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Jeyanthi V, Velusamy P, Kumar GV, Kiruba K. Effect of naturally isolated hydroquinone in disturbing the cell membrane integrity of Pseudomonas aeruginosa MTCC 741 and Staphylococcus aureus MTCC 740. Heliyon 2021; 7:e07021. [PMID: 34036196 PMCID: PMC8134992 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e07021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 11/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Nosocomial pathogens cause various health problems in human and many novel drugs are under investigation to combat the pathogens. The present study explains the naturally derived hydroquinone possible mode of action against Pseudomonas aeruginosa MTCC 741 and Staphylococcus aureus MTCC 740. Time kill studies, cell viability assays, membrane potential assays, and potassium release assays were carried out to study the mode of action. Time kill studies revealed the rapid death of bacterial pathogens exposed to 4X MIC (Minimum inhibitory concentration) of the hydroquinone. Cell viability assay results showed that nearly half of the cell destruction of test pathogens occurred within one hour. Transmission electron microscopic (TEM) observations revealed the disruption of the cell membrane, which caused severe ultrastructural changes in both test pathogens. Hydroquinone dissipated the membrane potential of test pathogens, as confirmed by the depolarization of membrane potential, increases in permeability and leakage of intracellular potassium ions. At the concentration of 2X MIC hydroquinone in 5 min, about 91.41% and 84.85% potassium ions were released from P. aeruginosa MTCC 741 and S. aureus MTCC 740, respectively. This is the first report on the mode of action of naturally derived hydroquinone against clinical pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venkadapathi Jeyanthi
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioengineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Chengalpattu District, 603 203, India.,Department of Biotechnology, SRM Arts and Science College, Kattankulathur, Chengalpattu District, 603203, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Palaniyandi Velusamy
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioengineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Chengalpattu District, 603 203, India
| | - Govindarajan Venkat Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioengineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Chengalpattu District, 603 203, India.,Department of Biotechnology, Ponnaiyah Ramajayam Institute of Science and Technology, Thanjavur 613403, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Kannan Kiruba
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Chennai 600 025, Tamil Nadu, India
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Barbosa J, Faria J, Garcez F, Leal S, Afonso LP, Nascimento AV, Moreira R, Pereira FC, Queirós O, Carvalho F, Dinis-Oliveira RJ. Repeated Administration of Clinically Relevant Doses of the Prescription Opioids Tramadol and Tapentadol Causes Lung, Cardiac, and Brain Toxicity in Wistar Rats. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14020097. [PMID: 33513867 PMCID: PMC7912343 DOI: 10.3390/ph14020097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Tramadol and tapentadol, two structurally related synthetic opioid analgesics, are widely prescribed due to the enhanced therapeutic profiles resulting from the synergistic combination between μ-opioid receptor (MOR) activation and monoamine reuptake inhibition. However, the number of adverse reactions has been growing along with their increasing use and misuse. The potential toxicological mechanisms for these drugs are not completely understood, especially for tapentadol, owing to its shorter market history. Therefore, in the present study, we aimed to comparatively assess the putative lung, cardiac, and brain cortex toxicological damage elicited by the repeated exposure to therapeutic doses of both prescription opioids. To this purpose, male Wistar rats were intraperitoneally injected with single daily doses of 10, 25, and 50 mg/kg tramadol or tapentadol, corresponding to a standard analgesic dose, an intermediate dose, and the maximum recommended daily dose, respectively, for 14 consecutive days. Such treatment was found to lead mainly to lipid peroxidation and inflammation in lung and brain cortex tissues, as shown through augmented thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), as well as to increased serum inflammation biomarkers, such as C reactive protein (CRP) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). Cardiomyocyte integrity was also shown to be affected, since both opioids incremented serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and α-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase (α-HBDH) activities, while tapentadol was associated with increased serum creatine kinase muscle brain (CK-MB) isoform activity. In turn, the analysis of metabolic parameters in brain cortex tissue revealed increased lactate concentration upon exposure to both drugs, as well as augmented LDH and creatine kinase (CK) activities following tapentadol treatment. In addition, pneumo- and cardiotoxicity biomarkers were quantified at the gene level, while neurotoxicity biomarkers were quantified both at the gene and protein levels; changes in their expression correlate with the oxidative stress, inflammatory, metabolic, and histopathological changes that were detected. Hematoxylin and eosin (H & E) staining revealed several histopathological alterations, including alveolar collapse and destruction in lung sections, inflammatory infiltrates, altered cardiomyocytes and loss of striation in heart sections, degenerated neurons, and accumulation of glial and microglial cells in brain cortex sections. In turn, Masson's trichrome staining confirmed fibrous tissue deposition in cardiac tissue. Taken as a whole, these results show that the repeated administration of both prescription opioids extends the dose range for which toxicological injury is observed to lower therapeutic doses. They also reinforce previous assumptions that tramadol and tapentadol are not devoid of toxicological risk even at clinical doses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Barbosa
- IINFACTS—Institute of Research and Advanced Training in Health Sciences and Technologies, Department of Sciences, University Institute of Health Sciences (IUCS), CESPU, CRL, 4585-116 Gandra, Portugal; (J.F.); (F.G.); (S.L.); (A.V.N.); (R.M.); (O.Q.)
- UCIBIO, REQUIMTE—Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal;
- Department of Public Health and Forensic Sciences, and Medical Education, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
- Correspondence: (J.B.); (R.J.D.-O.); Tel.: +351-224-157-216 (J.B.); +351-224-157-216 (R.J.D.-O.)
| | - Juliana Faria
- IINFACTS—Institute of Research and Advanced Training in Health Sciences and Technologies, Department of Sciences, University Institute of Health Sciences (IUCS), CESPU, CRL, 4585-116 Gandra, Portugal; (J.F.); (F.G.); (S.L.); (A.V.N.); (R.M.); (O.Q.)
- UCIBIO, REQUIMTE—Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal;
| | - Fernanda Garcez
- IINFACTS—Institute of Research and Advanced Training in Health Sciences and Technologies, Department of Sciences, University Institute of Health Sciences (IUCS), CESPU, CRL, 4585-116 Gandra, Portugal; (J.F.); (F.G.); (S.L.); (A.V.N.); (R.M.); (O.Q.)
| | - Sandra Leal
- IINFACTS—Institute of Research and Advanced Training in Health Sciences and Technologies, Department of Sciences, University Institute of Health Sciences (IUCS), CESPU, CRL, 4585-116 Gandra, Portugal; (J.F.); (F.G.); (S.L.); (A.V.N.); (R.M.); (O.Q.)
- Department of Biomedicine, Unit of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
- CINTESIS—Center for Health Technology and Services Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal
| | - Luís Pedro Afonso
- Department of Pathology, Portuguese Institute of Oncology of Porto, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal;
| | - Ana Vanessa Nascimento
- IINFACTS—Institute of Research and Advanced Training in Health Sciences and Technologies, Department of Sciences, University Institute of Health Sciences (IUCS), CESPU, CRL, 4585-116 Gandra, Portugal; (J.F.); (F.G.); (S.L.); (A.V.N.); (R.M.); (O.Q.)
| | - Roxana Moreira
- IINFACTS—Institute of Research and Advanced Training in Health Sciences and Technologies, Department of Sciences, University Institute of Health Sciences (IUCS), CESPU, CRL, 4585-116 Gandra, Portugal; (J.F.); (F.G.); (S.L.); (A.V.N.); (R.M.); (O.Q.)
| | - Frederico C. Pereira
- Institute of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics/iCBR, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-354 Coimbra, Portugal;
| | - Odília Queirós
- IINFACTS—Institute of Research and Advanced Training in Health Sciences and Technologies, Department of Sciences, University Institute of Health Sciences (IUCS), CESPU, CRL, 4585-116 Gandra, Portugal; (J.F.); (F.G.); (S.L.); (A.V.N.); (R.M.); (O.Q.)
| | - Félix Carvalho
- UCIBIO, REQUIMTE—Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal;
| | - Ricardo Jorge Dinis-Oliveira
- IINFACTS—Institute of Research and Advanced Training in Health Sciences and Technologies, Department of Sciences, University Institute of Health Sciences (IUCS), CESPU, CRL, 4585-116 Gandra, Portugal; (J.F.); (F.G.); (S.L.); (A.V.N.); (R.M.); (O.Q.)
- UCIBIO, REQUIMTE—Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal;
- Department of Public Health and Forensic Sciences, and Medical Education, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
- Correspondence: (J.B.); (R.J.D.-O.); Tel.: +351-224-157-216 (J.B.); +351-224-157-216 (R.J.D.-O.)
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Fabris AL, Nunes AV, Schuch V, de Paula-Silva M, Rocha G, Nakaya HI, Ho PL, Silveira ELV, Farsky SHP. Hydroquinone exposure alters the morphology of lymphoid organs in vaccinated C57Bl/6 mice. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 257:113554. [PMID: 31767231 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Revised: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The influenza is a common viral infection that can be fatal, especially in high-risk groups such as children, pregnant women, elderly, and immune-deficient individuals. Vaccination is the most efficient approach to prevent the spreading of viral infection and promote individual and public health. In contrast, exposure to environmental pollutants such as cigarette smoke reduces the efficacy of vaccination. We investigated whether chronic exposure to hydroquinone (HQ), the most abundant compound of the tobacco particulate phase, could impair the adaptive immune responses elicited by influenza vaccination. For this, adult male C57BL/6 mice were daily exposed to either nebulized HQ or PBS for 1 h for a total of eight weeks. At weeks 6 and 8, the mice were primed and boosted with the trivalent influenza vaccine via IM respectively. Although the HQ exposure did not alter the body weight of the mice and the biochemical and hematological parameters, the pollutant increased the oxidative stress in splenocytes of immunized animals, modified the morphology of spleen follicles, and augmented the size of their lymph nodes. The lymphoid organs of HQ-exposed mice presented a similar number of vaccine-specific IgG-secreting cells, titers of vaccine-specific total IgG, and respective subclasses. Transcriptome studies with HQ, benzene, or cigarette smoke exposure were also analyzed. The genes up-regulated upon pollutant exposure were associated with neutrophil migration and were shown to be co-expressed with antibody-secreting cell genes. Therefore, these findings suggest that HQ exposure may trigger an immune-compensatory mechanism that enhances the humoral responses induced by influenza vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Luis Fabris
- Laboratory of Experimental Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Andre Vinicius Nunes
- Laboratory of Immunology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Viviane Schuch
- Computational Systems Biology Laboratory, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marina de Paula-Silva
- Laboratory of Experimental Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gho Rocha
- Laboratory of Experimental Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Helder I Nakaya
- Computational Systems Biology Laboratory, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Paulo Lee Ho
- Bacteriology Service, BioIndustrial Division, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Eduardo L V Silveira
- Laboratory of Immunology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Heluany CS, Kupa LDVK, Viana MN, Fernandes CM, Silveira ELV, Farsky SHP. In vivo exposure to hydroquinone during the early phase of collagen-induced arthritis aggravates the disease. Toxicology 2018; 408:22-30. [PMID: 29935983 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2018.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Revised: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Robust correlation between the severity of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and cigarette smoking has been clinically demonstrated. Nevertheless, cigarette compounds responsible for this toxic effect and their mechanisms have not been described. Considering that hydroquinone (HQ) is an abundant, pro-oxidative compound of the matter particle phase of cigarette smoke, we investigated whether HQ exposure during the initial phase of collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) could aggravate the disease. For this purpose, male Wistar rats were exposed to aerosolized HQ (25 ppm), saline or 5% ethanol solution (HQ vehicle) for 1 h per day during 14 days. CIA was induced through s.c. injection of bovine collagen Type II (0.4 mg/100 μL) at days seven and 14 of exposure. Clinical signs of disease and the cell profile and chemical mediators in the synovial fluid and membrane were analysed at day 35 after the beginning of exposure. HQ exposure aggravated CIA-related paw edema and increased the cell infiltrate and interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels in the synovial fluid, promoted intense tissue collagen deposition and enhanced synoviocyte proliferation and higher frequency of aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR+) and interleukin (IL-17+) neutrophils in the synovial membrane. in vitro data also highlighted that neutrophils expressed increased levels of AhR, IL-17 and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. However, only AhR expression and ROS generation were blocked by in vitro treatment with AhR antagonist. Therefore, we conclude that in vivo HQ exposure at the early phase of AR onset worsens RA, leading to high frequency of AhR/IL-17+ neutrophils into the joint.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cintia Scucuglia Heluany
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Leonard de Vinci Kanda Kupa
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Eduardo Lani Volpe Silveira
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Brazil
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Heluany CS, Kupa LDVK, Viana MN, Fernandes CM, Farsky SHP. Hydroquinone exposure worsens the symptomatology of rheumatoid arthritis. Chem Biol Interact 2018; 291:120-127. [PMID: 29908986 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2018.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Revised: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The genesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is complex and dependent on genetic background and exposure to environmental xenobiotic. Indeed, smoking is associated to developing and worsening pre-existing RA. Nevertheless, the mechanisms and cigarette compounds involved in the harmful processes have not been elucidated. Here, we investigated if the exposure to hydroquinone (HQ), an abundant pro-oxidative compound of cigarette and benzene metabolite, could worsen the ongoing RA. Hence, collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) was induced in male Wistar rats by s.c. injection of 400 μg (200 μL) of bovine collagen type II emulsified in complete Freund's adjuvant on day 1, and a booster injection was performed on day 7. Exposures to nebulized HQ (25 ppm), saline solution or HQ vehicle solution (5% ethanol in saline) were carried out for 1 h, once a day, on days 21-27 after CIA induction. On day 27, animals were euthanized and samples were collected for further analyses. Exposure to HQ caused loss of weight, intensified paw edema, enhanced levels of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and anti-citrullinated protein antibody (ACPA) in the serum; augmented synoviocyte proliferation and influx of aril hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) positive cells into the synovial membrane, altered collagen fibre rearrangement in the synovia, and synoviocytes isolated from HQ exposed rats secreted higher levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, TNF-α and interleukin-1β. Associated, we point out HQ as an environmental pollutant that aggravates RA, suggesting its participation on worsening RA in smoking patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cintia Scucuglia Heluany
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Leonard de Vinci Kanda Kupa
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Brazil
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Yu MH, Lee SO. Hydroquinone stimulates cell invasion through activator protein-1-dependent induction of MMP-9 in HepG2 human hepatoma cells. Food Chem Toxicol 2016; 89:120-5. [PMID: 26807887 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2016.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Revised: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 01/21/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Hydroquinone (HQ) is a well-known environmental carcinogen and exposure of humans to HQ can also occur through plant foods, cosmetics, and tobacco products. Although liver is a major organ metabolizing HQ and susceptible to its toxicity, role of HQ in metastatic progression of human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains unclear. In this study, we examined the effect of HQ on the invasion of HCC cells and its underlying molecular mechanisms. HQ strongly induced matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) expression and secretion in HepG2 human hepatoma cells, which were well correlated with increased cell invasion. Mechanistic studies further demonstrated that HQ induced transcriptional activity of MMP-9 gene by activating activator protein-1 (AP-1), the well-known key element mediating MMP-9 gene expression, via MAP kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways. These results suggest that HQ may promote metastatic progression of HCC, although data on in vivo hydroquinone exposure and risk for HCC are contradictory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi-Hee Yu
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Keimyung University, Daegu 42601, Republic of Korea
| | - Syng-Ook Lee
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Keimyung University, Daegu 42601, Republic of Korea; CK-1, Food and Biotechnology Expert Training Program, Keimyung University, Daegu 42601, Republic of Korea.
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Moro AM, Brucker N, Charão MF, Sauer E, Freitas F, Durgante J, Bubols G, Campanharo S, Linden R, Souza AP, Bonorino C, Moresco R, Pilger D, Gioda A, Farsky S, Duschl A, Garcia SC. Early hematological and immunological alterations in gasoline station attendants exposed to benzene. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2015; 137:349-356. [PMID: 25601738 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2014.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2014] [Revised: 11/01/2014] [Accepted: 11/04/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Elucidation of effective biomarkers may provide tools for the early detection of biological alterations caused by benzene exposure and may contribute to the reduction of occupational diseases. This study aimed to assess early alterations on hematological and immunological systems of workers exposed to benzene. METHODS Sixty gasoline station attendants (GSA group) and 28 control subjects were evaluated. Environmental and biological monitoring of benzene exposure was performed in blood and urine. The potential effect biomarkers evaluated were δ-aminolevulinate dehydratase (ALA-D) activity, CD80 and CD86 expression in lymphocytes and monocytes, and serum interleukin-8 (IL-8). The influence of confounding factors and toluene co-exposure were considered. RESULTS Although exposures were below ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists) limits, reduced ALA-D activity, decreased CD80 and CD86 expression in monocytes and increased IL-8 levels were found in the GSA group compared to the control subjects. Furthermore, according to multiple linear regression analysis, benzene exposure was associated to a decrease in CD80 and CD86 expression in monocytes. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest, for the first time, a potential effect of benzene exposure on ALA-D activity, CD80 and CD86 expression, IL-8 levels, which could be suggested as potential markers for the early detection of benzene-induced alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela M Moro
- Laboratory of Toxicology (LATOX), Department of Analysis, Pharmacy Faculty, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Post-Graduate Programme in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Natália Brucker
- Laboratory of Toxicology (LATOX), Department of Analysis, Pharmacy Faculty, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Post-Graduate Programme in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Mariele F Charão
- Laboratory of Toxicology (LATOX), Department of Analysis, Pharmacy Faculty, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Post-Graduate Programme in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Elisa Sauer
- Laboratory of Toxicology (LATOX), Department of Analysis, Pharmacy Faculty, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Post-Graduate Programme in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Fernando Freitas
- Laboratory of Toxicology (LATOX), Department of Analysis, Pharmacy Faculty, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Juliano Durgante
- Laboratory of Toxicology (LATOX), Department of Analysis, Pharmacy Faculty, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Bubols
- Laboratory of Toxicology (LATOX), Department of Analysis, Pharmacy Faculty, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Sarah Campanharo
- Laboratory of Toxicology (LATOX), Department of Analysis, Pharmacy Faculty, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Rafael Linden
- Health Sciences Institute, Feevale University, Novo Hamburgo, RS, Brazil
| | - Ana P Souza
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Cristina Bonorino
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Rafael Moresco
- Laboratory of Clinical Biochemistry, Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Diogo Pilger
- Post-Graduate Programme in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Adriana Gioda
- Department of Chemistry of Pontifical Catholic University Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Sandra Farsky
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Albert Duschl
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Solange C Garcia
- Laboratory of Toxicology (LATOX), Department of Analysis, Pharmacy Faculty, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Post-Graduate Programme in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
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Giunzioni I, Bonomo A, Bishop E, Castiglioni S, Corsini A, Bellosta S. Cigarette smoke condensate affects monocyte interaction with endothelium. Atherosclerosis 2014; 234:383-90. [PMID: 24747113 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2014.03.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2013] [Revised: 03/12/2014] [Accepted: 03/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Circulating monocytes adhere to the endothelium and migrate into the intima contributing to atherosclerotic plaque growth. Cigarette smoke is a risk factor for atherosclerosis, but it is not completely known how it affects monocyte behavior in atherogenesis. METHODS We studied the effects of cigarette smoke condensate (CSC) on human monocytes (HM) chemotaxis and transmigration through an endothelial cell (EC) monolayer. RESULTS Pre-treatment with CSC caused a decrease in HM chemotaxis and transmigration (-55% and -18% vs control, p < 0.05, respectively), paralleled by a reduced expression of Rac 1 GTPase. On the contrary, direct exposure of both HM and EC to CSC increased (+23% vs control, p < 0.05) HM transmigration, paralleled by a strong stimulation of VCAM1 and ICAM1 expression by ECs, and by a slight increase in monocyte integrin expression. An enhancement of monocyte transmigration was obtained after the exposure of both HM and EC to medium conditioned by HM previously incubated with CSC (+265% vs control, p < 0.001). CSC showed a stimulatory effect on the expression by HM of TLR4, MCP1, IL8, IL1beta, and TNFalfa, which was ablated by pre treatment with PDTC. Incubation with neutralizing antibodies against both MCP1 or IL8 completely abolished the CSC-conditioned medium induced HM transmigration. CONCLUSIONS CSC induces HM to release chemotactic factor(s), which amplify the recruitment and transmigration of inflammatory cells through EC, but CSC may also reduce HM migratory capacity. Therefore, exposure to CSC affects monocyte behavior and interaction with the endothelium, thus potentially facilitating and/or further aggravating the atherogenic process.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Giunzioni
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Balzaretti 9, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - A Bonomo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Balzaretti 9, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - E Bishop
- British American Tobacco Group Research & Development, Southampton, UK
| | - S Castiglioni
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Balzaretti 9, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - A Corsini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Balzaretti 9, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - S Bellosta
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Balzaretti 9, 20133 Milan, Italy.
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Hydroquinone: environmental pollution, toxicity, and microbial answers. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:542168. [PMID: 23936816 PMCID: PMC3727088 DOI: 10.1155/2013/542168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2013] [Accepted: 06/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Hydroquinone is a major benzene metabolite, which is a well-known haematotoxic and carcinogenic agent associated with malignancy in occupational environments. Human exposure to hydroquinone can occur by dietary, occupational, and environmental sources. In the environment, hydroquinone showed increased toxicity for aquatic organisms, being less harmful for bacteria and fungi. Recent pieces of evidence showed that hydroquinone is able to enhance carcinogenic risk by generating DNA damage and also to compromise the general immune responses which may contribute to the impaired triggering of the host immune reaction. Hydroquinone bioremediation from natural and contaminated sources can be achieved by the use of a diverse group of microorganisms, ranging from bacteria to fungi, which harbor very complex enzymatic systems able to metabolize hydroquinone either under aerobic or anaerobic conditions. Due to the recent research development on hydroquinone, this review underscores not only the mechanisms of hydroquinone biotransformation and the role of microorganisms and their enzymes in this process, but also its toxicity.
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Cheah NP, Pennings JLA, Vermeulen JP, van Schooten FJ, Opperhuizen A. In vitro effects of aldehydes present in tobacco smoke on gene expression in human lung alveolar epithelial cells. Toxicol In Vitro 2013; 27:1072-81. [PMID: 23416264 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2013.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2012] [Revised: 01/21/2013] [Accepted: 02/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Tobacco smoke consists of thousands of harmful components. A major class of chemicals found in tobacco smoke is formed by aldehydes, in particular formaldehyde, acetaldehyde and acrolein. The present study investigates the gene expression changes in human lung alveolar epithelial cells upon exposure to formaldehyde, acrolein and acetaldehyde at sub-cytotoxic levels. We exposed A549 cells in vitro to aldehydes and non-aldehyde chemicals (nicotine, hydroquinone and 2,5-dimethylfuran) present in tobacco smoke and used microarrays to obtain a global view of the transcriptomic responses. We compared responses of the individual aldehydes with that of the non-aldehydes. We also studied the response of the aldehydes when present in a mixture at relative concentrations as present in cigarette smoke. Formaldehyde gave the strongest response; a total of 66 genes were more than 1.5-fold differentially expressed mostly involved in apoptosis and DNA damage related processes, followed by acetaldehyde (57 genes), hydroquinone (55 genes) and nicotine (8 genes). For acrolein and the mixture only one gene was upregulated involved in oxidative stress. No gene expression effect was found for exposure to 2,5-dimethylfuran. Overall, aldehyde responses are primarily indicative for genotoxicity and oxidative stress. These two toxicity mechanisms are linked to respiratory diseases such as cancer and COPD, respectively. The present findings could be important in providing further understanding of the role of aldehydes emitted from cigarette smoke in the onset of pulmonary diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuan P Cheah
- Department of Toxicology, NUTRIM School for Nutrition, Toxicology & Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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Liu WH, Chou WM, Chang LS. p38 MAPK/PP2Acα/TTP pathway on the connection of TNF-α and caspases activation on hydroquinone-induced apoptosis. Carcinogenesis 2013; 34:818-27. [PMID: 23288922 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgs409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
This study investigated tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α)-mediated death pathway contribution to hydroquinone (HQ) cytotoxicity in human leukemia U937 cells. HQ-induced apoptosis of human leukemia U937 cells was characterized by the increase in mitochondrial membrane depolarization, procaspase-8 degradation and tBid production. Downregulation of Fas-associated death domain protein (FADD) blocked HQ-induced procaspase-8 degradation and rescued the viability of HQ-treated cells, suggesting the involvement of a death receptor-mediated pathway in HQ-induced cell death. HQ induced increased TNF-α mRNA stability led to TNF-α protein expression upregulation, whereas HQ suppressed TNF-α-mediated NFκB pathway activation. HQ elicited protein phosphatase 2A catalytic subunit α (PP2Acα) upregulation via p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)-mediated CREB/c-Jun/ATF-2 phosphorylation, and PP2Acα upregulation was found to promote tristetraprolin (TTP) degradation. Suppression of p38 MAPK activation and protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) activity abrogated TNF-α upregulation and procaspase degradation in HQ-treated cells. Overexpression of TTP suppressed HQ-induced TNF-α upregulation and restored the viability of HQ-treated cells. Moreover, TTP overexpression increased TNF-α mRNA decay in HQ-treated cells. Taken together, our data indicate that HQ elicits TNF-α upregulation via p38 MAPK/PP2A-mediated TTP downregulation, and suggest that the TNF-α-mediated death pathway is involved in HQ-induced U937 cell death. The same pathway was also proven to be involved in the HQ-induced death of human leukemia HL-60 and Jurkat cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Hsin Liu
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan
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12
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Jin J, Arif B, Garcia-Fernandez F, Ennis TL, Davis EC, Thompson RW, Curci JA. Novel mechanism of aortic aneurysm development in mice associated with smoking and leukocytes. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2012; 32:2901-9. [PMID: 23042818 PMCID: PMC3506015 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.112.300208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2010] [Accepted: 08/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to evaluate potential mechanisms promoting abdominal aortic aneurysm development with tobacco smoke (TS) exposure. METHODS AND RESULTS Experiments used the elastase perfusion model of abdominal aortic aneurysms with smoke-free controls. The effect of TS exposure was evaluated in C57/Bl6 mice, after broad-spectrum matrix metalloproteinase inhibition with doxycycline and in mice deficient in matrix metalloproteinase-9, matrix metalloproteinase-12, Cathepsin-S, and Neutrophil Elastase. Preparations of washed marrow, spleen, and peripheral blood leukocytes were transferred to smoke-free mice from 6-week TS-exposed mice or smoke-free mice. All mice were euthanized 14 days after elastase perfusion, and the percentage of change in aortic diameter (%Δ aortic diameter) was calculated. Electron microscopy of aortic tissue from animals exposed to TS without elastase exposure did not demonstrate any ultrastructural changes. Neither doxycycline nor any specific elastase deficiency was effective at preventing an increase in %Δ aortic diameter in TS-exposed animals. Smoke exposure for 6 weeks increased the %Δ aortic diameter after a smoke-free interval of up to 6 weeks before elastase perfusion. Leukocyte preparations from TS-exposed mice localized to abdominal aortic aneurysms and increased the %Δ aortic diameter in smoke-free mice. CONCLUSIONS The effect of TS on the development of abdominal aortic aneurysms is not dependent on the activity of elastolytic enzymes and persists for long periods despite cessation of TS. Alterations in leukocyte response to aortic injury appear to mediate this effect.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Aorta, Abdominal/pathology
- Aorta, Abdominal/physiopathology
- Aorta, Abdominal/ultrastructure
- Aortic Aneurysm, Abdominal/chemically induced
- Aortic Aneurysm, Abdominal/pathology
- Aortic Aneurysm, Abdominal/physiopathology
- Cathepsins/deficiency
- Cathepsins/genetics
- Cathepsins/physiology
- Cell Count
- Disease Models, Animal
- Doxycycline/pharmacology
- Leukocyte Elastase/deficiency
- Leukocyte Elastase/genetics
- Leukocyte Elastase/physiology
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/pathology
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/physiology
- Male
- Matrix Metalloproteinase 12/deficiency
- Matrix Metalloproteinase 12/genetics
- Matrix Metalloproteinase 12/physiology
- Matrix Metalloproteinase 9/deficiency
- Matrix Metalloproteinase 9/genetics
- Matrix Metalloproteinase 9/physiology
- Matrix Metalloproteinases/drug effects
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Smoking/adverse effects
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianping Jin
- Department of Surgery (Section of Vascular Surgery), Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, USA
| | - Batool Arif
- Department of Surgery (Section of Vascular Surgery), Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, USA
| | | | - Terri L. Ennis
- Department of Surgery (Section of Vascular Surgery), Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, USA
| | - Elaine C. Davis
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montreal, CA
| | - Robert W. Thompson
- Department of Surgery (Section of Vascular Surgery), Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, USA
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, USA
- Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, USA
| | - John A. Curci
- Department of Surgery (Section of Vascular Surgery), Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, USA
- Department of Surgery, John Cochran VAMC, St. Louis, USA
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In vivo hydroquinone exposure causes tracheal hyperresponsiveness due to TNF secretion by epithelial cells. Toxicol Lett 2012; 211:10-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2012.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2012] [Revised: 02/22/2012] [Accepted: 02/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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