1
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Pal C. Targeting mitochondria with small molecules: A promising strategy for combating Parkinson's disease. Mitochondrion 2024:101971. [PMID: 39357561 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2024.101971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2024] [Revised: 09/24/2024] [Accepted: 09/27/2024] [Indexed: 10/04/2024]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD), a neurodegenerative disorder, is one of the most significant challenges confronting modern societies, affecting millions of patients globally each year. The pathophysiology of PD is significantly influenced by mitochondrial dysfunction, as evident by the contribution of altered mitochondrial dynamics, bioenergetics, and increased oxidative stress to neuronal death. This review examines the potential use of small molecules that target mitochondria as a therapeutic approach for treating PD. Progress in mitochondrial biology has revealed various mitochondrial targets that can be modulated to restore function and mitigate neurodegeneration. Small molecules that promote mitochondrial biogenesis, enhance mitochondrial dynamics, decrease oxidative stress, and prevent the opening of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) have shown promise in preclinical models. Additionally, targeting mitochondrial quality control mechanisms, such as mitophagy, provides another therapeutic approach. This review explores recent research on small molecules targeting mitochondria, examines their mechanisms of action, and assesses their potential efficacy and safety profiles. By highlighting the most promising candidates and addressing the challenges and future directions in this field, this review aims to offer a comprehensive overview of current and future prospects for mitochondrial-targeted therapies in PD. Ultimately, treating mitochondrial dysfunction holds significant promise for developing disease-modifying PD medications, giving patients hope for better outcomes and improved quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chinmay Pal
- Department of Chemistry, Gobardanga Hindu College, North 24 Parganas, West Bengal 743273, India.
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2
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Qiao L, Yang G, Wang P, Xu C. The Potential Role of Mitochondria in the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: Implications for Brain Health. Pharmacol Res 2024; 209:107434. [PMID: 39332752 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2024.107434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2024] [Revised: 09/02/2024] [Accepted: 09/23/2024] [Indexed: 09/29/2024]
Abstract
Mitochondria are crucial organelles that regulate cellular energy metabolism, calcium homeostasis, and oxidative stress responses, playing pivotal roles in brain development and neurodegeneration. Concurrently, the gut microbiota has emerged as a key modulator of brain physiology and pathology through the microbiota-gut-brain axis. Recent evidence suggests an intricate crosstalk between the gut microbiota and mitochondrial function, mediated by microbial metabolites that can influence mitochondrial activities in the brain. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the emerging role of mitochondria as critical mediators in the microbiota-gut-brain axis, shaping brain health and neurological disease pathogenesis. We discuss how gut microbial metabolites such as short-chain fatty acids, secondary bile acids, tryptophan metabolites, and trimethylamine N-oxide can traverse the blood-brain barrier and modulate mitochondrial processes including energy production, calcium regulation, mitophagy, and oxidative stress in neurons and glial cells. Additionally, we proposed targeting the mitochondria through diet, prebiotics, probiotics, or microbial metabolites as a promising potential therapeutic approach to maintain brain health by optimizing mitochondrial fitness. Overall, further investigations into how the gut microbiota and its metabolites regulate mitochondrial bioenergetics, dynamics, and stress responses will provide valuable insights into the microbiota-gut-brain axis in both health and disease states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Qiao
- School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710072, China; Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition of the Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China
| | - Ge Yang
- School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710072, China
| | - Peng Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710072, China; Department of Psychiatry, The Affiliated Xi'an Central Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710000, China
| | - Chunlan Xu
- School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710072, China.
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3
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Akbar M, Toppo P, Nazir A. Ageing, proteostasis, and the gut: Insights into neurological health and disease. Ageing Res Rev 2024; 101:102504. [PMID: 39284418 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2024.102504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2024] [Revised: 08/28/2024] [Accepted: 09/09/2024] [Indexed: 09/22/2024]
Abstract
Recent research has illuminated the profound bidirectional communication between the gastrointestinal tract and the brain, furthering our understanding of neurological ailments facilitating possible therapeutic strategies. Technological advancements in high-throughput sequencing and multi-omics have unveiled significant alterations in gut microbiota and their metabolites in various neurological disorders. This review provides a thorough analysis of the role of microbiome-gut-brain axis in neurodegenerative disease pathology, linking it to reduced age-associated proteostasis. We discuss evidences that substantiate the existence of a gut-brain cross talk ranging from early clinical accounts of James Parkinson to Braak's hypothesis. In addition to understanding of microbes, the review particularly entails specific metabolites which are altered in neurodegenerative diseases. The regulatory effects of microbial metabolites on protein clearance mechanisms, proposing their potential therapeutic implications, are also discussed. By integrating this information, we advocate for a combinatory therapeutic strategy that targets early intervention, aiming to restore proteostasis and ameliorate disease progression. This approach not only provides a new perspective on the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases but also highlights innovative strategies to combat the increasing burden of these age-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmood Akbar
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India; Division of Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Pranoy Toppo
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India; Division of Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Aamir Nazir
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India; Division of Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India.
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4
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Munawar Cheema M, Macakova Kotrbova Z, Hrcka Krausova B, Adla SK, Slavikova B, Chodounska H, Kratochvil M, Vondrasek J, Sedlak D, Balastik M, Kudova E. 5β-reduced neuroactive steroids as modulators of growth and viability of postnatal neurons and glia. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2024; 239:106464. [PMID: 38246201 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2024.106464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
Endogenous neurosteroids (NS) and their synthetic analogs, neuroactive steroids (NAS), are potentially useful drug-like compounds affecting the pathophysiology of miscellaneous central nervous system disorders (e.g. Alzheimer´s disease, epilepsy, depression, etc.). Additionally, NS have been shown to promote neuron viability and neurite outgrowth upon injury. The molecular, structural and physicochemical basis of the NS effect on neurons is so far not fully understood, and the development of new, biologically relevant assays is essential for their comparative analysis and for assessment of their mechanism of action. Here, we report the development of a novel, plate-based, high-content in vitro assay for screening of NS and newly synthesized, 5β-reduced NAS for the promotion of postnatal neuron survival and neurite growth using fluorescent, postnatal mixed cortical neuron cultures isolated from thy1-YFP transgenic mice. The screen allows a detailed time course analysis of different parameters, such as the number of neurons or neurite lengths of 7-day, in vitro neuron cultures. Using the screen, we identify a new NAS, compound 42, that promotes the survival and growth of postnatal neurons significantly better than several endogenous NS (dehydroepiandrosterone, progesterone, and allopregnanolone). Interestingly, we demonstrate that compound 42 also promotes the proliferation of glia (in particular oligodendrocytes) and that the glial function is critical for its neuron growth support. Computational analysis of the biological data and calculated physicochemical properties of tested NS and NAS demonstrated that their biological activity is proportional to their lipophilicity. Together, the screen proves useful for the selection of neuron-active NAS and the comparative evaluation of their biologically relevant structural and physicochemical features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Munawar Cheema
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 14220 Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Zuzana Macakova Kotrbova
- CZ-OPENSCREEN: National Infrastructure for Chemical Biology, Institute of Molecular Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 14220 Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Barbora Hrcka Krausova
- Laboratory of Cellular Neurophysiology, Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 14220 Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Santosh Kumar Adla
- Dept. of Neurosteroids, Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo namesti 2, 16610 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Barbora Slavikova
- Dept. of Neurosteroids, Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo namesti 2, 16610 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Hana Chodounska
- Dept. of Neurosteroids, Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo namesti 2, 16610 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Kratochvil
- Dept. of Bioinformatics, Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo namesti 2, 16610 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Jiri Vondrasek
- Dept. of Bioinformatics, Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo namesti 2, 16610 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - David Sedlak
- CZ-OPENSCREEN: National Infrastructure for Chemical Biology, Institute of Molecular Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 14220 Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Balastik
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 14220 Prague 4, Czech Republic.
| | - Eva Kudova
- Dept. of Neurosteroids, Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo namesti 2, 16610 Prague 6, Czech Republic.
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5
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Payne T, Appleby M, Buckley E, van Gelder LM, Mullish BH, Sassani M, Dunning MJ, Hernandez D, Scholz S, McNeil A, Libri V, Moll S, Marchesi JR, Taylor R, Su L, Mazzà C, Jenkins TM, Foltynie T, Bandmann O. A Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial of Ursodeoxycholic Acid (UDCA) in Parkinson's Disease. Mov Disord 2023; 38:1493-1502. [PMID: 37246815 PMCID: PMC10527073 DOI: 10.1002/mds.29450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rescue of mitochondrial function is a promising neuroprotective strategy for Parkinson's disease (PD). Ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) has shown considerable promise as a mitochondrial rescue agent across a range of preclinical in vitro and in vivo models of PD. OBJECTIVES To investigate the safety and tolerability of high-dose UDCA in PD and determine midbrain target engagement. METHODS The UP (UDCA in PD) study was a phase II, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of UDCA (30 mg/kg daily, 2:1 randomization UDCA vs. placebo) in 30 participants with PD for 48 weeks. The primary outcome was safety and tolerability. Secondary outcomes included 31-phosphorus magnetic resonance spectroscopy (31 P-MRS) to explore target engagement of UDCA in PD midbrain and assessment of motor progression, applying both the Movement Disorder Society Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale Part III (MDS-UPDRS-III) and objective, motion sensor-based quantification of gait impairment. RESULTS UDCA was safe and well tolerated, and only mild transient gastrointestinal adverse events were more frequent in the UDCA treatment group. Midbrain 31 P-MRS demonstrated an increase in both Gibbs free energy and inorganic phosphate levels in the UDCA treatment group compared to placebo, reflecting improved ATP hydrolysis. Sensor-based gait analysis indicated a possible improvement of cadence (steps per minute) and other gait parameters in the UDCA group compared to placebo. In contrast, subjective assessment applying the MDS-UPDRS-III failed to detect a difference between treatment groups. CONCLUSIONS High-dose UDCA is safe and well tolerated in early PD. Larger trials are needed to further evaluate the disease-modifying effect of UDCA in PD. © 2023 The Authors. Movement Disorders published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Payne
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience,
University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2HQ, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew Appleby
- NIHR UCLH Clinical Research Facility – Leonard
Wolfson Experimental Neurology Centre, National Hospital for Neurology &
Neurosurgery, London, WC1N 3BG, United Kingdom
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences,
Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, WC1N 3BG, United
Kingdom
| | - Ellen Buckley
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Insigneo Institute
for In Silico Medicine, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S1 3JD, United
Kingdom
| | - Linda M.A. van Gelder
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Insigneo Institute
for In Silico Medicine, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S1 3JD, United
Kingdom
| | - Benjamin H. Mullish
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Metabolism,
Digestion and Reproduction, St Mary’s Hospital Campus, Imperial College
London, London, W2 1NY, United Kingdom
| | - Matilde Sassani
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience,
University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2HQ, United Kingdom
| | - Mark J. Dunning
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience,
University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2HQ, United Kingdom
- The Bioinformatics Core, Sheffield Institute of
Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2HQ, United
Kingdom
| | - Dena Hernandez
- Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics,
NIA, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, MD 20814, USA
| | - Sonja Scholz
- Neurodegenerative Diseases Research Unit, Laboratory of
Neurogenetics, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National
Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, MD 20814, USA
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University Medical
Center, Baltimore, Maryland, MD 21287, USA
| | - Alisdair McNeil
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience,
University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2HQ, United Kingdom
| | - Vincenzo Libri
- NIHR UCLH Clinical Research Facility – Leonard
Wolfson Experimental Neurology Centre, National Hospital for Neurology &
Neurosurgery, London, WC1N 3BG, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah Moll
- NIHR Sheffield Biomedical Research Centre, Royal
Hallamshire Hospital, Sheffield, S10 2JF United Kingdom
| | - Julian R. Marchesi
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Metabolism,
Digestion and Reproduction, St Mary’s Hospital Campus, Imperial College
London, London, W2 1NY, United Kingdom
| | - Rosie Taylor
- Statistical Services Unit, The University of Sheffield,
Sheffield, S3 7RH, United Kingdom
| | - Li Su
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience,
University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2HQ, United Kingdom
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, CB2
0SP United Kingdom
| | - Claudia Mazzà
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Insigneo Institute
for In Silico Medicine, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S1 3JD, United
Kingdom
| | - Thomas M. Jenkins
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience,
University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2HQ, United Kingdom
- Royal Perth Hospital, Victoria Square, Perth, WA 6000,
Australia
| | - Thomas Foltynie
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences,
Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, WC1N 3BG, United
Kingdom
| | - Oliver Bandmann
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience,
University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2HQ, United Kingdom
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6
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Long J, Wang J, Li Y, Chen S. Gut microbiota in ischemic stroke: Where we stand and challenges ahead. Front Nutr 2022; 9:1008514. [DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.1008514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Gut microbiota is increasingly recognized to affect host health and disease, including ischemic stroke (IS). Here, we systematically review the current understanding linking gut microbiota as well as the associated metabolites to the pathogenesis of IS (e.g., oxidative stress, apoptosis, and neuroinflammation). Of relevance, we highlight that the implications of gut microbiota-dependent intervention could be harnessed in orchestrating IS.
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7
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Ren ZL, Li CX, Ma CY, Chen D, Chen JH, Xu WX, Chen CA, Cheng FF, Wang XQ. Linking Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Brain Disease: Focusing on Bile Acid Signaling. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:13045. [PMID: 36361829 PMCID: PMC9654021 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232113045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2023] Open
Abstract
A metabolic illness known as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), affects more than one-quarter of the world's population. Bile acids (BAs), as detergents involved in lipid digestion, show an abnormal metabolism in patients with NAFLD. However, BAs can affect other organs as well, such as the brain, where it has a neuroprotective effect. According to a series of studies, brain disorders may be extrahepatic manifestations of NAFLD, such as depression, changes to the cerebrovascular system, and worsening cognitive ability. Consequently, we propose that NAFLD affects the development of brain disease, through the bile acid signaling pathway. Through direct or indirect channels, BAs can send messages to the brain. Some BAs may operate directly on the central Farnesoid X receptor (FXR) and the G protein bile acid-activated receptor 1 (GPBAR1) by overcoming the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Furthermore, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and the fibroblast growth factor (FGF) 19 are released from the intestine FXR and GPBAR1 receptors, upon activation, both of which send signals to the brain. Inflammatory, systemic metabolic disorders in the liver and brain are regulated by the bile acid-activated receptors FXR and GPBAR1, which are potential therapeutic targets. From a bile acid viewpoint, we examine the bile acid signaling changes in NAFLD and brain disease. We also recommend the development of dual GPBAR1/FXR ligands to reduce side effects and manage NAFLD and brain disease efficiently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Lin Ren
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Chang-Xiang Li
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Chong-Yang Ma
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Dan Chen
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Jia-Hui Chen
- Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Wen-Xiu Xu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Cong-Ai Chen
- Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Fa-Feng Cheng
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Xue-Qian Wang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
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8
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Targeting Mitochondria as a Therapeutic Approach for Parkinson's Disease. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2022; 43:1499-1518. [PMID: 35951210 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-022-01265-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Neurodegeneration is among the most critical challenges that involve modern societies and annually influences millions of patients worldwide. While the pathophysiology of Parkinson's disease (PD) is complicated, the role of mitochondrial is demonstrated. The in vitro and in vivo models and genome-wide association studies in human cases proved that specific genes, including PINK1, Parkin, DJ-1, SNCA, and LRRK2, linked mitochondrial dysfunction with PD. Also, mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) plays an essential role in the pathophysiology of PD. Targeting mitochondria as a therapeutic approach to inhibit or slow down PD formation and progression seems to be an exciting issue. The current review summarized known mutations associated with both mitochondrial dysfunction and PD. The significance of mtDNA in Parkinson's disease pathogenesis and potential PD therapeutic approaches targeting mitochondrial dysfunction was then discussed.
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9
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Picca A, Ferri E, Calvani R, Coelho-Júnior HJ, Marzetti E, Arosio B. Age-Associated Glia Remodeling and Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Neurodegeneration: Antioxidant Supplementation as a Possible Intervention. Nutrients 2022; 14:2406. [PMID: 35745134 PMCID: PMC9230668 DOI: 10.3390/nu14122406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Aging induces substantial remodeling of glia, including density, morphology, cytokine expression, and phagocytic capacity. Alterations of glial cells, such as hypertrophy of lysosomes, endosomes and peroxisomes, and the progressive accumulation of lipofuscin, lipid droplets, and other debris have also been reported. These abnormalities have been associated with significant declines of microglial processes and reduced ability to survey the surrounding tissue, maintain synapses, and recover from injury. Similarly, aged astrocytes show reduced capacity to support metabolite transportation to neurons. In the setting of reduced glial activity, stressors and/or injury signals can trigger a coordinated action of microglia and astrocytes that may amplify neuroinflammation and contribute to the release of neurotoxic factors. Oxidative stress and proteotoxic aggregates may burst astrocyte-mediated secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines, thus activating microglia, favoring microgliosis, and ultimately making the brain more susceptible to injury and/or neurodegeneration. Here, we discuss the contribution of microglia and astrocyte oxidative stress to neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration, highlight the pathways that may help gain insights into their molecular mechanisms, and describe the benefits of antioxidant supplementation-based strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Picca
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario “Agostino Gemelli” IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy; (A.P.); (R.C.); (E.M.)
| | - Evelyn Ferri
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Riccardo Calvani
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario “Agostino Gemelli” IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy; (A.P.); (R.C.); (E.M.)
| | - Hélio J. Coelho-Júnior
- Department of Geriatrics and Orthopedics, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy;
| | - Emanuele Marzetti
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario “Agostino Gemelli” IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy; (A.P.); (R.C.); (E.M.)
- Department of Geriatrics and Orthopedics, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy;
| | - Beatrice Arosio
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy;
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10
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Dutta M, Weigel KM, Patten KT, Valenzuela AE, Wallis C, Bein KJ, Wexler AS, Lein PJ, Cui JY. Chronic exposure to ambient traffic-related air pollution (TRAP) alters gut microbial abundance and bile acid metabolism in a transgenic rat model of Alzheimer's disease. Toxicol Rep 2022; 9:432-444. [PMID: 35310146 PMCID: PMC8927974 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2022.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Traffic-related air pollution (TRAP) is linked to increased risk for age-related dementia, including Alzheimer's disease (AD). The gut microbiome is posited to influence AD risk, and an increase in microbial-derived secondary bile acids (BAs) is observed in AD patients. We recently reported that chronic exposure to ambient TRAP modified AD risk in a sex-dependent manner in the TgF344 AD (TG) rat. Objectives In this study, we used samples from the same cohort to test our hypothesis that TRAP sex-dependently produces gut dysbiosis and increases secondary BAs to a larger extent in the TG rat relative to wildtype (WT) controls. Methods Male and female TG and age-matched WT rats were exposed to either filtered air (FA) or TRAP from 28 days up to 15 months of age (n = 5-6). Tissue samples were collected after 9 or 14months of exposure. Results At 10 months of age, TRAP tended to decrease the alpha diversity as well as the beneficial taxa Lactobacillus and Ruminococcus flavefaciens uniquely in male TG rats as determined by 16 S rDNA sequencing. A basal decrease in Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes (F/B) ratio was also noted in TG rats at 10 months. At 15 months of age, TRAP altered inflammation-related bacteria in the gut of female rats from both genotypes. BAs were more affected by chronic TRAP exposure in females, with a general trend of increase in host-produced unconjugated primary and microbiota-produced secondary BAs. Most of the mRNAs of the hepatic BA-processing genes were not altered by TRAP, except for a down-regulation of the BA-uptake transporter Ntcp in males. Conclusion In conclusion, chronic TRAP exposure produced distinct gut dysbiosis and altered BA homeostasis in a sex and host genotype-specific manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moumita Dutta
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Kris M. Weigel
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Kelley T. Patten
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of California Davis (UC Davis) School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Anthony E. Valenzuela
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of California Davis (UC Davis) School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, CA, USA
| | | | - Keith J. Bein
- Air Quality Research Center, UC Davis, Davis, CA, USA
- Center for Health and the Environment, UC Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Anthony S. Wexler
- Air Quality Research Center, UC Davis, Davis, CA, USA
- Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Civil and Environmental Engineering, and Land, Air and Water Resources, UC Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Pamela J. Lein
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of California Davis (UC Davis) School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Julia Yue Cui
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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11
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Prodrug Therapies for Infectious and Neurodegenerative Diseases. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14030518. [PMID: 35335894 PMCID: PMC8953076 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14030518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Prodrugs are bioreversible drug derivatives which are metabolized into a pharmacologically active drug following chemical or enzymatic modification. This approach is designed to overcome several obstacles that are faced by the parent drug in physiological conditions that include rapid drug metabolism, poor solubility, permeability, and suboptimal pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profiles. These suboptimal physicochemical features can lead to rapid drug elimination, systemic toxicities, and limited drug-targeting to disease-affected tissue. Improving upon these properties can be accomplished by a prodrug design that includes the careful choosing of the promoiety, the linker, the prodrug synthesis, and targeting decorations. We now provide an overview of recent developments and applications of prodrugs for treating neurodegenerative, inflammatory, and infectious diseases. Disease interplay reflects that microbial infections and consequent inflammation affects neurodegenerative diseases and vice versa, independent of aging. Given the high prevalence, personal, social, and economic burden of both infectious and neurodegenerative disorders, therapeutic improvements are immediately needed. Prodrugs are an important, and might be said a critical tool, in providing an avenue for effective drug therapy.
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12
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From dried bear bile to molecular investigation: A systematic review of the effect of bile acids on cell apoptosis, oxidative stress and inflammation in the brain, across pre-clinical models of neurological, neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric disorders. Brain Behav Immun 2022; 99:132-146. [PMID: 34601012 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2021.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Bile acids, mainly ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) and its conjugated species glycoursodeoxycholic acid (GUDCA) and tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA) have long been known to have anti-apoptotic, anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Due to their beneficial actions, recent studies have started to investigate the effect of UDCA, GUDCA, TUDCA on the same mechanisms in pre-clinical models of neurological, neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric disorders, where increased cell apoptosis, oxidative stress and inflammation in the brain are often observed. A total of thirty-five pre-clinical studies were identified through PubMed/Medline, Web of Science, Embase, PsychInfo, and CINAHL databases, investigating the role of the UDCA, GUDCA and TUDCA in the regulation of brain apoptosis, oxidative stress and inflammation, in pre-clinical models of neurological, neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric disorders. Findings show that UDCA reduces apoptosis, reactive oxygen species (ROS) and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α production in neurodegenerative models, and reduces nitric oxide (NO) and interleukin (IL)-1β production in neuropsychiatric models; GUDCA decreases lactate dehydrogenase, TNF-α and IL-1β production in neurological models, and also reduces cytochrome c peroxidase production in neurodegenerative models; TUDCA decreases apoptosis in neurological models, reduces ROS and IL-1β production in neurodegenerative models, and decreases apoptosis and TNF-α production, and increases glutathione production in neuropsychiatric models. In addition, findings suggest that all the three bile acids would be equally beneficial in models of Huntington's disease, whereas UDCA and TUDCA would be more beneficial in models of Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease, while GUDCA in models of bilirubin encephalopathy and TUDCA in models of depression. Overall, this review confirms the therapeutic potential of UDCA, GUDCA and TUDCA in neurological, neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric disorders, proposing bile acids as potential alternative therapeutic approaches for patients suffering from these disorders.
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13
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Huang F. Ursodeoxycholic acid as a potential alternative therapeutic approach for neurodegenerative disorders: Effects on cell apoptosis, oxidative stress and inflammation in the brain. Brain Behav Immun Health 2021; 18:100348. [PMID: 34632427 PMCID: PMC7611783 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbih.2021.100348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 09/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) is a bile acid component with anti-apoptotic, anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. It has been used in clinical medicine for liver diseases for centuries. In neurodegenerative diseases, increased cell apoptosis, oxidative stress and inflammation are frequently observed as well. Due to those beneficial effects of UDCA, recent studies have started to investigate the effects of UDCA in pre-clinical models of neurodegeneration. On this account, I review the data reported so far to investigate the role of UDCA in regulating apoptosis, oxidative stress and inflammation in pre-clinical models of neurodegeneration, as well as in homeostatic state. Evidence have shown that UDCA can reduce apoptosis, inhibit reactive oxygen species and tumor necrosis factor - α production in neurodegenerative models. In addition, UDCA is able to induce apoptosis of brain blastoma cells in homeostatic conditions. Overall, this review suggests the therapeutic potential of UDCA in neurodegenerative disorders, proposing UDCA as a potential alternative therapeutic approach for patients suffering from these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Huang
- Stress, Psychiatry and Immunology Laboratory, Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, UK
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, Shanghai R&D Center for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, PR China
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14
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Krunić M, Ristić B, Bošnjak M, Paunović V, Tovilović-Kovačević G, Zogović N, Mirčić A, Marković Z, Todorović-Marković B, Jovanović S, Kleut D, Mojović M, Nakarada Đ, Marković O, Vuković I, Harhaji-Trajković L, Trajković V. Graphene quantum dot antioxidant and proautophagic actions protect SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells from oxidative stress-mediated apoptotic death. Free Radic Biol Med 2021; 177:167-180. [PMID: 34678419 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2021.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the ability of graphene quantum dot (GQD) nanoparticles to protect SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells from oxidative/nitrosative stress induced by iron-nitrosyl complex sodium nitroprusside (SNP). GQD reduced SNP cytotoxicity by preventing mitochondrial depolarization, caspase-2 activation, and subsequent apoptotic death. Although GQD diminished the levels of nitric oxide (NO) in SNP-exposed cells, NO scavengers displayed only a slight protective effect, suggesting that NO quenching was not the main protective mechanism of GQD. GQD also reduced SNP-triggered increase in the intracellular levels of hydroxyl radical (•OH), superoxide anion (O2•-), and lipid peroxidation. Nonselective antioxidants, •OH scavenging, and iron chelators, but not superoxide dismutase, mimicked GQD cytoprotective activity, indicating that GQD protect cells by neutralizing •OH generated in the presence of SNP-released iron. Cellular internalization of GQD was required for optimal protection, since a removal of extracellular GQD by extensive washing only partly diminished their protective effect. Moreover, GQD cooperated with SNP to induce autophagy, as confirmed by the inhibition of autophagy-limiting Akt/PRAS40/mTOR signaling and increase in autophagy gene transcription, protein levels of proautophagic beclin-1 and LC3-II, formation of autophagic vesicles, and degradation of autophagic target p62. The antioxidant activity of GQD was not involved in autophagy induction, as antioxidants N-acetylcysteine and dimethyl sulfoxide failed to stimulate autophagy in SNP-exposed cells. Pharmacological inhibitors of early (wortmannin, 3-methyladenine) or late stages of autophagy (NH4Cl) efficiently reduced the protective effect of GQD. Therefore, the ability of GQD to prevent the in vitro neurotoxicity of SNP depends on both •OH/NO scavenging and induction of cytoprotective autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matija Krunić
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Dr. Subotića 1, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Biljana Ristić
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Dr. Subotića 1, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Mihajlo Bošnjak
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Dr. Subotića 1, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Verica Paunović
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Dr. Subotića 1, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Gordana Tovilović-Kovačević
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute for Biological Research, "Siniša Stanković"- National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Bulevar Despota Stefana 142, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Nevena Zogović
- Department of Neurophysiology, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković" - National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Bulevar Despota Stefana 142, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Aleksandar Mirčić
- Institute of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Višegradska 26, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Zoran Marković
- Vinča Institute of Nuclear Sciences - National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade P.O. Box 522, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Biljana Todorović-Marković
- Vinča Institute of Nuclear Sciences - National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade P.O. Box 522, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Svetlana Jovanović
- Vinča Institute of Nuclear Sciences - National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade P.O. Box 522, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Duška Kleut
- Vinča Institute of Nuclear Sciences - National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade P.O. Box 522, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Miloš Mojović
- Faculty of Physical Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Studentski Trg 12-16, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Đura Nakarada
- Faculty of Physical Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Studentski Trg 12-16, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Olivera Marković
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Technology and Metallurgy, University of Belgrade, Njegoševa 12, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Irena Vuković
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Dr. Subotića 1, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ljubica Harhaji-Trajković
- Department of Neurophysiology, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković" - National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Bulevar Despota Stefana 142, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Vladimir Trajković
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Dr. Subotića 1, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia.
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15
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Naomi R, Shafie NH, Kaniappan P, Bahari H. An Interactive Review on the Role of Tocotrienols in the Neurodegenerative Disorders. Front Nutr 2021; 8:754086. [PMID: 34765631 PMCID: PMC8576197 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.754086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative disorders, such as Parkinson's and Alzheimer's disease, are claimed to be of major concern causing a significant disease burden worldwide. Oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction and nerve damage are the main reasons for the emergence of these diseases. The formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is the common chemical molecule that is formed from all these three interdependent mechanisms which is highly reactive toward the neuronal cells. For these reasons, the administration of tocotrienols (T3s), which is a potent antioxidant, is proven to cater to this problem, through in vitro and in vivo investigations. Interestingly, their therapeutic potentials are not only limited to antioxidant property but also to being able to reverse the neuronal damage and act as a shield for mitochondria dysfunction. Thereby, T3s prevents the damage to the neurons. In regards to this statement, in this review, we focused on summarizing and discussing the potential therapeutic role of T3s on Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases, and their protective mechanisms based on evidence from the in vitro and in vivo studies. However, there is no clinical trial conducted to prove the efficacy of T3s for Alzheimer's and Parkinson's subjects. As such, the therapeutic role of T3s for these neurodegenerative disorders is still under debate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Naomi
- Department of Human Anatomy, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Nurul Husna Shafie
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia.,UPM-MAKNA Cancer Research Laboratory, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Priyatharisni Kaniappan
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine & Health Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Hasnah Bahari
- Department of Human Anatomy, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
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16
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Stott SRW, Wyse RK, Brundin P. Drug Repurposing for Parkinson's Disease: The International Linked Clinical Trials experience. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:653377. [PMID: 33815053 PMCID: PMC8017145 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.653377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The international Linked Clinical Trials (iLCT) program for Parkinson's to date represents one of the most comprehensive drug repurposing programs focused on one disease. Since initial planning in 2010, it has rapidly grown - giving rise to seven completed, and 15 ongoing, clinical trials of 16 agents each aimed at delivering disease modification in Parkinson's disease (PD). In this review, we will provide an overview of the history, structure, process, and progress of the program. We will also present some examples of agents that have been selected and prioritized by the program and subsequently evaluated in clinical trials. Our goal with this review is to provide a template that can be considered across other therapeutic areas.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Patrik Brundin
- Parkinson’s Disease Center, Department of Neurodegenerative Science, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, United States
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17
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Qi H, Shen D, Jiang C, Wang H, Chang M. Ursodeoxycholic acid protects dopaminergic neurons from oxidative stress via regulating mitochondrial function, autophagy, and apoptosis in MPTP/MPP +-induced Parkinson's disease. Neurosci Lett 2021; 741:135493. [PMID: 33181233 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2020.135493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Revised: 10/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Neuroprotection targeting mitochondrial dysfunction has been proposed as a potential therapeutic strategy for Parkinson's disease (PD). Ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) has been shown to prevent neuronal damage; however, the role of UDCA in PD is poorly understood. This study aimed to investigate the neuroprotective effects of UDCA on PD and its underlying mechanisms. We used MPTP/MPP+-induced PD models, including MPTP-induced mice, primary cultures of mice mesencephalic neurons and MPP+-treated neuro-2a cells to examine the effects of UDCA on PD pathogenesis. The results showed that UDCA improved behavioral performance and protected dopaminergic neurons in MPTP mice. UDCA improved cell viability and decreased cell death in MPP+-treated cells. UDCA inhibited reactive oxygen species accumulation, mitochondrial membrane potential collapse, and ATP depletion in neuro-2a cells. UDCA improved movement dysfunction, ameliorated autophagic flux and alleviated apoptosis. Furthermore, UDCA could activate the AMPK/mTOR and PINK1/Parkin pathways. In conclusion, UDCA may improve PD by regulating mitochondrial function, autophagy, and apoptosis, involving AMPK/mTOR and PINK1/Parkin pathways. These results open new perspectives for pharmacological use of UDCA in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiping Qi
- Department of Neurology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.
| | - Dongfang Shen
- Department of Neurology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Chenggong Jiang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Huan Wang
- Department of Neurology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Mingxiu Chang
- Department of Neurology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
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18
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Impact of gut microbiota: How it could play roles beyond the digestive system on development of cardiovascular and renal diseases. Microb Pathog 2020; 152:104583. [PMID: 33164814 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2020.104583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, a significant interest in gut microbiota-host crosstalk has increased due to the involvement of gut bacteria on host health and diseases. Gut dysbiosis, a change in the gut microbiota composition alters host-microbiota interactions and induces gut immune dysregulation that have been associated with pathogenesis of several diseases, including cardiovascular diseases (CVD) and chronic kidney diseases (CKD). Gut microbiota affect the host, mainly through the immunological and metabolism-dependent and metabolism-independent pathways. In addition to these, the production of trimethylamine (TMA)/trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO), uremic toxins and lipopolysaccharides (LPS) by gut microbiota are involved in the pathogenesis of CVD and CKD. Given the current approaches and challenges that can reshape the bacterial composition by restoring the balance between host and microbiota. In this review, we discuss the complex interplay between the gut microbiota, and the heart and the kidney, and explain the gut-cardiovascular axis and gut-kidney axis on the development and progression of cardiovascular diseases and chronic kidney diseases. In addition, we discuss the interplay between gut and kidney on hypertension or cardiovascular pathology.
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19
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Trinh D, Israwi AR, Arathoon LR, Gleave JA, Nash JE. The multi-faceted role of mitochondria in the pathology of Parkinson's disease. J Neurochem 2020; 156:715-752. [PMID: 33616931 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria are essential for neuronal function. They produce ATP to meet energy demands, regulate homeostasis of ion levels such as calcium and regulate reactive oxygen species that cause oxidative cellular stress. Mitochondria have also been shown to regulate protein synthesis within themselves, as well as within the nucleus, and also influence synaptic plasticity. These roles are especially important for neurons, which have higher energy demands and greater susceptibility to stress. Dysfunction of mitochondria has been associated with several neurodegenerative diseases, including Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, Huntington's disease, Glaucoma and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. The focus of this review is on how and why mitochondrial function is linked to the pathology of Parkinson's disease (PD). Many of the PD-linked genetic mutations which have been identified result in dysfunctional mitochondria, through a wide-spread number of mechanisms. In this review, we describe how susceptible neurons are predisposed to be vulnerable to the toxic events that occur during the neurodegenerative process of PD, and how mitochondria are central to these pathways. We also discuss ways in which proteins linked with familial PD control mitochondrial function, both physiologically and pathologically, along with their implications in genome-wide association studies and risk assessment. Finally, we review potential strategies for disease modification through mitochondrial enhancement. Ultimately, agents capable of both improving and/or restoring mitochondrial function, either alone, or in conjunction with other disease-modifying agents may halt or slow the progression of neurodegeneration in Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennison Trinh
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Centre for Neurobiology of Stress, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Ahmad R Israwi
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Centre for Neurobiology of Stress, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Lindsay R Arathoon
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Centre for Neurobiology of Stress, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jacqueline A Gleave
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Centre for Neurobiology of Stress, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Joanne E Nash
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Centre for Neurobiology of Stress, Toronto, ON, Canada
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20
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Nasal administration of nanoencapsulated geraniol/ursodeoxycholic acid conjugate: Towards a new approach for the management of Parkinson's disease. J Control Release 2020; 321:540-552. [PMID: 32092370 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2020.02.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The combined use of different therapeutic agents in the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders is a promising strategy to halt the disease progression. In this context, we aimed to combine the anti-inflammatory properties of geraniol (GER) with the mitochondrial rescue effects of ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) in a newly-synthesized prodrug, GER-UDCA, a potential candidate against Parkinson's disease (PD). GER-UDCA was successfully synthetized and characterized in vitro for its ability to release the active compounds in physiological environments. Because of its very poor solubility, GER-UDCA was entrapped into both lipid (SLNs) and polymeric (NPs) nanoparticles in order to explore nose-to-brain pathway towards brain targeting. Both GER-UDCA nanocarriers displayed size below 200 nm, negative zeta potential and the ability to increase the aqueous dissolution rate of the prodrug. As SLNs exhibited the higher GER-UDCA dissolution rate, this formulation was selected for the in vivo GER-UDCA brain targeting experiments. The nasal administration of GER-UDCA-SLNs (1 mg/kg of GER-UDCA) allowed to detect the prodrug in rat cerebrospinal fluid (concentration range = 1.1 to 4.65 μg/mL, 30-150 min after the administration), but not in the bloodstream, thus suggesting the direct nose to brain delivery of the prodrug. Finally, histopathological evaluation demonstrated that, in contrast to the pure GER, nasal administration of GER-UDCA-SLNs did not damage the structural integrity of the nasal mucosa. In conclusion, the present data suggest that GER-UDCA-SLNs could provide an effective and non-invasive approach to boost the access of GER and UDCA to the brain with low dosages.
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21
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Carling PJ, Mortiboys H, Green C, Mihaylov S, Sandor C, Schwartzentruber A, Taylor R, Wei W, Hastings C, Wong S, Lo C, Evetts S, Clemmens H, Wyles M, Willcox S, Payne T, Hughes R, Ferraiuolo L, Webber C, Hide W, Wade-Martins R, Talbot K, Hu MT, Bandmann O. Deep phenotyping of peripheral tissue facilitates mechanistic disease stratification in sporadic Parkinson's disease. Prog Neurobiol 2020; 187:101772. [PMID: 32058042 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2020.101772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2019] [Revised: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Mechanistic disease stratification will be crucial to develop a precision medicine approach for future disease modifying therapy in sporadic Parkinson's disease (sPD). Mitochondrial and lysosomal dysfunction are key mechanisms in the pathogenesis of sPD and therefore promising targets for therapeutic intervention. We investigated mitochondrial and lysosomal function in skin fibroblasts of 100 sPD patients and 50 age-matched controls. A combination of cellular assays, RNA-seq based pathway analysis and genotyping was applied. Distinct subgroups with mitochondrial (mito-sPD) or lysosomal (lyso-sPD) dysfunction were identified. Mitochondrial dysfunction correlated with reduction in complex I and IV protein levels. RNA-seq based pathway analysis revealed marked activation of the lysosomal pathway with enrichment for lysosomal disease gene variants in lyso-sPD. Conversion of fibroblasts to induced neuronal progenitor cells and subsequent differentiation into tyrosine hydroxylase positive neurons confirmed and further enhanced both mitochondrial and lysosomal abnormalities. Treatment with ursodeoxycholic acid improved mitochondrial membrane potential and intracellular ATP levels even in sPD patient fibroblast lines with comparatively mild mitochondrial dysfunction. The results of our study suggest that in-depth phenotyping and focussed assessment of putative neuroprotective compounds in peripheral tissue are a promising approach towards disease stratification and precision medicine in sPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillippa J Carling
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience (SITraN), University of Sheffield, 385a Glossop Road, Sheffield S10 2HQ, UK
| | - Heather Mortiboys
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience (SITraN), University of Sheffield, 385a Glossop Road, Sheffield S10 2HQ, UK
| | - Claire Green
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience (SITraN), University of Sheffield, 385a Glossop Road, Sheffield S10 2HQ, UK
| | - Simeon Mihaylov
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience (SITraN), University of Sheffield, 385a Glossop Road, Sheffield S10 2HQ, UK
| | - Cynthia Sandor
- UK Dementia Research Institute, Cardiff University, Hadyn Ellis Building, Maindy Road, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ, UK
| | - Aurelie Schwartzentruber
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience (SITraN), University of Sheffield, 385a Glossop Road, Sheffield S10 2HQ, UK
| | - Rosie Taylor
- Statistical Service Unit (SSU), University of Sheffield, UK
| | - Wenbin Wei
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience (SITraN), University of Sheffield, 385a Glossop Road, Sheffield S10 2HQ, UK
| | - Chris Hastings
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience (SITraN), University of Sheffield, 385a Glossop Road, Sheffield S10 2HQ, UK
| | - Siew Wong
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience (SITraN), University of Sheffield, 385a Glossop Road, Sheffield S10 2HQ, UK
| | - Christine Lo
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience (SITraN), University of Sheffield, 385a Glossop Road, Sheffield S10 2HQ, UK
| | - Samuel Evetts
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Level 3, Department of Neurology, West Wing, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK; Oxford Parkinson's Disease Centre, University of Oxford, UK
| | - Hannah Clemmens
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience (SITraN), University of Sheffield, 385a Glossop Road, Sheffield S10 2HQ, UK
| | - Matthew Wyles
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience (SITraN), University of Sheffield, 385a Glossop Road, Sheffield S10 2HQ, UK
| | - Sam Willcox
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience (SITraN), University of Sheffield, 385a Glossop Road, Sheffield S10 2HQ, UK
| | - Thomas Payne
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience (SITraN), University of Sheffield, 385a Glossop Road, Sheffield S10 2HQ, UK
| | - Rachel Hughes
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience (SITraN), University of Sheffield, 385a Glossop Road, Sheffield S10 2HQ, UK
| | - Laura Ferraiuolo
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience (SITraN), University of Sheffield, 385a Glossop Road, Sheffield S10 2HQ, UK
| | - Caleb Webber
- UK Dementia Research Institute, Cardiff University, Hadyn Ellis Building, Maindy Road, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ, UK; Oxford Parkinson's Disease Centre, University of Oxford, UK
| | - Winston Hide
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience (SITraN), University of Sheffield, 385a Glossop Road, Sheffield S10 2HQ, UK; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Department of Pathology (Dana 519), 330 Brookline Ave, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Richard Wade-Martins
- Oxford Parkinson's Disease Centre, University of Oxford, UK; Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, OX1 3QX UK
| | - Kevin Talbot
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Level 3, Department of Neurology, West Wing, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK; Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, OX1 3QX UK
| | - Michele T Hu
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Level 3, Department of Neurology, West Wing, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK; Oxford Parkinson's Disease Centre, University of Oxford, UK
| | - Oliver Bandmann
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience (SITraN), University of Sheffield, 385a Glossop Road, Sheffield S10 2HQ, UK.
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22
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Chen J, Han TL, Zhou X, Baker P, Shao Y, Zhang H. Metabolic disparities of different oxidative stress‑inducing conditions in HTR8/SVneo cells. Mol Med Rep 2019; 21:540-548. [PMID: 31974599 PMCID: PMC6947815 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2019.10861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Placental oxidative stress is present throughout the duration of pregnancy, but it is when oxidative stress exceeds the normal physiological level that complications can occur. Trophoblast cell lines are commonly utilized for oxidative stress research due to their distinct uniform cell population and easy-to-apply interventions. However, conflicting results are often reported when different oxidative stress cell models are used. In this study, the aim was to characterize the intracellular and extracellular metabolite profiles of different oxidative stress cell models commonly used in the research of pregnancy complications. HTR8/SVneo human trophoblast cell lines were treated with five different oxidative stress-inducing conditions: Hypoxia (1% oxygen); hypoxia and reoxygenation; cobalt chloride (CoCl2; 300 µmol/l); sodium nitroprusside (SNP; 2.5 mmol/l); and the serum of women with preeclampsia (10% v/v). Intracellular metabolites were extracted from cells and extracellular metabolites were collected from spent media for metabolomic analysis via gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The results demonstrated that there were distinct differences in the intracellular and extracellular metabolome between the different cell models. Meanwhile, treatments with exogenous drugs, such as CoCl2 and SNP, resulted in more similar metabolite profiles. These disparities between the different oxidative stress cell models will have implications for the applications of these results, and highlight the need for the standardization of oxidative stress cell models in obstetric research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingdong Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Ting-Li Han
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Xiaobo Zhou
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Philip Baker
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Maternal and Fetal Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Yong Shao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Hua Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
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Kusaczuk M. Tauroursodeoxycholate-Bile Acid with Chaperoning Activity: Molecular and Cellular Effects and Therapeutic Perspectives. Cells 2019; 8:E1471. [PMID: 31757001 PMCID: PMC6952947 DOI: 10.3390/cells8121471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Revised: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA) is a naturally occurring hydrophilic bile acid that has been used for centuries in Chinese medicine. Chemically, TUDCA is a taurine conjugate of ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA), which in contemporary pharmacology is approved by Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for treatment of primary biliary cholangitis. Interestingly, numerous recent studies demonstrate that mechanisms of TUDCA functioning extend beyond hepatobiliary disorders. Thus, TUDCA has been demonstrated to display potential therapeutic benefits in various models of many diseases such as diabetes, obesity, and neurodegenerative diseases, mostly due to its cytoprotective effect. The mechanisms underlying this cytoprotective activity have been mainly attributed to alleviation of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and stabilization of the unfolded protein response (UPR), which contributed to naming TUDCA as a chemical chaperone. Apart from that, TUDCA has also been found to reduce oxidative stress, suppress apoptosis, and decrease inflammation in many in-vitro and in-vivo models of various diseases. The latest research suggests that TUDCA can also play a role as an epigenetic modulator and act as therapeutic agent in certain types of cancer. Nevertheless, despite the massive amount of evidence demonstrating positive effects of TUDCA in pre-clinical studies, there are certain limitations restraining its wide use in patients. Here, molecular and cellular modes of action of TUDCA are described and therapeutic opportunities and limitations of this bile acid are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Kusaczuk
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Medical University of Białystok, Mickiewicza 2A, 15-222 Białystok, Poland
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Preclinical Evaluation of UDCA-Containing Oral Formulation in Mice for the Treatment of Wet Age-Related Macular Degeneration. Pharmaceutics 2019; 11:pharmaceutics11110561. [PMID: 31671869 PMCID: PMC6920808 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics11110561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2019] [Revised: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
As a posterior ocular disease, wet age-related macular degeneration (WAMD) has been known to be related to vision loss, accompanying ocular complications. The intravitreous injection of VEGF antibodies has been reported to be an effective treatment to relieve symptoms of WAMD. However, the limitations of this treatment are high costs and invasiveness. For this reason, oral delivery route can be considered as a cost-effective way and the safest method to deliver drug molecules to the eyes. Accordingly, ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) was included in the oral formulation as the potential substance for the cure of WAMD in the animal model. Various pharmacological activities, such as antioxidant or anti-inflammatory effects, have been reported for UDCA and recent reports support the effects of UDCA in ocular treatment. However, due to poor water solubility and low pKa (around 5.0), it has been challenging to formulate aqueous solution of UDCA in the neutral pH range. In the present study, we confirmed the aqueous solubility of the oral UDCA formulation and performed a preclinical study, including pharmacokinetic profiling and WAMD model efficacy study in mice after oral administration of the drug solution. The results demonstrated that the formulation improved bioavailability of UDCA and efficiently delivered UDCA to the eye tissues after oral absorption. UDCA formulation was found to have inhibitory effects of choroidal neovascularization with a functional recovery in mice retinas. Taken together, our results suggest that the oral UDCA formulation could be used as a potent supplement for the cure of WAMD and related retinal diseases.
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Ðanić M, Stanimirov B, Pavlović N, Goločorbin-Kon S, Al-Salami H, Stankov K, Mikov M. Pharmacological Applications of Bile Acids and Their Derivatives in the Treatment of Metabolic Syndrome. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:1382. [PMID: 30559664 PMCID: PMC6287190 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.01382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Apart from well-known functions of bile acids in digestion and solubilization of lipophilic nutrients and drugs in the small intestine, the emerging evidence from the past two decades identified the role of bile acids as signaling, endocrine molecules that regulate the glucose, lipid, and energy metabolism through complex and intertwined pathways that are largely mediated by activation of nuclear receptor farnesoid X receptor (FXR) and cell surface G protein-coupled receptor 1, TGR5 (also known as GPBAR1). Interactions of bile acids with the gut microbiota that result in the altered composition of circulating and intestinal bile acids pool, gut microbiota composition and modified signaling pathways, are further extending the complexity of biological functions of these steroid derivatives. Thus, bile acids signaling pathways have become attractive targets for the treatment of various metabolic diseases and metabolic syndrome opening the new potential avenue in their treatment. In addition, there is a significant effort to unveil some specific properties of bile acids relevant to their intrinsic potency and selectivity for particular receptors and to design novel modulators of these receptors with improved pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profiles. This resulted in synthesis of few semi-synthetic bile acids derivatives such as 6α-ethyl-chenodeoxycholic acid (obeticholic acid, OCA), norursodeoxycholic acid (norUDCA), and 12-monoketocholic acid (12-MKC) that are proven to have positive effect in metabolic and hepato-biliary disorders. This review presents an overview of the current knowledge related to bile acids implications in glucose, lipid and energy metabolism, as well as a potential application of bile acids in metabolic syndrome treatment with future perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja Ðanić
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Bojan Stanimirov
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Nebojša Pavlović
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | | | - Hani Al-Salami
- Biotechnology and Drug Development Research Laboratory, School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Biosciences Research Precinct, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Karmen Stankov
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Momir Mikov
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
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Zhao C, Zhang J, Hu H, Qiao M, Chen D, Zhao X, Yang C. Design of lactoferrin modified lipid nano-carriers for efficient brain-targeted delivery of nimodipine. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2018; 92:1031-1040. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2018.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Revised: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Abd-Elhamid TH, Elgamal DA, Ali SS, Ali FEM, Hassanein EHM, El-Shoura EAM, Hemeida RAM. Reno-protective effects of ursodeoxycholic acid against gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity through modulation of NF-κB, eNOS and caspase-3 expressions. Cell Tissue Res 2018; 374:367-387. [PMID: 30078101 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-018-2886-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Gentamicin (GNT) is a potent aminoglycoside antibiotic widely used to treat life-threatening bacterial infections. We aim to investigate the potential protective effect of ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) against GNT-induced nephrotoxicity. In this study, 24 male Wistar rats were used and randomly divided into four groups of six animals each. Control group received 0.5% carboxymethyl cellulose orally for 15 days, GNT group received GNT 100 mg/kg/day i.p. for 8 days, UDCA group received UDCA orally for 15 consecutive days at a dose of 60 mg/kg/day suspended in 0.5% carboxymethyl cellulose and UDCA-pretreated group received UDCA orally for 7 days then co-administered with GNT i.p. for 8 days at the same fore-mentioned doses. Serum levels of kidney function parameters (urea, creatinine, uric acid and albumin) were measured. Renal tissues were used to evaluate oxidative stress markers; malonaldehyde (MDA), reduced glutathione (GSH) and the anti-oxidant enzyme superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities and nuclear factor kappa light-chain enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) and kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1) mRNA levels. Immunohistochemical expression of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) and caspase-3 and histological and ultrastructural examination were performed. Treatment with GNT increased the serum levels of renal function parameters and renal MDA, NF-κB and KIM-1 mRNA levels, while it decreased GSH and SOD activities. Marked immunohistochemical expression of caspase-3 was observed after GNT administration while it decreased eNOS expression. Histological and ultrastructural alterations were also evident in renal corpuscles and tubules. In contrast, pretreatment with UDCA reversed changes caused by GNT administration. These results suggest that UDCA ameliorates GNT-induced kidney injury via inhibition of oxidative stress, inflammation and apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarek Hamdy Abd-Elhamid
- Department of Histology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt.
| | - Dalia A Elgamal
- Department of Histology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Safaa S Ali
- Department of Histology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Fares E M Ali
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Emad H M Hassanein
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Ehab A M El-Shoura
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Ramadan A M Hemeida
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Assiut, Egypt
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Abstract
The development of an intervention to slow or halt disease progression remains the greatest unmet therapeutic need in Parkinson's disease. Given the number of failures of various novel interventions in disease-modifying clinical trials in combination with the ever-increasing costs and lengthy processes for drug development, attention is being turned to utilizing existing compounds approved for other indications as novel treatments in Parkinson's disease. Advances in rational and systemic drug repurposing have identified a number of drugs with potential benefits for Parkinson's disease pathology and offer a potentially quicker route to drug discovery. Here, we review the safety and potential efficacy of the most promising candidates repurposed as potential disease-modifying treatments for Parkinson's disease in the advanced stages of clinical testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilan Athauda
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Institute of Neurology and National Hospital for Neurology & Neurosurgery, Queen Square, London, UK
| | - Thomas Foltynie
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Institute of Neurology and National Hospital for Neurology & Neurosurgery, Queen Square, London, UK.
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High Dose and Delayed Treatment with Bile Acids Ineffective in RML Prion-Infected Mice. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2018; 62:AAC.00222-18. [PMID: 29784843 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00222-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Prion diseases are a group of neurodegenerative diseases associated with the misfolding of the cellular prion protein (PrPC) into the infectious form (PrPSc). There are currently no treatments for prion disease. Bile acids have the ability to protect hepatocytes from apoptosis and are neuroprotective in animal models of other protein-folding neurodegenerative diseases, including Huntington's, Parkinson's, and Alzheimer's disease. Importantly, bile acids are approved for clinical use in patients with cirrhosis and have recently been shown to be safe and possibly effective in pilot trials of patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). We previously reported that the bile acid ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA), given early in disease, prolonged incubation periods in male RML-infected mice. Here, we expand on this result to include tauro-ursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA) treatment trials and delayed UDCA treatment. We demonstrate that despite a high dose of TUDCA given early in disease, there was no significant difference in incubation periods between treated and untreated cohorts, regardless of sex. In addition, delayed treatment with a high dose of UDCA resulted in a significant shortening of the average survival time for both male and female mice compared to their sex-matched controls, with evidence of increased BiP, a marker of apoptosis, in treated female mice. Our findings suggest that treatment with high-dose TUDCA provides no therapeutic benefit and that delayed treatment with high-dose UDCA is ineffective and could worsen outcomes.
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Lu Z, Wang L, Sun X, Li J, Cheng L, Li N, Peng R. The association between HSD3B7 gene variant and Parkinson's disease in ethnic Chinese. Brain Behav 2018; 8:e00913. [PMID: 29670816 PMCID: PMC5893344 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Revised: 11/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives Studies at the genomewide level of Parkinson's disease (PD) suggested a significant association between the Hydroxy-delta-5-steroid dehydrogenase, 3 beta- and steroid delta isomerase 7 (HSD3B7) gene rs9938550 variant and a decreased risk for PD. But its effect has only been discussed in Caucasian populations, and no phenotypic characteristics were included. To investigate the novel variant for PD in Chinese Han populations, we performed an association analysis of rs9938550 variant in a large cohort. Methods Using a case-control methodology, a total of 2,239 subjects (1,072 sporadic patients with PD and 1,167 control) were genotyped and the genetic association was analyzed. Results No significant association was found between allele A of rs9938550 and PD in the entire cohort (p = .079). However, the frequency of allele A was lower in late-onset PD (LOPD) as compared with controls older than 50 years (OR = 0.62, 95% CI: 0.45-0.85, padjust = .002). Relatively lower Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale scores were demonstrated in mid- to late-stage PD with GA + AA genotypes than GG genotype (padjust = .018), while other clinical features were similar between carriers and noncarriers. Conclusions Our results support that the HSD3B7 rs9938550 variant, which is likely linked to bile acid biosynthesis, reduces the risk of LOPD in Chinese patients and might induce a benign clinical performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong‐Jiao Lu
- Department of NeurologyWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduSichuan ProvinceChina
| | - Ling Wang
- Department of NeurologyWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduSichuan ProvinceChina
| | - Xiao‐Yi Sun
- Department of NeurologyWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduSichuan ProvinceChina
| | - Jun‐Ying Li
- Department of NeurologyWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduSichuan ProvinceChina
| | - Lan Cheng
- Department of NeurologyWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduSichuan ProvinceChina
| | - Nan‐Nan Li
- Department of NeurologyWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduSichuan ProvinceChina
| | - Rong Peng
- Department of NeurologyWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduSichuan ProvinceChina
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Cilostazol attenuates indices of liver damage induced by thioacetamide in albino rats through regulating inflammatory cytokines and apoptotic biomarkers. Eur J Pharmacol 2018; 822:168-176. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2018.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Revised: 01/13/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Mortiboys H, Macdonald R, Payne T, Sassani M, Jenkins T, Bandmann O. Translational approaches to restoring mitochondrial function in Parkinson's disease. FEBS Lett 2017; 592:776-792. [PMID: 29178330 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.12920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Revised: 11/04/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
There is strong evidence of a key role for mitochondrial dysfunction in both sporadic and all forms of familial Parkinson's disease (PD). However, none of the clinical trials carried out with putative mitochondrial rescue agents have been successful. Firm establishment of a wet biomarker or a reliable readout from imaging studies detecting mitochondrial dysfunction and reflecting disease progression is also awaited. We will provide an overview of our current knowledge about mitochondrial dysfunction in PD and related drug screens. We will also summarise previously undertaken mitochondrial wet biomarker studies and relevant imaging studies with particular focus on 31P-MRI spectroscopy. We will conclude with an overview of clinical trials which tested putative mitochondrial rescue agents in PD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather Mortiboys
- Department of Neuroscience, Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience (SITraN), University of Sheffield, UK
| | - Ruby Macdonald
- Department of Neuroscience, Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience (SITraN), University of Sheffield, UK
| | - Thomas Payne
- Department of Neuroscience, Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience (SITraN), University of Sheffield, UK
| | - Matilde Sassani
- Department of Neuroscience, Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience (SITraN), University of Sheffield, UK
| | - Thomas Jenkins
- Department of Neuroscience, Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience (SITraN), University of Sheffield, UK
| | - Oliver Bandmann
- Department of Neuroscience, Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience (SITraN), University of Sheffield, UK
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Montasser AOS, Saleh H, Ahmed-Farid OA, Saad A, Marie MAS. Protective effects of Balanites aegyptiaca extract, Melatonin and Ursodeoxycholic acid against hepatotoxicity induced by Methotrexate in male rats. ASIAN PAC J TROP MED 2017; 10:557-565. [PMID: 28756919 DOI: 10.1016/j.apjtm.2017.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Revised: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare the degree of ameliorative effects of Melatonin (MEL), Ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) and Balanites aegyptiaca (BA) against hepatotoxicity induced by MTX for one month. METHODS Eighty adult male rats (Sprague Dawely) weighing (190 ± 10 g), were randomly divided into eight equal groups: Control, MTX, MEL, BA, UDCA, MTX + MEL, MTX + BA, MTX + UDCA. Liver function biomarker enzymes, liver tissue oxidative stress parameters, together with total antioxidant capacity and tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α) were determined. Histopathological and immunohistochemistry examinations for TNF-α were also done. RESULTS MTX showed significant increase in alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT), total and direct bilirubin, as well as TNF-α levels, oxidized glutathione (GSSG), malodialdehyde (MDA) and nitric oxide (NO). Whereas total protein, albumin, total antioxidant capacity, reduced glutathione (GSH), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione reductase (GR), glutathione S-transferase (GST), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) levels were significantly decreased in MTX treated group. These alterations were improved by MEL and BA treatment, whereas no improvement was noticed in UDCA treatment. CONCLUSIONS BA may be as promising as MEL in the hepatoprotection against MTX toxicity through their antioxidant and radical scavenging activities. In addition, it is not recommended to co-administer UDCA with MTX as it enhanced inflammation and damage to the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hanan Saleh
- Faculty of Science, Department of Zoology, Cairo University, Giza 12631, Egypt
| | | | - Aida Saad
- National Organization for Drug Control and Research, Giza 12553, Egypt
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Park E, Chun HS. Protective Effects of Curcumin on Manganese-Induced BV-2 Microglial Cell Death. Biol Pharm Bull 2017; 40:1275-1281. [PMID: 28529240 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b17-00160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Curcumin, a bioactive component in tumeric, has been shown to exert antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticarcinogenic, hepatoprotective, and neuroprotective effects, but the effects of curcumin against manganese (Mn)-mediated neurotoxicity have not been studied. This study examined the protective effects of curcumin on Mn-induced cytotoxicity in BV-2 microglial cells. Curcumin (0.1-10 µM) dose-dependently prevented Mn (250 µM)-induced cell death. Mn-induced mitochondria-related apoptotic characteristics, such as caspase-3 and -9 activation, cytochrome c release, Bax increase, and Bcl-2 decrease, were significantly suppressed by curcumin. In addition, curcumin significantly increased intracellular glutathione (GSH) and moderately potentiated superoxide dismutase (SOD), both which were diminished by Mn treatment. Curcumin pretreatment effectively suppressed Mn-induced upregulation of malondialdehyde (MDA), total reactive oxygen species (ROS). Moreover, curcumin markedly inhibited the Mn-induced mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) loss. Furthermore, curcumin was able to induce heme oxygenase (HO)-1 expression. Curcumin-mediated inhibition of ROS, down-regulation of caspases, restoration of MMP, and recovery of cell viability were partially reversed by HO-1 inhibitor (SnPP). These results suggest the first evidence that curcumin can prevent Mn-induced microglial cell death through the induction of HO-1 and regulation of oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and apoptotic events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Euteum Park
- Department of Biomedical Science, Chosun University
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35
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Park E, Chun HS. Melatonin Attenuates Manganese and Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Inflammatory Activation of BV2 Microglia. Neurochem Res 2016; 42:656-666. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-016-2122-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Revised: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Ackerman HD, Gerhard GS. Bile Acids in Neurodegenerative Disorders. Front Aging Neurosci 2016; 8:263. [PMID: 27920719 PMCID: PMC5118426 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2016.00263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bile acids, a structurally related group of molecules derived from cholesterol, have a long history as therapeutic agents in medicine, from treatment for primarily ocular diseases in ancient Chinese medicine to modern day use as approved drugs for certain liver diseases. Despite evidence supporting a neuroprotective role in a diverse spectrum of age-related neurodegenerative disorders, including several small pilot clinical trials, little is known about their molecular mechanisms or their physiological roles in the nervous system. We review the data reported for their use as treatments for neurodegenerative diseases and their underlying molecular basis. While data from cellular and animal models and clinical trials support potential efficacy to treat a variety of neurodegenerative disorders, the relevant bile acids, their origin, and the precise molecular mechanism(s) by which they confer neuroprotection are not known delaying translation to the clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayley D Ackerman
- Department of Medical Genetics and Molecular Biochemistry, The Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Glenn S Gerhard
- Department of Medical Genetics and Molecular Biochemistry, The Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Dominiak A, Wilkaniec A, Wroczyński P, Jęśko H, Adamczyk A. Protective Effects of Selol Against Sodium Nitroprusside-Induced Cell Death and Oxidative Stress in PC12 Cells. Neurochem Res 2016; 41:3215-3226. [PMID: 27590497 PMCID: PMC5116319 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-016-2046-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Revised: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Selol is an organic selenitetriglyceride formulation containing selenium at +4 oxidation level that can be effectively incorporated into catalytic sites of of Se-dependent antioxidants. In the present study, the potential antioxidative and cytoprotective effects of Selol against sodium nitroprusside (SNP)-evoked oxidative/nitrosative stress were investigated in PC12 cells and the underlying mechanisms analyzed. Spectrophoto- and spectrofluorimetic methods as well as fluorescence microscopy were used in this study; mRNA expression was quantified by real-time PCR. Selol dose-dependently improved the survival and decreased the percentage of apoptosis in PC12 cells exposed to SNP. To determine the mechanism of this protective action, the effect of Selol on free radical generation and on antioxidative potential was evaluated. Selol offered significant protection against the elevation of reactive oxidative species (ROS) evoked by SNP. Moreover, this compound restored glutathione homeostasis by ameliorating the SNP-evoked disturbance of GSH/GSSG ratio. The protective effect exerted by Selol was associated with the prevention of SNP-mediated down-regulation of antioxidative enzymes: glutathione peroxidase (Se-GPx), glutathione reductase (GR), and thioredoxin reductase (TrxR). Finally, GPx inhibition significantly abolished the cytoprotective effect of Selol. In conclusion, these results suggest that Selol effectively protected PC12 cells against SNP-induced oxidative damage and death by adjusting free radical levels and antioxidant system, and suppressing apoptosis. Selol could be successfully used in the treatments of diseases that involve oxidative stress and resulting apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Dominiak
- Department of Bioanalysis and Drug Analysis, Medical University of Warsaw, 1 Banacha St., 02-097, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Wilkaniec
- Department of Cellular Signalling, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre Polish Academy of Sciences, 5 Pawińskiego St., 02-106, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Piotr Wroczyński
- Department of Bioanalysis and Drug Analysis, Medical University of Warsaw, 1 Banacha St., 02-097, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Henryk Jęśko
- Department of Cellular Signalling, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre Polish Academy of Sciences, 5 Pawińskiego St., 02-106, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Agata Adamczyk
- Department of Cellular Signalling, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre Polish Academy of Sciences, 5 Pawińskiego St., 02-106, Warsaw, Poland.
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Parikh P, Ingle M, Patel J, Bhate P, Pandey V, Sawant P. An open-label randomized control study to compare the efficacy of vitamin e versus ursodeoxycholic acid in nondiabetic and noncirrhotic Indian NAFLD patients. Saudi J Gastroenterol 2016; 22:192-7. [PMID: 27184636 PMCID: PMC4898087 DOI: 10.4103/1319-3767.182451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM The study was carried out to compare the efficacy of Vitamin E versus Ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) in nondiabetic nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) patients. PATIENTS AND METHODS We randomized 250 non cirrhotic and non diabetic NAFLD patients diagnosed on ultrasound, with raised alanine aminotransferase (ALT) level. (>40 IU/L), to receive Vitamin E 400 mg twice a day (Group A) or UDCA 300 mg twice a day (Group B) for 52 weeks. Lifestyle modification to achieve at least 5% weight reduction and subsequent weight control and regular exercise was advised to both groups. The primary study endpoint was normalization of ALT. Secondary endpoints were the proportion of patients with reduction in ALT, relative reduction in the NAFLD Fibrosis score (NFS), symptomatic improvement and tolerability. RESULTS One hundred and fifty patients received UDCA as compared to 100 patients receiving Vitamin E. The treatment groups were comparable at entry with regard to age (44.1 vs 42.4 years), gender (67% vs 63% female), risk factors for nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, hypochondriac pain, serum liver biochemistries, and NAFLD Fibrosis score. The primary endpoint was achieved in 21 (14%) and 19 (19%) of patients in Group A and Group B, respectively (P = 0.2). The proportion of patients with reduction in ALT (56% vs 63%, P = 0.2), symptomatic improvement (78% vs 67%, P= 0.058), reduction in the NFS (44% vs 47%, P= 0.69), and tolerability (98% vs 95%, P= 0.2) were similar between Group A and Group B, respectively. CONCLUSION UDCA is an effective and safe alternative to Vitamin E in nondiabetic-noncirrhotic Indian NAFLD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pathik Parikh
- Department of Gastroenterology, Lokmanya Tilak Municipal Medical College, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India,Address for correspondence: Dr. Pathik Parikh, Department of Gastroenterology, Lokmanya Tilak Municipal Medical College, Lokmanya Tilak Municipal General Hospital, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India. E-mail:
| | - Meghraj Ingle
- Department of Gastroenterology, Lokmanya Tilak Municipal Medical College, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Jatin Patel
- Department of Gastroenterology, Lokmanya Tilak Municipal Medical College, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Prasad Bhate
- Department of Gastroenterology, Lokmanya Tilak Municipal Medical College, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Vikas Pandey
- Department of Gastroenterology, Lokmanya Tilak Municipal Medical College, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Prabha Sawant
- Department of Gastroenterology, Lokmanya Tilak Municipal Medical College, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
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Fernández-Moriano C, González-Burgos E, Gómez-Serranillos MP. Mitochondria-Targeted Protective Compounds in Parkinson's and Alzheimer's Diseases. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2015; 2015:408927. [PMID: 26064418 PMCID: PMC4429198 DOI: 10.1155/2015/408927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2014] [Revised: 03/25/2015] [Accepted: 03/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria are cytoplasmic organelles that regulate both metabolic and apoptotic signaling pathways; their most highlighted functions include cellular energy generation in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), regulation of cellular calcium homeostasis, balance between ROS production and detoxification, mediation of apoptosis cell death, and synthesis and metabolism of various key molecules. Consistent evidence suggests that mitochondrial failure is associated with early events in the pathogenesis of ageing-related neurodegenerative disorders including Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease. Mitochondria-targeted protective compounds that prevent or minimize mitochondrial dysfunction constitute potential therapeutic strategies in the prevention and treatment of these central nervous system diseases. This paper provides an overview of the involvement of mitochondrial dysfunction in Parkinson's and Alzheimer's diseases, with particular attention to in vitro and in vivo studies on promising endogenous and exogenous mitochondria-targeted protective compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Fernández-Moriano
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University Complutense of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Elena González-Burgos
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University Complutense of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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Abdelkader NF, Safar MM, Salem HA. Ursodeoxycholic Acid Ameliorates Apoptotic Cascade in the Rotenone Model of Parkinson's Disease: Modulation of Mitochondrial Perturbations. Mol Neurobiol 2014; 53:810-817. [PMID: 25502462 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-014-9043-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The recent emergence of ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) as a contender in modifying neurotoxicity in human dopaminergic cells as well as its recognized anti-apoptotic and anti-inflammatory potentials in various hepatic pathologies raised impetus in investigating its anti-parkinsonian effect in rat rotenone model. UDCA prominently improved motor performance in the open field test and halted the decline in the striatal dopamine content. Meanwhile, it improved mitochondrial function as verified by elevation of ATP associated with preservation of mitochondrial integrity as portrayed in the electron microscope examination. In addition, through its anti-inflammatory potential, UDCA reduced the rotenone-induced nuclear factor-κB expression and tumor necrosis factor alpha level. Furthermore, UDCA amended alterations in Bax and Bcl-2 and reduced the activities of caspase-8, caspase-9, and caspase-3, indicating that it suppressed rotenone-induced apoptosis via modulating both intrinsic and extrinsic pathways. In conclusion, UDCA can be introduced as a novel approach for the management of Parkinson's disease via anti-apoptotic and anti-inflammatory mechanisms. These effects are probably linked to dopamine synthesis and mitochondrial regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noha F Abdelkader
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Marwa M Safar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Hesham A Salem
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
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Jiang S, Zhu W, Wu J, Li C, Zhang X, Li Y, Cao K, Liu L. α-Lipoic acid protected cardiomyoblasts from the injury induced by sodium nitroprusside through ROS-mediated Akt/Gsk-3β activation. Toxicol In Vitro 2014; 28:1461-73. [PMID: 25193743 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2014.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2014] [Revised: 07/05/2014] [Accepted: 08/14/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
It has been long noted that cardiac cell apoptosis provoked by excessive production of nitric oxide (NO) plays important roles in the pathogenesis of variant cardiac diseases. Attenuation of NO-induced injury would be an alternative therapeutic approach for the development of cardiac disorders. This study investigated the effects of α-lipoic acid (LA) on the injury induced by sodium nitroprusside (SNP), a widely used NO donor, in rat cardiomyoblast H9c2 cells. SNP challenge significantly decreased cell viability and increased apoptosis, as evidenced by morphological abnormalities, nuclear condensation and decline of mitochondrial potential (ΔΨm). These changes induced by SNP were significantly attenuated by LA pretreatment. Furthermore, LA pretreatment prevented the SNP-triggered suppression of Akt and Gsk-3β activation. Blockade of Akt activation with triciribin (API) completely abolished the cytoprotection of LA against SNP challenge. In addition, LA moderately increased intracellular ROS production. Interestingly, inhibition of ROS with N-acetylcysteine abrogated Akt/Gsk-3β activation and the LA-induced cytoprotection following SNP stimulation. Taken together, the results indicate that LA protected the SNP-induced injury in cardiac H9c2 cells through, at least in part, the activation of Akt/Gsk-3β signaling in a ROS-dependent mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surong Jiang
- Department of Geriatrics, First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China; Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Weina Zhu
- Department of Geriatrics, First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Jun Wu
- Department of Geriatrics, First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Chuanfu Li
- Department of Surgery, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, United States
| | - Xiaojin Zhang
- Department of Geriatrics, First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Yuehua Li
- Department of Pathophysiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Kejiang Cao
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Li Liu
- Department of Geriatrics, First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China.
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Vang S, Longley K, Steer CJ, Low WC. The Unexpected Uses of Urso- and Tauroursodeoxycholic Acid in the Treatment of Non-liver Diseases. Glob Adv Health Med 2014; 3:58-69. [PMID: 24891994 PMCID: PMC4030606 DOI: 10.7453/gahmj.2014.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA) is the taurine conjugate of ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA), a US Food and Drug Administration–approved hydrophilic bile acid for the treatment of certain cholestatic liver diseases. There is a growing body of research on the mechanism(s) of TUDCA and its potential therapeutic effect on a wide variety of non-liver diseases. Both UDCA and TUDCA are potent inhibitors of apoptosis, in part by interfering with the upstream mitochondrial pathway of cell death, inhibiting oxygen-radical production, reducing endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, and stabilizing the unfolded protein response (UPR). Several studies have demonstrated that TUDCA serves as an anti-apoptotic agent for a number of neurodegenerative diseases, including amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and Huntington's disease. In addition, TUDCA plays an important role in protecting against cell death in certain retinal disorders, such as retinitis pigmentosa. It has been shown to reduce ER stress associated with elevated glucose levels in diabetes by inhibiting caspase activation, up-regulating the UPR, and inhibiting reactive oxygen species. Obesity, stroke, acute myocardial infarction, spinal cord injury, and a long list of acute and chronic non-liver diseases associated with apoptosis are all potential therapeutic targets for T/UDCA. A growing number of pre-clinical and clinical studies underscore the potential benefit of this simple, naturally occurring bile acid, which has been used in Chinese medicine for more than 3000 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheila Vang
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis (Ms Vang), United States
| | - Katie Longley
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis (Ms Longley), United States
| | - Clifford J Steer
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, and Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota (Dr Steer), United States
| | - Walter C Low
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Minnesota Medical School and Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota (Dr Low), United States
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Zhou Y, Dong Y, Xu QG, Zhu SY, Tian SL, Huo JJ, Hao TT, Zhu BW. Mussel oligopeptides protect human fibroblasts from hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-induced premature senescence. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 2014; 58:293-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.archger.2013.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2013] [Revised: 10/17/2013] [Accepted: 10/21/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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The role of ursodeoxycholic acid in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis: a systematic review. BMC Gastroenterol 2013; 13:140. [PMID: 24053454 PMCID: PMC3848865 DOI: 10.1186/1471-230x-13-140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2012] [Accepted: 09/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is a condition that occurs during the progression of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Effective therapy for NASH is still lacking. In this study, we investigated the effects of Ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) in the treatment of NASH. Methods Western and Chinese databases were searched by independent investigators using appropriate MESH headings to identify randomized, controlled Western and Chinese clinical trials, published between January 1990 and October 2012, testing the effects of UDCA in patients with NASH. Patient characteristics and trial endpoints were analyzed, with quality assessment according to widely acknowledged criteria. P < 0.05 was defined as statistically significant in all trials. Results Twelve qualified randomized clinical trials, including six from China and involving 1160 subjects, were selected. Seven of these trials assessed the effects of UDCA Monotherapy, with the other five testing combinations of UDCA with vitamin E, polyene phosphatidylcholine, silymarin, glycyrrhizin and tiopronin. The duration of therapy ranged from 3 to 24 months, with two studies using high doses of UDCA (23–35 mg/kg/d). The average quality point was 2.69, and was significantly lower in articles from China than in those from Western countries (2.2 ± 0.4 vs. 3.8 ± 1.1, respectively, p < 0.05). UDCA Monotherapy significantly improved liver function in five studies and improved steatosis and fibrosis in two studies. All five studies assessing UDCA combination therapy showed significant improvements liver function, while two studies also improved steatosis and inflammation. One study of high-dose UDCA showed significant improvements in ALT, γGT and liver fibrosis, whereas the other study showed no significant change in ALT and liver pathology. Conclusions UDCA therapy is effective in NASH, especially when combined with other drugs. However, the low quality of these studies and the heterogeneity of their results precluded further meta-analysis. Additional carefully designed clinical trials are needed, especially in China.
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Mortiboys H, Aasly J, Bandmann O. Ursocholanic acid rescues mitochondrial function in common forms of familial Parkinson’s disease. Brain 2013; 136:3038-50. [DOI: 10.1093/brain/awt224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
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Chen X, Deng A, Zhou H, Gu J. Neuroprotective effect of 2-(4-methoxyphenyl)ethyl-2-acetamido-2-deoxy-β-D-pyranoside against sodium nitroprusside-induced neurotoxicity in HT22 cells. Mol Cell Biochem 2013; 383:149-59. [PMID: 23873333 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-013-1763-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2013] [Accepted: 07/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
2-(4-Methoxyphenyl) ethyl-2-acetamido-2-deoxy-β-D-pyranoside (GlcNAc-Sal), the salidroside analog was synthesized and shown to inhibit hypoglycemia and serum limitation induced apoptosis in PC12 cells. This study investigated the protective effects of GlcNAc-Sal on sodium nitroprusside (SNP)-induced cytotoxicity in HT22 cells. Cell viability tests and Hoechst 33342 staining comfirmed that GlcNAc-Sal pretreatment attenuated SNP-stimulated apoptotic cell death in HT22 cells in a concentration-dependent manner. The measurements of reactive oxygen species (ROS), nitric oxide (NO) production and apoptosis-related gene and protein expression suggest that the protection of GlcNAc-Sal, shown in this study, might be mediated by inhibiting intracellular ROS and NO production, and regulating apoptosis-related gene and protein expression during SNP stimulation. Perhaps, this study might contribute to the development of GlcNAc-Sal as an agent for preventing and/or treating a variety of NO-induced brain diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical School, Nantong University, 19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China,
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Resveratrol inhibits lipopolysaccharide-induced phagocytotic activity in BV2 cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s13765-012-2156-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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