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Yi Y, Zhang H, Chen M, Chen B, Chen Y, Li P, Zhou H, Ma Z, Jiang H. Inhibition of multiple uptake transporters in cardiomyocytes/mitochondria alleviates doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity. Chem Biol Interact 2023; 382:110627. [PMID: 37453608 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2023.110627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Doxorubicin (DOX) has been widely used to treat various tumors; however, DOX-induced cardiotoxicity limits its utilization. Since high accumulation of DOX in cardiomyocytes/mitochondria is the key reason, we aimed to clarify the mechanisms of DOX uptake and explore whether selectively inhibiting DOX uptake transporters would attenuate DOX accumulation and cardiotoxicity. Our results demonstrated that OCTN1/OCTN2/PMAT (organic cation/carnitine transporter 1/2 or plasma membrane monoamine transporter), especially OCTN2, played crucial roles in DOX uptake in cardiomyocytes, while OCTN2 and OCTN1 contributed to DOX transmembrane transport in mitochondria. Metformin (1-100 μM) concentration-dependently reduced DOX (5 μM for accumulation, 500 nM for cytotoxicity) concentration and toxicity in cardiomyocytes/mitochondria via inhibition of OCTN1-, OCTN2- and PMAT-mediated DOX uptake but did not affect its efflux. Furthermore, metformin (iv: 250 and 500 mg/kg or ig: 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg) could dose-dependently reduce DOX (8 mg/kg) accumulation in mouse myocardium and attenuated its cardiotoxicity. In addition, metformin (1-100 μM) did not impair DOX efficacy in breast cancer or leukemia cells. In conclusion, our study clarified the role of multiple transporters, especially OCTN2, in DOX uptake in cardiomyocytes/mitochondria; metformin alleviated DOX-induced cardiotoxicity without compromising its antitumor efficacy by selective inhibition of multiple transporters mediated DOX accumulation in myocardium/mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaodong Yi
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Hengbin Zhang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Mingyang Chen
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Binxin Chen
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Yingchun Chen
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Ping Li
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Hui Zhou
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, PR China; Jinhua Institute of Zhejiang University, PR China
| | - Zhiyuan Ma
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, PR China; Key Laboratory of Clinical Cancer Pharmacology and Toxicology Research of Zhejiang Province, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, PR China.
| | - Huidi Jiang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, PR China; Jinhua Institute of Zhejiang University, PR China.
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Zhou QN, Lei RE, Liang YX, Li SQ, Guo XW, Hu BL. Oxaliplatin related lncRNAs prognostic models predict the prognosis of patients given oxaliplatin-based chemotherapy. Cancer Cell Int 2023; 23:103. [PMID: 37245016 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-023-02945-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oxaliplatin-based chemotherapy is the first-line treatment for colorectal cancer (CRC). Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been implicated in chemotherapy sensitivity. This study aimed to identify lncRNAs related to oxaliplatin sensitivity and predict the prognosis of CRC patients underwent oxaliplatin-based chemotherapy. METHODS Data from the Genomics of Drug Sensitivity in Cancer (GDSC) was used to screen for lncRNAs related to oxaliplatin sensitivity. Four machine learning algorithms (LASSO, Decision tree, Random-forest, and support vector machine) were applied to identify the key lncRNAs. A predictive model for oxaliplatin sensitivity and a prognostic model based on key lncRNAs were established. The published datasets, and cell experiments were used to verify the predictive value. RESULTS A total of 805 tumor cell lines from GDSC were divided into oxaliplatin sensitive (top 1/3) and resistant (bottom 1/3) groups based on their IC50 values, and 113 lncRNAs, which were differentially expressed between the two groups, were selected and incorporated into four machine learning algorithms, and seven key lncRNAs were identified. The predictive model exhibited good predictions for oxaliplatin sensitivity. The prognostic model exhibited high performance in patients with CRC who underwent oxaliplatin-based chemotherapies. Four lncRNAs, including C20orf197, UCA1, MIR17HG, and MIR22HG, displayed consistent responses to oxaliplatin treatment in the validation analysis. CONCLUSION Certain lncRNAs were associated with oxaliplatin sensitivity and predicted the response to oxaliplatin treatment. The prognostic models established based on the key lncRNAs could predict the prognosis of patients given oxaliplatin-based chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Nan Zhou
- Department of Gastroenterology, The People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region & Research center of Gastroenterology, Guangxi Academy of Medical Sciences, No. 6 Taoyuan Road, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Rong-E Lei
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Yun-Xiao Liang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region & Research center of Gastroenterology, Guangxi Academy of Medical Sciences, No. 6 Taoyuan Road, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Si-Qi Li
- Department of Research, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, No. 71 Hedi Road, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Xian-Wen Guo
- Department of Gastroenterology, The People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region & Research center of Gastroenterology, Guangxi Academy of Medical Sciences, No. 6 Taoyuan Road, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China.
| | - Bang-Li Hu
- Department of Research, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, No. 71 Hedi Road, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China.
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Marmouzi I, Myers S, Buck DJ, Davis RL, Arias HR. α7 Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor potentiation downregulates chemotherapy-induced inflammatory overactivation by overlapping intracellular mechanisms. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2023; 158:106405. [PMID: 36966906 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2023.106405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
Abstract
We studied, using a combination of animal and cellular models, the glial mechanisms underlying the anti-neuropathic and anti-inflammatory properties of PAM-2 [(E)-3-furan-2-yl-N-p-tolyl-acrylamide], a positive allosteric modulator of α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs). In mice, PAM-2 decreased the inflammatory process induced by the combination of oxaliplatin (OXA), a chemotherapeutic agent, and interleukin-1β (IL-1β), a pro-inflammatory molecule. In the brain and spinal cord of treated animals, PAM-2 reduced pro-inflammatory cytokines/chemokines by mechanisms involving mRNA downregulation of factors in the toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)/nuclear factor (NF)-κB pathway, and increased the precursor of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (proBDNF). To determine the molecular mechanisms underlying the anti-inflammatory activity of PAM-2, both human C20 microglia and normal human astrocytes (NHA) were used. The results showed that PAM-2-induced potentiation of glial α7 nAChRs decreases OXA/IL-1β-induced overexpression of inflammatory molecules by different mechanisms, including mRNA downregulation of factors in the NF-κB pathway (in microglia and astrocyte) and ERK (only in microglia). The OXA/IL-1β-mediated reduction in proBDNF was prevented by PAM-2 in microglia, but not in astrocytes. Our findings also indicate that OXA/IL-1β-induced organic cation transporter 1 (OCT1) expression is decreased by PAM-2, suggesting that decreased OXA influx may be involved in the protective effects of PAM-2. The α7-selective antagonist methyllycaconitine blocked the most important effects mediated by PAM-2 at both animal and cellular levels, supporting a mechanism involving α7 nAChRs. In conclusion, glial α7 nAChR stimulation/potentiation downregulates neuroinflammatory targets, and thereby remains a promising therapeutic option for cancer chemotherapy-induced neuroinflammation and neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilias Marmouzi
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Oklahoma State University Center for Health Sciences, Tulsa, OK, USA
| | - Stephanie Myers
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Oklahoma State University Center for Health Sciences, Tulsa, OK, USA
| | - Daniel J Buck
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Oklahoma State University Center for Health Sciences, Tulsa, OK, USA
| | - Randall L Davis
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Oklahoma State University Center for Health Sciences, Tulsa, OK, USA.
| | - Hugo R Arias
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Oklahoma State University Center for Health Sciences, Tulsa, OK, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Oklahoma State University College of Osteopathic Medicine at Cherokee Nation, Tahlequah, OK, USA
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Dong ZB, Wang YJ, Cheng ML, Wang BJ, Lu H, Zhu HL, Liu L, Xie M. 2-Bromopalmitate decreases spinal inflammation and attenuates oxaliplatin-induced neuropathic pain via reducing Drp1-mediated mitochondrial dysfunction. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0275428. [PMID: 36315519 PMCID: PMC9621438 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0275428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxaliplatin (OXA) is a third-generation platinum compound with clinical activity in multiple solid tumors. Due to the repetition of chemotherapy cycle, OXA-induced chronic neuropathy presenting as paresthesia and pain. This study explored the neuropathy of chemotherapy pain and investigated the analgesic effect of 2-bromopalmitate (2-BP) on the pain behavior of OXA-induced rats. The chemotherapy pain rat model was established by the five consecutive administration of OXA (intraperitoneal, 4 mg/kg). After the establishment of OXA-induced rats, the pain behavior test, inflammatory signal analysis and mitochondrial function measurement were conducted. OXA-induced rats exhibited mechanical allodynia and spinal inflammatory infiltration. Our fluorescence and western blot analysis revealed spinal astrocytes were activated in OXA rats with up-regulation of astrocytic markers. In addition, NOD-, LRR- and pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome mediated inflammatory signal cascade was also activated. Inflammation was triggered by dysfunctional mitochondria which represented by increase in cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) level and manganese superoxide dismutase (Mn-SOD) activity. Intrathecally injection of 2-BP significantly attenuated dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1) mediated mitochondrial fission, recovered mitochondrial function, suppressed NLRP3 inflammasome cascade, and consequently decreased mechanical pain sensitivity. For cell research, 2-BP treatment significantly reversed tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) induced mitochondria membrane potential deficiency and high reactive oxygen species (ROS) level. These findings indicate 2-BP decreases spinal inflammation and relieves OXA-induced neuropathic pain via reducing Drp1-mediated mitochondrial dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Bin Dong
- School of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, Hubei, China
| | - Yu-Jia Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, Hubei, China
| | - Meng-Lin Cheng
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, Hubei, China
| | - Bo-Jun Wang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, Hubei, China
| | - Hong Lu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, Hubei, China
| | - Hai-Li Zhu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, Hubei, China
| | - Ling Liu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, Hubei, China
- * E-mail: (LL); (MX)
| | - Min Xie
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, Hubei, China
- * E-mail: (LL); (MX)
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5
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Organic cation transporter 2 activation enhances sensitivity to oxaliplatin in human pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 153:113520. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 07/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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Takaku S, Sango K. Pretreatment with Zonisamide Mitigates Oxaliplatin-Induced Toxicity in Rat DRG Neurons and DRG Neuron–Schwann Cell Co-Cultures. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23179983. [PMID: 36077386 PMCID: PMC9456039 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23179983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxaliplatin (OHP) is a platinum-based agent that can cause peripheral neuropathy, an adverse effect in which the dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons are targeted. Zonisamide has exhibited neuroprotective activities toward adult rat DRG neurons in vitro and therefore, we aimed to assess its potential efficacy against OHP-induced neurotoxicity. Pretreatment with zonisamide (100 μM) alleviated the DRG neuronal death caused by OHP (75 μM) and the protective effects were attenuated by a co-incubation with 25 μM of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK; MEK/ERK) inhibitor, U0126, or the phosphatidyl inositol-3′-phosphate-kinase (PI3K) inhibitor, LY294002. Pretreatment with zonisamide also suppressed the OHP-induced p38 MAPK phosphorylation in lined DRG neurons, ND7/23, while the OHP-induced DRG neuronal death was alleviated by pretreatment with the p38 MAPK inhibitor, SB239063 (25 μM). Although zonisamide failed to protect the immortalized rat Schwann cells IFRS1 from OHP-induced cell death, it prevented neurite degeneration and demyelination-like changes, as well as the reduction of the serine/threonine-specific protein kinase (AKT) phosphorylation in DRG neuron–IFRS1 co-cultures exposed to OHP. Zonisamide’s neuroprotection against the OHP-induced peripheral sensory neuropathy is possibly mediated by a stimulation of the MEK/ERK and PI3K/AKT signaling pathways and suppression of the p38 MAPK pathway in DRG neurons. Future studies will allow us to solidify zonisamide as a promising remedy against the neurotoxic adverse effects of OHP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shizuka Takaku
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-3-6834-2359; Fax: +81-5316-3150
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Dong ZB, Wang YJ, Wan WJ, Wu J, Wang BJ, Zhu HL, Xie M, Liu L. Resveratrol ameliorates oxaliplatin‑induced neuropathic pain via anti‑inflammatory effects in rats. Exp Ther Med 2022; 24:586. [PMID: 35949346 PMCID: PMC9353538 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2022.11523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Bin Dong
- School of Pharmacy, Xianning Medical College, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, Hubei 437100, P.R. China
| | - Yu-Jia Wang
- Xianning Central Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, Hubei 437100, P.R. China
| | - Wen-Jun Wan
- Xishui Hospital Affiliated to Hubei Institute of Science and Technology, Huanggang, Hubei 438299, P.R. China
| | - Ji Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 531412, P.R. China
| | - Bo-Jun Wang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xianning Medical College, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, Hubei 437100, P.R. China
| | - Hai-Li Zhu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xianning Medical College, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, Hubei 437100, P.R. China
| | - Min Xie
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xianning Medical College, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, Hubei 437100, P.R. China
| | - Ling Liu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xianning Medical College, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, Hubei 437100, P.R. China
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8
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Du Q, Meng X, Wang S. A Comprehensive Review on the Chemical Properties, Plant Sources, Pharmacological Activities, Pharmacokinetic and Toxicological Characteristics of Tetrahydropalmatine. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:890078. [PMID: 35559252 PMCID: PMC9086320 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.890078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Tetrahydropalmatine (THP), a tetrahydroproberine isoquinoline alkaloid, is widely present in some botanical drugs, such as Stephania epigaea H.S. Lo (Menispermaceae; Radix stephaniae epigaeae), Corydalis yanhusuo (Y.H.Chou & Chun C.Hsu) W.T. Wang ex Z.Y. Su and C.Y. Wu (Papaveraceae; Corydalis rhizoma), and Phellodendron chinense C.K.Schneid (Berberidaceae; Phellodendri chinensis cortex). THP has attracted considerable attention because of its diverse pharmacological activities. In this review, the chemical properties, plant sources, pharmacological activities, pharmacokinetic and toxicological characteristics of THP were systematically summarized for the first time. The results indicated that THP mainly existed in Papaveraceae and Menispermaceae families. Its pharmacological activities include anti-addiction, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, neuroprotective, and antitumor effects. Pharmacokinetic studies showed that THP was inadequately absorbed in the intestine and had rapid clearance and low bioavailability in vivo, as well as self-microemulsifying drug delivery systems, which could increase the absorption level and absorption rate of THP and improve its bioavailability. In addition, THP may have potential cardiac and neurological toxicity, but toxicity studies of THP are limited, especially its long-duration and acute toxicity tests. In summary, THP, as a natural alkaloid, has application prospects and potential development value, which is promising to be a novel drug for the treatment of pain, inflammation, and other related diseases. Further research on its potential target, molecular mechanism, toxicity, and oral utilization should need to be strengthened in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinyun Du
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Xianli Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China.,State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Innovative Institute of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Shaohui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Ethnic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
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Pochini L, Galluccio M, Scalise M, Console L, Pappacoda G, Indiveri C. OCTN1: A Widely Studied but Still Enigmatic Organic Cation Transporter Linked to Human Pathology and Drug Interactions. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23020914. [PMID: 35055100 PMCID: PMC8776198 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23020914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The Novel Organic Cation Transporter, OCTN1, is the first member of the OCTN subfamily; it belongs to the wider Solute Carrier family SLC22, which counts many members including cation and anion organic transporters. The tertiary structure has not been resolved for any cation organic transporter. The functional role of OCNT1 is still not well assessed despite the many functional studies so far conducted. The lack of a definitive identification of OCTN1 function can be attributed to the different experimental systems and methodologies adopted for studying each of the proposed ligands. Apart from the contradictory data, the international scientific community agrees on a role of OCTN1 in protecting cells and tissues from oxidative and/or inflammatory damage. Moreover, the involvement of this transporter in drug interactions and delivery has been well clarified, even though the exact profile of the transported/interacting molecules is still somehow confusing. Therefore, OCTN1 continues to be a hot topic in terms of its functional role and structure. This review focuses on the most recent advances on OCTN1 in terms of functional aspects, physiological roles, substrate specificity, drug interactions, tissue expression, and relationships with pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Pochini
- Unit of Biochemistry, Molecular Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences (DiBEST), University of Calabria, Via P. Bucci 4c, Arcavacata di Rende, 87036 Cosenza, Italy; (L.P.); (M.G.); (M.S.); (L.C.); (G.P.)
| | - Michele Galluccio
- Unit of Biochemistry, Molecular Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences (DiBEST), University of Calabria, Via P. Bucci 4c, Arcavacata di Rende, 87036 Cosenza, Italy; (L.P.); (M.G.); (M.S.); (L.C.); (G.P.)
| | - Mariafrancesca Scalise
- Unit of Biochemistry, Molecular Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences (DiBEST), University of Calabria, Via P. Bucci 4c, Arcavacata di Rende, 87036 Cosenza, Italy; (L.P.); (M.G.); (M.S.); (L.C.); (G.P.)
| | - Lara Console
- Unit of Biochemistry, Molecular Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences (DiBEST), University of Calabria, Via P. Bucci 4c, Arcavacata di Rende, 87036 Cosenza, Italy; (L.P.); (M.G.); (M.S.); (L.C.); (G.P.)
| | - Gilda Pappacoda
- Unit of Biochemistry, Molecular Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences (DiBEST), University of Calabria, Via P. Bucci 4c, Arcavacata di Rende, 87036 Cosenza, Italy; (L.P.); (M.G.); (M.S.); (L.C.); (G.P.)
| | - Cesare Indiveri
- Unit of Biochemistry, Molecular Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences (DiBEST), University of Calabria, Via P. Bucci 4c, Arcavacata di Rende, 87036 Cosenza, Italy; (L.P.); (M.G.); (M.S.); (L.C.); (G.P.)
- Institute of Biomembranes, Bioenergetics and Molecular Biotechnology (IBIOM), National Research Council—CNR, Via Amendola 122/O, 70126 Bari, Italy
- Correspondence:
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