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Makris KC, Chourdakis M. The Need for an Alternative Health Claim Process for Foods Based on Both Nutrient and Contaminant Profiles. Curr Dev Nutr 2024; 8:103764. [PMID: 38813480 PMCID: PMC11134546 DOI: 10.1016/j.cdnut.2024.103764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Most authorized health claims on foods have been established on the basis of single dietary components, mainly micronutrients, such as vitamins, minerals, and possibly bioactives. Failure to sufficiently define and characterize the nutritional profile of a food product is one of the main reasons for rejection or incomplete status for thousands of health claim applications, whereas the food's contaminant profile is simply not accounted for. The objective of this work was to highlight the accumulating scientific evidence supporting a reform of the health claim evaluation process for foods toward more holistic approaches. This would entail the characterization of multiple nutrient-contaminant pairs and contaminant mixture profiles at contaminant levels currently considered "safe," including their interactions that would impact human health outcome(s) in a net positive or negative direction. The notion of a stable nutritional profile in food commodities has been challenged by studies reporting a variable food contaminant content and a declining content of proteins/micronutrients in crops due to anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions. A holistic approach in the health claim process for foods would entail the incorporation of cumulative risk assessment and/or risk-benefit protocols that effectively combine health risks and benefits associated with multiple nutritional and contaminant attributes of the food/diet under evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos Christos Makris
- Cyprus International Institute for Environmental and Public Health, School of Health Sciences, Cyprus University of Technology, Limassol, Cyprus
| | - Michael Chourdakis
- Laboratory of Hygiene, Social & Preventive Medicine and Medical Statistics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
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2
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Pike V, Zlotkin S. Excess micronutrient intake: defining toxic effects and upper limits in vulnerable populations. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2018; 1446:21-43. [PMID: 30569544 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.13993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Revised: 10/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Excessive micronutrient intake causes a variety of adverse health effects, depending on dose and duration. The risk of excess intake carries significant implications for micronutrient delivery interventions, particularly when such programs are overlapping. To minimize risk and provide public health guidance, several countries and the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations/World Health Organization have set upper intake levels (ULs) for various life-stage populations using the risk assessment framework. However, there is a lack of international consensus on the actual ULs due to variability in application of this framework and a scarcity of evidence from which to draw upon, especially for children. Often ULs for children are established through a downward weight-based extrapolation from adult ULs, which is not always appropriate. The published ULs of nine organizations are compared, recent population nutrient intake evidence is presented, and the toxic effects of key minerals and vitamins are reviewed. Finally, the evidence for toxicity and setting of ULs for each nutrient is discussed including a comment on our degree of confidence in the strength of existing individual ULs. Challenges with risk assessment and opportunities for strengthening the definition of ULs are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Pike
- The Centre for Global Child Health, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Stanley Zlotkin
- The Centre for Global Child Health, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Paediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,The Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,The Munk School of Global Affairs and Public Policy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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3
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Spencer A, Do L, Mueller U, Baines J, Foley M, Peres M. Understanding Optimum Fluoride Intake from Population-Level Evidence. Adv Dent Res 2018; 29:144-156. [DOI: 10.1177/0022034517750592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Policy on fluoride intake involves balancing caries against dental fluorosis in populations. The origin of this balance lies with Dean’s research on fluoride concentration in water supplies, caries, and fluorosis. Dean identified cut points in the Index of Dental Fluorosis of 0.4 and 0.6 as critical. These equate to 1.3 and 1.6 mg fluoride (F)/L. However, 1.0 mg F/L, initially called a permissible level, was adopted for fluoridation programs. McClure, in 1943, derived an “optimum” fluoride intake based on this permissible concentration. It was not until 1944 that Dean referred to this concentration as the “optimal” concentration. These were critical steps that have informed health authorities through to today. Several countries have derived toxicological estimates of an adequate and an upper level of intake of fluoride as an important nutrient. The US Institute of Medicine (IOM) in 1997 estimated an Adequate Intake (AI) of 0.05 mg F/kg bodyweight (bw)/d and a Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL) of 0.10 mg F/kg bw/d. These have been widely promulgated. However, a conundrum has existed with estimates of actual fluoride intake that exceed the UL without the expected adverse fluorosis effects being observed. Both the AI and UL need review. Fluoride intake at an individual level should be interpreted to inform more nuanced guidelines for individual behavior. An “optimum” intake should be based on community perceptions of caries and fluorosis, while the ultimate test for fluoride intake is monitoring caries and fluorosis in populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- A.J. Spencer
- Australian Research Centre for Population Oral Health (ARCPOH), The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - L.G. Do
- Australian Research Centre for Population Oral Health (ARCPOH), The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - U. Mueller
- Chemical Safety and Nutrition Section, Food Standards Australia New Zealand, Canberra, Australia
| | - J. Baines
- Formerly of Food Data Analysis Section, Food Standards Australia New Zealand, Canberra, Australia
| | - M. Foley
- Research and Advocacy, Metro North Oral Health Services, Brisbane, Australia
| | - M.A. Peres
- Australian Research Centre for Population Oral Health (ARCPOH), The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
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4
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Krul L, Kremer BHA, Luijckx NBL, Leeman WR. Quantifiable risk–benefit assessment of micronutrients: From theory to practice. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2017; 57:3729-3746. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2016.1162765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lisette Krul
- Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research TNO, Zeist, The Netherlands
| | - Bas H. A. Kremer
- Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research TNO, Zeist, The Netherlands
| | | | - Winfried R. Leeman
- Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research TNO, Zeist, The Netherlands
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5
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Bonola-Gallardo I, Irigoyen-Camacho ME, Vera-Robles L, Campero A, Gómez-Quiroz L. Enzymatic Activity of Glutathione S-Transferase and Dental Fluorosis Among Children Receiving Two Different Levels of Naturally Fluoridated Water. Biol Trace Elem Res 2017; 176:40-47. [PMID: 27449362 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-016-0806-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
This study was conducted to measure the activity of the enzyme glutathione S-transferase (GST) in saliva and to compare the activity of this enzyme in children with and without dental fluorosis in communities with different concentrations of naturally fluoridated water. A total of 141 schoolchildren participated in this cross-sectional study. Children were selected from two communities: one with a low (0.4 ppm) and the other with a high (1.8 ppm) water fluoride concentration. Dental fluorosis was evaluated by applying the Thylstrup and Fejerskov Index (TFI) criteria. Stimulated saliva was obtained, and fluoride concentration and GST activity were measured. The GST activity was compared among children with different levels of dental fluorosis using multinomial logistic regression models and odds ratios (OR). The mean age of the children was 10.6 (±1.03) years. Approximately half of the children showed dental fluorosis (52.5 %). The average GST activity was 0.5678 (±0.1959) nmol/min/μg. A higher concentration of fluoride in the saliva was detected in children with a higher GST activity (p = 0.039). A multinomial logistic regression model used to evaluate the GST activity and the dental fluorosis score identified a strong association between TFI = 2-3 (OR = 15.44, p = 0.007) and TFI ≥ 4 (OR = 55.40, p = 0.026) and the GST activity level, compared with children showing TFI = 0-1, adjusted for age and sex. Schoolchildren with higher levels of dental fluorosis and a higher fluoride concentration in the saliva showed greater GST activity. The increased GST activity most likely was the result of the body's need to inactivate free radicals produced by exposure to fluoride.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irvin Bonola-Gallardo
- Division of Biological Sciences and Health, Metropolitan Autonomous University, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Liliana Vera-Robles
- Department of Chemistry, Metropolitan Autonomous University Iztapalapa, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Antonio Campero
- Department of Chemistry, Metropolitan Autonomous University Iztapalapa, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Luis Gómez-Quiroz
- Department of Health Sciences, Metropolitan Autonomous University Iztapalapa, Mexico City, Mexico
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6
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Scott-Boyer MP, Lacroix S, Scotti M, Morine MJ, Kaput J, Priami C. A network analysis of cofactor-protein interactions for analyzing associations between human nutrition and diseases. Sci Rep 2016; 6:19633. [PMID: 26777674 PMCID: PMC4726080 DOI: 10.1038/srep19633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The involvement of vitamins and other micronutrients in intermediary metabolism was elucidated in the mid 1900's at the level of individual biochemical reactions. Biochemical pathways remain the foundational knowledgebase for understanding how micronutrient adequacy modulates health in all life stages. Current daily recommended intakes were usually established on the basis of the association of a single nutrient to a single, most sensitive adverse effect and thus neglect interdependent and pleiotropic effects of micronutrients on biological systems. Hence, the understanding of the impact of overt or sub-clinical nutrient deficiencies on biological processes remains incomplete. Developing a more complete view of the role of micronutrients and their metabolic products in protein-mediated reactions is of importance. We thus integrated and represented cofactor-protein interaction data from multiple and diverse sources into a multi-layer network representation that links cofactors, cofactor-interacting proteins, biological processes, and diseases. Network representation of this information is a key feature of the present analysis and enables the integration of data from individual biochemical reactions and protein-protein interactions into a systems view, which may guide strategies for targeted nutritional interventions aimed at improving health and preventing diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Pier Scott-Boyer
- The Microsoft Research - University of Trento Centre for Computational and Systems Biology (COSBI), Rovereto (TN), Italy
| | - Sébastien Lacroix
- The Microsoft Research - University of Trento Centre for Computational and Systems Biology (COSBI), Rovereto (TN), Italy
| | - Marco Scotti
- The Microsoft Research - University of Trento Centre for Computational and Systems Biology (COSBI), Rovereto (TN), Italy.,GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Melissa J Morine
- The Microsoft Research - University of Trento Centre for Computational and Systems Biology (COSBI), Rovereto (TN), Italy
| | - Jim Kaput
- Nestlé Institute of Health Sciences, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Corrado Priami
- The Microsoft Research - University of Trento Centre for Computational and Systems Biology (COSBI), Rovereto (TN), Italy.,Department of Mathematics, University of Trento, Italy
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7
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Sorell TL. Approaches to the Development of Human Health Toxicity Values for Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients in the Environment. AAPS J 2016; 18:92-101. [PMID: 26338232 PMCID: PMC4706294 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-015-9818-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2014] [Accepted: 08/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Management of active pharmaceutical ingredients (API) in the environment is challenging because these substances represent a large and diverse group of compounds. Advanced wastewater treatment technologies that can remove API tend to be costly. Because of the potential resources required to address API in the environment, there is a need to establish environmental benchmarks that can serve as targets for treatment and release. To date, there are several different approaches that have been taken to derive human health toxicity values for API. These methods include traditional risk assessment approaches that calculate "safe" doses using experimental data and uncertainty (safety) factors; point of departure (POD), which starts from a therapeutic human dose and applies uncertainty factors; and threshold of toxicological concern (TTC), a generic approach that establishes threshold values across broad classes of chemicals based on chemical structure. To evaluate the use of these approaches, each of these methods was applied to three API commonly encountered in the environment: acetaminophen, caffeine, and chlorpromazine. The results indicate that the various methods of estimating toxicity values produce highly varying doses. Associated doses are well below typical intakes, or toxicity thresholds cannot be derived due to a lack of information. No uniform approach can be applied to establishing thresholds for multiple substances. Rather, an individualized approach will need to be applied to each target API.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara L Sorell
- Brown and Caldwell, One Tech Drive, Suite 310, Andover, Massachusetts, 01810, USA.
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8
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Palczewska-Komsa M, Kalisińska E, Kosik-Bogacka DI, Lanocha N, Budis H, Baranowska-Bosiacka I, Gutowska I, Chlubek D. Fluoride in the bones of foxes (Vulpes vulpes Linneaus, 1758) and raccoon dogs (Nyctereutes procyonoides Gray, 1834) from North-Western Poland. Biol Trace Elem Res 2014; 160:24-31. [PMID: 24869802 PMCID: PMC4065378 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-014-0017-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Accepted: 05/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Assessment of exposure to fluoride (F(-)) is increasingly focused on mineralized tissues, mainly bones. Their periodic growth and continuous reconstruction make them a good material for studying long-term F(-) accumulation. In this study, F(-)concentrations were determined in the bones of foxes and raccoon dogs from north-western Poland and relationships between bone F(-) and the age categories of the animals were attempted to be identified. Bone samples were collected from femurs of 32 foxes (15 males and 17 females) and 18 raccoon dogs (10 males and 8 females) from polluted, medium-polluted, and unpolluted by F(-) areas. Bone F(-) was determined by potentiometric method, and results were expressed per dry weight (dw); they ranged from 176 to 3,668 mg/kg dw in foxes and from 84 to 1,190 mg/kg dw in raccoon dogs. Foxes from north-western Poland accumulated much more F(-) in their bones than raccoon dogs. Our study shows that the assessment of hazards created by industrial emitters can be conducted conveniently by the measurements of fluorine content in hard tissues of wild animals. Due to availability of such type of material for studies, it seems that the analysis of fluoride content in bones can be a good tool in the development of ecotoxicology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirona Palczewska-Komsa
- Department of Biology and Medical Parasitology, Pomeranian Medical University, Powstanców Wlkp. 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Elzbieta Kalisińska
- Department of Biology and Medical Parasitology, Pomeranian Medical University, Powstanców Wlkp. 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Danuta I. Kosik-Bogacka
- Department of Biology and Medical Parasitology, Pomeranian Medical University, Powstanców Wlkp. 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Natalia Lanocha
- Department of Biology and Medical Parasitology, Pomeranian Medical University, Powstanców Wlkp. 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Halina Budis
- Department of Biology and Medical Parasitology, Pomeranian Medical University, Powstanców Wlkp. 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Irena Baranowska-Bosiacka
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University, Powstanców Wlkp. 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Izabela Gutowska
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University, Powstanców Wlkp. 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
- Department of Biochemistry and Human Nutrition, Pomeranian Medical University, Broniewskiego 24, 71-460 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Dariusz Chlubek
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University, Powstanców Wlkp. 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
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9
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Water fluoridation: a critical review of the physiological effects of ingested fluoride as a public health intervention. ScientificWorldJournal 2014; 2014:293019. [PMID: 24719570 PMCID: PMC3956646 DOI: 10.1155/2014/293019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2013] [Accepted: 10/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Fluorine is the world's 13th most abundant element and constitutes 0.08% of the Earth crust. It has the highest electronegativity of all elements. Fluoride is widely distributed in the environment, occurring in the air, soils, rocks, and water. Although fluoride is used industrially in a fluorine compound, the manufacture of ceramics, pesticides, aerosol propellants, refrigerants, glassware, and Teflon cookware, it is a generally unwanted byproduct of aluminium, fertilizer, and iron ore manufacture. The medicinal use of fluorides for the prevention of dental caries began in January 1945 when community water supplies in Grand Rapids, United States, were fluoridated to a level of 1 ppm as a dental caries prevention measure. However, water fluoridation remains a controversial public health measure. This paper reviews the human health effects of fluoride. The authors conclude that available evidence suggests that fluoride has a potential to cause major adverse human health problems, while having only a modest dental caries prevention effect. As part of efforts to reduce hazardous fluoride ingestion, the practice of artificial water fluoridation should be reconsidered globally, while industrial safety measures need to be tightened in order to reduce unethical discharge of fluoride compounds into the environment. Public health approaches for global dental caries reduction that do not involve systemic ingestion of fluoride are urgently needed.
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10
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Fojo C, Figueira ME, Almeida CMM. Fluoride content of soft drinks, nectars, juices, juice drinks, concentrates, teas and infusions marketed in Portugal. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2013; 30:705-12. [PMID: 23697372 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2013.785636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
A potentiometric method using a fluoride combination ion-selective electrode was validated and used to analyse 183 samples, including soft drinks, juices, nectars, juice drinks, concentrates, teas and infusions marketed in Portugal. The fluoride levels were higher in extract-based soft drinks, juice drinks and juice, with fluoride values of 0.86 ± 0.35, 0.40 ± 0.24 and 0.37 ± 0.11 mg l⁻¹, respectively. The lowest fluoride concentration was found in infusion samples (0.12 ± 0.01 mg l⁻¹), followed by teas and carbonated soft drinks with fluoride concentrations of 0.16 ± 0.12 and 0.18 ± 0.07 mg l⁻¹, respectively. Nectars, concentrates and juice-based drinks had similar fluoride concentrations of 0.33 ± 0.16, 0.29 ± 0.12 and 0.25 ± 0.14 mg l⁻¹, respectively. The fluoride concentrations in all these samples would only contribute intakes below the acceptable daily intake (ADI = 0.05 mg kg⁻¹ body weight day⁻¹), indicating that, individually, these beverages cannot induce fluoride toxicity in the population group of children.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Fojo
- Faculdade de Farmácia da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
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11
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Samaniego-Vaesken M, Alonso-Aperte E, Varela-Moreiras G. Voluntary food fortification with folic acid in Spain: Predicted contribution to children’s dietary intakes as assessed with new food folate composition data. Food Chem 2013; 140:526-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.01.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2011] [Revised: 01/18/2013] [Accepted: 01/30/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Pagliano E, Meija J, Ding J, Sturgeon RE, D’Ulivo A, Mester Z. Novel Ethyl-Derivatization Approach for the Determination of Fluoride by Headspace Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2012; 85:877-81. [DOI: 10.1021/ac302303r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Enea Pagliano
- National Research Council of Canada, 1200 Montreal Road, Ottawa, ON K1A
0R6, Canada
- Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza dei Cavalieri, 7, 56126, Pisa, Italy
| | - Juris Meija
- National Research Council of Canada, 1200 Montreal Road, Ottawa, ON K1A
0R6, Canada
| | - Jianfu Ding
- National Research Council of Canada, 1200 Montreal Road, Ottawa, ON K1A
0R6, Canada
| | - Ralph E. Sturgeon
- National Research Council of Canada, 1200 Montreal Road, Ottawa, ON K1A
0R6, Canada
| | - Alessandro D’Ulivo
- CNR, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Chimica dei Composti Organometallici,
Via G. Moruzzi, 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Zoltán Mester
- National Research Council of Canada, 1200 Montreal Road, Ottawa, ON K1A
0R6, Canada
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Frentiu T, Ponta M, Darvasi E, Frentiu M, Cordos E. Analytical capability of a medium power capacitively coupled plasma for the multielemental determination in multimineral/multivitamin preparations by atomic emission spectrometry. Food Chem 2012; 134:2447-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.04.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2010] [Revised: 09/28/2011] [Accepted: 04/08/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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15
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Q: Does my child need fluoride supplements? JAAPA 2012. [DOI: 10.1097/01720610-201201000-00021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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16
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Tijhuis MJ, de Jong N, Pohjola MV, Gunnlaugsdóttir H, Hendriksen M, Hoekstra J, Holm F, Kalogeras N, Leino O, van Leeuwen FXR, Luteijn JM, Magnússon SH, Odekerken G, Rompelberg C, Tuomisto JT, Ueland Ø, White BC, Verhagen H. State of the art in benefit-risk analysis: food and nutrition. Food Chem Toxicol 2011; 50:5-25. [PMID: 21679741 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2011.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2010] [Revised: 04/22/2011] [Accepted: 06/01/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Benefit-risk assessment in food and nutrition is relatively new. It weighs the beneficial and adverse effects that a food (component) may have, in order to facilitate more informed management decisions regarding public health issues. It is rooted in the recognition that good food and nutrition can improve health and that some risk may be acceptable if benefit is expected to outweigh it. This paper presents an overview of current concepts and practices in benefit-risk analysis for food and nutrition. It aims to facilitate scientists and policy makers in performing, interpreting and evaluating benefit-risk assessments. Historically, the assessments of risks and benefits have been separate processes. Risk assessment is mainly addressed by toxicology, as demanded by regulation. It traditionally assumes that a maximum safe dose can be determined from experimental studies (usually in animals) and that applying appropriate uncertainty factors then defines the 'safe' intake for human populations. There is a minor role for other research traditions in risk assessment, such as epidemiology, which quantifies associations between determinants and health effects in humans. These effects can be both adverse and beneficial. Benefit assessment is newly developing in regulatory terms, but has been the subject of research for a long time within nutrition and epidemiology. The exact scope is yet to be defined. Reductions in risk can be termed benefits, but also states rising above 'the average health' are explored as benefits. In nutrition, current interest is in 'optimal' intake; from a population perspective, but also from a more individualised perspective. In current approaches to combine benefit and risk assessment, benefit assessment mirrors the traditional risk assessment paradigm of hazard identification, hazard characterization, exposure assessment and risk characterization. Benefit-risk comparison can be qualitative and quantitative. In a quantitative comparison, benefits and risks are expressed in a common currency, for which the input may be deterministic or (increasingly more) probabilistic. A tiered approach is advocated, as this allows for transparency, an early stop in the analysis and interim interaction with the decision-maker. A general problem in the disciplines underlying benefit-risk assessment is that good dose-response data, i.e. at relevant intake levels and suitable for the target population, are scarce. It is concluded that, provided it is clearly explained, benefit-risk assessment is a valuable approach to systematically show current knowledge and its gaps and to transparently provide the best possible science-based answer to complicated questions with a large potential impact on public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Tijhuis
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands.
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17
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Freitas-Silva O, Venâncio A. Brazil nuts: Benefits and risks associated with contamination by fungi and mycotoxins. Food Res Int 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2011.02.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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18
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Kalisińska E, Palczewska-Komsa M. Teeth of the red fox Vulpes vulpes (L., 1758) as a bioindicator in studies on fluoride pollution. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 56:343-351. [PMID: 21957316 PMCID: PMC3171659 DOI: 10.1007/s13364-011-0039-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2010] [Accepted: 03/14/2011] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
An examination was made of fluoride content in the mandibular first molars of the permanent teeth of the red fox Vulpes vulpes living in north-west (NW) Poland. The teeth were first dried to a constant weight at 105°C and then ashed. Fluorides were determined potentiometrically, and their concentrations were expressed in dry weight (DW) and ash. The results were used to perform an indirect estimation of fluoride pollution in the examined region of Poland. The collected specimens (n = 35) were classified into one of the three age categories: immature (im, 6–12 months), subadult (subad, from 12 to 20 months) and adult (ad, >20 months). The mean concentrations (geometric mean) of fluoride were similar in the im and subad groups (230 and 296 mg/kg DW and 297 and 385 mg/kg ash, respectively), and significantly smaller than in the ad group (504 and 654 mg/kg, respectively, in DW and ash). Basing on other reports that the ∼400 mg/kg DW concentration of fluoride in bones in the long-lived wild mammals generally reflects the geochemical background, it was found that 57% of the foxes in NW Poland exceeded this value by 9% to 170%. This indirectly reflects a moderate fluoride contamination in the tested region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elżbieta Kalisińska
- Department of Biology and Medical Parasitology, Pomeranian Medical University, Powstańców Wielkopolskich Av. 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Mirona Palczewska-Komsa
- Department of Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University, Unii Lubelskiej St. 1, 71-242 Szczecin, Poland
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