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Hadrup N, Sahlgren N, Jacobsen NR, Saber AT, Hougaard KS, Vogel U, Jensen KA. Toxicity dose descriptors from animal inhalation studies of 13 nanomaterials and their bulk and ionic counterparts and variation with primary particle characteristics. Nanotoxicology 2023:1-34. [PMID: 37300873 DOI: 10.1080/17435390.2023.2221728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 05/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This study collects toxicity data from animal inhalation studies of some nanomaterials and their bulk and ionic counterparts. To allow potential grouping and interpretations, we retrieved the primary physicochemical and exposure data to the extent possible for each of the materials. Reviewed materials are compounds (mainly elements, oxides and salts) of carbon (carbon black, carbon nanotubes, and graphene), silver, cerium, cobalt, copper, iron, nickel, silicium (amorphous silica and quartz), titanium (titanium dioxide), and zinc (chemical symbols: Ag, C, Ce, Co, Cu, Fe, Ni, Si, Ti, TiO2, and Zn). Collected endpoints are: a) pulmonary inflammation, measured as neutrophils in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid at 0-24 hours after last exposure; and b) genotoxicity/carcinogenicity. We present the dose descriptors no-observed-adverse-effect concentrations (NOAECs) and lowest-observed-adverse-effect concentrations (LOAECs) for 88 nanomaterial investigations in data-library and graph formats. We also calculate 'the value where 25% of exposed animals develop tumors' (T25) for carcinogenicity studies. We describe how the data may be used for hazard assessment of the materials using carbon black as an example. The collected data also enable hazard comparison between different materials. An important observation for poorly soluble particles is that the NOAEC for neutrophil numbers in general lies around 1 to 2 mg/m3. We further discuss why some materials' dose descriptors deviate from this level, likely reflecting the effects of the ionic form and effects of the fiber-shape. Finally, we discuss that long-term studies, in general, provide the lowest dose descriptors, and dose descriptors are positively correlated with particle size for near-spherical materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niels Hadrup
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment (NFA), Copenhagen, Denmark
- Research group for risk-benefit, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Nicklas Sahlgren
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment (NFA), Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nicklas R Jacobsen
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment (NFA), Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anne T Saber
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment (NFA), Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Karin S Hougaard
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment (NFA), Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ulla Vogel
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment (NFA), Copenhagen, Denmark
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Keld A Jensen
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment (NFA), Copenhagen, Denmark
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Environmentally Relevant Iron Oxide Nanoparticles Produce Limited Acute Pulmonary Effects in Rats at Realistic Exposure Levels. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22020556. [PMID: 33429876 PMCID: PMC7827273 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22020556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Iron is typically the dominant metal in the ultrafine fraction of airborne particulate matter. Various studies have investigated the toxicity of inhaled nano-sized iron oxide particles (FeOxNPs) but their results have been contradictory, with some indicating no or minor effects and others finding effects including oxidative stress and inflammation. Most studies, however, did not use materials reflecting the characteristics of FeOxNPs present in the environment. We, therefore, analysed the potential toxicity of FeOxNPs of different forms (Fe3O4, α-Fe2O3 and γ-Fe2O3) reflecting the characteristics of high iron content nano-sized particles sampled from the environment, both individually and in a mixture (FeOx-mix). A preliminary in vitro study indicated Fe3O4 and FeOx-mix were more cytotoxic than either form of Fe2O3 in human bronchial epithelial cells (BEAS-2B). Follow-up in vitro (0.003, 0.03, 0.3 µg/mL, 24 h) and in vivo (Sprague–Dawley rats, nose-only exposure, 50 µg/m3 and 500 µg/m3, 3 h/d × 3 d) studies therefore focused on these materials. Experiments in vitro explored responses at the molecular level via multi-omics analyses at concentrations below those at which significant cytotoxicity was evident to avoid detection of responses secondary to toxicity. Inhalation experiments used aerosol concentrations chosen to produce similar levels of particle deposition on the airway surface as were delivered in vitro. These were markedly higher than environmental concentrations. No clinical signs of toxicity were seen nor effects on BALF cell counts or LDH levels. There were also no significant changes in transcriptomic or metabolomic responses in lung or BEAS-2B cells to suggest adverse effects.
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Rafieepour A, Azari MR, Peirovi H, Khodagholi F, Jaktaji JP, Mehrabi Y, Naserzadeh P, Mohammadian Y. Investigation of the effect of magnetite iron oxide particles size on cytotoxicity in A 549 cell line. Toxicol Ind Health 2020; 35:703-713. [PMID: 31818242 DOI: 10.1177/0748233719888077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Magnetite as iron oxide is widely used in various industries, in the pharmaceutical industry in particular where it is used for its magnetic properties. The environmental and occupational exposure to airborne nanoparticles and microparticles of iron oxide compounds have been reported. Since authors have reported contradictory results, the objective of this study was to investigate the effect of particles' size in their toxicities. METHODS The human cell line A549 was exposed with magnetite iron oxide in two size categories of micro (≥5 µm) and nano (<100 nm), with four concentrations of 10, 50, 100, and 250 µg/ml at two time periods of 24 and 72 h. The cell viability, reactive oxygen species (ROS), changes in mitochondrial membrane potential, and incidence of apoptosis were studied. RESULTS Nano and micro magnetite particles demonstrated diverse toxicity effects on the A549 cell line at the 24- and 72-h exposure periods; however, the effects produced were time- and concentration-dependent. Nano magnetite particles produced greater cellular toxicities in forms of decreased viabilities at concentration exposures greater than 50 µg/ml (p < 0.05), along with increased ROS (p < 0.05), decreased cellular membrane potential (p < 0.05), and reduced rate of apoptosis (p < 0.05). DISCUSSION The results of this study demonstrated that magnetite iron in nano-range sizes had a greater absorbability for the A549 cell line compared to micro sizes, and at the same time, nanoparticles were more toxic than microparticles, demonstrating higher production of ROS and decreased viabilities. Considering the greater toxicity of nanoparticles of magnetite iron in this study, thorough precautionary control measures must be taken before they can be used in various industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athena Rafieepour
- School of Public Health and Safety, Student Research Committee, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mansour R Azari
- Nanomedicine and Tissue Engineering Research Center, School of Public Health and Safety, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Habibollah Peirovi
- Nanomedicine and Tissue Engineering Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fariba Khodagholi
- Neuroscience Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Yadollah Mehrabi
- Environmental and Occupational Hazards Control Research Center, School of Public Health and Safety, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Parvaneh Naserzadeh
- School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Yousef Mohammadian
- Nanomedicine and Tissue Engineering Research Center, School of Public Health and Safety, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Hadrup N, Saber AT, Kyjovska ZO, Jacobsen NR, Vippola M, Sarlin E, Ding Y, Schmid O, Wallin H, Jensen KA, Vogel U. Pulmonary toxicity of Fe 2O 3, ZnFe 2O 4, NiFe 2O 4 and NiZnFe 4O 8 nanomaterials: Inflammation and DNA strand breaks. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2020; 74:103303. [PMID: 31794919 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2019.103303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Revised: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to metal oxide nanomaterials potentially occurs at the workplace. We investigated the toxicity of two Fe-oxides: Fe2O3 nanoparticles and nanorods; and three MFe2O4 spinels: NiZnFe4O8, ZnFe2O4, and NiFe2O4 nanoparticles. Mice were dosed 14, 43 or 128 μg by intratracheal instillation. Recovery periods were 1, 3, or 28 days. Inflammation - neutrophil influx into bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid - occurred for Fe2O3 rods (1 day), ZnFe2O4 (1, 3 days), NiFe2O4 (1, 3, 28 days), Fe2O3 (28 days) and NiZnFe4O8 (28 days). Conversion of mass-dose into specific surface-area-dose showed that inflammation correlated with deposited surface area and consequently, all these nanomaterials belong to the so-called low-solubility, low-toxicity class. Increased levels of DNA strand breaks were observed for both Fe2O3 particles and rods, in BAL cells three days post-exposure. To our knowledge, this is, besides magnetite (Fe3O4), the first study of the pulmonary toxicity of MFe2O4 spinel nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niels Hadrup
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment (NFA), 105 Lersø Parkallé, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark.
| | - Anne T Saber
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment (NFA), 105 Lersø Parkallé, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark.
| | - Zdenka O Kyjovska
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment (NFA), 105 Lersø Parkallé, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark.
| | - Nicklas R Jacobsen
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment (NFA), 105 Lersø Parkallé, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark.
| | - Minnamari Vippola
- Materials Science and Environmental Engineering, Tampere University, P.O.Box 589, 33014 Tampere University, Finland.
| | - Essi Sarlin
- Materials Science and Environmental Engineering, Tampere University, P.O.Box 589, 33014 Tampere University, Finland.
| | - Yaobo Ding
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center, Member of the German Center for Lung Research, Max-Lebsche-Platz 31, 81377 Munich, Germany; Institute of Lung Biology and Disease, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany.
| | - Otmar Schmid
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center, Member of the German Center for Lung Research, Max-Lebsche-Platz 31, 81377 Munich, Germany; Institute of Lung Biology and Disease, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany.
| | - Håkan Wallin
- National Institute of Occupational Health, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Keld A Jensen
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment (NFA), 105 Lersø Parkallé, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark.
| | - Ulla Vogel
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment (NFA), 105 Lersø Parkallé, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark; Department of Health Technology, Danish Technical University (DTU), DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
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Li X, Yang H, Wu S, Meng Q, Sun H, Lu R, Cui J, Zheng Y, Chen W, Zhang R, Aschner M, Chen R. Suppression of PTPN6 exacerbates aluminum oxide nanoparticle-induced COPD-like lesions in mice through activation of STAT pathway. Part Fibre Toxicol 2017; 14:53. [PMID: 29233151 PMCID: PMC5728016 DOI: 10.1186/s12989-017-0234-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Inhaled nanoparticles can deposit in the deep lung where they interact with pulmonary cells. Despite numerous studies on pulmonary nanotoxicity, detailed molecular mechanisms of specific nanomaterial-induced lung injury have yet to be identified. Results Using whole-body dynamic inhalation model, we studied the interactions between aluminum oxide nanoparticles (Al2O3 NPs) and the pulmonary system in vivo. We found that seven-day-exposure to Al2O3 NPs resulted in emphysema and small airway remodeling in murine lungs, accompanied by enhanced inflammation and apoptosis. Al2O3 NPs exposure led to suppression of PTPN6 and phosphorylation of STAT3, culminating in increased expression of the apoptotic marker PDCD4. Rescue of PTPN6 expression or application of a STAT3 inhibitor, effectively protected murine lungs from inflammation and apoptosis, as well as, in part, from the induction of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)-like effects. Conclusion In summary, our studies show that inhibition of PTPN6 plays a critical role in Al2O3 NPs-induced COPD-like lesions. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12989-017-0234-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobo Li
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Dingjiaqiao 87, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Hongbao Yang
- Center for New Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shenshen Wu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Dingjiaqiao 87, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Qingtao Meng
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Dingjiaqiao 87, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Hao Sun
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Dingjiaqiao 87, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Runze Lu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Dingjiaqiao 87, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Jian Cui
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Dingjiaqiao 87, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Yuxin Zheng
- School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266021, China
| | - Wen Chen
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health Risk Assessment, Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Rong Zhang
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050017, China
| | - Michael Aschner
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
| | - Rui Chen
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Dingjiaqiao 87, Nanjing, 210009, China. .,Institute for Chemical Carcinogenesis, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, China.
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Oller AR, Oberdörster G. Incorporation of dosimetry in the derivation of reference concentrations for ambient or workplace air: a conceptual approach. JOURNAL OF AEROSOL SCIENCE 2016; 99:40-45. [PMID: 27721518 PMCID: PMC5051659 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaerosci.2016.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Dosimetric models are essential tools to refine inhalation risk assessments based on local respiratory effects. Dosimetric adjustments to account for differences in aerosol particle size and respiratory tract deposition and/or clearance among rodents, workers, and the general public can be applied to experimentally- and epidemiologically-determined points of departure (PODs) to calculate size-selected (e.g., PM10, inhalable aerosol fraction, respirable aerosol fraction) equivalent concentrations (e.g., HEC or Human Equivalent Concentration; REC or Rodent Equivalent Concentration). A modified POD (e.g., HEC) can then feed into existing frameworks for the derivation of occupational or ambient air concentration limits or reference concentrations. HECs that are expressed in terms of aerosol particle sizes experienced by humans but are derived from animal studies allow proper comparison of exposure levels and associated health effects in animals and humans. This can inform differences in responsiveness between animals and humans, based on the same deposited or retained doses and can also allow the use of both data sources in an integrated weight of evidence approach for hazard and risk assessment purposes. Whenever possible, default values should be replaced by substance-specific and target population-specific parameters. Assumptions and sources of uncertainty need to be clearly reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana R Oller
- NiPERA, 2525 Meridian Parkway, Suite 240, Durham, NC 27713, USA
| | - Günter Oberdörster
- University of Rochester, Dpt. of Environmental Medicine, 575 Elmwood Ave., Medical Center Box 850, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
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Noël A, Truchon G, Cloutier Y, Charbonneau M, Maghni K, Tardif R. Mass or total surface area with aerosol size distribution as exposure metrics for inflammatory, cytotoxic and oxidative lung responses in rats exposed to titanium dioxide nanoparticles. Toxicol Ind Health 2016; 33:351-364. [DOI: 10.1177/0748233716651560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
There is currently no consensus on the best exposure metric(s) for expressing nanoparticle (NP) dose. Although surface area has been extensively studied for inflammatory responses, it has not been as thoroughly validated for cytotoxicity or oxidative stress effects. Since inhaled NPs deposit and interact with lung cells based on agglomerate size, we hypothesize that mass concentration combined with aerosol size distribution is suitable for NP risk assessment. The objective of this study was to evaluate different exposure metrics for inhaled 5 nm titanium dioxide aerosols composed of small (SA < 100 nm) or large (LA > 100 nm) agglomerates at 2, 7, and 20 mg/m3 on rat lung inflammatory, cytotoxicity, and oxidative stress responses. We found a significant positive correlation ( r = 0.98, p < 0.01) with the inflammatory reaction, measured by the number of neutrophils and the mass concentration when considering all six (SA + LA) aerosols. This correlation was similar ( r = 0.87) for total surface area. Regarding cytotoxicity and oxidative stress responses, measured by lactate dehydrogenase and 8-isoprostane, respectively, and mass or total surface area as an exposure metric, we observed significant positive correlations only with SA aerosols for both the mass concentration and size distribution ( r > 0.91, p < 0.01), as well as for the total surface area ( r > 0.97, p < 0.01). These data show that mass or total surface area concentrations alone are insufficient to adequately predict oxidant and cytotoxic pulmonary effects. Overall, our study indicates that considering NP size distribution along with mass or total surface area concentrations contributes to a more mechanistic discrimination of pulmonary responses to NP exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Noël
- Département de santé environnementale et de santé au travail, Institut de recherche en santé publique, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada
| | - G Truchon
- Institut de recherche Robert-Sauvé en santé et en sécurité du travail (IRSST), Montréal, Canada
| | - Y Cloutier
- Institut de recherche Robert-Sauvé en santé et en sécurité du travail (IRSST), Montréal, Canada
| | - M Charbonneau
- INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Université du Québec, Laval, Canada
- Deceased
| | - K Maghni
- Centre de recherche de l’Hôpital du Sacré-Cœur de Montréal, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada
| | - R Tardif
- Département de santé environnementale et de santé au travail, Institut de recherche en santé publique, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada
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Pease C, Rücker T, Birk T. Review of the Evidence from Epidemiology, Toxicology, and Lung Bioavailability on the Carcinogenicity of Inhaled Iron Oxide Particulates. Chem Res Toxicol 2016; 29:237-54. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.5b00448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Camilla Pease
- Ramboll ENVIRON
UK Limited, 1 Broad Gate, The Headrow, Leeds LS1 8EQ, U.K
| | - Thomas Rücker
- Ramboll ENVIRON
Germany GmbH, Aschauer Straße
32a, 81549 München, Germany
| | - Thomas Birk
- Ramboll ENVIRON
Germany GmbH, Friedrich-Ebert-Strasse
55, 45127 Essen, Germany
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Mousseau F, Le Borgne R, Seyrek E, Berret JF. Biophysicochemical Interaction of a Clinical Pulmonary Surfactant with Nanoalumina. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2015; 31:7346-7354. [PMID: 26075579 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.5b01639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We report on the interaction of pulmonary surfactant composed of phospholipids and proteins with nanometric alumina (Al2O3) in the context of lung exposure and nanotoxicity. We study the bulk properties of phospholipid/nanoparticle dispersions and determine the nature of their interactions. The clinical surfactant Curosurf, both native and extruded, and a protein-free surfactant are investigated. The phase behavior of mixed surfactant/particle dispersions was determined by optical and electron microscopy, light scattering, and zeta potential measurements. It exhibits broad similarities with that of strongly interacting nanosystems such as polymers, proteins or particles, and supports the hypothesis of electrostatic complexation. At a critical stoichiometry, micron-sized aggregates arising from the association between oppositely charged vesicles and nanoparticles are formed. Contrary to the models of lipoprotein corona or of particle wrapping, our work shows that vesicles maintain their structural integrity and trap the particles at their surfaces. The agglomeration of particles in surfactant phase is a phenomenon of importance that could change the interactions of the particles with lung cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Mousseau
- †Laboratoire Matière et Systèmes Complexes, UMR 7057 CNRS Université Denis Diderot Paris-VII, Bâtiment Condorcet, 10 rue Alice Domon et Léonie Duquet, 75205 Paris, France
| | - R Le Borgne
- ‡ImagoSeine Electron Microscopy Facility, Institut Jacques Monod, UMR 7592, CNRS - Université Paris Diderot Paris-VII, 75013 Paris, France
| | - E Seyrek
- †Laboratoire Matière et Systèmes Complexes, UMR 7057 CNRS Université Denis Diderot Paris-VII, Bâtiment Condorcet, 10 rue Alice Domon et Léonie Duquet, 75205 Paris, France
| | - J-F Berret
- †Laboratoire Matière et Systèmes Complexes, UMR 7057 CNRS Université Denis Diderot Paris-VII, Bâtiment Condorcet, 10 rue Alice Domon et Léonie Duquet, 75205 Paris, France
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Comparative assessment of nanomaterial definitions and safety evaluation considerations. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2015; 73:137-50. [PMID: 26111608 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2015.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2015] [Revised: 05/21/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Nanomaterials continue to bring promising advances to science and technology. In concert have come calls for increased regulatory oversight to ensure their appropriate identification and evaluation, which has led to extensive discussions about nanomaterial definitions. Numerous nanomaterial definitions have been proposed by government, industry, and standards organizations. We conducted a comprehensive comparative assessment of existing nanomaterial definitions put forward by governments to highlight their similarities and differences. We found that the size limits used in different definitions were inconsistent, as were considerations of other elements, including agglomerates and aggregates, distributional thresholds, novel properties, and solubility. Other important differences included consideration of number size distributions versus weight distributions and natural versus intentionally-manufactured materials. Overall, the definitions we compared were not in alignment, which may lead to inconsistent identification and evaluation of nanomaterials and could have adverse impacts on commerce and public perceptions of nanotechnology. We recommend a set of considerations that future discussions of nanomaterial definitions should consider for describing materials and assessing their potential for health and environmental impacts using risk-based approaches within existing assessment frameworks. Our intent is to initiate a dialogue aimed at achieving greater clarity in identifying those nanomaterials that may require additional evaluation, not to propose a formal definition.
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11
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Morfeld P, Bruch J, Levy L, Ngiewih Y, Chaudhuri I, Muranko HJ, Myerson R, McCunney RJ. Translational toxicology in setting occupational exposure limits for dusts and hazard classification - a critical evaluation of a recent approach to translate dust overload findings from rats to humans. Part Fibre Toxicol 2015; 12:3. [PMID: 25925672 PMCID: PMC4443602 DOI: 10.1186/s12989-015-0079-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2014] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We analyze the scientific basis and methodology used by the German MAK Commission in their recommendations for exposure limits and carcinogen classification of "granular biopersistent particles without known specific toxicity" (GBS). These recommendations are under review at the European Union level. We examine the scientific assumptions in an attempt to reproduce the results. MAK's human equivalent concentrations (HECs) are based on a particle mass and on a volumetric model in which results from rat inhalation studies are translated to derive occupational exposure limits (OELs) and a carcinogen classification. METHODS We followed the methods as proposed by the MAK Commission and Pauluhn 2011. We also examined key assumptions in the metrics, such as surface area of the human lung, deposition fractions of inhaled dusts, human clearance rates; and risk of lung cancer among workers, presumed to have some potential for lung overload, the physiological condition in rats associated with an increase in lung cancer risk. RESULTS The MAK recommendations on exposure limits for GBS have numerous incorrect assumptions that adversely affect the final results. The procedures to derive the respirable occupational exposure limit (OEL) could not be reproduced, a finding raising considerable scientific uncertainty about the reliability of the recommendations. Moreover, the scientific basis of using the rat model is confounded by the fact that rats and humans show different cellular responses to inhaled particles as demonstrated by bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) studies in both species. CONCLUSION Classifying all GBS as carcinogenic to humans based on rat inhalation studies in which lung overload leads to chronic inflammation and cancer is inappropriate. Studies of workers, who have been exposed to relevant levels of dust, have not indicated an increase in lung cancer risk. Using the methods proposed by the MAK, we were unable to reproduce the OEL for GBS recommended by the Commission, but identified substantial errors in the models. Considerable shortcomings in the use of lung surface area, clearance rates, deposition fractions; as well as using the mass and volumetric metrics as opposed to the particle surface area metric limit the scientific reliability of the proposed GBS OEL and carcinogen classification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Morfeld
- Institute for Occupational Epidemiology and Risk Assessment of Evonik Industries, AG Rellinghauser Straße 1-11, Essen, 45128, Germany.
- Institute and Policlinic for Occupational Medicine, Environmental Medicine and Preventive Research, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
| | - Joachim Bruch
- University Duisburg-Essen, Medical Faculty, Essen, Germany.
- IBE GmbH, Cologne, Germany.
| | - Len Levy
- Cranfield University, ᅟ, Cranfield, UK.
| | | | | | | | - Ross Myerson
- Department of Occupational Health, MedStar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC, USA.
- The George Washington University School of Public Health, Washington, DC, USA.
| | - Robert J McCunney
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
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Yoshiura Y, Izumi H, Oyabu T, Hashiba M, Kambara T, Mizuguchi Y, Lee BW, Okada T, Tomonaga T, Myojo T, Yamamoto K, Kitajima S, Horie M, Kuroda E, Morimoto Y. Pulmonary toxicity of well-dispersed titanium dioxide nanoparticles following intratracheal instillation. JOURNAL OF NANOPARTICLE RESEARCH : AN INTERDISCIPLINARY FORUM FOR NANOSCALE SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2015. [PMID: 26069452 DOI: 10.1007/s11051-013-1600-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
In order to investigate the pulmonary toxicity of titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles, we performed an intratracheal instillation study with rats of well-dispersed TiO2 nanoparticles and examined the pulmonary inflammation and histopathological changes in the lung. Wistar Hannover rats were intratracheally administered 0.2 mg (0.66 mg/kg) and 1.0 mg (3.3 mg/kg) of well-dispersed TiO2 nanoparticles (P90; diameter of agglomerates: 25 nm), then the pulmonary inflammation responses were examined from 3 days to 6 months after the instillation, and the pathological features were examined up to 24 months. Transient inflammation and the upregulation of chemokines in the broncho-alveolar lavage fluid were observed for 1 month. No respiratory tumors or severe fibrosis were observed during the recovery time. These data suggest that transient inflammation induced by TiO2 may not lead to chronic, irreversible legions in the lung, and that TiO2 nanoparticles may not have a high potential for lung disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukiko Yoshiura
- Department of Occupational Pneumology, Institute of Industrial Ecological Science, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, 1-1 Iseigaoka, Yahata-nishi-ku, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka 807-8555 Japan
| | - Hiroto Izumi
- Department of Occupational Pneumology, Institute of Industrial Ecological Science, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, 1-1 Iseigaoka, Yahata-nishi-ku, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka 807-8555 Japan
| | - Takako Oyabu
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Institute of Industrial Ecological Sciences, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, 1-1 Iseigaoka, Yahata-nishi-ku, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka 807-8555 Japan
| | - Masayoshi Hashiba
- Department of Occupational Pneumology, Institute of Industrial Ecological Science, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, 1-1 Iseigaoka, Yahata-nishi-ku, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka 807-8555 Japan
| | - Tatsunori Kambara
- Department of Occupational Pneumology, Institute of Industrial Ecological Science, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, 1-1 Iseigaoka, Yahata-nishi-ku, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka 807-8555 Japan
| | - Yohei Mizuguchi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Institute of Industrial Ecological Sciences, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, 1-1 Iseigaoka, Yahata-nishi-ku, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka 807-8555 Japan
| | - Byeong Woo Lee
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Institute of Industrial Ecological Sciences, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, 1-1 Iseigaoka, Yahata-nishi-ku, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka 807-8555 Japan
| | - Takami Okada
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Institute of Industrial Ecological Sciences, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, 1-1 Iseigaoka, Yahata-nishi-ku, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka 807-8555 Japan
| | - Taisuke Tomonaga
- Department of Occupational Pneumology, Institute of Industrial Ecological Science, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, 1-1 Iseigaoka, Yahata-nishi-ku, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka 807-8555 Japan
| | - Toshihiko Myojo
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Institute of Industrial Ecological Sciences, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, 1-1 Iseigaoka, Yahata-nishi-ku, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka 807-8555 Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Yamamoto
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565 Japan
| | - Shinichi Kitajima
- National Sanatorium Hoshizuka Keiaien, 4204 Hoshizuka-cho, Kanoya, Kagoshima 893-8502 Japan
| | - Masanori Horie
- Health Research Institute (HRI), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 2217-14 Hayashi-cho, Takamatsu, Kagawa 761-0395 Japan
| | - Etsushi Kuroda
- Laboratory of Vaccine Science, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, 6F IFReC Research Building, 3-1 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871 Japan
| | - Yasuo Morimoto
- Department of Occupational Pneumology, Institute of Industrial Ecological Science, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, 1-1 Iseigaoka, Yahata-nishi-ku, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka 807-8555 Japan
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Willhite CC, Karyakina NA, Yokel RA, Yenugadhati N, Wisniewski TM, Arnold IMF, Momoli F, Krewski D. Systematic review of potential health risks posed by pharmaceutical, occupational and consumer exposures to metallic and nanoscale aluminum, aluminum oxides, aluminum hydroxide and its soluble salts. Crit Rev Toxicol 2014; 44 Suppl 4:1-80. [PMID: 25233067 PMCID: PMC4997813 DOI: 10.3109/10408444.2014.934439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 239] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Abstract Aluminum (Al) is a ubiquitous substance encountered both naturally (as the third most abundant element) and intentionally (used in water, foods, pharmaceuticals, and vaccines); it is also present in ambient and occupational airborne particulates. Existing data underscore the importance of Al physical and chemical forms in relation to its uptake, accumulation, and systemic bioavailability. The present review represents a systematic examination of the peer-reviewed literature on the adverse health effects of Al materials published since a previous critical evaluation compiled by Krewski et al. (2007) . Challenges encountered in carrying out the present review reflected the experimental use of different physical and chemical Al forms, different routes of administration, and different target organs in relation to the magnitude, frequency, and duration of exposure. Wide variations in diet can result in Al intakes that are often higher than the World Health Organization provisional tolerable weekly intake (PTWI), which is based on studies with Al citrate. Comparing daily dietary Al exposures on the basis of "total Al"assumes that gastrointestinal bioavailability for all dietary Al forms is equivalent to that for Al citrate, an approach that requires validation. Current occupational exposure limits (OELs) for identical Al substances vary as much as 15-fold. The toxicity of different Al forms depends in large measure on their physical behavior and relative solubility in water. The toxicity of soluble Al forms depends upon the delivered dose of Al(+3) to target tissues. Trivalent Al reacts with water to produce bidentate superoxide coordination spheres [Al(O2)(H2O4)(+2) and Al(H2O)6 (+3)] that after complexation with O2(•-), generate Al superoxides [Al(O2(•))](H2O5)](+2). Semireduced AlO2(•) radicals deplete mitochondrial Fe and promote generation of H2O2, O2 (•-) and OH(•). Thus, it is the Al(+3)-induced formation of oxygen radicals that accounts for the oxidative damage that leads to intrinsic apoptosis. In contrast, the toxicity of the insoluble Al oxides depends primarily on their behavior as particulates. Aluminum has been held responsible for human morbidity and mortality, but there is no consistent and convincing evidence to associate the Al found in food and drinking water at the doses and chemical forms presently consumed by people living in North America and Western Europe with increased risk for Alzheimer's disease (AD). Neither is there clear evidence to show use of Al-containing underarm antiperspirants or cosmetics increases the risk of AD or breast cancer. Metallic Al, its oxides, and common Al salts have not been shown to be either genotoxic or carcinogenic. Aluminum exposures during neonatal and pediatric parenteral nutrition (PN) can impair bone mineralization and delay neurological development. Adverse effects to vaccines with Al adjuvants have occurred; however, recent controlled trials found that the immunologic response to certain vaccines with Al adjuvants was no greater, and in some cases less than, that after identical vaccination without Al adjuvants. The scientific literature on the adverse health effects of Al is extensive. Health risk assessments for Al must take into account individual co-factors (e.g., age, renal function, diet, gastric pH). Conclusions from the current review point to the need for refinement of the PTWI, reduction of Al contamination in PN solutions, justification for routine addition of Al to vaccines, and harmonization of OELs for Al substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Calvin C. Willhite
- Risk Sciences International, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- McLaughlin Centre for Population Health Risk Assessment, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | | | - Robert A. Yokel
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | | | - Thomas M. Wisniewski
- Departments of Neurology, Psychiatry and Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York City, New York, USA
| | - Ian M. F. Arnold
- Occupational Health Program, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Franco Momoli
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Department of Epidemiology and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Daniel Krewski
- Risk Sciences International, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- McLaughlin Centre for Population Health Risk Assessment, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Department of Epidemiology and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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Forest V, Pailleux M, Pourchez J, Boudard D, Tomatis M, Fubini B, Sennour M, Hochepied JF, Grosseau P, Cottier M. Toxicity of boehmite nanoparticles: impact of the ultrafine fraction and of the agglomerates size on cytotoxicity and pro-inflammatory response. Inhal Toxicol 2014; 26:545-53. [PMID: 24992651 DOI: 10.3109/08958378.2014.925993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Boehmite (γ-AlOOH) nanoparticles (NPs) are used in a wide range of industrial applications. However, little is known about their potential toxicity. This study aimed at a better understanding of the relationship between the physico-chemical properties of these NPs and their in vitro biological activity. After an extensive physico-chemical characterization, the cytotoxicity, pro-inflammatory response and oxidative stress induced by a bulk industrial powder and its ultrafine fraction were assessed using RAW264.7 macrophages. Although the bulk powder did not trigger a significant biological activity, pro-inflammatory response was highly enhanced with the ultrafine fraction. This observation was confirmed with boehmite NPs synthesized at the laboratory scale, with well-defined and tightly controlled physico-chemical features: toxicity was increased when NPs were dispersed. In conclusion, the agglomerates size of boehmite NPs has a major impact on their toxicity, highlighting the need to study not only raw industrial powders containing NPs but also the ultrafine fractions representative of respirable particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valérie Forest
- LINA , Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire d'étude des Nanoparticules Aérosolisées, EA4624, Saint-Etienne , France
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Braakhuis HM, Park MVDZ, Gosens I, De Jong WH, Cassee FR. Physicochemical characteristics of nanomaterials that affect pulmonary inflammation. Part Fibre Toxicol 2014; 11:18. [PMID: 24725891 PMCID: PMC3996135 DOI: 10.1186/1743-8977-11-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2013] [Accepted: 04/04/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The increasing manufacture and use of products based on nanotechnology raises concerns for both workers and consumers. Various studies report induction of pulmonary inflammation after inhalation exposure to nanoparticles, which can vary in aspects such as size, shape, charge, crystallinity, chemical composition, and dissolution rate. Each of these aspects can affect their toxicity, although it is largely unknown to what extent. The aim of the current review is to analyse published data on inhalation of nanoparticles to identify and evaluate the contribution of their physicochemical characteristics to the onset and development of pulmonary inflammation. Many physicochemical characteristics of nanoparticles affect their lung deposition, clearance, and pulmonary response that, in combination, ultimately determine whether pulmonary inflammation will occur and to what extent. Lung deposition is mainly determined by the physical properties of the aerosol (size, density, shape, hygroscopicity) in relation to airflow and the anatomy of the respiratory system, whereas clearance and translocation of nanoparticles are mainly determined by their geometry and surface characteristics. Besides size and chemical composition, other physicochemical characteristics influence the induction of pulmonary inflammation after inhalation. As some nanoparticles dissolve, they can release toxic ions that can damage the lung tissue, making dissolution rate an important characteristic that affects lung inflammation. Fibre-shaped materials are more toxic to the lungs compared to spherical shaped nanoparticles of the same chemical composition. In general, cationic nanoparticles are more cytotoxic than neutral or anionic nanoparticles. Finally, surface reactivity correlates well with observed pulmonary inflammation. With all these characteristics affecting different stages of the events leading to pulmonary inflammation, no unifying dose metric could be identified to describe pulmonary inflammation for all nanomaterials, although surface reactivity might be a useful measure. To determine the extent to which the various characteristics influence the induction of pulmonary inflammation, the effect of these characteristics on lung deposition, clearance, and pulmonary response should be systematically evaluated. The results can then be used to facilitate risk assessment by categorizing nanoparticles according to their characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hedwig M Braakhuis
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), PO Box 1, Bilthoven 3720BA, The Netherlands
- Department of Toxicogenomics, Maastricht University, PO Box 616, Maastricht 6200MD, The Netherlands
| | - Margriet VDZ Park
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), PO Box 1, Bilthoven 3720BA, The Netherlands
| | - Ilse Gosens
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), PO Box 1, Bilthoven 3720BA, The Netherlands
| | - Wim H De Jong
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), PO Box 1, Bilthoven 3720BA, The Netherlands
| | - Flemming R Cassee
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), PO Box 1, Bilthoven 3720BA, The Netherlands
- Institute of Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, PO Box 80.163, Utrecht 3508TD, The Netherlands
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16
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Pauluhn J. The metrics of MWCNT-induced pulmonary inflammation are dependent on the selected testing regimen. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2014; 68:343-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2014.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2013] [Revised: 01/21/2014] [Accepted: 01/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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17
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Mujika JI, Rezabal E, Mercero JM, Ruipérez F, Costa D, Ugalde JM, Lopez X. Aluminium in biological environments: a computational approach. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2014; 9:e201403002. [PMID: 24757505 PMCID: PMC3995234 DOI: 10.5936/csbj.201403002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2013] [Revised: 03/07/2014] [Accepted: 03/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The increased availability of aluminium in biological environments, due to human intervention in the last century, raises concerns on the effects that this so far “excluded from biology” metal might have on living organisms. Consequently, the bioinorganic chemistry of aluminium has emerged as a very active field of research. This review will focus on our contributions to this field, based on computational studies that can yield an understanding of the aluminum biochemistry at a molecular level. Aluminium can interact and be stabilized in biological environments by complexing with both low molecular mass chelants and high molecular mass peptides. The speciation of the metal is, nonetheless, dictated by the hydrolytic species dominant in each case and which vary according to the pH condition of the medium. In blood, citrate and serum transferrin are identified as the main low molecular mass and high molecular mass molecules interacting with aluminium. The complexation of aluminium to citrate and the subsequent changes exerted on the deprotonation pathways of its tritable groups will be discussed along with the mechanisms for the intake and release of aluminium in serum transferrin at two pH conditions, physiological neutral and endosomatic acidic. Aluminium can substitute other metals, in particular magnesium, in protein buried sites and trigger conformational disorder and alteration of the protonation states of the protein's sidechains. A detailed account of the interaction of aluminium with proteic sidechains will be given. Finally, it will be described how alumnium can exert oxidative stress by stabilizing superoxide radicals either as mononuclear aluminium or clustered in boehmite. The possibility of promotion of Fenton reaction, and production of hydroxyl radicals will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon I Mujika
- Kimika Fakultatea, Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea (UPV/EHU), and Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), P.K. 1072, 20080 Donostia, Euskadi, Spain
| | - Elixabete Rezabal
- Laboratoire de Chimie Moleculaire, Department of Chemistry, Ecole Polytechnique and CNRS, 91128 Palaiseau Cedex, France
| | - Jose M Mercero
- Kimika Fakultatea, Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea (UPV/EHU), and Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), P.K. 1072, 20080 Donostia, Euskadi, Spain
| | - Fernando Ruipérez
- POLYMAT, Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea UPV/EHU. Joxe Mari Korta zentroa, Tolosa Etorbidea 72, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Euskadi, Spain
| | - Dominique Costa
- Laboratoire de Physico-Chimie des Surfaces (UMR 7045), ENSCP Chimie-Paristech, 11 rue P. et M. Curie, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Jesus M Ugalde
- Kimika Fakultatea, Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea (UPV/EHU), and Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), P.K. 1072, 20080 Donostia, Euskadi, Spain
| | - Xabier Lopez
- Kimika Fakultatea, Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea (UPV/EHU), and Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), P.K. 1072, 20080 Donostia, Euskadi, Spain
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18
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Ribeiro T, Motta A, Marcus P, Gaigeot MP, Lopez X, Costa D. Formation of the OOH radical at steps of the boehmite surface and its inhibition by gallic acid: A theoretical study including DFT-based dynamics. J Inorg Biochem 2013; 128:164-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2013.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2013] [Revised: 07/15/2013] [Accepted: 07/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Normando VMF, Mazzoli-Rocha F, Moreira DKM, Barcellos BC, Picanço-Diniz DW, Zin WA. Regular exercise training attenuates pulmonary inflammatory responses to inhaled alumina refinery dust in mice. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2013; 186:53-60. [PMID: 23313853 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2012.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2012] [Revised: 11/27/2012] [Accepted: 12/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to alumina dust has been recently associated with impaired lung mechanics and inflammation. We aimed at evaluating if moderate exercise training prevents these outcomes. Twenty-three female BALB/c mice (25-30g) were randomly divided in two main groups: control (C) and exercise (E), which were submitted, or not, to 15min of swimming, 5 days/week during 4 weeks. Then, the animals were exposed for 1h to either saline solution (CS or ES) or to a suspension of 8mg/m(3) of alumina dust (CA or EA). Twenty-four hours later pulmonary mechanics was determined by the end-inflation occlusion method. Left lungs were prepared for histology and right lungs for TGF-β determination. Static elastance increased after alumina dust exposure independently of swimming. In CA group the viscoelastic component of elastance, the viscoelastic/inhomogeneous pressure, the polymorphonuclear amount, the fraction area of alveolar collapse and TGF-β increased. Thus, exercise training may mitigate the pro-inflammatory response to inhaled aluminum refinery dust.
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Cauda EG, Ku BK, Miller AL, Barone TL. Toward Developing a New Occupational Exposure Metric Approach for Characterization of Diesel Aerosols. AEROSOL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : THE JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR AEROSOL RESEARCH 2012; 46:1370-1381. [PMID: 26361400 PMCID: PMC4562385 DOI: 10.1080/02786826.2012.715781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The extensive use of diesel-powered equipment in mines makes the exposure to diesel aerosols a serious occupational issue. The exposure metric currently used in U.S. underground noncoal mines is based on the measurement of total carbon (TC) and elemental carbon (EC) mass concentration in the air. Recent toxicological evidence suggests that the measurement of mass concentration is not sufficient to correlate ultrafine aerosol exposure with health effects. This urges the evaluation of alternative measurements. In this study, the current exposure metric and two additional metrics, the surface area and the total number concentration, were evaluated by conducting simultaneous measurements of diesel ultrafine aerosols in a laboratory setting. The results showed that the surface area and total number concentration of the particles per unit of mass varied substantially with the engine operating condition. The specific surface area (SSA) and specific number concentration (SNC) normalized with TC varied two and five times, respectively. This implies that miners, whose exposure is measured only as TC, might be exposed to an unknown variable number concentration of diesel particles and commensurate particle surface area. Taken separately, mass, surface area, and number concentration did not completely characterize the aerosols. A comprehensive assessment of diesel aerosol exposure should include all of these elements, but the use of laboratory instruments in underground mines is generally impracticable. The article proposes a new approach to solve this problem. Using SSA and SNC calculated from field-type measurements, the evaluation of additional physical properties can be obtained by using the proposed approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuele G. Cauda
- U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Office of Mining Safety and Health Research, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Bon Ki Ku
- U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Division of Applied Research and Technology, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Arthur L. Miller
- U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Office of Mining Safety and Health Research, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Teresa L. Barone
- Emissions and Catalysts Research Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
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Alinejad Y, Faucheux N, Soucy G. Induction thermal plasma process modifies the physicochemical properties of materials used for carbon nanotube production, influencing their cytotoxicity. Nanotoxicology 2012; 7:1225-43. [DOI: 10.3109/17435390.2012.733037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Study on nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide adsorbed at nano-boehmite/water and nano-corundum/water interfaces. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2012; 102:398-404. [PMID: 23006575 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2012.07.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2012] [Revised: 07/21/2012] [Accepted: 07/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In this study, the adsorption behaviors of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD(+)) on nano-boehmite (γ-AlOOH) and nano-corundum (γ-Al(2)O(3)) surfaces were investigated. The results showed that NAD(+) was predominantly adsorbed at the boehmite/water and corundum/water interfaces in outer-sphere fashions by electrostatic interaction between NAD(+) phosphate and surface hydroxyl groups. However, the features of ATR-FTIR spectra suggested that some minor inner-sphere complex should be considered at low pH conditions on corundum surface, which was consistent with the effect of NAD(+) on dissolution rate of corundum. In addition, the adsorption data well fitted with Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms on the boehmite and corundum surfaces, respectively. Also, the Gibbs adsorption energy was negative on the boehmite surface, which indicated that the adsorption behavior was spontaneous.
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23
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Pauluhn J. Subchronic inhalation toxicity of iron oxide (magnetite, Fe(3) O(4) ) in rats: pulmonary toxicity is determined by the particle kinetics typical of poorly soluble particles. J Appl Toxicol 2011; 32:488-504. [PMID: 21456093 DOI: 10.1002/jat.1668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2010] [Revised: 01/05/2011] [Accepted: 01/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Wistar rats were nose-only exposed to pigment-sized iron oxide dust (Fe(3) O(4) , magnetite) in a subchronic 13-week inhalation study according to the OECD testing guidelines TG#413 and GD#39. A 4 week pilot study with a 6 month post exposure period served as basis for validating the kinetic modeling approaches utilized to design the subchronic study. Kinetic analyses made during this post exposure period demonstrated that a diminution in particle clearance and lung inflammation occurred at cumulative exposure levels exceeding the lung overload threshold. Animals were exposed 6 h per day, five days per week for 13 consecutive weeks at actual concentrations of 0, 4.7, 16.6 and 52.1 mg m(-3) (mass median aerodynamic diameter ≈1.3 μm, geometric standard deviation = 2). The exposure to iron oxide dust was tolerated without mortality, consistent changes in body weights, food and water consumption or systemic toxicity. While general clinical pathology and urinalysis were unobtrusive, hematology revealed changes of unclear toxicological significance (minimally increased differential neutrophil counts in peripheral blood). Elevations of neutrophils in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) appeared to be the most sensitive endpoint of study. Histopathology demonstrated responses to particle deposition in the upper respiratory tract (goblet cell hyper- and/or metaplasia, intraepithelial eosinophilic globules in the nasal passages) and the lower respiratory tract (inflammatory changes in the bronchiolo-alveolar region). Consistent changes suggestive of pulmonary inflammation were evidenced by BAL, histopathology, increased lung and lung-associated-lymph node (LALN) weights at 16.6 and 52.1 mg m(-3) . Increased septal collagenous fibers were observed at 52.1 mg m(-3) . Particle translocation into LALN occurred at exposure levels causing pulmonary inflammation. In summary, the retention kinetics iron oxide reflected that of poorly soluble particles. The empirical no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) and the lower bound 95% confidence limit on the benchmark concentration (BMCL) obtained by benchmark analysis was 4.7 and 4.4 mg m(-3) , respectively, and supports an OEL (time-adjusted chronic occupational exposure level) of 2 mg m(-3) (alveolar fraction).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jürgen Pauluhn
- Institute of Toxicology, Bayer Schering Pharma, Wuppertal, Germany.
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Pauluhn J. Poorly soluble particulates: Searching for a unifying denominator of nanoparticles and fine particles for DNEL estimation. Toxicology 2011; 279:176-88. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2010.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2010] [Revised: 09/29/2010] [Accepted: 10/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Aschberger K, Johnston HJ, Stone V, Aitken RJ, Hankin SM, Peters SAK, Tran CL, Christensen FM. Review of carbon nanotubes toxicity and exposure--appraisal of human health risk assessment based on open literature. Crit Rev Toxicol 2010; 40:759-90. [PMID: 20860524 DOI: 10.3109/10408444.2010.506638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) possess many unique electronic and mechanical properties and are thus interesting for numerous novel industrial and biomedical applications. As the level of production and use of these materials increases, so too does the potential risk to human health. This study aims to investigate the feasibility and challenges associated with conducting a human health risk assessment for carbon nanotubes based on the open literature, utilising an approach similar to that of a classical regulatory risk assessment. Results indicate that the main risks for humans arise from chronic occupational inhalation, especially during activities involving high CNT release and uncontrolled exposure. It is not yet possible to draw definitive conclusions with regards the potential risk for long, straight multi-walled carbon nanotubes to pose a similar risk as asbestos by inducing mesothelioma. The genotoxic potential of CNTs is currently inconclusive and could be either primary or secondary. Possible systemic effects of CNTs would be either dependent on absorption and distribution of CNTs to sensitive organs or could be induced through the release of inflammatory mediators. In conclusion, gaps in the data set in relation to both exposure and hazard do not allow any definite conclusions suitable for regulatory decision-making. In order to enable a full human health risk assessment, future work should focus on the generation of reliable occupational, environmental and consumer exposure data. Data on toxicokinetics and studies investigating effects of chronic exposure under conditions relevant for human exposure should also be prioritised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Aschberger
- Nanobiosciences Unit, European Commission-DG Joint Research Centre (JRC), Institute for Health and Consumer Protection (IHCP), Ispra, Italy.
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Review of fullerene toxicity and exposure – Appraisal of a human health risk assessment, based on open literature. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2010; 58:455-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2010.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2010] [Revised: 06/21/2010] [Accepted: 08/20/2010] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Abstract
The acute inflammatory response is a double-edged sword. On the one hand, it plays a key role in initial host defense, particularly against many infections. On the other hand, its aim is imprecise, and as a consequence, when it is drawn into battle, it can cause collateral damage in tissues. In situations where the inciting stimulus is sterile, the cost-benefit ratio may be high; because of this, sterile inflammation underlies the pathogenesis of a number of diseases. Although there have been major advances in our understanding of how microbes trigger inflammation, much less has been learned about this process in sterile situations. This review focuses on a subset of the many sterile stimuli that can induce inflammation-specifically dead cells and a variety of irritant particles, including crystals, minerals, and protein aggregates. Although this subset of stimuli is structurally very diverse and might appear to be unrelated, there is accumulating evidence that the innate immune system may recognize them in similar ways and stimulate the sterile inflammatory response via common pathways. Here we review established and emerging data about these responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth L Rock
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, 01655, USA.
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Pauluhn J. Multi-walled carbon nanotubes (Baytubes): approach for derivation of occupational exposure limit. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2010; 57:78-89. [PMID: 20074606 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2009.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2009] [Revised: 12/22/2009] [Accepted: 12/24/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Carbon nanotubes come in a variety of types, but one of the most common forms is multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT). This paper focuses on the dose-response and time course of pulmonary toxicity of Baytubes, a more flexible MWCNT type with the tendency to form assemblages of nanotubes. This MWCNT has been examined in previous single and repeated exposure 13-week rat inhalation studies. Kinetic endpoints and the potential to translocate to extrapulmonary organs have been examined during postexposure periods of 3 and 6 months, respectively. The focus of both studies was to compare dosimetric endpoints and the time course of pulmonary inflammation characterized by repeated bronchoalveolar lavage and histopathology during the respective follow-up periods. To better understand the etiopathology of pulmonary inflammation and time-related lung remodeling, two metrics of retained lung dose were compared. The first used the mass metric based on the exposure concentration obtained by filter analyses and aerodynamic particle size of airborne MWCNT. The second was based on calculated volumetric lung burdens of retained MWCNT. Kinetic analyses of lung burdens support the conclusion that Baytubes, in principal, act like poorly soluble agglomerated carbonaceous particulates. However, the difference in pulmonary toxic potency (mass-based) appears to be associated with the low-density (approximately 0.1-0.3g/m(3)) of the MWCNT assemblages. Of note is that assemblages of MWCNT were found predominantly both in the exposure atmosphere and in digested alveolar macrophages. Isolated fibers were not observed in exposure atmospheres or biological specimens. All findings support the conclusion that the low specific density of microstructures was conducive to attaining the volumetric lung overload-related inflammatory response conditions earlier than conventional particles. Evidence of extrapulmonary translocation or toxicity was not found in any study. Thus, pulmonary overload is believed to trigger the cascade of events leading to a stasis of clearance and consequently increased MWCNT doses high enough to trigger sustained pulmonary inflammation. This mechanism served as conceptual basis for the calculation of the human equivalent concentration. Accordingly, multiple interspecies adjustments were necessary which included species-specific differences in alveolar deposition, differences in ventilation, and the time-dependent particle accumulation accounting for the known species-specific differences in particle clearance half-times in rats and humans. Based on this rationale and the NOAEL (no-observed adverse effect level) from the 13-week subchronic inhalation study on rats, an occupational exposure limit (OEL) of 0.05 mg Baytubes/m(3) (time weighted average) is considered to be reasonably protective to prevent lung injury to occur in the workplace environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jürgen Pauluhn
- Institute of Toxicology, Bayer Schering Pharmaceuticals, 42096 Wuppertal, Germany.
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Ellinger-Ziegelbauer H, Pauluhn J. Pulmonary toxicity of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (Baytubes) relative to alpha-quartz following a single 6h inhalation exposure of rats and a 3 months post-exposure period. Toxicology 2009; 266:16-29. [PMID: 19836432 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2009.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2009] [Revised: 10/06/2009] [Accepted: 10/07/2009] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Manufactured multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) have attracted a great deal of attention due to their unique structural, chemical, and physical characteristics. This study utilized a 1x 6h inhalation exposure protocol followed by a 3 months post-exposure period. Wistar rats were nose-only exposed to 11 and 241 mg/m(3) MWCNT (Baytubes) of respirable, solid aerosol. MWCNT depleted of residual metals (depletion from 0.53% to 0.12% Co) were compared at 11 mg/m(3). Rats similarly exposed to air and alpha-quartz (248 mg/m(3)) served as negative and positive controls, respectively. Pulmonary response was characterized by bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL), lung histopathology, organ burden determinations, and gene expression analyses of lung homogenates with emphasis on extracellular matrix components. This acute inhalation exposure protocol was suitable to characterize and distinguish acute deposition-related effects from the long-term sequelae of retained MWCNT. Subtle differences in acute pulmonary toxic potency due to differences in metal contaminations could be revealed by this protocol. Consistent with the long retention halftime of poorly soluble particles, even short-term inhalation studies may require post-exposure periods of at least 3 months to reveal MWCNT-specific dispositional and toxicological characteristics relative to alpha-quartz. Distinct differences in the time course of pulmonary inflammation of MWCNT and alpha-quartz could be demonstrated. Transcriptomics proved to be a useful tool to analyze the etiopathology of collagen detected by BAL and histopathology. In summary, the pulmonary inflammogenicity following exposure to MWCNT was concentration-dependent with evidence of regression over time. Conversely, alpha-quartz resulted in progressive changes over time. The time course of pulmonary inflammation associated with retained MWCNT was independent on the concentration of residual cobalt. This supports the conclusion that the predominant response to inhaled MWCNT is principally related to the assemblage structure and not catalyst impurities (if in the range of < or = 0.5%).
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Engineered cobalt oxide nanoparticles readily enter cells. Toxicol Lett 2009; 189:253-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2009.06.851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2009] [Revised: 06/04/2009] [Accepted: 06/07/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Pauluhn J. Comparative pulmonary response to inhaled nanostructures: considerations on test design and endpoints. Inhal Toxicol 2009; 21 Suppl 1:40-54. [DOI: 10.1080/08958370902962291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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