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Benchikh I, Ziani K, Gonzalez Mateos A, Khaled BM. Non-acute exposure of neonicotinoids, health risk assessment, and evidence integration: a systematic review. Crit Rev Toxicol 2024; 54:194-213. [PMID: 38470098 DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2024.2310593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
Neonicotinoid pesticides are utilized against an extensive range of insects. A growing body of evidence supports that these neuro-active insecticides are classified as toxicants in invertebrates. However, there is limited published data regarding their toxicity in vertebrates and mammals. the current systematic review is focused on the up-to-date knowledge available for several neonicotinoid pesticides and their non-acute toxicity on rodents and human physiology. Oral lethal dose 50 (LD50) of seven neonicotinoids (i.e. imidacloprid, acetamiprid, clothianidin, dinotefuran, thiamethoxam, thiacloprid, and nitenpyram) was initially identified. Subsequently, a screening of the literature was conducted to collect information about non-acute exposure to these insecticides. 99 studies were included and assessed for their risk of bias and level of evidence according to the Office of Health and Translation (OHAT) framework. All the 99 included papers indicate evidence of reproductive toxicity, hepatotoxicity, nephrotoxicity, neurotoxicity, immunotoxicity, and oxidative stress induction with a high level of evidence in the health effect of rodents and a moderate level of evidence for human health. The most studied type of these insecticides among 99 papers was imidacloprid (55 papers), followed by acetamiprid (22 papers), clothianidin (21 papers), and thiacloprid (11 papers). While 10 of 99 papers assessed the relationship between clothianidin, thiamethoxam, dinotefuran, and nitenpyram, showing evidence of liver injury, dysfunctions of oxidative stress markers in the reproductive system, and intestinal toxicity. This systematic review provides a comprehensive overview of the potential risks caused by neonicotinoid insecticides to humans and rodents with salient health effects. However, further research is needed to better emphasize and understand the patho-physiological mechanisms of these insecticides, taking into account various factors that can influence their toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imen Benchikh
- Laboratory of Applied Hydrology and Environment, Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Life, Belhadj Bouchaib University, Ain Témouchent, Algeria
- Laboratoire de Nutrition, Pathologie, Agro-Biotechnologie et Santé (Lab-NuPABS), Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Life, Djillali Liabès University, Sidi-Bel-Abbès, Algeria
| | - Kaddour Ziani
- Laboratory of Biotoxicology, Pharmacognosy and Biological Valorization of Plants, Department of Biology, University of Saida-Dr. Taher Moulay, Saida, Algeria
| | - Antonio Gonzalez Mateos
- Department of Physiology, Cell Biology and Communication Research Group, University of Extremadura, Caceres, Spain
| | - Boumediène Méghit Khaled
- Laboratoire de Nutrition, Pathologie, Agro-Biotechnologie et Santé (Lab-NuPABS), Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Life, Djillali Liabès University, Sidi-Bel-Abbès, Algeria
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2
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Liu Y, Liu C, Han M, Yu N, Pan W, Wang J, Fan Z, Wang W, Li X, Gu X. Distribution and Elimination of Deltamethrin Toxicity in Laying Hens. Foods 2023; 12:4385. [PMID: 38137188 PMCID: PMC10743181 DOI: 10.3390/foods12244385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 11/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Deltamethrin, an important pyrethroid insecticide, is frequently detected in human samples. This study aims to assess the potential effects of deltamethrin on human health and investigate the patterns of residue enrichment and elimination in 112 healthy laying hens. These hens were administered 20 mg·kg-1 deltamethrin based on their body weight. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was used to investigate the residue enrichment pattern and elimination pattern of deltamethrin in the hens. The results indicated a significant increase in the concentration of deltamethrin in chicken manure during the treatment period. By the 14th day of administration, the concentration of deltamethrin in the stool reached 13,510.9 ± 172.24 μg·kg-1, with a fecal excretion rate of 67.56%. The pulmonary deltamethrin concentration was the second highest at 3844.98 ± 297.14 μg·kg-1. These findings suggest that chicken feces contain substantial amounts of deltamethrin after 14 days of continuous administration, and that it can easily transfer to the lungs. After 21 days of drug withdrawal, the residual concentration of deltamethrin in the fat of laying hens was 904.25 ± 295.32 μg·kg-1, with a half-life of 17 days and a slow elimination rate. In contrast, the lungs showed relatively low elimination half-lives of 0.2083 days, indicating faster elimination of deltamethrin in this tissue. These results highlight differences in the rate of deltamethrin elimination in different tissues during drug withdrawal. The fat of laying hens exhibited the highest residue of deltamethrin and the slowest elimination rate, while the lungs showed the fastest elimination rate. Moreover, deltamethrin was found to accumulate in the edible tissues of eggs and laying hens, suggesting that humans may be exposed to deltamethrin through food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiming Liu
- National Feed Drug Reference Laboratories, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
- Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Products on Feed-Origin Risk Factor, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Chunshuang Liu
- National Feed Drug Reference Laboratories, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
- Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Products on Feed-Origin Risk Factor, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Mingyue Han
- National Feed Drug Reference Laboratories, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
- Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Products on Feed-Origin Risk Factor, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Na Yu
- National Feed Drug Reference Laboratories, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
- Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Products on Feed-Origin Risk Factor, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Wen Pan
- Zhong Mu Institutes of China Animal Husbandry Industry Co., Ltd., Beijing 100095, China
| | - Jie Wang
- Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Products on Feed-Origin Risk Factor, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Zhiying Fan
- Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Products on Feed-Origin Risk Factor, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Products on Feed-Origin Risk Factor, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xiubo Li
- National Feed Drug Reference Laboratories, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
- Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Products on Feed-Origin Risk Factor, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xu Gu
- Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Products on Feed-Origin Risk Factor, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
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3
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Senarat S, Rojviriya C, Puyathorn N, Lertsuphotvanit N, Phaechamud T. Levofloxacin HCl-Incorporated Zein-Based Solvent Removal Phase Inversion In Situ Forming Gel for Periodontitis Treatment. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15041199. [PMID: 37111684 PMCID: PMC10143341 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15041199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Zein is composed of nonpolar amino acids and is a water-insoluble protein used as the matrix-forming agent of localized in situ forming gel (ISG). Therefore, this study prepared solvent removal phase inversion zein-based ISG formulations to load levofloxacin HCl (Lv) for periodontitis treatment using dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and glycerol formal (GF) as the solvents. Their physicochemical properties were determined, including viscosity, injectability, gel formation, and drug release. The topography of dried remnants after drug release was revealed using a scanning electron microscope and X-ray computed microtomography (μCT) to investigate their 3D structure and % porosity. The antimicrobial activities were tested against Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 6538), Escherichia coli ATCC 8739, Candida albicans ATCC 10231, and Porphyromonas gingivalis ATCC 33277 with agar cup diffusion. Increasing zein concentration or using GF as the solvent notably enhanced the apparent viscosity and injection force of the zein ISG. However, its gel formation slowed due to the dense zein matrix barrier's solvent exchange: the higher loaded zein or utilization of GF as an ISG solvent prolonged Lv release. The SEM and μCT images revealed the scaffold of dried ISG in that their % porosity corresponded with their phase transformation and drug release behavior. In addition, the sustainability of drug diffusion promoted a smaller antimicrobial inhibition clear zone. Drug release from all formulations was attained with minimum inhibitory concentrations against pathogen microbes and exhibited a controlled release over 7 days. Lv-loaded 20% zein ISG using GF as a solvent exhibited appropriate viscosity, Newtonian flow, acceptable gel formation and injectability, and prolonged Lv release over 7 days with efficient antimicrobial activities against various test microbes; thus, it is the potential ISG formulation for periodontitis treatment. Consequently, the Lv-loaded solvent removal zein-based ISGs proposed in this investigation offer promising potential as an efficacious drug delivery system for periodontitis treatment by local injection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Setthapong Senarat
- Programme of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Faculty of Pharmacy, Silpakorn University, Nakhon Pathom 73000, Thailand
| | - Catleya Rojviriya
- Synchrotron Light Research Institute, Mueang District, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand
| | - Napaphol Puyathorn
- Programme of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Faculty of Pharmacy, Silpakorn University, Nakhon Pathom 73000, Thailand
| | - Nutdanai Lertsuphotvanit
- Program of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Silpakorn University, Nakhon Pathom 73000, Thailand
| | - Thawatchai Phaechamud
- Programme of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Faculty of Pharmacy, Silpakorn University, Nakhon Pathom 73000, Thailand
- Program of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Silpakorn University, Nakhon Pathom 73000, Thailand
- Department of Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Silpakorn University, Nakhon Pathom 73000, Thailand
- Natural Bioactive and Material for Health Promotion and Drug Delivery System Group (NBM), Faculty of Pharmacy, Silpakorn University, Nakhon Pathom 73000, Thailand
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Kim YJ, Nitin N, Kim KB. Negligible Toxicokinetic Differences of Glyphosate by Different Vehicles in Rats. TOXICS 2023; 11:67. [PMID: 36668793 PMCID: PMC9861297 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11010067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Glyphosate is a non-selective herbicide. Although glyphosate is not acutely toxic, the intake of glyphosate-based herbicides has caused many accidents. Some studies have suggested that surfactants might be the cause. The purpose of this study was to compare the toxicokinetic (TK) properties of glyphosate according to different vehicles in rats. Glyphosate (1%) was dissolved in distilled water (DW), polyoxyethylene tallow amine (POEA), and Tween 20. After a single oral treatment of glyphosate (50 mg/kg), blood was collected at time intervals, and glyphosate concentrations in the target organ (liver and kidney) were determined 24 h after final blood collection. All samples were analyzed using LC-MS/MS. The TK parameters of glyphosate were similar in the DW and Tween 20 groups. However, there were significant differences in Tmax and volume of distribution (Vd) between the DW and POEA group (p < 0.05). Glyphosate was absorbed about 10 times faster in POEA group rather than DW, and exhibited a higher distribution. However, other important TK parameters of T1/2, AUC, and Cmax were not statistically different among the different vehicle groups. Although glyphosate concentration in the liver was significantly higher in the POEA group than in the DW group, there was no significant difference in the kidney. These results indicate that the toxicokinetics of glyphosate are not significantly affected by POEA. It can be concluded that POEA toxicity itself can be attributed to the acute toxicity of glyphosate-containing products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Jin Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Dankook University, 119 Dandae-ro, Cheonan 31116, Chungnam, Republic of Korea
- Center for Human Risk Assessment, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Chungnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Nitin Nitin
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Kyu-Bong Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Dankook University, 119 Dandae-ro, Cheonan 31116, Chungnam, Republic of Korea
- Center for Human Risk Assessment, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Chungnam, Republic of Korea
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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5
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Cytochrome P450 isoforms contribution, plasma protein binding, toxicokinetics of enniatin A in rats and in vivo clearance prediction in humans. Food Chem Toxicol 2022; 164:112988. [PMID: 35398446 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2022.112988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Emerging mycotoxins, such as enniatin A (ENNA), are becoming a worldwide concern owing to their presence in different types of food and feed. However, comprehensive toxicokinetic data that links intake, exposure and toxicological effects of ENNA has not been elucidated yet. Therefore, the present study investigated the in vitro (rat and human) and in vivo (rat) toxicokinetic properties of ENNA. Towards this, an easily applicable and sensitive bioanalytical method was developed and validated for the estimation of ENNA in rat plasma. ENNA exhibited high plasma protein binding (99%), high hepatic clearance and mainly underwent metabolism via CYP3A4 (74%). The in-house predicted hepatic clearance (54 mL/min/kg) and observed in vivo rat clearance (55 mL/min/kg) were comparable. The predicted in vivo human hepatic clearance was 18 mL/min/kg. ENNA underwent slow absorption (Tmax = 4 h) and rapid elimination following oral administration to rats. The absolute oral bioavailability was 47%. The toxicokinetic findings for ENNA from this study will help in designing and interpreting toxicological studies in rats. Besides, these findings could be used in physiologically based toxicokinetic (PBTK) model development for exposure predictions and risk assessment for ENNA in humans.
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Higgins LG, Chatham LR, Tomczynski SL, MacLeod AK, Moreau M, Clewell HJ, Yoon M, Creek MR, Osimitz TG, Lake BG. Differential lymphatic versus portal vein uptake of the synthetic pyrethroids deltamethrin and cis-permethrin in rats. Toxicology 2020; 443:152563. [PMID: 32805335 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2020.152563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to obtain data on pathways of absorption of the synthetic pyrethroids deltamethrin (DLM) and cis-permethrin (CPM) following oral administration to rats. Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats with cannulated mesenteric lymph ducts and hepatic portal veins were given single doses of either 5 mg/kg DLM or 60 mg/kg CPM via the duodenum and lymph and portal blood samples collected for up to 300 min. The pyrethroid dosing vehicles (5 mL/kg body weight) were either corn oil or glycerol formal. Levels of DLM and CPM in lymph and portal blood samples were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry-mass spectrometry. Over the time period studied, levels of both DLM and CPM following administration in either corn oil or glycerol formal were greater in lymph than in portal blood. Lymphatic uptake of both DLM and CPM was enhanced following dosing in glycerol formal than in corn oil. The results of this study suggest that after oral administration to rats, these two pyrethroids are predominantly absorbed via the lymphatic system rather than via portal blood. The data obtained in this study thus support a recently developed physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model to evaluate age-related differences in pyrethroid pharmacokinetics in the rat, where it was assumed that absorption of pyrethroids was predominantly via lymphatic uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larry G Higgins
- Concept Life Sciences (Formerly CXR Biosciences Ltd.), 2, James Lindsay Place, Dundee Technopole, Dundee, DD1 5JJ, United Kingdom.
| | - Lynsey R Chatham
- Concept Life Sciences (Formerly CXR Biosciences Ltd.), 2, James Lindsay Place, Dundee Technopole, Dundee, DD1 5JJ, United Kingdom
| | - Sara L Tomczynski
- Concept Life Sciences (Formerly CXR Biosciences Ltd.), 2, James Lindsay Place, Dundee Technopole, Dundee, DD1 5JJ, United Kingdom
| | - A Kenneth MacLeod
- Concept Life Sciences (Formerly CXR Biosciences Ltd.), 2, James Lindsay Place, Dundee Technopole, Dundee, DD1 5JJ, United Kingdom
| | - Marjory Moreau
- ScitoVation, LLC, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | | | - Miyoung Yoon
- ScitoVation, LLC, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Moire R Creek
- Moire Creek Toxicology Consulting Services, Lincoln, CA, 95648, USA
| | | | - Brian G Lake
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, GU2 7XH, UK
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Mosquera Ortega ME, Pato AM, Romero DM, Sosa Holt CS, Alvarez G, Ridolfi A, Villaamil Lepori E, Wolansky MJ. Relationship Between the Dose Administered, Target Tissue Dose, and Toxicity Level After Acute Oral Exposure to Bifenthrin and Tefluthrin in Young Adult Rats. Toxicol Sci 2019; 172:225-234. [PMID: 31573616 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfz204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Most pyrethroid insecticides (PYRs) share a similar primary target site in mammals. However, the potency estimates of the lethal and sublethal effects of these compounds differ up to 103-fold. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between the dose administered, the target tissue dose, and the effect of 2 highly toxic PYRs, tefluthrin (TEF; 0.1-9 mg/kg) and bifenthrin (BIF; 0.5-12 mg/kg), by using the oral route, a corn oil vehicle (1 ml/kg) and subcutaneous temperature (Tsc) monitoring assays in adult rats. The Tsc was determined at 30-min intervals for 5 h (TEF) or 4.5 h (BIF) after dosing. Rats were sacrificed at 6 h after dosing, and BIF and TEF concentrations were determined in blood (Bd), liver (Lv), and cerebellum (Cb) by using a GC-ECD system. The minimal effective dose of BIF (3 mg/kg) affecting Tsc was similar to that found in prior studies using other testing paradigms. Regarding TEF, a very steep relationship between the dose administered and toxicity was observed, with a near-threshold to low-effective range for Tsc at 0.1-6 mg/kg, and a near lethal syndrome at ≥ 7.5 mg/kg. At 6-7.5 mg/kg TEF, the Cb/Bd and Cb/Lv concentration ratios were both > 1. Conversely, for BIF, the Cb concentration was barely over the Bd concentration and the Cb/Lv concentration ratio remained < 1. Our results and previous findings call for more comprehensive consideration to establish the relevance of the distribution into target tissues and the tissue dosimetry for health risks through the exposure to PYRs in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mónica Elizabeth Mosquera Ortega
- Departamento Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires.,Instituto IQUIBICEN, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas, CONICET
| | - Alejandro Martín Pato
- Departamento Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires.,Servicio Geológico Minero Argentino (SEGEMAR), San Martin, Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Delfina Mercedes Romero
- Departamento Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires.,Instituto IQUIBICEN, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas, CONICET.,Cortical Development and Pathology, Institut du Fer à Moulin, INSERM UMRS 1270, Paris 75005, France
| | - Carla Solange Sosa Holt
- Departamento Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires.,Instituto de Virología (CICVyA), Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Castelar, Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gloria Alvarez
- Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires
| | - Adriana Ridolfi
- Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires
| | | | - Marcelo Javier Wolansky
- Departamento Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires.,Instituto IQUIBICEN, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas, CONICET
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8
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Out of Control? Managing Baseline Variability in Experimental Studies with Control Groups. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2019; 257:101-117. [PMID: 31595416 DOI: 10.1007/164_2019_280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Control groups are expected to show what happens in the absence of the intervention of interest (negative control) or the effect of an intervention expected to have an effect (positive control). Although they usually give results we can anticipate, they are an essential component of all experiments, both in vitro and in vivo, and fulfil a number of important roles in any experimental design. Perhaps most importantly they help you understand the influence of variables that you cannot fully eliminate from your experiment and thus include them in your analysis of treatment effects. Because of this it is essential that they are treated as any other experimental group in terms of subjects, randomisation, blinding, etc. It also means that in almost all cases, contemporaneous control groups are required. Historical and baseline control groups serve a slightly different role and cannot fully replace control groups run as an integral part of the experiment. When used correctly, a good control group not only validates your experiment; it provides the basis for evaluating the effect of your treatments.
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Strungaru SA, Plavan G, Ciobica A, Nicoara M, Robea MA, Solcan C, Petrovici A. Toxicity and chronic effects of deltamethrin exposure on zebrafish (Danio rerio) as a reference model for freshwater fish community. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2019; 171:854-862. [PMID: 30660979 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.01.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Revised: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In this study zebrafish specimens were exposed for 15 days to 0.25, 0.5, 1 and 2 μg L-1 non-lethal concentrations of deltamethrin (DM) knowing that is the active compound in insecticides used on agricultural crops. They were investigated important issues resulted during the chronic exposure with DM: effects on aggressive behavior and swimming performances knowing that is a high neurotoxic compound; toxicity on nervous system investigated on telencephalon, optic tectum and cerebellum; activity of PCNA, p53 and TUNEL as toxicity markers in immunocytochemistry of the histological samples; changes of elements concentrations in the fish body and their role in detoxification of DM. This scenario investigated the harmful effects of this compound for freshwater fish communities. The aggressive behavior significantly increased and remained constant for the concentration 0.5 μg L-1. They were not evidences in changing of anxiety level and swimming performances. The nervous system suffered significant damage for all studied concentrations and confirmed the changes in the behavior. Selenium concentration in the body decreased and may be involved in the detoxification processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan-Adrian Strungaru
- "Alexandru Ioan Cuza" University of Iasi, Department of Research, Faculty of Biology, Bd. Carol I, 20 A, 700505 Iasi, Romania.
| | - Gabriel Plavan
- "Alexandru Ioan Cuza" University of Iasi, Department of Biology, Faculty of Biology, Bd. Carol I, 20 A, 700505 Iasi, Romania
| | - Alin Ciobica
- "Alexandru Ioan Cuza" University of Iasi, Department of Research, Faculty of Biology, Bd. Carol I, 20 A, 700505 Iasi, Romania.
| | - Mircea Nicoara
- "Alexandru Ioan Cuza" University of Iasi, Department of Biology, Faculty of Biology, Bd. Carol I, 20 A, 700505 Iasi, Romania
| | - Madalina Andreea Robea
- "Alexandru Ioan Cuza" University of Iasi, Department of Biology, Faculty of Biology, Bd. Carol I, 20 A, 700505 Iasi, Romania
| | - Carmen Solcan
- University of Agricultural Science and Veterinary Medicine "Ion Ionescu de la Brad", Department of Molecular Biology, Histology and Embriology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, 8, Mihail Sadoveanu Alley, 700489 Iasi, Romania
| | - Adriana Petrovici
- University of Agricultural Science and Veterinary Medicine "Ion Ionescu de la Brad", Department of Molecular Biology, Histology and Embriology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, 8, Mihail Sadoveanu Alley, 700489 Iasi, Romania
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10
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Song G, Moreau M, Efremenko A, Lake BG, Wu H, Bruckner JV, White CA, Osimitz TG, Creek MR, Hinderliter PM, Clewell HJ, Yoon M. Evaluation of Age-Related Pyrethroid Pharmacokinetic Differences in Rats: Physiologically-Based Pharmacokinetic Model Development Using In Vitro Data and In Vitro to In Vivo Extrapolation. Toxicol Sci 2019; 169:365-379. [DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfz042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Gina Song
- ScitoVation, LLC, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27709
| | - Marjory Moreau
- ScitoVation, LLC, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27709
| | - Alina Efremenko
- ScitoVation, LLC, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27709
| | - Brian G Lake
- Centre for Toxicology, University of Surrey, Surrey, UK
| | - Huali Wu
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
- Duke Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27705
| | | | | | | | - Moire R Creek
- Valent USA, LLC, Walnut Creek, California 94596
- Moire Creek Toxicology Consulting Services, Livermore, California 94550
| | | | - Harvey J Clewell
- ScitoVation, LLC, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27709
- Ramboll, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709
| | - Miyoung Yoon
- ScitoVation, LLC, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27709
- ToxStrategies, Cary, North Carolina 27511
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11
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Mosquera Ortega ME, Romero DM, Pato AM, Sosa-Holt CS, Ridolfi A, Villaamil Lepori E, Wolansky MJ. Relationship between exposure, body burden and target tissue concentration after oral administration of a low-dose mixture of pyrethroid insecticides in young adult rats. Toxicology 2018; 409:53-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2018.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2018] [Revised: 07/01/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Rodríguez JL, Ares I, Martínez M, Martínez-Larrañaga MR, Anadón A, Martínez MA. Bioavailability and nervous tissue distribution of pyrethroid insecticide cyfluthrin in rats. Food Chem Toxicol 2018; 118:220-226. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Revised: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Gullick DR, Mott KB, Bartlett MG. Chromatographic methods for the bioanalysis of pyrethroid pesticides. Biomed Chromatogr 2016; 30:772-89. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.3712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Revised: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Darren R. Gullick
- University of Georgia; PBS, College of Pharmacy; 250 W. Green Street Athens Georgia USA 30602
| | - Kyle B. Mott
- University of Georgia; PBS, College of Pharmacy; 250 W. Green Street Athens Georgia USA 30602
| | - Michael G. Bartlett
- University of Georgia; PBS, College of Pharmacy; 250 W. Green Street Athens Georgia USA 30602
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Saillenfait AM, Ndiaye D, Sabaté JP, Denis F, Antoine G, Robert A, Rouiller-Fabre V, Moison D. Evaluation of the effects of deltamethrin on the fetal rat testis. J Appl Toxicol 2016; 36:1505-15. [DOI: 10.1002/jat.3310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Revised: 01/19/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Dieynaba Ndiaye
- Institut National de Recherche et de Sécurité; Vandoeuvre France
| | | | - Flavien Denis
- Institut National de Recherche et de Sécurité; Vandoeuvre France
| | | | - Alain Robert
- Institut National de Recherche et de Sécurité; Vandoeuvre France
| | - Virginie Rouiller-Fabre
- INSERM, U967, CEA/DSV/iRCM/SCSR/LDG; Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité; Fontenay-Aux-Roses France
| | - Delphine Moison
- INSERM, U967, CEA/DSV/iRCM/SCSR/LDG; Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité; Fontenay-Aux-Roses France
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Hughes MF, Ross DG, Edwards BC, DeVito MJ, Starr JM. Tissue time course and bioavailability of the pyrethroid insecticide bifenthrin in the Long-Evans rat. Xenobiotica 2015; 46:430-8. [DOI: 10.3109/00498254.2015.1081710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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16
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Shivanoor SM, David M. Protective role of turmeric against deltamethrin induced renal oxidative damage in rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bionut.2014.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Wolansky MJ, Tornero-Velez R. Critical consideration of the multiplicity of experimental and organismic determinants of pyrethroid neurotoxicity: a proof of concept. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART B, CRITICAL REVIEWS 2013; 16:453-490. [PMID: 24298913 DOI: 10.1080/10937404.2013.853607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Pyrethroids (PYR) are pesticides with high insecticidal activity that may disrupt neuronal excitability in target and nontarget species. The accumulated evidence consistently showed that this neurophysiologic action is followed by alterations in motor, sensorimotor, neuromuscular, and thermoregulatory responses. Nevertheless, there are some equivocal results regarding the potency of PYR in lab animals. The estimation of potency is an important step in pesticide chemical risk assessment. In order to identify the variables influencing neurobehavioral findings across PYR studies, evidence on experimental and organismic determinants of acute PYR-induced neurotoxicity was reviewed in rodents. A comprehensive analysis of these studies was conducted focusing on test material and dosing conditions, testing conditions, animal models, and other determinants such as testing room temperature. Variations in the severity of the neurotoxicity, under lab-controlled conditions, was explained based upon factors including influence of animal species and age, test material features such as chemical structure and stereochemistry, and dosing conditions such as vehicle, route of exposure, and dose volume. If not controlled, the interplay of these factors may lead to large variance in potency estimation. This review examined the scope of acute toxicological data required to determine the safety of pesticide products, and factors and covariates that need to be controlled in order to ensure that predictivity and precaution are balanced in a risk assessment process within a reasonable time-frame, using acute PYR-induced neurotoxicity in rodents as an exemplar.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Wolansky
- a Laboratorio de Toxicología de Mezclas Químicas, Instituto de Investigación IQUIBICEN, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Departamento Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales , Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria UBA, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires , Argentina
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Biomonitoring Equivalents for deltamethrin. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2011; 60:189-99. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2011.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2011] [Accepted: 03/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Godin SJ, DeVito MJ, Hughes MF, Ross DG, Scollon EJ, Starr JM, Setzer RW, Conolly RB, Tornero-Velez R. Physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling of deltamethrin: development of a rat and human diffusion-limited model. Toxicol Sci 2010; 115:330-43. [PMID: 20200215 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfq051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mirfazaelian et al. developed a physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model for the pyrethroid pesticide deltamethrin in the rat. This model describes gastrointestinal (GI) tract absorption as a saturable process mediated by phase III efflux transporters which pump deltamethrin out of the intestinal enterocytes into the GI tract lumen, resulting in minimal net absorption at low concentrations and increasing absorption at higher concentrations. In the present study, the dose dependency in absorption of deltamethrin was examined in male Long Evans rats using po exposures predicted by the Mirfazaelian model to yield different po bioavailability values. No difference in the bioavailability from single po doses of 0.3 and 3.0 mg/kg deltamethrin was observed. Based on this finding, the Mirfazaelian PBPK model was modified to exclude a saturable absorption process. Other changes to the Mirfazaelian model included describing all tissue compartments with diffusion-limited kinetics and a single blood compartment. These changes improved model predictions of deltamethrin tissue concentration data from the present study and the literature. The rat model was then scaled to humans. The model predicted a twofold greater peak deltamethrin brain concentration and threefold greater area under the curve (AUC(0-48 h)) for humans following an po exposure of 1 mg/kg. Based on this model, humans would have greater distribution of deltamethrin to the brain for the same administered po dose compared to rats. The relative sensitivity to deltamethrin between rats and humans depends on both pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic differences. Species differences in the pharmacodynamic responses to deltamethrin between rats and humans remain uncharacterized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J Godin
- Curriculum in Toxicology, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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MacLachlan D. Physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model for residues of lipophilic pesticides in poultry. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2010; 27:302-14. [DOI: 10.1080/19440040903296683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Wolansky MJ, Gennings C, DeVito MJ, Crofton KM. Evidence for dose-additive effects of pyrethroids on motor activity in rats. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2009; 117:1563-70. [PMID: 20019907 PMCID: PMC2790511 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.0900667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2009] [Accepted: 06/08/2009] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pyrethroids are neurotoxic insecticides used in a variety of indoor and outdoor applications. Previous research characterized the acute dose-effect functions for 11 pyrethroids administered orally in corn oil (1 mL/kg) based on assessment of motor activity. OBJECTIVES We used a mixture of these 11 pyrethroids and the same testing paradigm used in single-compound assays to test the hypothesis that cumulative neurotoxic effects of pyrethroid mixtures can be predicted using the default dose-addition theory. METHODS Mixing ratios of the 11 pyrethroids in the tested mixture were based on the ED30 (effective dose that produces a 30% decrease in response) of the individual chemical (i.e., the mixture comprised equipotent amounts of each pyrethroid). The highest concentration of each individual chemical in the mixture was less than the threshold for inducing behavioral effects. Adult male rats received acute oral exposure to corn oil (control) or dilutions of the stock mixture solution. The mixture of 11 pyrethroids was administered either simultaneously (2 hr before testing) or after a sequence based on times of peak effect for the individual chemicals (4, 2, and 1 hr before testing). A threshold additivity model was fit to the single-chemical data to predict the theoretical dose-effect relationship for the mixture under the assumption of dose additivity. RESULTS When subthreshold doses of individual chemicals were combined in the mixtures, we found significant dose-related decreases in motor activity. Further, we found no departure from the predicted dose-additive curve regardless of the mixture dosing protocol used. CONCLUSION In this article we present the first in vivo evidence on pyrethroid cumulative effects supporting the default assumption of dose addition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo J. Wolansky
- Departamento de Química Biológica (Área Toxicología), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | | | - Kevin M. Crofton
- Division of Neurotoxicology, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
- Address correspondence to K.M. Crofton, Neurotoxicology Division, MD-B105-04, NHEERL, U.S. EPA, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711 USA. Telephone: (919) 541-2672. Fax: (919) 541-4849. E-mail:
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22
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Potential developmental neurotoxicity of deltamethrin - Scientific Opinion of the Panel on Plant Protection Products and their Residues (PPR). EFSA J 2009. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2009.921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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Harris DL, Hood DB, Ramesh A. Vehicle-dependent disposition kinetics of fluoranthene in Fisher-344 rats. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2008; 5:41-8. [PMID: 18441404 PMCID: PMC2760079 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph5010041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate how the vehicles of choice affect the pharmacokinetics of orally administered Fluoranthene [FLA] in rats. Fluoranthene is a member of the family of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon chemicals. Fluoranthene exposure to humans may occur as a result of cigarette smoking, consumption of contaminated food and water, heating woods in stoves and boilers, industrial sources such as coal gasification, carbon and graphite electrode manufacturing. Adult male Fisher-344 rats were given single oral doses of 25 and 50 μg/kg FLA in tricaprylin, peanut oil, cod liver oil, tween 80/isotonic saline (1:5) and 2% Alkamuls-EL620 through gavage. After administration, the rats were housed individually in metabolic cages and sacrificed at 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12 hours post FLA exposure. Blood, lung, liver, small intestine, adipose tissue samples, urine, and feces were collected at each time point. Samples were subjected to a liquid-liquid extraction using methanol, chloroform, and water. The extracts were analyzed by a reverse-phase HPLC, equipped with a fluorescence detector. The results revealed a dose-dependent increase in FLA concentrations in plasma and tissues for all the vehicles used. Plasma and tissue FLA concentrations were greater for peanut oil; cod liver oil, and tricaprylin vehicles compared to Alkamuls (p < 0.05), and tween 80/isotonic saline (1:5). Most of the FLA administered through peanut oil, cod liver oil and tricaprylin was cleared from the body by 8 hours (90%) and 12 hours (80%) post administration for the 25 μg/kg and 50 μg/kg dose groups, respectively. With both doses employed, the metabolism of FLA was highest when cod liver oil was used as a vehicle and lowest in vehicles containing detergent/water [cod liver oil > peanut oil > tricaprylin > alkamuls > tween 80/isotonic saline (1:5)]. These findings suggest that uptake and elimination of FLA is accelerated when administered through oil-based vehicles. The low uptake of FLA from alkamuls and tween 80/isotonic saline may have been a result of the poor solubility of the chemical. In summary, our findings reiterate that absorption characteristics of FLA were governed by the dose as well as the dosing vehicle. The vehicle-dependent bioavailability of FLA suggests a need for the judicious selection of vehicles in evaluating oral toxicity studies for risk assessment purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Darryl B. Hood
- Department of Neurobiology & Neurotoxicology, Center for Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN 37208, USA
| | - Aramandla Ramesh
- Department of Cancer Biology, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN 37208, USA
- Correspondence to Dr. Aramandla Ramesh:
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Kim KB, Anand SS, Kim HJ, White CA, Bruckner JV. Toxicokinetics and tissue distribution of deltamethrin in adult Sprague-Dawley rats. Toxicol Sci 2007; 101:197-205. [PMID: 18056584 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfm277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The objectives of this study were twofold: (1) to characterize the toxicokinetics and dose-dependent systemic/tissue distribution of deltamethrin (DLM) over a range of doses in adult Sprague-Dawley (S-D) rats; (2) to provide comprehensive time course blood and tissue data for development of a physiologically based toxicokinetic (PBTK) model for DLM. DLM is one of the more neurotoxic members of a relatively new and commonly used class of insecticides, the pyrethroids. Despite widespread exposure of the general population to pyrethroids, there is little basic toxicokinetic (TK) data to use in health risk assessments or in development of PBTK models. Male S-D rats were dosed orally with 0.4, 2, or 10 mg DLM/kg dissolved in glycerol formal (GF). Another group received 2 mg/kg iv. Serial blood and tissue samples were taken at sacrifice and analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography for their DLM content, in order to obtain comprehensive time course data sets for estimation of classical TK, as well as PBTK parameters (e.g., tissues:blood partition coefficients). Gastrointestinal (GI) absorption of DLM was rapid but incomplete. Bioavailability was just 18%. Some 83% of DLM in blood was present in the plasma. Just 0.1-0.3% of systemically absorbed doses reached the brain, the target organ of the bioactive parent compound. Fat, skin and surprisingly, skeletal muscle, accumulated large amounts of the highly lipophilic chemical and served as slow-release depots. Tissue distribution was dose dependent, though generally not proportional to dose. Clearance was dose independent in this dosage range. The time-profiles were used by A. Mirfazaelian et al. (2006, Toxicol. Sci. 93, 432-442) to construct and adjust a PBTK model. Much remains to be learned about physiological/biochemical processes and barriers that govern the GI absorption, transport, brain deposition, and elimination of DLM and other pyrethroids in laboratory animals and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyu-Bong Kim
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA
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Heylings JR, Farnworth MJ, Swain CM, Clapp MJ, Elliott BM. Identification of an alginate-based formulation of paraquat to reduce the exposure of the herbicide following oral ingestion. Toxicology 2007; 241:1-10. [PMID: 17825971 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2007.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2007] [Revised: 07/18/2007] [Accepted: 07/19/2007] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The herbicide paraquat has been widely used throughout the world for almost 50 years and is important in sustainable agriculture. When used correctly the chemical poses no known risk to human health. However, it is acutely toxic, and can be fatal, if the concentrated product is ingested orally. Despite many years of research there is no successful treatment for paraquat intoxication. In recent years we have turned our attention to understanding how we can make the product safer, if it is accidentally or intentionally consumed. We present in this paper a novel approach aimed at safening the paraquat product, Gramoxone. Following our previous research on the site and mechanism of paraquat absorption from the gastrointestinal tract we have identified a new formulation of paraquat, Gramoxone INTEON that reduces the absorption of paraquat into the blood. This new formulation contains the polysaccharide, alginate, a natural product extracted from sea-weed. We have designed a preparation of paraquat and alginate with surfactants that is herbicidally active but has the unique property that it gels on contact with gastric acid in the stomach. The resulting mixture slows the dispersion and delivery of the toxic chemical to its site of absorption in the small intestine. Alginates also protect the mucosa against the damaging influence of topical gastric irritants, like paraquat. Our studies have shown that increasing the loading of alginate between 7 and 17 g/L causes a dose-related reduction in paraquat absorption in vitro in isolated rat ileum. This is also observed in vivo, as measured by paraquat plasma kinetics in the rabbit where the Area Under Curve (AUC 0-24h) was reduced from 33.8+/-3 for Gramoxone to 12.5+/-6 (microg/mL)h for a formulation containing 17 g/L alginate. Such a reduction in systemic exposure to paraquat is expected to reduce the acute oral toxicity of the formulation. This should be particularly effective in a vomiting species such as man since we have shown in this investigation that alginates not only reduce the peak plasma paraquat values but also delay the time to peak levels. This provides the opportunity for a more effective emetic response since the highly viscous gelled material should remain in the stomach for longer than the liquid Gramoxone. Further research is required to understand and optimise the safening and herbicidal characteristics of these alginate acid-triggered gel formulations of paraquat. However, we anticipate that this alginate technology in Gramoxone INTEON could have significant benefit in reducing human mortalities associated with the herbicide.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Heylings
- Syngenta Central Toxicology Laboratory, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10 4TJ, United Kingdom.
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