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da Rocha Junior ER, Porto VA, Crispim AC, Ursulino JS, de Jesus LWO, de Souza Bento E, Santos JCC, de Aquino TM. Assessment of thimerosal effects in sublethal concentrations on zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos exploring NMR-based metabolomics profile. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2024; 106:104361. [PMID: 38211665 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2024.104361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
Thimerosal, a preservative commonly used in the pharmaceutical and cosmetic industry, has raised concerns regarding its potentially toxic effects as an organic mercury compound. Within this context, using an NMR-based metabolomics profile and chemometric analysis, zebrafish embryos were used as an in vivo model to study the effects of thimerosal in metabolic profiles after exposure to sublethal concentrations of the mercury compound. The thimerosal concentrations of 40 and 80 nM were employed, corresponding to 40% and 80% of the LC50, respectively, for zebrafish embryos. The most significant alterations in the metabolic profile included changes in carbohydrates, amino acids, nucleotides, trimethylamine-N-oxide, ethanolamine, betaine, and ethanol. Furthermore, thimerosal exposure affects various metabolic pathways, impairing the nervous system, disrupting protein metabolism, and potentially causing oxidative damage. Therefore, adopting a metabolomics approach in this investigation provided insights into the potentially implicated metabolic pathways contributing to the deleterious effects of thimerosal in biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edmilson Rodrigues da Rocha Junior
- Nucleus of Analysis and Research in Nuclear Magnetic Resonance - NAPRMN, Institute of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceió, AL, Brazil
| | - Viviane Amaral Porto
- Nucleus of Analysis and Research in Nuclear Magnetic Resonance - NAPRMN, Institute of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceió, AL, Brazil
| | - Alessandre Carmo Crispim
- Nucleus of Analysis and Research in Nuclear Magnetic Resonance - NAPRMN, Institute of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceió, AL, Brazil
| | - Jeferson Santana Ursulino
- Nucleus of Analysis and Research in Nuclear Magnetic Resonance - NAPRMN, Institute of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceió, AL, Brazil
| | | | - Edson de Souza Bento
- Nucleus of Analysis and Research in Nuclear Magnetic Resonance - NAPRMN, Institute of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceió, AL, Brazil
| | | | - Thiago Mendonça de Aquino
- Nucleus of Analysis and Research in Nuclear Magnetic Resonance - NAPRMN, Institute of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceió, AL, Brazil.
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2
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Esser PR, Huber M, Martin SF. Endoplasmic reticulum stress and the inflammatory response in allergic contact dermatitis. Eur J Immunol 2023; 53:e2249984. [PMID: 37016198 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202249984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/06/2023]
Abstract
Maintaining homeostasis is central to organismal health. Deviation is detected by a variety of sensors that react to alarm signals arising from injury, infection, and other inflammatory triggers. One important element of this alarm system is the innate immune system, which recognizes pathogen-/microbe- or damage-associated molecular patterns via pattern recognition receptors localized in the cytosol or in membranes of innate immune cells such as macrophages, dendritic cells, and mast cells but also of T cells, B cells, and epithelial cells. Activation of the innate immune system results in inflammation and is a pre-requisite for activation of the adaptive immune system. Another important element is represented by the unfolded protein response (UPR), a stress response of the endoplasmic reticulum. The UPR regulates proteostasis and also contributes to the course of inflammatory diseases such as cancer, diabetes, obesity, and neurodegenerative diseases. In addition, the UPR is instrumental in allergic contact dermatitis. This inflammatory skin disease, affecting 5-10% of the population, is caused by T cells recognizing low-molecular weight organic chemicals and metal ions. In this mini-review, we discuss the orchestration of inflammatory responses by the interplay of the innate immune system with cellular stress responses in allergic contact dermatitis, with a focus on the UPR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp R Esser
- Allergy Research Group, Department of Dermatology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Michael Huber
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Immunology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Stefan F Martin
- Allergy Research Group, Department of Dermatology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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3
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Gendrisch F, Völkel L, Fluck M, Apostolova P, Zeiser R, Jakob T, Martin SF, Esser PR. IRE1 and PERK signaling regulates inflammatory responses in a murine model of contact hypersensitivity. Allergy 2022; 77:966-978. [PMID: 34314538 DOI: 10.1111/all.15024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Contact sensitizers may interfere with correct protein folding. Generation of un-/misfolded proteins can activate the IRE-1 or PERK signaling pathways initiating the unfolded protein response (UPR) and thereby determine inflammatory immune responses. We have analyzed the effect of sensitizers with different potencies on the induction of UPR activation/inhibition and the subsequent generation of a pro-inflammatory micromilieu in vitro as well as the effect of UPR modulation on the inflammatory response in the murine contact hypersensitivity (CHS) in vivo. METHODS Semi-quantitative and quantitative PCR, fluorescence microscopy, ELISA, NF-κB activation and translocation assays, DC/keratinocyte co-culture assay, FACS, and in vivo CHS experiments were performed. RESULTS Sensitizers and irritants activate IRE-1 and PERK in murine and human keratinocytes. Synergistic effects occur after combination of different weak sensitizers / addition of irritants. Moreover, tolerogenic dinitrothiocyanobenzene can be converted into a strong sensitizer by pre-activation of the UPR. Blocking UPR signaling results in decreased NF-κB activation and cytokine production in keratinocytes and in activation marker downregulation in a HaCaT/THP-1 co-culture. Interestingly, not only systemic but also topical application of UPR inhibitors abrogates CHS responses in vivo. CONCLUSION These observations highlight an important role of the UPR in determination of the inflammatory response in vitro and in vivo further underlining the importance of tissue stress and damage responses in the development of ACD and provide mechanistically based concepts as a basis for the development of new therapeutic approaches to treat allergic contact dermatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Gendrisch
- Allergy Research Group Department of Dermatology Medical Center – University of Freiburg Faculty of Medicine University of Freiburg Freiburg Germany
- Faculty of Biology University of Freiburg Freiburg Germany
- Department of Dermatology Research Center skinitial Medical Center ‐ University of Freiburg Faculty of Medicine University of Freiburg Freiburg Germany
| | - Lukas Völkel
- Allergy Research Group Department of Dermatology Medical Center – University of Freiburg Faculty of Medicine University of Freiburg Freiburg Germany
- Faculty of Biology University of Freiburg Freiburg Germany
| | - Melanie Fluck
- Faculty of Biology University of Freiburg Freiburg Germany
| | - Petya Apostolova
- Department of Medicine I Medical Center ‐ University of Freiburg Faculty of Medicine University of Freiburg Freiburg Germany
| | - Robert Zeiser
- Department of Medicine I Medical Center ‐ University of Freiburg Faculty of Medicine University of Freiburg Freiburg Germany
| | - Thilo Jakob
- Allergy Research Group Department of Dermatology Medical Center – University of Freiburg Faculty of Medicine University of Freiburg Freiburg Germany
- Experimental Dermatology and Allergy Research Group Department of Dermatology and Allergology University Medical Center Giessen (UKGM Justus Liebig University Giessen Germany
| | - Stefan F. Martin
- Allergy Research Group Department of Dermatology Medical Center – University of Freiburg Faculty of Medicine University of Freiburg Freiburg Germany
| | - Philipp R. Esser
- Allergy Research Group Department of Dermatology Medical Center – University of Freiburg Faculty of Medicine University of Freiburg Freiburg Germany
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4
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Scheinman PL, Vocanson M, Thyssen JP, Johansen JD, Nixon RL, Dear K, Botto NC, Morot J, Goldminz AM. Contact dermatitis. Nat Rev Dis Primers 2021; 7:38. [PMID: 34045488 DOI: 10.1038/s41572-021-00271-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Contact dermatitis (CD) is among the most common inflammatory dermatological conditions and includes allergic CD, photoallergic CD, irritant CD, photoirritant CD (also called phototoxic CD) and protein CD. Occupational CD can be of any type and is the most prevalent occupational skin disease. Each CD type is characterized by different immunological mechanisms and/or requisite exposures. Clinical manifestations of CD vary widely and multiple subtypes may occur simultaneously. The diagnosis relies on clinical presentation, thorough exposure assessment and evaluation with techniques such as patch testing and skin-prick testing. Management is based on patient education, avoidance strategies of specific substances, and topical treatments; in severe or recalcitrant cases, which can negatively affect the quality of life of patients, systemic medications may be needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela L Scheinman
- Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Marc Vocanson
- CIRI - Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, INSERM, U1111; Univ Lyon; Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1; Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon; CNRS, UMR, 5308, Lyon, France
| | - Jacob P Thyssen
- National Allergy Research Centre, Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jeanne Duus Johansen
- National Allergy Research Centre, Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Rosemary L Nixon
- Skin Health Institute - Occupational Dermatology Research and Education Centre, Carlton, VIC, Australia
| | - Kate Dear
- Skin Health Institute - Occupational Dermatology Research and Education Centre, Carlton, VIC, Australia
| | - Nina C Botto
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Johanna Morot
- CIRI - Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, INSERM, U1111; Univ Lyon; Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1; Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon; CNRS, UMR, 5308, Lyon, France
| | - Ari M Goldminz
- Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
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5
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de Magalhães Silva M, de Araújo Dantas MD, da Silva Filho RC, Dos Santos Sales MV, de Almeida Xavier J, Leite ACR, Goulart MOF, Grillo LAM, de Barros WA, de Fátima Â, Figueiredo IM, Santos JCC. Toxicity of thimerosal in biological systems: Conformational changes in human hemoglobin, decrease of oxygen binding capacity, increase of protein glycation and amyloid's formation. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 154:661-671. [PMID: 32198046 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.03.156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Thimerosal (TH), an organomercurial compound, is used as a preservative in vaccines and cosmetics. Its interaction with human hemoglobin (Hb) was investigated under physiological conditions using biophysical and biological assays, aiming to evaluate hazardous effects. TH interacts spontaneously with Hb (stoichiometry 2:1, ligand-protein), preferably by electrostatic forces, with a binding constant of 1.41 × 106 M-1. Spectroscopic data allows to proposing that TH induces structural changes in Hg, through ethylmercury transfer to human Hb-Cys93 residues, forming thiosalicylic acid, which, in turn, interacts with the positive side of the amino acid in the Hb-HgEt adduct chain. As a consequence, inhibition of Hb-O2 binding capacity up to 72% (human Hb), and 50% (human erythrocytes), was verified. Dose-dependent induction of TH forming advanced glycation end products (AGE) and protein aggregates (amyloids) was additionally observed. Finally, these results highlight the toxic potential of the use of TH in biological systems, with a consequent risk to human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina de Magalhães Silva
- Institute of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Federal University of Alagoas (UFAL), Campus A.C. Simões, 57072-900 Maceió, Alagoas, Brazil
| | - Maria Dayanne de Araújo Dantas
- Institute of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Federal University of Alagoas (UFAL), Campus A.C. Simões, 57072-900 Maceió, Alagoas, Brazil
| | - Reginaldo Correia da Silva Filho
- Institute of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Federal University of Alagoas (UFAL), Campus A.C. Simões, 57072-900 Maceió, Alagoas, Brazil
| | - Marcos Vinicius Dos Santos Sales
- Institute of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Federal University of Alagoas (UFAL), Campus A.C. Simões, 57072-900 Maceió, Alagoas, Brazil
| | - Jadriane de Almeida Xavier
- Institute of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Federal University of Alagoas (UFAL), Campus A.C. Simões, 57072-900 Maceió, Alagoas, Brazil
| | - Ana Catarina Rezende Leite
- Institute of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Federal University of Alagoas (UFAL), Campus A.C. Simões, 57072-900 Maceió, Alagoas, Brazil
| | - Marília Oliveira Fonseca Goulart
- Institute of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Federal University of Alagoas (UFAL), Campus A.C. Simões, 57072-900 Maceió, Alagoas, Brazil
| | | | - Wellington Alves de Barros
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Ângelo de Fátima
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Isis Martins Figueiredo
- Institute of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Federal University of Alagoas (UFAL), Campus A.C. Simões, 57072-900 Maceió, Alagoas, Brazil
| | - Josué Carinhanha Caldas Santos
- Institute of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Federal University of Alagoas (UFAL), Campus A.C. Simões, 57072-900 Maceió, Alagoas, Brazil.
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6
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Ramos A, Dos Santos MM, de Macedo GT, Wildner G, Prestes AS, Masuda CA, Dalla Corte CL, Teixeira da Rocha JB, Barbosa NV. Methyl and Ethylmercury elicit oxidative stress and unbalance the antioxidant system in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Chem Biol Interact 2020; 315:108867. [PMID: 31672467 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2019.108867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Revised: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Methylmercury (MeHg) and Ethylmercury (EtHg) are toxic to the central nervous system. Human exposure to MeHg and EtHg results mainly from the consumption of contaminated fish and thimerosal-containing vaccines, respectively. The mechanisms underlying the toxicity of MeHg and EtHg are still elusive. Here, we compared the toxic effects of MeHg and EtHg in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (S. cerevisiae) emphasizing the involvement of oxidative stress and the identification of molecular targets from antioxidant pathways. Wild type and mutant strains with deleted genes for antioxidant defenses, namely: γ-glutamylcysteine synthetase, glutathione peroxidase, catalase, superoxide dismutase, mitochondrial peroxiredoxin, cytoplasmic thioredoxin, and redox transcription factor Yap1 were used to identify potential pathways and proteins from cell redox system targeted by MeHg and EtHg. MeHg and EtHg inhibited cell growth, decreased membrane integrity, and increased the granularity and production of reactive species (RS) in wild type yeast. The mutants were predominantly less tolerant of mercurial than wild type yeast. But, as the wild strain, mutants exhibited higher tolerance to MeHg than EtHg. Our results indicate the involvement of oxidative stress in the cytotoxicity of MeHg and EtHg and reinforce S. cerevisiae as a suitable model to explore the mechanisms of action of electrophilic toxicants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelica Ramos
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Matheus M Dos Santos
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Gabriel T de Macedo
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Wildner
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Alessandro S Prestes
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Claudio A Masuda
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo De Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | | | | | - Nilda V Barbosa
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
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Bianchini MC, Gularte COA, Nogara PA, Krum BN, Gayer MC, Bridi JC, Roos DH, Roehrs R, Fachinetto R, Pinton S, Ávila DS, Hirth F, Rocha JBT, Puntel RL. Thimerosal inhibits Drosophila melanogaster tyrosine hydroxylase (DmTyrH) leading to changes in dopamine levels and impaired motor behavior: implications for neurotoxicity. Metallomics 2019; 11:362-374. [DOI: 10.1039/c8mt00268a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Thimerosal (THIM) is a well-established antifungal and antiseptic agent widely used as a preservative in vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matheus C. Bianchini
- Universidade Federal do Pampa – Campus Uruguaiana, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica (PPGBioq)
- Uruguaiana
- Brazil
| | - Claudia Ortiz Alves Gularte
- Universidade Federal do Pampa – Campus Uruguaiana, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica (PPGBioq)
- Uruguaiana
- Brazil
| | - Pablo A. Nogara
- Universidade Federal de Santa Maria – Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas (CCNE)
- Santa Maria
- Brazil
| | - Bárbara N. Krum
- Universidade Federal de Santa Maria – Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Centro de Ciências da Saúde (CCS)
- Santa Maria
- Brazil
| | - Mateus C. Gayer
- Universidade Federal do Pampa – Campus Uruguaiana, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica (PPGBioq)
- Uruguaiana
- Brazil
| | - Jessika C. Bridi
- King's College London, Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience
- London
- UK
| | - Daniel H. Roos
- Universidade Federal do Pampa – Campus Uruguaiana, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica (PPGBioq)
- Uruguaiana
- Brazil
| | - Rafael Roehrs
- Universidade Federal do Pampa – Campus Uruguaiana, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica (PPGBioq)
- Uruguaiana
- Brazil
| | - Roselei Fachinetto
- Universidade Federal de Santa Maria – Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Centro de Ciências da Saúde (CCS)
- Santa Maria
- Brazil
| | - Simone Pinton
- Universidade Federal do Pampa – Campus Uruguaiana, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica (PPGBioq)
- Uruguaiana
- Brazil
| | - Daiana S. Ávila
- Universidade Federal do Pampa – Campus Uruguaiana, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica (PPGBioq)
- Uruguaiana
- Brazil
| | - Frank Hirth
- King's College London, Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience
- London
- UK
| | - João B. T. Rocha
- Universidade Federal de Santa Maria – Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas (CCNE)
- Santa Maria
- Brazil
| | - Robson L. Puntel
- Universidade Federal do Pampa – Campus Uruguaiana, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica (PPGBioq)
- Uruguaiana
- Brazil
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8
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Abstract
Contact sensitization is the initial process involved in the development of an allergic reaction to xenobiotic environmental substances. Here, we briefly describe the differences between irritant and allergic contact dermatitis. Then, we highlight the essential steps involved in the development of an ACD reaction, i.e., the protein binding of haptens, genetic factors influencing the penetration of sensitizers into the skin, the different mechanisms driving the initial development of an inflammatory cytokine micromilieu enabling the full maturation of dendritic cells, the role of pre- and pro-haptens, antigen presentation and T cell activation via MHC and CD1 molecules, dendritic cell (DC) migration, and potential LC contribution as well as the different T cell subsets involved in ACD. In addition, we discuss the latest publications regarding factors that might influence the sensitizing potential such as repeated sensitizer application, penetration enhancers, humidity of the skin, microbiota, Tregs, and phthalates. Last but not least, we briefly touch upon novel targets for drug development that might serve as treatment options for ACD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp R Esser
- Allergy Research Group, Department of Dermatology, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Hauptstrasse 7, 79104, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany.
| | - Stefan F Martin
- Allergy Research Group, Department of Dermatology, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Hauptstrasse 7, 79104, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
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9
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Zhang H, Wu H, Yang J, Ye J. Sodium perbarate and benzalkonium chloride induce DNA damage in Chang conjunctival epithelial cells. Cutan Ocul Toxicol 2017; 36:336-342. [PMID: 28166658 DOI: 10.1080/15569527.2017.1291664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Content and objective: To investigate and compare the toxic effects of benzalkonium chloride (BAC) and new type oxidative preservative sodium perborate (NaBO3) on DNA damage, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and cell survival in immortalized human Chang conjunctival cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS Cells were exposed to BAC and NaBO3 in concentrations of 0.00001-0.001% for 30 min. Cell viability was measured by the MTT test. Alkaline comet assay was used to detect DNA damage. Mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), cell apoptosis, and ROS production were detected by flow cytometry analysis. RESULTS Significant changes in the relative cell survival rate in cells were observed after exposure to 0.0005-0.001% BAC for 30 min (p < 0.001). DNA damage and intracellular ROS were observed in a dose-dependent manner with BAC exposure (p < 0.001). However, 0.001% BAC induced less ROS than 0.0005% BAC. A decrease in MMP was also recorded. NaBO3 did not induce the decrease in cell survival and MMP in low concentration but could induce DNA damage and ROS generation in a 0.001% concentration (p < 0.001). DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS BAC can induce DNA damage in human conjunctival epithelial cells; this effect may be related to oxidative stress. Although NaBO3 did not induce a significant decrease in cell survival and MMP, DNA damage and ROS generation were still detected in high concentration. New type oxidative preservative has less toxicity than the old type, but it still has the tendency of producing genotoxic changes in an in vitro test system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huina Zhang
- a Department of Ophthalmology , The second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, College of Medicine , Hangzhou , China and
| | - Han Wu
- a Department of Ophthalmology , The second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, College of Medicine , Hangzhou , China and
| | - Jun Yang
- b Department of Toxicology , Hangzhou Normal University School of Public Health , Hangzhou , China
| | - Juan Ye
- a Department of Ophthalmology , The second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, College of Medicine , Hangzhou , China and
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10
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Yamamoto M, Khan N, Muniroh M, Motomura E, Yanagisawa R, Matsuyama T, Vogel CFA. Activation of interleukin-6 and -8 expressions by methylmercury in human U937 macrophages involves RelA and p50. J Appl Toxicol 2016; 37:611-620. [DOI: 10.1002/jat.3411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2016] [Revised: 09/22/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Megumi Yamamoto
- Integrated Physiology Section, Department of Basic Medical Science; National Institute for Minamata Disease; 4058-18 Hama Minamata, Kumamoto 867-0008 Japan
| | - Noureen Khan
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine; Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences; 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka Kagoshima 890-8544 Japan
| | - Muflihatul Muniroh
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine; Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences; 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka Kagoshima 890-8544 Japan
| | - Eriko Motomura
- Integrated Physiology Section, Department of Basic Medical Science; National Institute for Minamata Disease; 4058-18 Hama Minamata, Kumamoto 867-0008 Japan
| | - Rie Yanagisawa
- Integrated Physiology Section, Department of Basic Medical Science; National Institute for Minamata Disease; 4058-18 Hama Minamata, Kumamoto 867-0008 Japan
| | - Takami Matsuyama
- Department of Immunology; Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences; 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka Kagoshima 890-8544 Japan
| | - Christoph F. A. Vogel
- Department of Environmental Toxicology and Center for Health and the Environment; University of California; Davis CA 95616 USA
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11
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Toxicological effects of thiomersal and ethylmercury: Inhibition of the thioredoxin system and NADP+-dependent dehydrogenases of the pentose phosphate pathway. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2015; 286:216-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2015.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2015] [Revised: 04/16/2015] [Accepted: 05/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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12
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Loison E, Gougeon ML. Thimerosal compromises human dendritic cell maturation, IL-12 production, chemokine release, and T-helper polarization. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2015; 10:2328-35. [PMID: 25424939 DOI: 10.4161/hv.29520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Thimerosal is a preservative used in multidose vials of vaccine formulations to prevent bacterial and fungal contamination. We recently reported that nanomolar concentrations of thimerosal induce cell cycle arrest of human T cells activated via the TCR and inhibition of proinflammatory cytokine production, thus interfering with T-cell functions. Given the essential role of dendritic cells (DCs) in T-cell polarization and vaccine immunity, we studied the influence of non-toxic concentrations of thimerosal on DC maturation and functions. Ex-vivo exposure of human monocyte-derived DCs to nanomolar concentrations of thimerosal prevented LPS-induced DC maturation, as evidenced by the inhibition of morphological changes and a decreased expression of the maturation markers CD86 and HLA-DR. In addition thimerosal dampened their proinflammatory response, in particular the production of the Th1 polarizing cytokine IL-12, as well as TNF-α and IL-6. DC-dependent T helper polarization was altered, leading to a decreased production of IFN-γ IP10 and GM-CSF and increased levels of IL-8, IL-9, and MIP-1α. Although multi-dose vials of vaccines containing thimerosal remain important for vaccine delivery, our results alert about the ex-vivo immunomodulatory effects of thimerosal on DCs, a key player for the induction of an adaptive response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Loison
- a Institut Pasteur; Antiviral Immunity Biotherapy and Vaccine Unit; Infection and Epidemiology Department; Paris, France
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13
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Persico AM, Merelli S. Environmental Factors in the Onset of Autism Spectrum Disorder. CURRENT DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS REPORTS 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s40474-013-0002-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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14
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Kern JK, Haley BE, Geier DA, Sykes LK, King PG, Geier MR. Thimerosal exposure and the role of sulfation chemistry and thiol availability in autism. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2013; 10:3771-800. [PMID: 23965928 PMCID: PMC3774468 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph10083771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2013] [Revised: 07/10/2013] [Accepted: 07/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurological disorder in which a significant number of the children experience a developmental regression characterized by a loss of previously acquired skills and abilities. Typically reported are losses of verbal, nonverbal, and social abilities. Several recent studies suggest that children diagnosed with an ASD have abnormal sulfation chemistry, limited thiol availability, and decreased glutathione (GSH) reserve capacity, resulting in a compromised oxidation/reduction (redox) and detoxification capacity. Research indicates that the availability of thiols, particularly GSH, can influence the effects of thimerosal (TM) and other mercury (Hg) compounds. TM is an organomercurial compound (49.55% Hg by weight) that has been, and continues to be, used as a preservative in many childhood vaccines, particularly in developing countries. Thiol-modulating mechanisms affecting the cytotoxicity of TM have been identified. Importantly, the emergence of ASD symptoms post-6 months of age temporally follows the administration of many childhood vaccines. The purpose of the present critical review is provide mechanistic insight regarding how limited thiol availability, abnormal sulfation chemistry, and decreased GSH reserve capacity in children with an ASD could make them more susceptible to the toxic effects of TM routinely administered as part of mandated childhood immunization schedules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet K. Kern
- Institute of Chronic Illnesses, Inc., Silver Spring, MD 20905, USA; E-Mails: (D.A.G.); (M.R.G.)
| | - Boyd E. Haley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA; E-Mail:
| | - David A. Geier
- Institute of Chronic Illnesses, Inc., Silver Spring, MD 20905, USA; E-Mails: (D.A.G.); (M.R.G.)
| | - Lisa K. Sykes
- CoMeD, Inc., Silver Spring, MD 20905, USA; E-Mails: (L.K.S.); (P.G.K.)
| | - Paul G. King
- CoMeD, Inc., Silver Spring, MD 20905, USA; E-Mails: (L.K.S.); (P.G.K.)
| | - Mark R. Geier
- Institute of Chronic Illnesses, Inc., Silver Spring, MD 20905, USA; E-Mails: (D.A.G.); (M.R.G.)
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15
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El Ali Z, Gerbeix C, Hemon P, Esser PR, Martin SF, Pallardy M, Kerdine-Römer S. Allergic skin inflammation induced by chemical sensitizers is controlled by the transcription factor Nrf2. Toxicol Sci 2013; 134:39-48. [PMID: 23564646 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kft084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) is induced by low-molecular weight electrophilic chemicals and metal ions. Chemical contact sensitizers trigger reactive oxygen species production and provoke electrophilic stress, leading to the accumulation of the transcription factor nuclear-related factor 2 (Nrf2) in innate immune cell types. The objective of this work was to identify the role of Nrf2 in the regulation of ACD. We used the local lymph node assay (LLNA) and the mouse ear swelling test (MEST) to study the role of Nrf2 in both the sensitization and elicitation phase in nrf2 knockout (nrf2(-/-)) and wild-type (nrf2(+/+)) mice. Five chemicals were used: two compounds known to react with cysteine residues, 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) and cinnamaldehyde (CinA); one sensitizer known to exhibit mixed reactivity to cysteine and lysine residues, isophorone diisocyanate; and one reacting specifically with lysine residues, trimellitic anhydride and croton oil, a well-known irritant. In the MEST assay, DNCB (1 and 2%) induced a significant increase in ear thickness in nrf2(-/-) compared with nrf2(+/+) mice, suggesting a role for Nrf2 in the control of the inflammatory process. When DNCB was used at 0.25 and 0.5% or when mice were treated with CinA, inflammation was found only in nrf2(-/-) mice. In the LLNA, all chemical sensitizers induced an increase of lymphocyte proliferation in nrf2(-/-) compared with nrf2(+/+) mice for the same chemical concentration. These results reveal an important role for Nrf2 in controlling ACD and lymphocyte proliferation in response to sensitizers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeina El Ali
- UnivSud, INSERM UMR-996, Faculty of Pharmacy, Châtenay-Malabry, France
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16
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Development of an in vitro skin sensitization test based on ROS production in THP-1 cells. Toxicol In Vitro 2013; 27:857-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2012.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2012] [Revised: 11/30/2012] [Accepted: 12/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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17
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Dórea JG, Farina M, Rocha JBT. Toxicity of ethylmercury (and Thimerosal): a comparison with methylmercury. J Appl Toxicol 2013; 33:700-11. [PMID: 23401210 DOI: 10.1002/jat.2855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2012] [Revised: 12/10/2012] [Accepted: 12/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Ethylmercury (etHg) is derived from the metabolism of thimerosal (o-carboxyphenyl-thio-ethyl-sodium salt), which is the most widely used form of organic mercury. Because of its application as a vaccine preservative, almost every human and animal (domestic and farmed) that has been immunized with thimerosal-containing vaccines has been exposed to etHg. Although methylmercury (meHg) is considered a hazardous substance that is to be avoided even at small levels when consumed in foods such as seafood and rice (in Asia), the World Health Organization considers small doses of thimerosal safe regardless of multiple/repetitive exposures to vaccines that are predominantly taken during pregnancy or infancy. We have reviewed in vitro and in vivo studies that compare the toxicological parameters among etHg and other forms of mercury (predominantly meHg) to assess their relative toxicities and potential to cause cumulative insults. In vitro studies comparing etHg with meHg demonstrate equivalent measured outcomes for cardiovascular, neural and immune cells. However, under in vivo conditions, evidence indicates a distinct toxicokinetic profile between meHg and etHg, favoring a shorter blood half-life, attendant compartment distribution and the elimination of etHg compared with meHg. EtHg's toxicity profile is different from that of meHg, leading to different exposure and toxicity risks. Therefore, in real-life scenarios, a simultaneous exposure to both etHg and meHg might result in enhanced neurotoxic effects in developing mammals. However, our knowledge on this subject is still incomplete, and studies are required to address the predictability of the additive or synergic toxicological effects of etHg and meHg (or other neurotoxicants).
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Affiliation(s)
- José G Dórea
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidade de Brasilia, 70919-970, Brasilia, DF, Brazil.
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18
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Yang BC, Pan XJ, Yang ZH, Xiao FJ, Liu XY, Zhu MX, Xie JP. Crotonaldehyde induces apoptosis in alveolar macrophages through intracellular calcium, mitochondria and p53 signaling pathways. J Toxicol Sci 2013; 38:225-35. [DOI: 10.2131/jts.38.225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bi-cheng Yang
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences,China
- Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, China
| | - Xiu-jie Pan
- Department of Radiation Toxicology and Oncology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, China
| | - Zhi-hua Yang
- Department of Radiation Toxicology and Oncology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, China
| | - Feng-jun Xiao
- Department of Radiation Toxicology and Oncology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, China
| | - Xing-yu Liu
- Beijing Work Station, Technology Center of Shanghai Tobacco Corporation, China
| | - Mao-xiang Zhu
- Department of Radiation Toxicology and Oncology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, China
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Ye J, Zhang H, Wu H, Wang C, Shi X, Xie J, He J, Yang J. Cytoprotective effect of hyaluronic acid and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose against DNA damage induced by thimerosal in Chang conjunctival cells. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2012; 250:1459-66. [PMID: 22729468 DOI: 10.1007/s00417-012-2087-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2012] [Revised: 05/18/2012] [Accepted: 06/01/2012] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To investigate genotoxicity of the preservative thimerosal (Thi), and the cytoprotective and antioxidant effects of hyaluronic Acid (HA) and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) on Chang conjunctival cells. METHOD Cells were divided into three groups. One group was exposed to Thi at various concentrations (0.00001 %∼0.001 %) for 30 min; the other two groups were pretreated with 0.3 % HA or 0.3 % HPMC for 30 min before the Thi exposure. After cell viability was evaluated, alkaline comet assay and detection of the phosphorylated form of the histone variant H2AX (γH2AX) foci were used to determine DNA damage. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) production was assessed by the fluorescent probe, 2', 7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (DCFH-DA). RESULTS A significant change of cell viability was observed after exposure to 0.001 % Thi for 30 min. DNA single- and double-strand breaks were significantly increased in a dose-dependent manner with Thi exposure. In addition, intracellular ROS induced by Thi was dose-dependent, except at 0.001 % less ROS was induced than at 0.0005 %. However, cells pretreated with 0.3 % HA or 0.3 % HPMC showed significantly increased cell survival, decreased DNA damage, and decreased ROS production compared to cells exposed to Thi alone. Pretreatment with 0.3 % HA was found to be even more protective than 0.3 % HPMC. CONCLUSION Thi can induce DNA damage in human conjunctival epithelial cells, probably due to oxidative stress. HA and HPMC are protective agents that have antioxidant properties and can decrease DNA damage induced by Thi. Pretreatment of 0.3 % HA may be more protective of the ocular surface than 0.3 % HPMC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Ye
- Department of Ophthalmology, The 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, College of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
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Duszczyk-Budhathoki M, Olczak M, Lehner M, Majewska MD. Administration of thimerosal to infant rats increases overflow of glutamate and aspartate in the prefrontal cortex: protective role of dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate. Neurochem Res 2012; 37:436-47. [PMID: 22015977 PMCID: PMC3264864 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-011-0630-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2011] [Revised: 09/27/2011] [Accepted: 10/04/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Thimerosal, a mercury-containing vaccine preservative, is a suspected factor in the etiology of neurodevelopmental disorders. We previously showed that its administration to infant rats causes behavioral, neurochemical and neuropathological abnormalities similar to those present in autism. Here we examined, using microdialysis, the effect of thimerosal on extracellular levels of neuroactive amino acids in the rat prefrontal cortex (PFC). Thimerosal administration (4 injections, i.m., 240 μg Hg/kg on postnatal days 7, 9, 11, 15) induced lasting changes in amino acid overflow: an increase of glutamate and aspartate accompanied by a decrease of glycine and alanine; measured 10-14 weeks after the injections. Four injections of thimerosal at a dose of 12.5 μg Hg/kg did not alter glutamate and aspartate concentrations at microdialysis time (but based on thimerosal pharmacokinetics, could have been effective soon after its injection). Application of thimerosal to the PFC in perfusion fluid evoked a rapid increase of glutamate overflow. Coadministration of the neurosteroid, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS; 80 mg/kg; i.p.) prevented the thimerosal effect on glutamate and aspartate; the steroid alone had no influence on these amino acids. Coapplication of DHEAS with thimerosal in perfusion fluid also blocked the acute action of thimerosal on glutamate. In contrast, DHEAS alone reduced overflow of glycine and alanine, somewhat potentiating the thimerosal effect on these amino acids. Since excessive accumulation of extracellular glutamate is linked with excitotoxicity, our data imply that neonatal exposure to thimerosal-containing vaccines might induce excitotoxic brain injuries, leading to neurodevelopmental disorders. DHEAS may partially protect against mercurials-induced neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michalina Duszczyk-Budhathoki
- Marie Curie Chairs Program at the Department of Pharmacology and Physiology of the Nervous System, Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, 02-957 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Mieszko Olczak
- Marie Curie Chairs Program at the Department of Pharmacology and Physiology of the Nervous System, Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, 02-957 Warsaw, Poland
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, Oczki 1 str., 02-007 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Malgorzata Lehner
- Department of Neurochemistry, Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, 02-957 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Maria Dorota Majewska
- Marie Curie Chairs Program at the Department of Pharmacology and Physiology of the Nervous System, Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, 02-957 Warsaw, Poland
- Department of Biology and Environmental Science, University of Cardinal Stefan Wyszynski, Wóycickiego Str. 1/3, 01-815 Warsaw, Poland
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Frankart A, Coquette A, Schroeder KR, Poumay Y. Studies of cell signaling in a reconstructed human epidermis exposed to sensitizers: IL-8 synthesis and release depend on EGFR activation. Arch Dermatol Res 2012; 304:289-303. [DOI: 10.1007/s00403-012-1209-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2011] [Revised: 01/03/2012] [Accepted: 01/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Hernández-Esquivel L, Zazueta C, Buelna-Chontal M, Hernández-Reséndiz S, Pavón N, Chávez E. Protective behavior of tamoxifen against Hg2+-induced toxicity on kidney mitochondria: in vitro and in vivo experiments. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2011; 127:345-50. [PMID: 21821123 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2011.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2011] [Revised: 07/12/2011] [Accepted: 07/20/2011] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Heavy metals are known to induce functional alterations in kidney mitochondria, this damage plays a central role in the mercury-induced acute renal failure. In fact, mercury causes rapid and dramatic changes in the membrane's ionic permeability in such a way that a supra load of mitochondrial Ca(2+) occurs. As a consequence, the phenomenon of permeability transition takes place. In this work we studied in vitro and in vivo the protective effect of the selective estrogen receptor modulator tamoxifen on the deleterious action of mercury-induced nonselective permeability in kidney mitochondria. Added in vitro tamoxifen inhibited membrane nonspecific pore opening, brought about by Hg(2+), as well as the oxidative damage of the enzyme cis-aconitase. In vivo the administration of tamoxifen prevented Hg(2+)-induced poisoning on mitochondrial energy-dependent functions. Permeability transition was analyzed by measuring matrix Ca(2+) retention, mitochondrial swelling, and the build up and maintenance of a transmembrane electric gradient. The pharmacologic action of tamoxifen on mercury poisoning could be ascribed to its cyclosporin-like action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luz Hernández-Esquivel
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología, Ignacio Chávez, Tlalpan, DF 014080, Mexico
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Sharma NS, Jindal R, Mitra B, Lee S, Li L, Maguire TJ, Schloss R, Yarmush ML. Perspectives on Non-Animal Alternatives for Assessing Sensitization Potential in Allergic Contact Dermatitis. Cell Mol Bioeng 2011; 5:52-72. [PMID: 24741377 DOI: 10.1007/s12195-011-0189-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Skin sensitization remains a major environmental and occupational health hazard. Animal models have been used as the gold standard method of choice for estimating chemical sensitization potential. However, a growing international drive and consensus for minimizing animal usage have prompted the development of in vitro methods to assess chemical sensitivity. In this paper, we examine existing approaches including in silico models, cell and tissue based assays for distinguishing between sensitizers and irritants. The in silico approaches that have been discussed include Quantitative Structure Activity Relationships (QSAR) and QSAR based expert models that correlate chemical molecular structure with biological activity and mechanism based read-across models that incorporate compound electrophilicity. The cell and tissue based assays rely on an assortment of mono and co-culture cell systems in conjunction with 3D skin models. Given the complexity of allergen induced immune responses, and the limited ability of existing systems to capture the entire gamut of cellular and molecular events associated with these responses, we also introduce a microfabricated platform that can capture all the key steps involved in allergic contact sensitivity. Finally, we describe the development of an integrated testing strategy comprised of two or three tier systems for evaluating sensitization potential of chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nripen S Sharma
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University, 599 Taylor Road, 231, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Rohit Jindal
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University, 599 Taylor Road, 231, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Bhaskar Mitra
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University, 599 Taylor Road, 231, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Serom Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University, 599 Taylor Road, 231, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Lulu Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University, 599 Taylor Road, 231, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Tim J Maguire
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University, 599 Taylor Road, 231, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Rene Schloss
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University, 599 Taylor Road, 231, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Martin L Yarmush
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University, 599 Taylor Road, 231, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA ; Center for Engineering in Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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