 02/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral submucous fibrosis (OSF) is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by the accumulation of excess collagen, and areca nut chewing has been proposed as a significant etiological factor for disease manifestation. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms regarding areca nut chewing-induced OSF are only partially understood. Herein, we reported that arecoline markedly induced morphologic change in HaCaT epithelial cells, but had no obvious effect on Hel fibroblast cells. MTS assay revealed that arecoline significantly suppressed HaCaT cell viability. Moreover, flow cytometric analysis indicated that arecoline substantially promoted HaCaT cell, but not Hel cell apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, arecoline-induced HaCaT cell apoptosis was found to be associated with increased expression and activation of cleaved-Bid, cleaved-PARA and cleaved-caspase-3. Collectively, our results suggest that HaCaT epithelial cells are more sensitive than Hel fibroblast cells to arecoline-induced cytotoxicity, which may be involved in the pathogenesis of OSF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Li
- Dental Medical Center, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, P.R. China
| | - Feng Gao
- Powder Metallurgy Research Institute of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, P.R. China
| | - Zhong-Su Zhou
- Changsha Stomatological Hospital, Changsha, Hunan, P.R. China
| | - Hui-Ming Zhang
- Changsha Stomatological Hospital, Changsha, Hunan, P.R. China
| | - Rui Zhang
- Changsha Stomatological Hospital, Changsha, Hunan, P.R. China
| | - Ying-Fang Wu
- Dental Medical Center, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, P.R. China
| | - Ming-Hai Bai
- Changsha Stomatological Hospital, Changsha, Hunan, P.R. China
| | - Ji-Jia Li
- Dental Medical Center, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, P.R. China
| | - Shi-Rong Lin
- Taiwan Taipei Dental Sciences, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Jie-Ying Peng
- Dental Medical Center, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, P.R. China
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Li WC, Lee PL, Chou IC, Chang WJ, Lin SC, Chang KW. Molecular and cellular cues of diet-associated oral carcinogenesis-with an emphasis on areca-nut-induced oral cancer development. J Oral Pathol Med 2014; 44:167-77. [DOI: 10.1111/jop.12171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wan-Chun Li
- Department of Dentistry; School of Dentistry; National Yang-Ming University; Taipei Taiwan
- Institute of Oral Biology; School of Dentistry; National Yang-Ming University; Taipei Taiwan
- Department of Education and Research; Taipei City Hospital; Taipei Taiwan
| | - Pei-Lun Lee
- Institute of Oral Biology; School of Dentistry; National Yang-Ming University; Taipei Taiwan
| | - I-Chiang Chou
- Department of Dentistry; School of Dentistry; National Yang-Ming University; Taipei Taiwan
- Department of Dentistry; Zhong-Xiao Branch; Taipei City Hospital; Taipei Taiwan
| | - Wan-Jung Chang
- Institute of Oral Biology; School of Dentistry; National Yang-Ming University; Taipei Taiwan
| | - Shu-Chun Lin
- Department of Dentistry; School of Dentistry; National Yang-Ming University; Taipei Taiwan
- Institute of Oral Biology; School of Dentistry; National Yang-Ming University; Taipei Taiwan
- Department of Stomatology; Taipei Veterans General Hospital; Taipei Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Wei Chang
- Department of Dentistry; School of Dentistry; National Yang-Ming University; Taipei Taiwan
- Institute of Oral Biology; School of Dentistry; National Yang-Ming University; Taipei Taiwan
- Department of Stomatology; Taipei Veterans General Hospital; Taipei Taiwan
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Run-mei X, Jun-jun W, Jing-ya C, Li-juan S, Yong C. Effects of arecoline on hepatic cytochrome P450 activity and oxidative stress. J Toxicol Sci 2014; 39:609-14. [DOI: 10.2131/jts.39.609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Run-mei
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Chinese Traditional Medicine, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-resources, Hubei University
| | - Wang Jun-jun
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Chinese Traditional Medicine, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-resources, Hubei University
| | - Chen Jing-ya
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Chinese Traditional Medicine, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-resources, Hubei University
| | - Sun Li-juan
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Chinese Traditional Medicine, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-resources, Hubei University
| | - Chen Yong
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Chinese Traditional Medicine, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-resources, Hubei University
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Lai WM, Chen CC, Lee JH, Chen CJ, Wang JS, Hou YY, Liou HH, Chen HC, Fu TY, Lee YC, Ger LP. Second primary tumors and myeloperoxidase expression in buccal mucosal squamous cell carcinoma. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol 2013; 116:464-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.oooo.2013.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2013] [Revised: 06/04/2013] [Accepted: 06/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Dubey VK, Patil CR, Kamble SM, Tidke PS, Patil KR, Maniya PJ, Jadhav RB, Patil SP. Oleanolic acid prevents progression of streptozotocin induced diabetic nephropathy and protects renal microstructures in Sprague Dawley rats. J Pharmacol Pharmacother 2013; 4:47-52. [PMID: 23662024 PMCID: PMC3643343 DOI: 10.4103/0976-500x.107678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: To study the effect of oleanolic acid (OA) on streptozotocin induced diabetic nephropathy in Sprague Dawley rats. Materials and Methods: Four weeks after intra-peritoneal injection of streptozotocin (STZ; 55 mg/kg), the rats with proteinuria were grouped as: Control (non-diabetic, treated orally with vehicle), diabetic control (treated orally with vehicle) and three diabetic groups receiving 20, 40 and 60 mg/kg/day oral doses of OA. At the end of 8 weeks, urine and serum samples from the rats were processed for determination of creatinine, BUN and GFR. The kidney samples were processed for determination of weight changes, oxidative stress related parameters like catalase, superoxide dismutase and reduced glutathione levels. A part of one kidney from each rat was used for transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Result: As evident in TEM, OA inhibited the nephropathy induced alterations in podocyte integrity, basement membrane thickness and spacing between the podocytes at 60 mg/kg dose. It increased GFR and reduced oxidative stress in the kidneys in a dose dependent manner. These findings conclusively demonstrate the efficacy of OA in diabetic nephropathy. Significant decrease in the oxidative stress in kidneys indicates the role of anti-oxidant mechanisms in the effects of OA. However, OA is known to act through multiple mechanisms like inhibition of the generation of advanced glycation end products and improving the insulin secretion. These mechanisms might have contributed to its efficacy. Conclusion: These results conclusively demonstrate the efficacy of OA in diabetic nephropathy through its possible antioxidant activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishal K Dubey
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacognosy, R. C. Patel Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Shirpur, Dhule, Maharashtra, India
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Abstract
ABSTRACT
The habit of chewing areca is a habit of great antiquity. The word ‘areca’ is derived from the Malay word adakka (areca nut) or from adakeya, the Indian equivalent. Arecoline, the principal alkaloid in areca nut, acts as an agonist primarily at muscarinic acetylcholine receptors and stimulates the central and autonomic nervous system. This leads to subjective effects of increased well-being, alertness and stamina. It is known to improve concentration and relaxation, with other reported effects including lifting of mood, cariostatic property and also exerts a direct antimicrobial effect against bacteria. Arecaidine may have anxiolytic properties through inhibition of gamma-amino butyric acid (GABA) reuptake.
Despite these general effects, the adverse effects have outweighed them. Betal quid chewing is one of the major risk factors of hepatocarcinoma, oropharyngeal and esophagus cancers. Arecoline, the main areca alkaloid of the betel nut, is reported to have cytotoxic, genotoxic and mutagenic effects in various cells. It shows strong correlation to the incidence of oral submucosal fibrosis, leukoplakia and oral cancer, and has also been found to impose toxic manifestations in immune, hepatic and other defense systems of the recipient.
How to cite this article
Chandak RM, Chandak MG, Rawlani SM. Current Concepts about Areca Nut Chewing. J Contemp Dent 2013;3(2):78-81.
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Wu M, Xing G, Qi X, Feng C, Liu M, Gong L, Luan Y, Ren J. Assessment of the mutagenic potential of arecoline in gpt delta transgenic mice. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2012; 748:65-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2012.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2012] [Revised: 06/21/2012] [Accepted: 07/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Chen YJ, Chang LS. Arecoline-induced death of human leukemia K562 cells is associated with surface up-modulation of TNFR2. J Cell Physiol 2012; 227:2240-51. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.22963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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Saha I, Chatterjee A, Mondal A, Maiti BR, Chatterji U. Arecoline augments cellular proliferation in the prostate gland of male Wistar rats. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2011; 255:160-8. [PMID: 21741983 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2011.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2011] [Revised: 06/13/2011] [Accepted: 06/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Areca nut chewing is the fourth most popular habit in the world due to its effects as a mild stimulant, causing a feeling of euphoria and slightly heightened alertness. Areca nuts contain several alkaloids and tannins, of which arecoline is the most abundant and known to have several adverse effects in humans, specially an increased risk of oral cancer. On evaluating the effects of arecoline on the male endocrine physiology in Wistar rats, it was found that arecoline treatment led to an overall enlargement and increase in the wet weight of the prostate gland, and a two-fold increase in serum gonadotropin and testosterone levels. Since the prostate is a major target for testosterone, the consequences of arecoline consumption were studied specifically in the prostate gland. Arecoline treatment led to an increase in the number of rough endoplasmic reticulum and reduction of secretory vesicles, signifying a hyperactive state of the prostate. Increased expression of androgen receptors in response to arecoline allowed for enhanced effect of testosterone in the prostate of treated animals, which augmented cell proliferation, subsequently confirmed by an increase in the expression of Ki-67 protein. Cellular proliferation was also the outcome of concomitant over expression of the G(1)-to-S cell cycle regulatory proteins, cyclin D1 and CDK4, both at the transcriptional and translational levels. Taken together, the findings provide the first evidence that regular use of arecoline may lead to prostatic hyperplasia and hypertrophy, and eventually to disorders associated with prostate enlargement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indraneel Saha
- Department of Zoology, University of Calcutta, 35 Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata-700019, India
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Pitiyage GN, Slijepcevic P, Gabrani A, Chianea YG, Lim KP, Prime SS, Tilakaratne WM, Fortune F, Parkinson EK. Senescent mesenchymal cells accumulate in human fibrosis by a telomere-independent mechanism and ameliorate fibrosis through matrix metalloproteinases. J Pathol 2011; 223:604-17. [DOI: 10.1002/path.2839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2010] [Revised: 11/04/2010] [Accepted: 11/30/2010] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Fu TY, Hou YY, Chu ST, Liu CF, Huang CH, Chen HC, Hsiao M, Lu PJ, Wang JS, Ger LP. Manganese superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase as prognostic markers in patients with buccal mucosal squamous cell carcinomas. Head Neck 2011; 33:1606-15. [DOI: 10.1002/hed.21653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2010] [Revised: 09/10/2010] [Accepted: 09/22/2010] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
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Shih YT, Chen PS, Wu CH, Tseng YT, Wu YC, Lo YC. Arecoline, a major alkaloid of the areca nut, causes neurotoxicity through enhancement of oxidative stress and suppression of the antioxidant protective system. Free Radic Biol Med 2010; 49:1471-9. [PMID: 20691257 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2010.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2010] [Revised: 07/01/2010] [Accepted: 07/21/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Arecoline, an areca nut alkaloid, has been noted for its potential cognition-enhancing effects in patients with Alzheimer dementia. However, it has been confirmed that areca nut use is associated with oral and pharyngeal cancers. In addition, arecoline is genotoxic and cytotoxic both in vitro and in vivo through oxidative stress-dependent mechanisms. The aim of this study was to investigate whether arecoline would interfere with the antioxidant defense system and induce cytotoxicity in rat primary cortical neurons. Results indicate that arecoline (50-200 μM) induces neuronal cell death, and catalase, NADPH oxidase inhibitors (diphenyleneiodonium chloride and apocynin), and a caspase inhibitor (z-VAD-fmk) can prevent arecoline-induced cell death. Furthermore, arecoline increased reactive oxygen species production and upregulated protein expression and mRNA levels of NADPH oxidase 2, which could be attenuated by catalase and NADPH oxidase inhibitors. Arecoline also attenuated neuronal antioxidant defense by decreasing glutathione (GSH) level and superoxide dismutase activity. In addition, arecoline enhanced the expression of proapoptotic proteins (cytochrome c, Bax, caspase-9, and caspase-3) and attenuated the expression of the antiapoptotic protein Bcl-2. Moreover, NADPH oxidase inhibitors could attenuate the arecoline-induced GSH depletion and reverse arecoline-induced changes in proapoptotic and antiapoptotic proteins. In conclusion, the results indicate that arecoline could induce neuronal apoptotic death by attenuating antioxidant defense and enhancing oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Tzu Shih
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, School of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
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Caballero VJ, Mendieta JR, Giudici AM, Crupkin AC, Barbeito CG, Ronchi VP, Chisari AN, Conde RD. Alternation between dietary protein depletion and normal feeding cause liver damage in mouse. J Physiol Biochem 2010; 67:43-52. [PMID: 20878513 DOI: 10.1007/s13105-010-0047-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2010] [Accepted: 09/15/2010] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The effect of frequent protein malnutrition on liver function has not been intensively examined. Thus, the effects of alternating 5 days of a protein and amino acid-free diet followed by 5 days of a complete diet repeated three times (3 PFD-CD) on female mouse liver were examined. The expression of carbonic anhydrase III (CAIII), fatty acid synthase (FAS), glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) and glutathione S-transferase P1 (GSTP1) in liver were assessed by proteomics, reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and Northern blotting. The activities of liver GSTs, glutathione reductase (GR) and catalase (CAT), as well as serum glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT) and glutamic-pyruvic transaminase (SGPT) were also tested. Additionally, oxidative damage was examined by measuring of protein carbonylation and lipid peroxidation. Liver histology was examined by light and electron microscopy. Compared with control mice, 3 PFD-CD increased the content of FAS protein (+90%) and FAS mRNA (+30%), while the levels of CAIII and CAIII mRNAs were decreased (-48% and -64%, respectively). In addition, 3 PFD-CD did not significantly change the content of GSTP1 but produced an increase in its mRNA level (+20%), while it decreased the activities of both CAT (-66%) and GSTs (-26%). After 3 PFD-CD, liver protein carbonylation and lipid peroxidation were increased by +55% and +95%, respectively. In serum, 3 PFD-CD increased the activities of both SGOT (+30%) and SGPT (+61%). In addition, 3 PFD-CD showed a histological pattern characteristic of hepatic damage. All together, these data suggest that frequent dietary amino acid deprivation causes hepatic metabolic and ultrastructural changes in a fashion similar to precancerous or cancerous conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica J Caballero
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata-CONICET, Funes 3250 4º Nivel, CP 7600, Mar del Plata, Argentina
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Wang CC, Lin HL, Wey SP, Jan TR. Areca-nut extract modulates antigen-specific immunity and augments inflammation in ovalbumin-sensitized mice. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2010; 33:315-22. [PMID: 20698815 DOI: 10.3109/08923973.2010.507208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Areca-nut chewing has been linked to oral cancer and many other diseases, in which immune deterioration and tissue inflammation are plausibly involved. Recent studies reported that areca-nut extract (ANE) affected the functionality of lymphocytes and neutrophils in vitro. In the present study, we investigated the immunomodulatory effect of ANE in vivo. Ovalbumin (OVA)-sensitized mice were daily administered with ANE (5-50 mg/kg) for 10 doses by intraperitoneal injection from days 1 to 5 and from 8 to 12. The mice were systemically sensitized with OVA on day 3, and their footpads were challenged with OVA to induce delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) reactions on day 13. The serum level of OVA-specific IgM and IgG(1) was significantly attenuated by 5 and 25 mg/kg of ANE, whereas OVA-specific IgG(2a) was markedly enhanced by 50 mg/kg of ANE. The production of interferon (IFN)-γ by splenocytes reexposed to OVA in culture was markedly augmented by ANE (25 and 50 mg/kg). In addition, ANE (25 and 50 mg/kg) demonstrated an enhancing effect on DTH reactions, including the tissue swelling, the infiltration of CD3(+) and F4/80(+) cells, and the expression of IFN-γ and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α in the footpads challenged with OVA. The phagocytic activity and TNF-α production by the splenic CD11b(+) cells were also enhanced in ANE-treated groups. Taken together, these results demonstrated that ANE modulated antigen-specific immune responses and promoted inflammatory reactions in vivo, which may contribute to immune deregulation associated with areca-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Chi Wang
- Department and Graduate Institute of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Choudhury Y, Sharan RN. Ultrastructural alterations in liver of mice exposed chronically and transgenerationally to aqueous extract of betel nut: Implications in betel nut-induced carcinogenesis. Microsc Res Tech 2010; 73:530-9. [PMID: 19839060 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.20791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The aqueous extract of betel nut (AEBN) induces the formation of preneoplastic nodules in the liver of Swiss Albino mice and leads to increased predisposition to cancer when administered transgenerationally. The aim of this investigation was to elucidate the alterations in ultrastructure of subcellular organelles in the liver nodules using transmission electron microscopy and to determine whether these alterations have implications in AEBN-induced carcinogenesis. Male and female Swiss Albino mice were exposed to AEBN chronically and transgenerationally at a dose of 2 mg/mL in drinking water for 24 weeks. Extensive polymorphism was noted in nuclear shape and heterochromatin organization. Heterochromatin aggregation and marginalization were observed in the nuclei of chronically exposed mice, whereas transgenerationally exposed mice exhibited dispersion or loss of heterochromatin. The nuclear envelope was disrupted, and the nucleoli were enlarged in chronically exposed mice, whereas in transgenerationally exposed mice the nucleoli were reduced in size or totally absent. The cisternae of the rough endoplasmic reticulum were dilated and disrupted, and a large number of autophagic vesicles were observed in both chronically and transgenerationally exposed mice. Atypical mitochondria that underwent extensive cristolysis and progressively declined in size and number from the chronically exposed mice to the different generations of transgenerationally exposed mice were also observed. Thus, exposure to AEBN resulted in severe loss of ultrastructural integrity of cells in the liver nodules, and the progressive loss of mitochondrial function appeared to play a significant role in increasing the predisposition to cancer of mice exposed transgenerationally to AEBN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yashmin Choudhury
- Department of Biochemistry, Radiation and Molecular Biology Unit, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong 793022, India
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