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Fuenzalida G, Yarimizu K, Norambuena L, Fujiyoshi S, Perera IU, Rilling JI, Campos M, Ruiz-Gil T, Vilugrón J, Sandoval-Sanhueza A, Ortiz M, Espinoza-González O, Guzmán L, Acuña JJ, Jorquera MA, Maruyama F. Environmental evaluation of the Reloncaví estuary in southern Chile based on lipophilic shellfish toxins as related to harmful algal blooms. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 928:172374. [PMID: 38615760 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.172374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
The Reloncaví estuary in southern Chile is famous for its aquaculture. However, recurring harmful algal blooms have adversely affected mussel production. Therefore, regular monitoring of algal toxins is urgently needed to better understand the contamination status of the estuary. In this study, we quantified 15 types of lipophilic shellfish toxins in Metri Bay in the Reloncaví estuary on a biweekly basis for 4 years. We identified algal species using microscopy and metabarcoding analysis. We also measured water temperature, salinity, chlorophyll-a, and dissolved oxygen to determine the potential relationships of these parameters with algal toxin production. Our results revealed the presence of a trace amount of pectenotoxin and the causal phytoplankton Dinophysis, as well as yessotoxin and the causal phytoplankton Protoceratium. Statistical analysis indicated that fluctuations in water temperature affected the detection of these toxins. Additionally, metabarcoding analysis detected the highly toxic phytoplankton Alexandrium spp. in some samples. Although our results suggest that the level of lipophilic shellfish toxins in Metri Bay during the study period was insignificantly low using our current LC-MS method, the confirmed presence of highly toxic algae in Metri Bay raises concerns, given that favorable environmental conditions could cause blooms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonzalo Fuenzalida
- Centro de Estudios de Algas Nocivas (CREAN), Instituto de Fomento Pesquero (IFOP), Padre Harter 547, Puerto Montt 5480000, Chile; Departamento de Ciencias Basicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Santo Tomas, Buena Vecindad #91, Puerto Montt 5480000, Chile.
| | - Kyoko Yarimizu
- Microbial Genomics and Ecology, The IDEC Institute, Hiroshima University, 1-3-2 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima City, Hiroshima 739-8511, Japan.
| | - Luis Norambuena
- Centro de Estudios de Algas Nocivas (CREAN), Instituto de Fomento Pesquero (IFOP), Padre Harter 547, Puerto Montt 5480000, Chile.
| | - So Fujiyoshi
- Microbial Genomics and Ecology, The IDEC Institute, Hiroshima University, 1-3-2 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima City, Hiroshima 739-8511, Japan.
| | - Ishara Uhanie Perera
- Microbial Genomics and Ecology, The IDEC Institute, Hiroshima University, 1-3-2 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima City, Hiroshima 739-8511, Japan.
| | - Joaquin-Ignacio Rilling
- Laboratorio de Ecología Microbiana Aplicada (EMALAB), Departamento de Ciencias Quimicas y Recursos Naturales, Universidad de La Frontera, Ave. Francisco Salazar 01145, Temuco 4780000, Chile.
| | - Marco Campos
- Laboratorio de Ecología Microbiana Aplicada (EMALAB), Departamento de Ciencias Quimicas y Recursos Naturales, Universidad de La Frontera, Ave. Francisco Salazar 01145, Temuco 4780000, Chile; Laboratorio de Investigación en Salud de Precisión, Departamento de Procesos Diagnósticos y Evaluación, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Católica de Temuco, Manuel Montt 056, Temuco 4780000, Chile
| | - Tay Ruiz-Gil
- Laboratorio de Ecología Microbiana Aplicada (EMALAB), Departamento de Ciencias Quimicas y Recursos Naturales, Universidad de La Frontera, Ave. Francisco Salazar 01145, Temuco 4780000, Chile
| | - Jonnathan Vilugrón
- Centro de Estudios de Algas Nocivas (CREAN), Instituto de Fomento Pesquero (IFOP), Padre Harter 547, Puerto Montt 5480000, Chile.
| | - Alondra Sandoval-Sanhueza
- Centro de Estudios de Algas Nocivas (CREAN), Instituto de Fomento Pesquero (IFOP), Padre Harter 547, Puerto Montt 5480000, Chile
| | - Mario Ortiz
- Centro de Estudios de Algas Nocivas (CREAN), Instituto de Fomento Pesquero (IFOP), Padre Harter 547, Puerto Montt 5480000, Chile
| | - Oscar Espinoza-González
- Centro de Estudios de Algas Nocivas (CREAN), Instituto de Fomento Pesquero (IFOP), Padre Harter 547, Puerto Montt 5480000, Chile.
| | - Leonardo Guzmán
- Centro de Estudios de Algas Nocivas (CREAN), Instituto de Fomento Pesquero (IFOP), Padre Harter 547, Puerto Montt 5480000, Chile.
| | - Jacqueline J Acuña
- Laboratorio de Ecología Microbiana Aplicada (EMALAB), Departamento de Ciencias Quimicas y Recursos Naturales, Universidad de La Frontera, Ave. Francisco Salazar 01145, Temuco 4780000, Chile.
| | - Milko A Jorquera
- Laboratorio de Ecología Microbiana Aplicada (EMALAB), Departamento de Ciencias Quimicas y Recursos Naturales, Universidad de La Frontera, Ave. Francisco Salazar 01145, Temuco 4780000, Chile.
| | - Fumito Maruyama
- Microbial Genomics and Ecology, The IDEC Institute, Hiroshima University, 1-3-2 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima City, Hiroshima 739-8511, Japan.
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Norambuena-Subiabre L, Carbonell P, Salgado P, Zamora C, Espinoza-González O. Sources and profiles of toxins in shellfish from the south-central coast of Chile (36°‒ 43° S). HARMFUL ALGAE 2024; 133:102608. [PMID: 38485442 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2024.102608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
The study of marine toxins in shellfish is of the utmost importance to ensure people's food safety. Marine toxins in shellfish and microalgae in the water column off the south-central coast of Chile (36°‒43° S) were studied in a network of 64 stations over a 14-month period. The relative abundance of harmful species Alexandrium catenella, Alexandrium ostenfeldii, Protoceratium reticulatum, Dinophysis acuminata, Dinophysis acuta, Pseudo-nitzschia seriata group and P. delicatissima group was analyzed. The detection and quantification of lipophilic toxins and domoic acid (DA) in shellfish was determined by UHPLC-MS/MS, and for Paralytic Shellfish Toxins (PSTs) by HPLC-FD with post-column oxidation, while for a culture of A. ostenfeldii a Hylic-UHPLC-MS/MS was used. Results showed that DA, gonyautoxin (GTX)-2, GTX-3 and pectenotoxin (PTX)-2 were detected below the permitted limits, while Gymnodimine (GYM)-A and 13-desmethylespirolide C (SPX-1) were below the limit of quantitation. According to the distribution and abundance record of microalgae, DA would be associated to P. seriata and P. delicatissima-groups, PTX-2 to D. acuminata, and GTX-2, GTX-3, GYM-A, and SPX-1 to A. ostenfeldii. However, the toxin analysis of an A. ostenfeldii culture from the Biobío region only showed the presence of the paralytic toxins C2, GTX-2, GTX-3, GTX-5 and saxitoxin, therefore, the source of production of GYM and SPX is still undetermined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Norambuena-Subiabre
- Instituto de Fomento Pesquero (IFOP), Centro de Estudios de Algas Nocivas (CREAN), Padre Harter 574, Puerto Montt, Chile.
| | - Pamela Carbonell
- Instituto de Fomento Pesquero (IFOP), Centro de Estudios de Algas Nocivas (CREAN), Padre Harter 574, Puerto Montt, Chile
| | - Pablo Salgado
- Instituto de Fomento Pesquero (IFOP), Centro de Estudios de Algas Nocivas (CREAN), Enrique Abello 0552, Punta Arenas, Chile
| | - Claudia Zamora
- Instituto de Fomento Pesquero (IFOP), Centro de Estudios de Algas Nocivas (CREAN), Enrique Abello 0552, Punta Arenas, Chile
| | - Oscar Espinoza-González
- Instituto de Fomento Pesquero (IFOP), Centro de Estudios de Algas Nocivas (CREAN), Padre Harter 574, Puerto Montt, Chile
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3
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Rosales SA, Díaz PA, Muñoz P, Álvarez G. Modeling the dynamics of harmful algal bloom events in two bays from the northern Chilean upwelling system. HARMFUL ALGAE 2024; 132:102583. [PMID: 38331541 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2024.102583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
The bays of Tongoy and Guanaqueros are located in the Humboldt Current system, where Argopecten purpuratus has been the subject of intense aquaculture development. These bays lie in one of the most productive marine ecosystems on Earth and are dominated by permanent coastal upwelling at Lengua de Vaca Point and Choros Point, one of the three upwelling centers on the Chilean coast. Significantly, this productive system experiences a high recurrence of harmful algal bloom (HAB) events. This paper examines 9-year (2010-2018) samples of three toxic microalgal species collected in different monitoring programs and research projects. During this period, nine HAB events were detected in Guanaqueros Bay and 14 in Tongoy Bay. Among these, three HAB events were produced simultaneously in both bays by Pseudo-nitzschia australis, and two events produced simultaneously were detected in one bay by Alexandrium spp. and the other by Dinophysis acuminata. Before El Niño 2015-16, there were more HAB events of longer duration by the three species. Since El Niño, the number and duration of events were reduced and only produced by P. australis. HAB events were simulated with the FVCOM model and a virtual particle tracker model to evaluate the dynamics of bays and their relationship with HAB events. The results showed retention in bays during the relaxation conditions of upwelling and low connectivity between bays, which explains why almost no simultaneous events were recorded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio A Rosales
- Programa de Doctorado en Biología y Ecología Aplicada, Universidad Católica del Norte, Coquimbo, Chile; Departamento de Biología Marina, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Universidad Católica del Norte, Coquimbo, Chile.
| | - Patricio A Díaz
- Centro i∼mar & CeBiB, Universidad de Los Lagos, Casilla 557, Puerto Montt, Chile
| | - Práxedes Muñoz
- Departamento de Biología Marina, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Universidad Católica del Norte, Coquimbo, Chile
| | - Gonzalo Álvarez
- Departamento de Acuicultura, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Universidad Católica del Norte, Coquimbo, Chile
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Mafra LL, Sunesen I, Pires E, Nascimento SM, Álvarez G, Mancera-Pineda JE, Torres G, Carnicer O, Huamaní Galindo JA, Sanchez Ramirez S, Martínez-Goicoechea A, Morales-Benavides D, Valerio-González L. Benthic harmful microalgae and their impacts in South America. HARMFUL ALGAE 2023; 127:102478. [PMID: 37544678 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2023.102478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
Public awareness about Benthic Harmful Algal Blooms (BHABs) and their negative impacts has increased substantially over the past few decades. Even so, reports of BHABs remain relatively scarce in South America (SA). This paper provides a comprehensive overview of the current state of knowledge on BHABs in the continent, by integrating data from published articles, books, and technical reports. We recorded ∼300 different occurrences of potentially toxic BHAB species over the Caribbean, Atlantic and Pacific coasts, mostly in marine (>95%) but also in estuarine areas located from 12⁰36' N to 54⁰53' S. Over 70% of the data was published/released within the past 10 years, and ∼85% were concentrated in Brazil, Venezuela, Ecuador and Colombia. Benthic species were mainly associated with macroalgae, seagrass and sediment. Incidental detection in the plankton was also relevant, mainly in places where studies targeting BHAB species are still rare, like Argentina, Uruguay, Chile and Peru. The study listed 31 infrageneric taxa of potentially toxic benthic dinoflagellates and eight of estuarine cyanobacteria occurring in SA, with the greatest species diversity recorded in the equatorial-tropical zone, mainly in northeastern Brazil (Atlantic), Venezuela and Colombia (Caribbean), and the Galapagos Islands, Ecuador (Pacific). Local strains of Amphidinium, Gambierdiscus, Coolia and Prorocentrum spp. produced toxic compounds of emerging concern. Prorocentrum lima species complex was the most common and widely distributed taxon, followed by Ostreopsis cf. ovata. In fact, these two dinoflagellates were associated with most BHAB events in SA. Whereas the former has caused the contamination of multiple marine organisms and cases of Diarrhetic Shellfish Poisoning in subtropical and temperate areas, the latter has been associated with faunal mortalities and is suspected of causing respiratory illness to beach users in tropical places. Ciguatera Poisoning has been reported in Colombia (∼240 cases; no deaths) and Venezuela (60 cases; two deaths), and may be also a risk in other places where Gambierdiscus spp. and Fukuyoa paulensis have been reported, such as the Galapagos Islands and the tropical Brazilian coast. Despite the recent advances, negative impacts from BHABs in SA are intensified by limited research/training funding, as well as the lack of official HAB monitoring and poor analytical capability for species identification and toxin detection in parts of the continent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiz L Mafra
- Centro de Estudos do Mar, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Av. Anibal Khury, 2033 - P.O. Box 61, Pontal do Paraná, PR, 83255-976, Brazil.
| | - Inés Sunesen
- División Ficología Dr. Sebastián Guarrera, FCNyM, Paseo del Bosque s/n, 1900, La Plata, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas - CONICET, Godoy Cruz 2290, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Estela Pires
- Centro de Estudos do Mar, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Av. Anibal Khury, 2033 - P.O. Box 61, Pontal do Paraná, PR, 83255-976, Brazil
| | - Silvia Mattos Nascimento
- Laboratório de Microalgas Marinhas, Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro - UNIRIO, Av. Pasteur, 458, Urca, Rio de Janeiro, 22290-240, RJ, Brazil
| | - Gonzalo Álvarez
- Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Departamento de Acuicultura, Universidad Católica del Norte, Coquimbo 1281, Chile
| | - Josè Ernesto Mancera-Pineda
- Universidad Nacional de Colombia, sede Bogotá.Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias. Carrera 45 No. 26-85, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Gladys Torres
- Instituto Oceanográfico y Antártico de la Armada (INOCAR), Vía Puerto Marítimo, Av. 25 de Julio, Guayaquil, Ecuador
| | - Olga Carnicer
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química y Ambiental, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, Spain
| | - José Alexis Huamaní Galindo
- Instituto del Mar del Perú, Laboratorio de Fitoplancton y Producción Primaria. Esq Gamarra y Gral Valle s/n Chucuito- Callao, Peru
| | - Sonia Sanchez Ramirez
- Instituto del Mar del Perú, Laboratorio de Fitoplancton y Producción Primaria. Esq Gamarra y Gral Valle s/n Chucuito- Callao, Peru
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Díaz PA, Álvarez G, Figueroa RI, Garreaud R, Pérez-Santos I, Schwerter C, Díaz M, López L, Pinto-Torres M, Krock B. From lipophilic to hydrophilic toxin producers: Phytoplankton succession driven by an atmospheric river in western Patagonia. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2023; 193:115214. [PMID: 37385183 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.115214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
Phytoplankton succession is related to hydroclimatic conditions. In this study we provide the first description of a toxic phytoplankton succession in the Patagonian Fjord System. The shift was modulated by atmospheric-oceanographic forcing and consisted of the replacement of the marine dinoflagellate Dinophysis acuta in a highly stratified water column during austral summer by the diatom Pseudo-nitzschia calliantha in a mixed water column during late summer and early autumn. This transition, accompanied by a change in the biotoxin profiles (from lipophilic dinophysis toxins to hydrophilic domoic acid), was induced by the arrival of an intense atmospheric river. The winds in Magdalena Sound may have been further amplified, due to its west-east orientation and its location within a tall, narrow mountain canyon. This work also documents the first known appearance of toxic P. calliantha in Northern Patagonian. The potential impacts of the biotoxins of this species on higher trophic levels are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricio A Díaz
- Centro i~mar, Universidad de Los Lagos, Casilla 557, Puerto Montt, Chile; CeBiB, Universidad de Los Lagos, Casilla 557, Puerto Montt, Chile.
| | - Gonzalo Álvarez
- Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Departamento de Acuicultura, Universidad Católica del Norte, Coquimbo 1281, Chile; Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo Tecnológico en Algas (CIDTA), Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Universidad Católica del Norte, Larrondo 1281, Coquimbo, Chile; Center for Ecology and Sustainable Management of Oceanic Islands (ESMOI), Departamento de Biología Marina, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Universidad Católica del Norte, Coquimbo, Chile
| | - Rosa I Figueroa
- Centro Oceanográfico de Vigo, Instituto Español de Oceanografía (IEO-CSIC), Vigo, Spain
| | - René Garreaud
- Centro de Ciencia del Clima y la Resiliencia (CR2), Universidad de Chile, Chile; Departamento de Geofísica, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8370449, Región Metropolitana, Chile
| | - Iván Pérez-Santos
- Centro i~mar, Universidad de Los Lagos, Casilla 557, Puerto Montt, Chile; Centro de Investigación Oceanográfica COPAS COASTAL, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile; Centro de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas de la Patagonia (CIEP), Coyhaique, Chile
| | - Camila Schwerter
- Centro i~mar, Universidad de Los Lagos, Casilla 557, Puerto Montt, Chile
| | - Manuel Díaz
- Instituto de Acuicultura, Programa de Investigación Pesquera, Universidad Austral de Chile, Los Pinos S/N, Puerto Montt, Chile
| | - Loreto López
- Centro de Estudios de Algas Nocivas (CREAN), Instituto de Fomento Pesquero (IFOP), Padre Harter 574, Puerto Montt, Chile
| | - Marco Pinto-Torres
- Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias de la Acuicultura, Universidad Austral de Chile, Los Pinos S/N, Puerto Montt, Chile; Centro FONDAP de Investigación de Ecosistemas de Altas Latitudes (IDEAL), Universidad Austral de Chile, Av. El Bosque 01789, Punta Arenas, Chile
| | - Bernd Krock
- Centro de Investigación Oceanográfica COPAS COASTAL, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile; Alfred Wegener Institut-Helmholtz Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Am Handelshafen 12, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany
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6
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Ayache N, Bill BD, Brosnahan ML, Campbell L, Deeds JR, Fiorendino JM, Gobler CJ, Handy SM, Harrington N, Kulis DM, McCarron P, Miles CO, Moore SK, Nagai S, Trainer VL, Wolny JL, Young CS, Smith JL. A survey of Dinophysis spp. and their potential to cause diarrhetic shellfish poisoning in coastal waters of the United States. JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY 2023; 59:658-680. [PMID: 36964950 DOI: 10.1111/jpy.13331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Multiple species of the genus Dinophysis produce diarrhetic shellfish toxins (okadaic acid and Dinophysis toxins, OA/DTXs analogs) and/or pectenotoxins (PTXs). Only since 2008 have DSP events (illnesses and/or shellfish harvesting closures) become recognized as a threat to human health in the United States. This study characterized 20 strains representing five species of Dinophysis spp. isolated from three US coastal regions that have experienced DSP events: the Northeast/Mid-Atlantic, the Gulf of Mexico, and the Pacific Northwest. Using a combination of morphometric and DNA-based evidence, seven Northeast/Mid-Atlantic isolates and four Pacific Northwest isolates were classified as D. acuminata, a total of four isolates from two coasts were classified as D. norvegica, two isolates from the Pacific Northwest coast were identified as D. fortii, and three isolates from the Gulf of Mexico were identified as D. ovum and D. caudata. Toxin profiles of D. acuminata and D. norvegica varied by their geographical origin within the United States. Cross-regional comparison of toxin profiles was not possible with the other three species; however, within each region, distinct species-conserved profiles for isolates of D. fortii, D. ovum, and D. caudata were observed. Historical and recent data from various State and Tribal monitoring programs were compiled and compared, including maximum recorded cell abundances of Dinophysis spp., maximum concentrations of OA/DTXs recorded in commercial shellfish species, and durations of harvesting closures, to provide perspective regarding potential for DSP impacts to regional public health and shellfish industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nour Ayache
- Virginia Institute of Marine Science, William & Mary, Gloucester Point, Virginia, 23062, USA
| | - Brian D Bill
- Environmental and Fisheries Science Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Seattle, Washington, 98112, USA
| | - Michael L Brosnahan
- Department of Biology, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, 02543, USA
| | - Lisa Campbell
- Department of Oceanography and Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, 77843, USA
- Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, 77843, USA
| | - Jonathan R Deeds
- Office of Regulatory Science, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, United States Food and Drug Administration, College Park, Maryland, 20740, USA
| | - James M Fiorendino
- Department of Oceanography and Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, 77843, USA
| | - Christopher J Gobler
- School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Southampton, New York, 11968, USA
| | - Sara M Handy
- Office of Regulatory Science, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, United States Food and Drug Administration, College Park, Maryland, 20740, USA
| | - Neil Harrington
- Department of Natural Resources, Jamestown S'Klallam Tribe, Sequim, Washington, 98382, USA
| | - David M Kulis
- Department of Biology, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, 02543, USA
| | - Pearse McCarron
- Biotoxin Metrology, National Research Council Canada, Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3H 3Z1, Canada
| | - Christopher O Miles
- Biotoxin Metrology, National Research Council Canada, Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3H 3Z1, Canada
| | - Stephanie K Moore
- Conservation Biology Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Seattle, Washington, 98112, USA
| | - Satoshi Nagai
- Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency, 2-12-4 Fukuura, Kanazawa, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 236-8648, Japan
| | - Vera L Trainer
- Olympic Natural Resources Center, School of Environmental and Forest Sciences, University of Washington, Box 352100, Seattle, Washington, 98195, USA
| | - Jennifer L Wolny
- Office of Regulatory Science, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, United States Food and Drug Administration, College Park, Maryland, 20740, USA
| | - Craig S Young
- School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Southampton, New York, 11968, USA
| | - Juliette L Smith
- Virginia Institute of Marine Science, William & Mary, Gloucester Point, Virginia, 23062, USA
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7
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Baldrich ÁM, Díaz PA, Álvarez G, Pérez-Santos I, Schwerter C, Díaz M, Araya M, Nieves MG, Rodríguez-Villegas C, Barrera F, Fernández-Pena C, Arenas-Uribe S, Navarro P, Reguera B. Dinophysis acuminata or Dinophysis acuta: What Makes the Difference in Highly Stratified Fjords? Mar Drugs 2023; 21:md21020064. [PMID: 36827105 PMCID: PMC9966155 DOI: 10.3390/md21020064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2022] [Revised: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Dinophysis acuminata and D. acuta, which follows it seasonally, are the main producers of lipophilic toxins in temperate coastal waters, including Southern Chile. Strains of the two species differ in their toxin profiles and impacts on shellfish resources. D. acuta is considered the major cause of diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP) outbreaks in Southern Chile, but there is uncertainty about the toxicity of D. acuminata, and little information on microscale oceanographic conditions promoting their blooms. During the austral summer of 2020, intensive sampling was carried out in two northern Patagonian fjords, Puyuhuapi (PUY) and Pitipalena (PIT), sharing D. acuminata dominance and D. acuta near detection levels. Dinophysistoxin 1 (DTX 1) and pectenotoxin 2 (PTX 2) were present in all net tow samples but OA was not detected. Although differing in hydrodynamics and sampling dates, D. acuminata shared behavioural traits in the two fjords: cell maxima (>103 cells L-1) in the interface (S ~ 21) between the estuarine freshwater (EFW)) and saline water (ESW) layers; and phased-cell division (µ = 0.3-0.4 d-1) peaking after dawn, and abundance of ciliate prey. Niche analysis (Outlying Mean Index, OMI) of D. acuta with a high marginality and much lower tolerance than D. acuminata indicated an unfavourable physical environment for D. acuta (bloom failure). Comparison of toxin profiles and Dinophysis niches in three contrasting years in PUY-2020 (D. acuminata bloom), 2018 (exceptional bloom of D. acuta), and 2019 (bloom co-occurrence of the two species)-shed light on the vertical gradients which promote each species. The presence of FW (S < 11) and thermal inversion may be used to provide short-term forecasts of no risk of D. acuta blooms and OA occurrence, but D. acuminata associated with DTX 1 pose a risk of DSP events in North Patagonian fjords.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ángela M. Baldrich
- Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias, Universidad de Los Lagos, Camino Chinquihue Km 6, Puerto Montt 5480000, Chile
- Centro i~mar, Universidad de Los Lagos, Casilla 557, Puerto Montt 5480000, Chile
- CeBiB, Universidad de Los Lagos, Casilla 557, Puerto Montt 5480000, Chile
| | - Patricio A. Díaz
- Centro i~mar, Universidad de Los Lagos, Casilla 557, Puerto Montt 5480000, Chile
- CeBiB, Universidad de Los Lagos, Casilla 557, Puerto Montt 5480000, Chile
| | - Gonzalo Álvarez
- Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Departamento de Acuicultura, Universidad Católica del Norte, Coquimbo 1780000, Chile
- Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo Tecnológico en Algas (CIDTA), Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Universidad Católica del Norte, Coquimbo 1780000, Chile
| | - Iván Pérez-Santos
- Centro i~mar, Universidad de Los Lagos, Casilla 557, Puerto Montt 5480000, Chile
- Centro de Investigación Oceanográfica COPAS Sur-Austral y COPAS COASTAL, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción 4030000, Chile
- Centro de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas de la Patagonia (CIEP), Coyhaique 5950000, Chile
| | - Camila Schwerter
- Centro i~mar, Universidad de Los Lagos, Casilla 557, Puerto Montt 5480000, Chile
| | - Manuel Díaz
- Programa de Investigación Pesquera, Instituto de Acuicultura, Universidad Austral de Chile, Sede Puerto Montt, Puerto Montt 5480000, Chile
| | - Michael Araya
- Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo Tecnológico en Algas (CIDTA), Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Universidad Católica del Norte, Coquimbo 1780000, Chile
| | - María Gabriela Nieves
- Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Departamento de Acuicultura, Universidad Católica del Norte, Coquimbo 1780000, Chile
| | - Camilo Rodríguez-Villegas
- Centro i~mar, Universidad de Los Lagos, Casilla 557, Puerto Montt 5480000, Chile
- CeBiB, Universidad de Los Lagos, Casilla 557, Puerto Montt 5480000, Chile
| | - Facundo Barrera
- Centro i~mar, Universidad de Los Lagos, Casilla 557, Puerto Montt 5480000, Chile
- Centro Austral de Investigaciones Científicas (CADIC-CONICET), Houssay 200, Ushuaia 9410, Argentina
| | - Concepción Fernández-Pena
- Centro Oceanográfico de A Coruña, Instituto Español de Oceanografía (IEO-CSIC), 15001 A Coruña, Spain
| | - Sara Arenas-Uribe
- Centro i~mar, Universidad de Los Lagos, Casilla 557, Puerto Montt 5480000, Chile
| | - Pilar Navarro
- Centro i~mar, Universidad de Los Lagos, Casilla 557, Puerto Montt 5480000, Chile
| | - Beatriz Reguera
- Centro Oceanográfico de Vigo, Instituto Español de Oceanografía (IEO-CSIC), Subida a Radio Faro 50, 36390 Vigo, Spain
- Correspondence:
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8
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Dzhembekova N, Moncheva S, Slabakova N, Zlateva I, Nagai S, Wietkamp S, Wellkamp M, Tillmann U, Krock B. New Knowledge on Distribution and Abundance of Toxic Microalgal Species and Related Toxins in the Northwestern Black Sea. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:685. [PMID: 36287954 PMCID: PMC9610735 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14100685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Numerous potentially toxic plankton species commonly occur in the Black Sea, and phycotoxins have been reported. However, the taxonomy, phycotoxin profiles, and distribution of harmful microalgae in the basin are still understudied. An integrated microscopic (light microscopy) and molecular (18S rRNA gene metabarcoding and qPCR) approach complemented with toxin analysis was applied at 41 stations in the northwestern part of the Black Sea for better taxonomic coverage and toxin profiling in natural populations. The combined dataset included 20 potentially toxic species, some of which (Dinophysis acuminata, Dinophysis acuta, Gonyaulax spinifera, and Karlodinium veneficum) were detected in over 95% of the stations. In parallel, pectenotoxins (PTX-2 as a major toxin) were registered in all samples, and yessotoxins were present at most of the sampling points. PTX-1 and PTX-13, as well as some YTX variants, were recorded for the first time in the basin. A positive correlation was found between the cell abundance of Dinophysis acuta and pectenotoxins, and between Lingulodinium polyedra and Protoceratium reticulatum and yessotoxins. Toxic microalgae and toxin variant abundance and spatial distribution was associated with environmental parameters. Despite the low levels of the identified phycotoxins and their low oral toxicity, chronic toxic exposure could represent an ecosystem and human health hazard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Dzhembekova
- Institute of Oceanology “Fridtjof Nansen”—Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 9000 Varna, Bulgaria
| | - Snejana Moncheva
- Institute of Oceanology “Fridtjof Nansen”—Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 9000 Varna, Bulgaria
| | - Nataliya Slabakova
- Institute of Oceanology “Fridtjof Nansen”—Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 9000 Varna, Bulgaria
| | - Ivelina Zlateva
- Institute of Oceanology “Fridtjof Nansen”—Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 9000 Varna, Bulgaria
| | - Satoshi Nagai
- Fisheries Research and Education Agency, Fisheries Technology Institute, Yokohama 236-8648, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Stephan Wietkamp
- Alfred Wegener Institut-Helmholtz Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Ökologische Chemie, 0471 Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Marvin Wellkamp
- Alfred Wegener Institut-Helmholtz Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Ökologische Chemie, 0471 Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Urban Tillmann
- Alfred Wegener Institut-Helmholtz Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Ökologische Chemie, 0471 Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Bernd Krock
- Alfred Wegener Institut-Helmholtz Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Ökologische Chemie, 0471 Bremerhaven, Germany
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9
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Lipophilic Toxins in Chile: History, Producers and Impacts. Mar Drugs 2022; 20:md20020122. [PMID: 35200651 PMCID: PMC8874607 DOI: 10.3390/md20020122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
A variety of microalgal species produce lipophilic toxins (LT) that are accumulated by filter-feeding bivalves. Their negative impacts on human health and shellfish exploitation are determined by toxic potential of the local strains and toxin biotransformations by exploited bivalve species. Chile has become, in a decade, the world’s major exporter of mussels (Mytilus chilensis) and scallops (Argopecten purpuratus) and has implemented toxin testing according to importing countries’ demands. Species of the Dinophysis acuminata complex and Protoceratium reticulatum are the most widespread and abundant LT producers in Chile. Dominant D. acuminata strains, notwithstanding, unlike most strains in Europe rich in okadaic acid (OA), produce only pectenotoxins, with no impact on human health. Dinophysis acuta, suspected to be the main cause of diarrhetic shellfish poisoning outbreaks, is found in the two southernmost regions of Chile, and has apparently shifted poleward. Mouse bioassay (MBA) is the official method to control shellfish safety for the national market. Positive results from mouse tests to mixtures of toxins and other compounds only toxic by intraperitoneal injection, including already deregulated toxins (PTXs), force unnecessary harvesting bans, and hinder progress in the identification of emerging toxins. Here, 50 years of LST events in Chile, and current knowledge of their sources, accumulation and effects, are reviewed. Improvements of monitoring practices are suggested, and strategies to face new challenges and answer the main questions are proposed.
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10
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Séchet V, Sibat M, Billien G, Carpentier L, Rovillon GA, Raimbault V, Malo F, Gaillard S, Perrière-Rumebe M, Hess P, Chomérat N. Characterization of toxin-producing strains of Dinophysis spp. (Dinophyceae) isolated from French coastal waters, with a particular focus on the D. acuminata-complex. HARMFUL ALGAE 2021; 107:101974. [PMID: 34456013 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2021.101974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Dinoflagellates of the genus Dinophysis are the most prominent producers of Diarrhetic Shellfish Poisoning (DSP) toxins which have an impact on public health and on marine aquaculture worldwide. In particular, Dinophysis acuminata has been reported as the major DSP agent in Western Europe. Still, its contribution to DSP events in the regions of the English Channel and the Atlantic coast of France, and the role of the others species of the Dinophysis community in these areas are not as clear. In addition, species identification within the D. acuminata complex has proven difficult due to their highly similar morphological features. In the present study, 30 clonal strains of the dominant Dinophysis species have been isolated from French coasts including the English Channel (3 sites), the Atlantic Ocean (11 sites) and the Mediterranean Sea (6 sites). Morphologically, strains were identified as three species: D. acuta, D. caudata, D. tripos, as well as the D. acuminata-complex. Sequences of the ITS and LSU rDNA regions confirmed these identifications and revealed no genetic difference within the D. acuminata-complex. Using the mitochondrial gene cox1, two groups of strains differing by only one substitution were found in the D. acuminata-complex, but SEM analysis of various strains showed a large range of morphological variations. Based on geographical origin and morphology, strains of the subclade A were ascribed to 'D. acuminata' while those of the subclade B were ascribed to 'D. sacculus'. Nevertheless, the distinction into two separate species remains questionable and was not supported by our genetic data. The considerable variations observed in cultured strains suggest that physiological factors might influence cell contour and bias identification. Analyses of Dinophysis cultures from French coastal waters using liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) revealed species-conserved toxin profiles for D. acuta (dinophysistoxin 2 (DTX2), okadaic acid (OA), pectenotoxin 2 (PTX2)), D. caudata (PTX2) and D. tripos (PTX2), irrespective of geographical origin (Atlantic Ocean or Mediterranean Sea). Within the D. acuminata-complex, two different toxin profiles were observed: the strains of 'D. acuminata' (subclade A) from the English Channel and the Atlantic Ocean contained only OA while strains of 'D. sacculus' (subclade B) from Mediterranean Sea/Atlantic Ocean contained PTX2 as the dominant toxin, with OA and C9-esters also being present, albeit in lower proportions. The same difference in toxin profiles between 'D. sacculus' and 'D. acuminata' was reported in several studies from Galicia (NW- Spain). This difference in toxin profiles has consequences in terms of public health, and consequently for monitoring programs. While toxin profile could appear as a reliable feature separating 'D. acuminata' from 'D. sacculus' on both French and Spanish coasts, this does not seem consistent with observations on a broader geographical scale for the D. acuminata complex, possibly due to the frequent lack of genetic characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Véronique Séchet
- Ifremer, DYNECO, Laboratoire Phycotoxines, F-44000 Nantes, France.
| | - Manoella Sibat
- Ifremer, DYNECO, Laboratoire Phycotoxines, F-44000 Nantes, France
| | - Gwenael Billien
- Ifremer, LITTORAL, Laboratoire Environnement Ressources de Bretagne Occidentale, Station de Biologie Marine de Concarneau, 29900 Concarneau, France
| | | | | | | | - Florent Malo
- Ifremer, DYNECO, Laboratoire Phycotoxines, F-44000 Nantes, France
| | - Sylvain Gaillard
- Ifremer, DYNECO, Laboratoire Phycotoxines, F-44000 Nantes, France
| | | | - Philipp Hess
- Ifremer, DYNECO, Laboratoire Phycotoxines, F-44000 Nantes, France
| | - Nicolas Chomérat
- Ifremer, LITTORAL, Laboratoire Environnement Ressources de Bretagne Occidentale, Station de Biologie Marine de Concarneau, 29900 Concarneau, France
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11
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Díaz PA, Peréz-Santos I, Álvarez G, Garreaud R, Pinilla E, Díaz M, Sandoval A, Araya M, Álvarez F, Rengel J, Montero P, Pizarro G, López L, Iriarte L, Igor G, Reguera B. Multiscale physical background to an exceptional harmful algal bloom of Dinophysis acuta in a fjord system. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 773:145621. [PMID: 33582350 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Dinophysis acuta produces diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP) toxins and pectenotoxins (PTX). It blooms in thermally-stratified shelf waters in late summer in temperate to cold temperate latitudes. Despite its major contribution to shellfish harvesting bans, little effort has been devoted to study its population dynamics in Chilean Patagonia. In 2017-2018, mesoscale distribution of harmful algal species (75 monitoring stations) revealed the initiation (late spring) and seasonal growth of a dense D. acuta population in the Aysén region, with maximal values at Puyuhuapi Fjord (PF). Vertical phytoplankton distribution and fine-resolution measurements of physical parameters along a 25-km transect in February 16th identified a 15-km (horizontal extension) subsurface thin layer of D. acuta from 4 to 8 m depth. This layer, disrupted at the confluence of PF with the Magdalena Sound, peaked at the top of the pycnocline (6 m, 15.9 °C, 23.4 psu) where static stability was maximal. By February 22nd, it deepened (8 m, 15.5 °C; 23.62 psu) following the excursions of the pycnocline and reached the highest density ever recorded (664 × 103 cells L-1) for this species. Dinophysis acuta was the dominant Dinophysis species in all microplankton net-tows/bottle samples; they all contained DSP toxins (OA, DTX-1) and PTX-2. Modeled flushing rates showed that Puyuhuapi, the only fjord in the area with 2 connections with the open sea, had the highest water residence time. Long term climate variability in the Southern hemisphere showed the effects of a Southern Annular Mode (SAM) in positive mode (+1.1 hPa) overwhelming a moderate La Niña. These effects included positive spring precipitation anomalies with enhanced salinity gradients and summer drought with positive anomalies in air (+1 °C) and sea surface (+2 °C) temperature. Locally, persistent thermal stratification in PF seemed to provide an optimal physical habitat for initiation and bloom development of D. acuta. Thus, in summer 2018, a favourable combination of meteorological and hydrographic processes of multiple scales created conditions that promoted the development of a widespread bloom of D. acuta with its epicentre at the head of Puyuhuapi fjord.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricio A Díaz
- Centro i~mar, Universidad de Los Lagos, Casilla 557, Puerto Montt, Chile; CeBiB, Universidad de Los Lagos, Casilla 557, Puerto Montt, Chile.
| | - Iván Peréz-Santos
- Centro i~mar, Universidad de Los Lagos, Casilla 557, Puerto Montt, Chile; Centro de Investigación Oceanográfica COPAS Sur-Austral, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile; Centro de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas de la Patagonia (CIEP), Coyhaique, Chile
| | - Gonzalo Álvarez
- Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Departamento de Acuicultura, Universidad Católica del Norte, Coquimbo, Chile; Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo Tecnológico en Algas (CIDTA), Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Larrondo 1281, Universidad Católica del Norte, Coquimbo, Chile
| | - René Garreaud
- Departamento de Geofísica, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8370449, Región Metropolitana, Chile; Center for Climate and Resilience Research, CR2, Santiago 8370449, Región Metropolitana, Chile
| | - Elías Pinilla
- Instituto de Fomento Pesquero (IFOP), Putemun, Castro, Chile
| | - Manuel Díaz
- Instituto de Acuicultura & Programa de Investigación Pesquera, Universidad Austral de Chile, Los Pinos s/n, Puerto Montt, Chile
| | - Alondra Sandoval
- Centro i~mar, Universidad de Los Lagos, Casilla 557, Puerto Montt, Chile
| | - Michael Araya
- Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo Tecnológico en Algas (CIDTA), Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Larrondo 1281, Universidad Católica del Norte, Coquimbo, Chile
| | - Francisco Álvarez
- Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Departamento de Acuicultura, Universidad Católica del Norte, Coquimbo, Chile
| | - José Rengel
- Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Departamento de Acuicultura, Universidad Católica del Norte, Coquimbo, Chile
| | - Paulina Montero
- Centro de Investigación Oceanográfica COPAS Sur-Austral, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile; Centro de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas de la Patagonia (CIEP), Coyhaique, Chile
| | - Gemita Pizarro
- Centro de Estudios de Algas Nocivas (CREAN), Instituto de Fomento Pesquero (IFOP), Enrique Abello 0552, Punta Arenas, Chile
| | - Loreto López
- Centro de Estudios de Algas Nocivas (CREAN), Instituto de Fomento Pesquero (IFOP), Padre Harter 574, Puerto Montt, Chile
| | - Luis Iriarte
- Centro de Estudios de Algas Nocivas (CREAN), Instituto de Fomento Pesquero (IFOP), Sargento Aldea 431, Puerto Aysén, Chile
| | - Gabriela Igor
- Centro de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas de la Patagonia (CIEP), Coyhaique, Chile
| | - Beatriz Reguera
- Centro Oceanográfico de Vigo, Instituto Español de Oceanografía (IEO), Subida a Radio Faro 50, 36390 Vigo, Spain
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12
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Baldrich ÁM, Pérez-Santos I, Álvarez G, Reguera B, Fernández-Pena C, Rodríguez-Villegas C, Araya M, Álvarez F, Barrera F, Karasiewicz S, Díaz PA. Niche differentiation of Dinophysis acuta and D. acuminata in a stratified fjord. HARMFUL ALGAE 2021; 103:102010. [PMID: 33980449 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2021.102010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 03/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Dinophysis acuta and D. acuminata are associated with lipophilic toxins in Southern Chile. Blooms of the two species coincided during summer 2019 in a highly stratified fjord system (Puyuhuapi, Chilean Patagonia). High vertical resolution measurements of physical parameters were carried out during 48 h sampling to i) explore physiological status (e.g., division rates, toxin content) and ii) illustrate the fine scale distribution of D. acuta and D. acuminata populations with a focus on water column structure and co-occurring plastid-bearing ciliates. The species-specific resources and regulators defining the realized niches (sensu Hutchinson) of the two species were identified. Differences in vertical distribution, daily vertical migration and in situ division rates (with record values, 0.76 d-1, in D. acuta), in response to the environmental conditions and potential prey availability, revealed their niche differences. The Outlying Mean Index (OMI) analysis showed that the realized niche of D. acuta (cell maximum 7 × 103 cells L-1 within the pycnocline) was characterized by sub-surface estuarine waters (salinity 23 - 25), lower values of turbulence and PAR, and a narrow niche breath. In contrast, the realized niche of D. acuminata (cell maximum 6.8 × 103 cells L-1 just above the pycnocline) was characterized by fresher (salinity 17 - 20) outflowing surface waters, with higher turbulence and light intensity and a wider niche breadth. Results from OMI and PERMANOVA analyses of co-occurring microplanktonic ciliates were compatible with the hypothesis of species such as those from genera Pseudotontonia and Strombidium constituting an alternative ciliate prey to Mesodinium. The D. acuta cell maximum was associated with DSP (OA and DTX-1) toxins and pectenotoxins; that of D. acuminata only with pectenotoxins. Results presented here contribute to a better understanding of the environmental drivers of species-specific blooms of Dinophysis and management of their distinct effects in Southern Chile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ángela M Baldrich
- Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias, mención Conservación y Manejo de Recursos Naturales, Universidad de Los Lagos, Camino Chinquihue km 6, Puerto Montt, Chile; CeBiB, Universidad de Los Lagos, Casilla 557, Puerto Montt, Chile.
| | - Iván Pérez-Santos
- Centro i~mar, Universidad de Los Lagos, Casilla 557, Puerto Montt, Chile; Centro de Investigación Oceanográfica COPAS Sur-Austral, Universidad de Concepción, Chile
| | - Gonzalo Álvarez
- Departamento de Acuicultura, Universidad Católica del Norte, Coquimbo, Chile; Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo Tecnológico en Algas (CIDTA), Universidad Católica del Norte, Coquimbo, Chile
| | - Beatriz Reguera
- Centro Oceanográfico de Vigo, Instituto Español de Oceanografía (IEO), Vigo, Spain
| | | | - Camilo Rodríguez-Villegas
- Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias, mención Conservación y Manejo de Recursos Naturales, Universidad de Los Lagos, Camino Chinquihue km 6, Puerto Montt, Chile; CeBiB, Universidad de Los Lagos, Casilla 557, Puerto Montt, Chile
| | - Michael Araya
- Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo Tecnológico en Algas (CIDTA), Universidad Católica del Norte, Coquimbo, Chile
| | - Francisco Álvarez
- Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo Tecnológico en Algas (CIDTA), Universidad Católica del Norte, Coquimbo, Chile
| | - Facundo Barrera
- Center for Climate and Resilience Research (CR2), Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Oceanográficas Universidad de Concepción & Departamento de Química Ambiental Universidad Católica de la Santísima Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Stéphane Karasiewicz
- Laboratory of Environment Resources, Boulogne- sur- Mer, French Research Institute for the Exploitation of the Sea (IFREMER), Issy-les-Moulineaux, France
| | - Patricio A Díaz
- Centro i~mar, Universidad de Los Lagos, Casilla 557, Puerto Montt, Chile; CeBiB, Universidad de Los Lagos, Casilla 557, Puerto Montt, Chile
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13
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Sunesen I, Méndez SM, Mancera-Pineda JE, Dechraoui Bottein MY, Enevoldsen H. The Latin America and Caribbean HAB status report based on OBIS and HAEDAT maps and databases. HARMFUL ALGAE 2021; 102:101920. [PMID: 33875182 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2020.101920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Revised: 10/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Harmful Algae Blooms (HAB) have been documented for at least fifty years in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC), however, their impacts at social, ecological and economic levels are still little known. To contribute to the impact assessment of HABs in LAC region, the available information in HAEDAT, OBIS, CAREC, and CARPHA databases, and scientific literature was analyzed. This historical analysis allows identification of the main syndromes and causal organisms. Considering the existence of two regional working groups of the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC): Algas Nocivas del Caribe (ANCA) and Floraciones Algales Nocivas en Sudamérica (FANSA), representing Central American/Caribbean and South American countries, respectively, the analysis is presented both globally and subregional. For the FANSA region, the HAEDAT data base listed 249 records from 1970 to 2019, with a total of 1432 human intoxications, including 37 fatalities. The majority of these events comprised Paralytic Shellfish Toxins (49%), Diarrhetic Shellfish Toxins (34%), Cyanotoxins (12%) and 6 % other toxins. The total number of harmful taxa in the OBIS database includes 79 species distributed over 25 genera. The most commonly reported species are Alexandrium catenella/tamarense, Gymnodinium catenatum and the Dinophysis acuminata complex. Two new species Prorocentrum caipirignum Fraga, Menezes and Nascimento and Alexandrium fragae Branco and Menezes were newly described from Brazilian waters. In the ANCA region, HAEDAT listed 131 records from 1956 to 2018. The main problems are PSP and Ciguatera and common HAB taxa are Gambierdiscus, Gymnodinium, Pyrodinium, Alexandrium and Dinophysis. The most reported HAB forming species are Gymnodinium catenatum, Pyrodinium bahamense and Gambierdiscus spp. In recent years Margalefidinium polykrikoides blooms have become frequent, causing fish and invertebrates massive mortalities and impacts on touristic activities. In the LAC region, the greatest economic losses were produced by ichthyotoxic massive events causing salmon deaths associated to Pseudochattonella verruculosa and Alexandrium catenella in Chile and tuna deaths related to Tripos furca and Chattonella spp. in the Mexican Pacific. In the last decade, several studies in LAC have linked HAB events with local mesoscale oceanographic and atmospheric phenomena. Trends analyzed up to 2019 are related to the increasing awareness about presence of toxic species, the geographical expansion of already known species, the detection of new toxins for the region, and HAB events duration and/or impacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inés Sunesen
- División Ficología Dr. Sebastián Guarrera, FCNyM, Paseo del Bosque s/n, 1900, La Plata, Argentina. CONICET - UNLP.
| | - Silvia M Méndez
- Dirección Nacional de Recursos Acuáticos/MGAP, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | | | | | - Henrik Enevoldsen
- IOC Science and Communication Centre on Harmful Algae, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
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14
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Leyva V, Maruenda H. Assessment of the Presence of Lipophilic Phycotoxins in Scallops (Argopecten purpuratus) Farmed along Peruvian Coastal Waters. J Food Prot 2021; 84:204-212. [PMID: 32977333 DOI: 10.4315/jfp-20-212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Some harmful algal blooms produce lipophilic marine biotoxins (LMTs) such as okadaic acid (OA; and its analogs dinophysistoxins [DTXs]), yessotoxins (YTXs), pectenotoxins (PTXs), and azaspiracids (AZAs), all of which may accumulate in filter-feeding bivalve mollusks. European health regulations stipulate a limit of 160 μg/kg for OA or DTXs, PTXs, and AZAs and 3.75 mg/kg for YTXs. Argopecten purpuratus is a valuable commercial marine bivalve exploited in Peru. Despite its importance and the periodic reports of the presence of harmful algal blooms in Peruvian coastal waters, information regarding potential contamination of these scallops by LMTs is lacking. We evaluated LMTs in 115 samples of A. purpuratus collected between November 2013 and March 2015 from 18 production areas distributed along the Peruvian coast. The hepatopancreas, which accumulates most of the toxins in the scallop, was analyzed with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry to quantify OA in its free form, YTX, AZA-1, and PTX-2. Baseline separation was achieved in 19 min. Linearity (R2 > 0.997), precision (coefficient of variation < 15%), and limits of quantification (0.155 to 0.479 ng/mL) were satisfactory. YTX was found in 72 samples, and PTX-2 was found in 17 samples, but concentrations of both biotoxins were below the regulatory limits. Free OA and AZA-1 were not detected in the scallop samples. This atypical profile (i.e., presence of PTX-2 and absence of OA) may be linked to the presence of the dinoflagellate Dinophysis acuminata. The production of YTX could be associated with the phytoplankton Gonyaulax spinifera and Protoceratium reticulatum. This is the first systematic assessment of the four types of LMTs in shellfish from Peruvian coastal waters. The results suggest low prevalence of LMTs in Peruvian bay scallops but support continued surveillance and analysis of LMTs in Peru. HIGHLIGHTS
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Leyva
- Departamento de Ciencias-Química, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, Av. Universitaria 1801, Lima 32, Peru´
| | - Helena Maruenda
- Departamento de Ciencias-Química, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, Av. Universitaria 1801, Lima 32, Peru´.,(ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4714-156X [H.M.])
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15
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Díaz PA, Álvarez G, Seguel M, Marín A, Krock B. First detection of pectenotoxin-2 in shellfish associated with an intense spring bloom of Dinophysis acuminata on the central Chilean coast. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2020; 158:111414. [PMID: 32753198 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.111414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP) toxins and pectenotoxins (PTX) produced by endemic species of the genus Dinophysis, mainly D. acuta and D. acuminata, pose a big threat to public health, artisanal fisheries and the aquaculture industry in Southern Chile. This work reports the first detection of lipophilic toxins, including pectenotoxin-2 (PTX-2) and gymnodimine-A (GYM-A), in hard razor clam (Tagelus dombeii) associated with an unprecedented spring bloom -38.4 × 103 cells L-1 in integrated hose sampler (0-10 m) - of Dinophysis acuminata in coastal waters of central Chile. The socio-economic challenges to small-scale fisheries are discussed. The study points to the pressing need for sound policies to face unexpected HAB event, probably due to biogeographical expansions, with a focus on fisheries management, participation of stakeholders, and development of adaptive capacities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricio A Díaz
- Centro i~mar & CeBiB, Universidad de Los Lagos, Casilla 557, Puerto Montt, Chile.
| | - Gonzalo Álvarez
- Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Departamento de Acuicultura, Universidad Católica del Norte, Coquimbo, Chile; Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo Tecnológico en Algas (CIDTA), Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Larrondo 1281, Universidad Católica del Norte, Coquimbo, Chile
| | - Miriam Seguel
- Centro Regional de Análisis de Recursos y Medio Ambiente (CERAM), Universidad Austral de Chile, Los Pinos s/n, Balneario Pelluco, Puerto Montt, Chile
| | - Andrés Marín
- Centro de Estudios del Desarrollo Regional y Políticas Públicas (CEDER), Universidad de Los Lagos, Osorno, Chile
| | - Bernd Krock
- Alfred Wegener Institut-Helmholtz Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Am Handelshafen 12, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany
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16
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Oyaneder-Terrazas J, Polanco C, Figueroa D, Barriga A, García C. In vitro biotransformation of OA-group and PTX-group toxins in visceral and non-visceral tissues of Mytilus chilensis and Ameghinomya antiqua. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2020; 37:1216-1228. [PMID: 32515303 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2020.1750710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Lipophilic marine toxins (LMTs) are made up of multiple groups of toxic analogues, which are characterised by different levels of cellular and toxic action. The most prevalent groups in the southern Pacific zone are: a) okadaic acid group (OA-group) which consists of okadaic acid (OA) and dinophysistoxin-1 (DTX-1); and, b) pectenotoxin-2 (PTX2) group which consists of pectenotoxin-2 (PTX-2). The main objective of our study was to examine in vitro biotransformation of OA-group and PTX-group in the tissues of two endemic species of bivalves from southern Chile; blue mussels (Mytilus chilensis) and clams (Ameghinomya antiqua). The biotransformation processes of both groups were only detected in the digestive glands of both species using LC-MS/MS. The most frequently detected analogues were acyl derivatives (≈2.0 ± 0.1 μg ml-1) for OA-group and PTX-2SA (≈1.4 ± 0.1 μg ml-1) for PTX-group, with a higher percentage of biotransformation for OA-group (p < .001). In addition, simultaneous incubations of the different analogues (OA/PTX-2; DTX-1/PTX-2 and OA/DTX-1/PTX-2) did not show any interaction between the biotransformation processes. These results show that the toxicological variability of endemic species leads to biotransformation of the profile of toxins, so that these new analogues may affect people's health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javiera Oyaneder-Terrazas
- Laboratory of Marine Toxins, Physiology and Biophysics Programme, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile , Santiago, Chile.,Faculty of Technology, Universidad de Santiago , Santiago, Chile
| | - Cassandra Polanco
- Laboratory of Marine Toxins, Physiology and Biophysics Programme, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile , Santiago, Chile.,Faculty of Technology, Universidad de Santiago , Santiago, Chile
| | - Diego Figueroa
- Laboratory of Marine Toxins, Physiology and Biophysics Programme, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile , Santiago, Chile
| | - Andres Barriga
- CEPEDEQ, Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidad de Chile , Santiago, Chile
| | - Carlos García
- Laboratory of Marine Toxins, Physiology and Biophysics Programme, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile , Santiago, Chile
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17
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Likumahua S, de Boer MK, Krock B, Hehakaya S, Imu L, Müller A, Max T, Buma AGJ. Variability of dinoflagellates and their associated toxins in relation with environmental drivers in Ambon Bay, eastern Indonesia. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2020; 150:110778. [PMID: 31910525 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.110778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Revised: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/23/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the present work was to unravel which environmental drivers govern the dynamics of toxic dinoflagellate abundance as well as their associated paralytic shellfish toxins (PSTs), diarrhetic shellfish toxins (DSTs) and pectenotoxin-2 (PTX2) in Ambon Bay, Eastern Indonesia. Weather, biological and physicochemical parameters were investigated weekly over a 7-month period. Both PSTs and PTX2 were detected at low levels, yet they persisted throughout the research. Meanwhile, DSTs were absent. A strong correlation was found between total particulate PST and Gymnodinium catenatum cell abundance, implying that this species was the main producer of this toxin. PTX2 was positively correlated with Dinophysis miles cell abundance. Vertical mixing, tidal elevation and irradiance attenuation were the main environmental factors that regulated both toxins and cell abundances, while nutrients showed only weak correlations. The present study indicates that dinoflagellate toxins form a potential environmental, economic and health risk in this Eastern Indonesian bay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sem Likumahua
- Department of Ocean Ecosystems, Energy and Sustainability Research Institute Groningen, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747AG Groningen, the Netherlands; Centre for Deep Sea Research-LIPI, Jl. Y. Syaranamual Guru-guru Poka, 97233 Ambon, Indonesia..
| | - M Karin de Boer
- Department of Ocean Ecosystems, Energy and Sustainability Research Institute Groningen, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747AG Groningen, the Netherlands; Beta Science Shop, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 6, 9747AG Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Bernd Krock
- Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Am Handelshafen 12, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Salomy Hehakaya
- Centre for Deep Sea Research-LIPI, Jl. Y. Syaranamual Guru-guru Poka, 97233 Ambon, Indonesia
| | - La Imu
- Centre for Deep Sea Research-LIPI, Jl. Y. Syaranamual Guru-guru Poka, 97233 Ambon, Indonesia
| | - Annegret Müller
- Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Am Handelshafen 12, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Thomas Max
- Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Am Handelshafen 12, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Anita G J Buma
- Department of Ocean Ecosystems, Energy and Sustainability Research Institute Groningen, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747AG Groningen, the Netherlands
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18
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Alcántara-Rubira A, Bárcena-Martínez V, Reyes-Paulino M, Medina-Acaro K, Valiente-Terrones L, Rodríguez-Velásquez A, Estrada-Jiménez R, Flores-Salmón O. First Report of Okadaic Acid and Pectenotoxins in Individual Cells of Dinophysis and in Scallops Argopecten purpuratus from Perú. Toxins (Basel) 2018; 10:toxins10120490. [PMID: 30477142 PMCID: PMC6315675 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10120490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Revised: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Causative species of Harmful Algal Bloom (HAB) and toxins in commercially exploited molluscan shellfish species are monitored weekly from four classified shellfish production areas in Perú (three in the north and one in the south). Okadaic acid (OA) and pectenotoxins (PTXs) were detected in hand-picked cells of Dinophysis (D. acuminata-complex and D. caudata) and in scallops (Argopecten purpuratus), the most important commercial bivalve species in Perú. LC-MS analyses revealed two different toxin profiles associated with species of the D. acuminata-complex: (a) one with OA (0.3–8.0 pg cell−1) and PTX2 (1.5–11.1 pg cell−1) and (b) another with only PTX2 which included populations with different toxin cell quota (9.3–9.6 pg cell−1 and 5.8–9.2 pg cell−1). Toxin results suggest the likely presence of two morphotypes of the D. acuminata-complex in the north, and only one of them in the south. Likewise, shellfish toxin analyses revealed the presence of PTX2 in all samples (10.3–34.8 µg kg−1), but OA (7.7–15.2 µg kg−1) only in the northern samples. Toxin levels were below the regulatory limits established for diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP) and PTXs (160 µg OA kg−1) in Perú, in all samples analyzed. This is the first report confirming the presence of OA and PTX in Dinophysis cells and in shellfish from Peruvian coastal waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Alcántara-Rubira
- Organismo Nacional de Sanidad Pesquera (SANIPES), Av. Domingo Orué N° 165, Surquillo Lima 34, Peru.
| | - Víctor Bárcena-Martínez
- Organismo Nacional de Sanidad Pesquera (SANIPES), Av. Domingo Orué N° 165, Surquillo Lima 34, Peru.
| | - Maribel Reyes-Paulino
- Organismo Nacional de Sanidad Pesquera (SANIPES), Av. Domingo Orué N° 165, Surquillo Lima 34, Peru.
| | - Katherine Medina-Acaro
- Organismo Nacional de Sanidad Pesquera (SANIPES), Av. Domingo Orué N° 165, Surquillo Lima 34, Peru.
| | | | | | - Rolando Estrada-Jiménez
- Organismo Nacional de Sanidad Pesquera (SANIPES), Av. Domingo Orué N° 165, Surquillo Lima 34, Peru.
| | - Omar Flores-Salmón
- Organismo Nacional de Sanidad Pesquera (SANIPES), Av. Domingo Orué N° 165, Surquillo Lima 34, Peru.
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19
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Uchida H, Watanabe R, Matsushima R, Oikawa H, Nagai S, Kamiyama T, Baba K, Miyazono A, Kosaka Y, Kaga S, Matsuyama Y, Suzuki T. Toxin Profiles of Okadaic Acid Analogues and Other Lipophilic Toxins in Dinophysis from Japanese Coastal Waters. Toxins (Basel) 2018; 10:E457. [PMID: 30404158 PMCID: PMC6266168 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10110457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2018] [Revised: 11/03/2018] [Accepted: 11/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The identification and quantification of okadaic acid (OA)/dinophysistoxin (DTX) analogues and pectenotoxins (PTXs) in Dinophysis samples collected from coastal locations around Japan were evaluated by liquid chromatography mass spectrometry. The species identified and analyzed included Dinophysis fortii, D. acuminata, D. mitra (Phalacroma mitra), D. norvegica, D. infundibulus, D. tripos, D. caudata, D. rotundata (Phalacroma rotundatum), and D. rudgei. The dominant toxin found in D. acuminata was PTX2 although some samples contained DTX1 as a minor toxin. D. acuminata specimens isolated from the southwestern regions (Takada and Hiroshima) showed characteristic toxin profiles, with only OA detected in samples collected from Takada. In contrast, both OA and DTX1, in addition to a larger proportion of PTX2, were detected in D. acuminata from Hiroshima. D. fortii showed a toxin profile dominated by PTX2 although this species had higher levels of DTX1 than D. acuminata. OA was detected as a minor toxin in some D. fortii samples collected from Yakumo, Noheji, and Hakata. PTX2 was also the dominant toxin found among other Dinophysis species analyzed, such as D. norvegica, D. tripos, and D. caudata, although some pooled picked cells of these species contained trace levels of OA or DTX1. The results obtained in this study re-confirm that cellular toxin content and profiles are different even among strains of the same species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hajime Uchida
- National Research Institute of Fisheries Science, Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency, 2-12-4 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 236-8648, Japan.
| | - Ryuichi Watanabe
- National Research Institute of Fisheries Science, Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency, 2-12-4 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 236-8648, Japan.
| | - Ryoji Matsushima
- National Research Institute of Fisheries Science, Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency, 2-12-4 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 236-8648, Japan.
| | - Hiroshi Oikawa
- National Research Institute of Fisheries Science, Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency, 2-12-4 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 236-8648, Japan.
| | - Satoshi Nagai
- National Research Institute of Fisheries Science, Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency, 2-12-4 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 236-8648, Japan.
| | - Takashi Kamiyama
- National Research Institute of Fisheries and Environment of Inland Sea, Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency, 2-17-5, Maruishi, Hatsukaichi, Hiroshima 739-0452, Japan.
| | - Katsuhisa Baba
- Central Fisheries Research Institute, Fisheries Research Department, Hokkaido Research Organization, 238, Hamanakacho, Yoichi-cho, Yoichi-gun, Hokkaido 046-8555, Japan.
| | - Akira Miyazono
- Kushiro Fisheries Research Institute, Fisheries Research Department, Hokkaido Research Organization, 4-25, Nakahamacho, Kushiro-city, Hokkaido 085-0027, Japan.
| | - Yuki Kosaka
- Aomori Prefectural Industrial Technology Research Center, Fisheries Research Institute, Hiranai, Higashitsugarugun, Aomori 039-3381, Japan.
| | - Shinnosuke Kaga
- Iwate Fisheries Technology Center, 3-75-3 Hirata, Kamaishi, Iwate 026-0001, Japan.
| | - Yukihiko Matsuyama
- Seikai National Fisheries Research Institute, Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency, 1551-8, Taira-machi, Nagasaki-shi, Nagasaki 851-2213, Japan.
| | - Toshiyuki Suzuki
- National Research Institute of Fisheries Science, Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency, 2-12-4 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 236-8648, Japan.
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20
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Accumulation of Dinophysis Toxins in Bivalve Molluscs. Toxins (Basel) 2018; 10:toxins10110453. [PMID: 30400229 PMCID: PMC6266557 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10110453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Revised: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Several species of the dinoflagellate genus Dinophysis produce toxins that accumulate in bivalves when they feed on populations of these organisms. The accumulated toxins can lead to intoxication in consumers of the affected bivalves. The risk of intoxication depends on the amount and toxic power of accumulated toxins. In this review, current knowledge on the main processes involved in toxin accumulation were compiled, including the mechanisms and regulation of toxin acquisition, digestion, biotransformation, compartmentalization, and toxin depuration. Finally, accumulation kinetics, some models to describe it, and some implications were also considered.
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21
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Swan SC, Turner AD, Bresnan E, Whyte C, Paterson RF, McNeill S, Mitchell E, Davidson K. Dinophysis acuta in Scottish Coastal Waters and Its Influence on Diarrhetic Shellfish Toxin Profiles. Toxins (Basel) 2018; 10:toxins10100399. [PMID: 30274219 PMCID: PMC6215201 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10100399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Revised: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Diarrhetic shellfish toxins produced by the dinoflagellate genus Dinophysis are a major problem for the shellfish industry worldwide. Separate species of the genus have been associated with the production of different analogues of the okadaic acid group of toxins. To evaluate the spatial and temporal variability of Dinophysis species and toxins in the important shellfish-harvesting region of the Scottish west coast, we analysed data collected from 1996 to 2017 in two contrasting locations: Loch Ewe and the Clyde Sea. Seasonal studies were also undertaken, in Loch Ewe in both 2001 and 2002, and in the Clyde in 2015. Dinophysis acuminata was present throughout the growing season during every year of the study, with blooms typically occurring between May and September at both locations. The appearance of D. acuta was interannually sporadic and, when present, was most abundant in the late summer and autumn. The Clyde field study in 2015 indicated the importance of a temperature front in the formation of a D. acuta bloom. A shift in toxin profiles of common mussels (Mytilus edulis) tested during regulatory monitoring was evident, with a proportional decrease in okadaic acid (OA) and dinophysistoxin-1 (DTX1) and an increase in dinophysistoxin-2 (DTX2) occurring when D. acuta became dominant. Routine enumeration of Dinophysis to species level could provide early warning of potential contamination of shellfish with DTX2 and thus determine the choice of the most suitable kit for effective end-product testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah C Swan
- Scottish Association for Marine Science, Scottish Marine Institute, Oban, Argyll PA37 1QA, UK.
| | - Andrew D Turner
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries & Aquaculture Science, The Nothe, Barrack Road, Weymouth, Dorset DT4 8UB, UK.
| | - Eileen Bresnan
- Marine Scotland Science, Marine Laboratory, 375 Victoria Road, Aberdeen AB11 9DB, UK.
| | - Callum Whyte
- Scottish Association for Marine Science, Scottish Marine Institute, Oban, Argyll PA37 1QA, UK.
| | - Ruth F Paterson
- Scottish Association for Marine Science, Scottish Marine Institute, Oban, Argyll PA37 1QA, UK.
| | - Sharon McNeill
- Scottish Association for Marine Science, Scottish Marine Institute, Oban, Argyll PA37 1QA, UK.
| | - Elaine Mitchell
- Scottish Association for Marine Science, Scottish Marine Institute, Oban, Argyll PA37 1QA, UK.
| | - Keith Davidson
- Scottish Association for Marine Science, Scottish Marine Institute, Oban, Argyll PA37 1QA, UK.
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22
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Smith JL, Tong M, Kulis D, Anderson DM. Effect of ciliate strain, size, and nutritional content on the growth and toxicity of mixotrophic Dinophysis acuminata. HARMFUL ALGAE 2018; 78:95-105. [PMID: 30196930 PMCID: PMC6178807 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2018.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Revised: 08/05/2018] [Accepted: 08/05/2018] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies indicate differences in bloom magnitude and toxicity between regional populations, and more recently, between geographical isolates of Dinophysis acuminata; however, the factors driving differences in toxicity/toxigenicity between regions/strains have not yet been fully elucidated. Here, the roles of prey strains (i.e., geographical isolates) and their associated attributes (i.e., biovolume and nutritional content) were investigated in the context of growth and production of toxins as a possible explanation for regional variation in toxicity of D. acuminata. The mixotrophic dinoflagellate, D. acuminata, isolated from NE North America (MA, U.S.) was offered a matrix of prey lines in a full factorial design, 1 × 2 × 3; one dinoflagellate strain was fed one of two ciliates, Mesodinium rubrum, isolated from coastal regions of Japan or Spain, which were grown on one of three cryptophytes (Teleaulax/Geminigera clade) isolated from Japan, Spain, or the northeastern USA. Additionally, predator: prey ratios were manipulated to explore effects of the prey's total biovolume on Dinophysis growth or toxin production. These studies revealed that the biovolume and nutritional status of the two ciliates, and less so the cryptophytes, impacted the growth, ingestion rate, and maximum biomass of D. acuminata. The predator's consumption of the larger, more nutritious prey resulted in an elevated growth rate, greater biomass, and increased toxin quotas and total toxin per mL of culture. Grazing on the smaller, less nutritious prey, led to fewer cells in the culture but relatively more toxin exuded from the cells on per cell basis. Once the predator: prey ratios were altered so that an equal biovolume of each ciliate was delivered, the effect of ciliate size was lost, suggesting the predator can compensate for reduced nutrition in the smaller prey item by increasing grazing. While significant ciliate-induced effects were observed on growth and toxin metrics, no major shifts in toxin profile or intracellular toxin quotas were observed that could explain the large regional variations observed between geographical populations of this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliette L Smith
- Virginia Institute of Marine Science, College of William & Mary, Gloucester Point, VA 23062, USA; Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Biology Department, Woods Hole, MA, 02543, USA.
| | - Mengmeng Tong
- Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan, Zhejiang, 316000, China; Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Biology Department, Woods Hole, MA, 02543, USA.
| | - David Kulis
- Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Biology Department, Woods Hole, MA, 02543, USA.
| | - Donald M Anderson
- Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Biology Department, Woods Hole, MA, 02543, USA.
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Next Generation Sequencing and mass spectrometry reveal high taxonomic diversity and complex phytoplankton-phycotoxins patterns in Southeastern Pacific fjords. Toxicon 2018; 151:5-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2018.06.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Revised: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Blanco J, Álvarez G, Rengel J, Díaz R, Mariño C, Martín H, Uribe E. Accumulation and Biotransformation of Dinophysis Toxins by the Surf Clam Mesodesma donacium. Toxins (Basel) 2018; 10:E314. [PMID: 30081538 PMCID: PMC6115731 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10080314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Revised: 07/21/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Surf clams, Mesodesma donacium, were shown to accumulate toxins from Dinophysis acuminata blooms. Only pectenotoxin 2 (PTX2) and some of its derivatives were found, and no toxins from the okadaic acid group were detected. PTX2 seems to be transformed to PTX2 seco-acid (PTX2sa), which was found in concentrations more than ten-fold those of PTX2. The seco-acid was transformed to acyl-derivatives by esterification with different fatty acids. The estimated amount of these derivatives in the mollusks was much higher than that of PTX2. Most esters were originated by even carbon chain fatty acids, but some originated by odd carbon number were also found in noticeable concentrations. Some peaks of toxin in the bivalves did not coincide with those of Dinophysis abundance, suggesting that there were large differences in toxin content per cell among the populations that developed throughout the year. The observed depuration (from the digestive gland) was fast (more than 0.2 day-1), and was faster for PTX2 than for PTX2sa, which in turn was faster than that of esters of PTX2sa. PTX2 and PTX2sa were distributed nearly equally between the digestive gland and the remaining tissues, but less than 5% of the palmytoyl-esters were found outside the digestive gland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Blanco
- Centro de Investigacións Mariñas, Xunta de Galicia, Pedras de Corón S/N, 36620 Vilanova de Arousa, Spain.
| | - Gonzalo Álvarez
- Departamento de Acuicultura, Universidad Católica del Norte, Larrondo 1281, Coquimbo, Chile.
- Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo Tecnológico en Algas (CIDTA), Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Larrondo 1281, Universidad Católica del Norte, Coquimbo, Chile.
| | - José Rengel
- Departamento de Acuicultura, Universidad Católica del Norte, Larrondo 1281, Coquimbo, Chile.
| | - Rosario Díaz
- Departamento de Acuicultura, Universidad Católica del Norte, Larrondo 1281, Coquimbo, Chile.
| | - Carmen Mariño
- Centro de Investigacións Mariñas, Xunta de Galicia, Pedras de Corón S/N, 36620 Vilanova de Arousa, Spain.
| | - Helena Martín
- Centro de Investigacións Mariñas, Xunta de Galicia, Pedras de Corón S/N, 36620 Vilanova de Arousa, Spain.
| | - Eduardo Uribe
- Departamento de Acuicultura, Universidad Católica del Norte, Larrondo 1281, Coquimbo, Chile.
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Diel Variations in Cell Abundance and Trophic Transfer of Diarrheic Toxins during a Massive Dinophysis Bloom in Southern Brazil. Toxins (Basel) 2018; 10:toxins10060232. [PMID: 29882830 PMCID: PMC6024776 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10060232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Revised: 06/02/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Dinophysis spp. are a major source of diarrheic toxins to marine food webs, especially during blooms. This study documented the occurrence, in late May 2016, of a massive toxic bloom of the Dinophysis acuminata complex along the southern coast of Brazil, associated with an episode of marked salinity stratification. The study tracked the daily vertical distribution of Dinophysis spp. cells and their ciliate prey, Mesodinium cf. rubrum, and quantified the amount of lipophilic toxins present in seston and accumulated by various marine organisms in the food web. The abundance of the D. acuminata complex reached 43 × 10⁴ cells·L−1 at 1.0 m depth at the peak of the bloom. Maximum cell densities of cryptophyceans and M. cf. rubrum (>500 × 10⁴ and 18 × 10⁴ cell·L−1, respectively) were recorded on the first day of sampling, one week before the peak in abundance of the D. acuminata complex. The diarrheic toxin okadaic acid (OA) was the only toxin detected during the bloom, attaining unprecedented, high concentrations of up to 829 µg·L−1 in seston, and 143 ± 93 pg·cell−1 in individually picked cells of the D. acuminata complex. Suspension-feeders such as the mussel, Perna perna, and barnacle, Megabalanus tintinnabulum, accumulated maximum OA levels (up to 578.4 and 21.9 µg total OA·Kg−1, respectively) during early bloom stages, whereas predators and detritivores such as Caprellidae amphipods (154.6 µg·Kg−1), Stramonita haemastoma gastropods (111.6 µg·Kg−1), Pilumnus spinosissimus crabs (33.4 µg·Kg−1) and a commercially important species of shrimp, Xiphopenaeus kroyeri (7.2 µg·Kg−1), only incorporated OA from mid- to late bloom stages. Conjugated forms of OA were dominant (>70%) in most organisms, except in blenny fish, Hypleurochilus fissicornis, and polychaetes, Pseudonereis palpata (up to 59.3 and 164.6 µg total OA·Kg−1, respectively), which contained mostly free-OA throughout the bloom. Although algal toxins are only regulated in bivalves during toxic blooms in most countries, including Brazil, this study indicates that human seafood consumers might be exposed to moderate toxin levels from a variety of other vectors during intense toxic outbreaks.
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Fabro E, Almandoz GO, Ferrario M, Tillmann U, Cembella A, Krock B. Distribution of Dinophysis species and their association with lipophilic phycotoxins in plankton from the Argentine Sea. HARMFUL ALGAE 2016; 59:31-41. [PMID: 28073504 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2016.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Revised: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Dinophysis is a cosmopolitan genus of marine dinoflagellates, considered as the major proximal source of diarrheic shellfish toxins and the only producer of pectenotoxins (PTX). From three oceanographic expeditions carried out during autumn, spring and late summer along the Argentine Sea (∼38-56°S), lipophilic phycotoxins were determined by liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) in size-fractionated plankton samples. Lipophilic toxin profiles were associated with species composition by microscopic analyses of toxigenic phytoplankton. Pectenotoxin-2 and PTX-11 were frequently found together with the presence of Dinophysis acuminata and Dinophysis tripos. By contrast, okadaic acid was rarely detected and only in trace concentrations, and dinophysistoxins were not found. The clear predominance of PTX over other lipophilic toxins in Dinophysis species from the Argentine Sea is in accordance with previous results obtained from north Patagonian Gulfs of the Argentine Sea, and from coastal waters of New Zealand, Chile, Denmark and United States. Dinophysis caudata was rarely found and it was confined to the north of the sampling area. Because of low cell densities, neither D. caudata nor Dinophysis norvegica could be biogeographically related to lipophilic toxins in this study. Nevertheless, the current identification of D. norvegica in the southern Argentine Sea is the first record for the southwestern Atlantic Ocean. Given the typical toxigenicity of this species on a global scale, this represents an important finding for future surveillance of plankton-toxin associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Fabro
- División Ficología, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Paseo del Bosque s/n (B1900FWA), La Plata, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Av. Rivadavia 1917, 1033 Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Gastón O Almandoz
- División Ficología, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Paseo del Bosque s/n (B1900FWA), La Plata, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Av. Rivadavia 1917, 1033 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Martha Ferrario
- División Ficología, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Paseo del Bosque s/n (B1900FWA), La Plata, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Av. Rivadavia 1917, 1033 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Urban Tillmann
- Alfred-Wegener-Institut, Helmholtz Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Am Handelshafen 12, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Allan Cembella
- Alfred-Wegener-Institut, Helmholtz Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Am Handelshafen 12, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Bernd Krock
- Alfred-Wegener-Institut, Helmholtz Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Am Handelshafen 12, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany
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Tong M, Smith JL, Kulis DM, Anderson DM. Role of dissolved nitrate and phosphate in isolates of Mesodinium rubrum and toxin-producing Dinophysis acuminata. AQUATIC MICROBIAL ECOLOGY : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL 2015; 75:169-185. [PMID: 27721571 PMCID: PMC5055077 DOI: 10.3354/ame01757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Dinophysis acuminata, a producer of toxins associated with diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP) and/or pectenotoxins (PTXs), is a mixotrophic species that requires both ciliate prey and light for growth. Linkages have been described in the literature between natural abundances of the predator Dinophysis and its prey, Mesodinium rubrum, and culture experiments have demonstrated that prey, in addition to light, is required for toxin production by Dinophysis acuminata; together these suggest Mesodinium is a critical component for Dinophysis growth and toxicity. However, little is known about the role of dissolved inorganic nutrients on Mesodinium growth or that of toxin-producing Dinophysis. Accordingly, a series of experiments were conducted to investigate the possible uptake of dissolved nitrate and phosphate by 1) Dinophysis starved of prey, 2) Dinophysis feeding on Mesodinium rubrum, and 3) M. rubrum grown in nutritionally-modified media. All single-clone or mixed cultures were monitored for dissolved and particulate nutrient levels over the growth cycle, as well as growth rate, biomass, and toxin production when appropriate. D. acuminata did not utilize dissolved nitrate or phosphate in the medium under any nutrient regime tested, i.e., nutrient-enriched and nutrient-reduced, in the absence or presence of prey, or during any growth phase monitored, i.e., exponential and plateau phases. Changes in particulate phosphorus and nitrogen in D. acuminata, were instead, strongly influenced by the consumption of M. rubrum prey, and these levels quickly stabilized once prey were no longer available. M. rubrum, on the other hand, rapidly assimilated dissolved nitrate and phosphate into its particulate nutrient fraction, with maximum uptake rates of 1.38 pmol N/cell/day and 1.63 pmol P/cell/day. While D. acuminata did not benefit directly from the dissolved nitrate and phosphate, its growth (0.37±0.01 day-1) and toxin production rates for okadaic acid (OA), dinophysistoxin-1 (DTX1) or pectenotoxin-2 (PTX2), 0.1, 0.9 and 2.6 pg /cell/day, respectively, were directly coupled to prey availability. These results suggest that while dissolved nitrate and phosphate do not have a direct effect on toxin production or retention by D. acuminata, these nutrient pools contribute to prey growth and biomass, thereby indirectly influencing D. acuminata blooms and overall toxin in the system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengmeng Tong
- Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China; Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA
| | - Juliette L Smith
- Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA; Virginia Institute of Marine Science, College of William and Mary, Gloucester Point, VA, 23062, USA
| | - David M Kulis
- Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA
| | - Donald M Anderson
- Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA
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Turner AD, Goya AB. Occurrence and profiles of lipophilic toxins in shellfish harvested from Argentina. Toxicon 2015; 102:32-42. [PMID: 26003796 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2015.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2015] [Revised: 04/27/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The presence of phytoplankton responsible for the production of lipophilic marine biotoxins is well recognised throughout parts of South America. To date, the quantitation of lipophilic toxins in Argentinean shellfish has been limited to select and highly focussed geographical studies. This work reports the analysis for lipophilic marine biotoxins in shellfish harvested across five regions of Argentina between 1992 and 2012. LC-MS/MS analysis was used for the quantitation of all regulated lipophilic toxins. High concentrations of okadaic acid group toxins were quantified, with a clear dominance of the parent okadaic acid and more than 90% of the toxin present as esters. Results showed DSP toxins in shellfish from the Buenos Aires Province during 2006 and 2007, earlier than previously described. There was also strong evidence linking the presence of okadaic acid to human intoxications. Other lipophilic toxins detected were yessotoxin, pectenotoxin-2 and 13-desMeC spirolide. With evidence published recently for the presence of azaspiracid producers, this work reports the detection of low concentrations of azaspiracid-2 in shellfish. As such the data provides the first published evidence for yessotoxins and azaspiracids in Argentinean shellfish and further evidence for the continuing presence of lipophilic marine toxins in Argentinean waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew D Turner
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Cefas), Barrack Road, The Nothe, Weymouth, Dorset, DT4 8UB, United Kingdom.
| | - Alejandra B Goya
- Marine Biotoxins Department, Mar del Plata Regional Laboratory, Agri-food Health and Quality National Service (SENASA), Argentina
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Harmful algae records in Venice lagoon and in Po River Delta (northern Adriatic Sea, Italy). ScientificWorldJournal 2014; 2014:806032. [PMID: 24683360 PMCID: PMC3934586 DOI: 10.1155/2014/806032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2013] [Accepted: 12/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
A detailed review of harmful algal blooms (HAB) in northern Adriatic Sea lagoons (Po River Delta and Venice lagoon) is presented to provide “updated reference conditions” for future research and monitoring activities. In the study areas, the high mollusc production requires the necessity to identify better methods able to prevent risks for human health and socioeconomical interests. So, an integrated approach for the identification and quantification of algal toxins is presented by combining microscopy techniques with Liquid Chromatography coupled with High Resolution Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry (HPLC-HR-TOF-MS). The method efficiency was first tested on some samples from the mentioned coastal areas, where Dinophysis spp. occurred during summer in the sites directly affected by seawaters. Although cell abundance was always <200 cells/L, the presence of Pectenotoxin-2 (PTX2), detected by HPLC-HR-TOF-MS, indicated the potential release of detectable amounts of toxins even at low cell abundance.
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Reguera B, Riobó P, Rodríguez F, Díaz PA, Pizarro G, Paz B, Franco JM, Blanco J. Dinophysis toxins: causative organisms, distribution and fate in shellfish. Mar Drugs 2014; 12:394-461. [PMID: 24447996 PMCID: PMC3917280 DOI: 10.3390/md12010394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2013] [Revised: 11/29/2013] [Accepted: 12/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Several Dinophysis species produce diarrhoetic toxins (okadaic acid and dinophysistoxins) and pectenotoxins, and cause gastointestinal illness, Diarrhetic Shellfish Poisoning (DSP), even at low cell densities (<103 cells·L⁻¹). They are the main threat, in terms of days of harvesting bans, to aquaculture in Northern Japan, Chile, and Europe. Toxicity and toxin profiles are very variable, more between strains than species. The distribution of DSP events mirrors that of shellfish production areas that have implemented toxin regulations, otherwise misinterpreted as bacterial or viral contamination. Field observations and laboratory experiments have shown that most of the toxins produced by Dinophysis are released into the medium, raising questions about the ecological role of extracelular toxins and their potential uptake by shellfish. Shellfish contamination results from a complex balance between food selection, adsorption, species-specific enzymatic transformations, and allometric processes. Highest risk areas are those combining Dinophysis strains with high cell content of okadaates, aquaculture with predominance of mytilids (good accumulators of toxins), and consumers who frequently include mussels in their diet. Regions including pectenotoxins in their regulated phycotoxins will suffer from much longer harvesting bans and from disloyal competition with production areas where these toxins have been deregulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Reguera
- Spanish Institute of Oceanography (IEO), Oceanographic Centre of Vigo, Subida a Radio Faro 50, Vigo 36390, Spain.
| | - Pilar Riobó
- Spanish Institute of Oceanography (IEO), Oceanographic Centre of Vigo, Subida a Radio Faro 50, Vigo 36390, Spain.
| | - Francisco Rodríguez
- Spanish Institute of Oceanography (IEO), Oceanographic Centre of Vigo, Subida a Radio Faro 50, Vigo 36390, Spain.
| | - Patricio A Díaz
- Spanish Institute of Oceanography (IEO), Oceanographic Centre of Vigo, Subida a Radio Faro 50, Vigo 36390, Spain.
| | - Gemita Pizarro
- Spanish Institute of Oceanography (IEO), Oceanographic Centre of Vigo, Subida a Radio Faro 50, Vigo 36390, Spain.
| | - Beatriz Paz
- Spanish Institute of Oceanography (IEO), Oceanographic Centre of Vigo, Subida a Radio Faro 50, Vigo 36390, Spain.
| | - José M Franco
- Spanish Institute of Oceanography (IEO), Oceanographic Centre of Vigo, Subida a Radio Faro 50, Vigo 36390, Spain.
| | - Juan Blanco
- Spanish Institute of Oceanography (IEO), Oceanographic Centre of Vigo, Subida a Radio Faro 50, Vigo 36390, Spain.
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Edvardsen B, Dittami SM, Groben R, Brubak S, Escalera L, Rodríguez F, Reguera B, Chen J, Medlin LK. Molecular probes and microarrays for the detection of toxic algae in the genera Dinophysis and Phalacroma (Dinophyta). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 20:6733-6750. [PMID: 23263760 PMCID: PMC3782643 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-012-1403-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2012] [Accepted: 12/03/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Dinophysis and Phalacroma species containing diarrheic shellfish toxins and pectenotoxins occur in coastal temperate waters all year round and prevent the harvesting of mussels during several months each year in regions in Europe, Chile, Japan, and New Zealand. Toxicity varies among morphologically similar species, and a precise identification is needed for early warning systems. Molecular techniques using ribosomal DNA sequences offer a means to identify and detect precisely the potentially toxic species. We designed molecular probes targeting the 18S rDNA at the family and genus levels for Dinophysis and Phalacroma and at the species level for Dinophysis acuminata, Dinophysis acuta, and Dinophysis norvegica, the most commonly occurring, potentially toxic species of these genera in Western European waters. Dot blot hybridizations with polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-amplified rDNA from 17 microalgae were used to demonstrate probe specificity. The probes were modified along with other published fluorescence in situ hybridization and PCR probes and tested for a microarray platform within the MIDTAL project ( http://www.midtal.com ). The microarray was applied to field samples from Norway and Spain and compared to microscopic cell counts. These probes may be useful for early warning systems and monitoring and can also be used in population dynamic studies to distinguish species and life cycle stages, such as cysts, and their distribution in time and space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bente Edvardsen
- Marine Biology, Department of Biology, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1066, 0316, Oslo, Norway,
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Zamorano R, Marín M, Cabrera F, Figueroa D, Contreras C, Barriga A, Lagos N, García C. Determination of the variability of both hydrophilic and lipophilic toxins in endemic wild bivalves and carnivorous gastropods from the Southern part of Chile. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2013; 30:1660-77. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2013.805438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Garcia C, Rodriguez-Unda N, Contreras C, Barriga A, Lagos N. Lipophilic toxin profiles detected in farmed and benthic mussels populations from the most relevant production zones in Southern Chile. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2012; 29:1011-20. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2012.662704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Garcia
- a Laboratorio Bioquímica de Membrana , Programa de Fisiología y Biofísica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile , Santiago , Chile
| | - Nelson Rodriguez-Unda
- a Laboratorio Bioquímica de Membrana , Programa de Fisiología y Biofísica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile , Santiago , Chile
| | - Cristóbal Contreras
- a Laboratorio Bioquímica de Membrana , Programa de Fisiología y Biofísica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile , Santiago , Chile
| | - Andrés Barriga
- b CEPEDEQ , Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmaceúticas, Universidad de Chile , Santiago , Chile
| | - Néstor Lagos
- a Laboratorio Bioquímica de Membrana , Programa de Fisiología y Biofísica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile , Santiago , Chile
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Paz B, Riobó P, Franco JM. Preliminary study for rapid determination of phycotoxins in microalgae whole cells using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2011; 25:3627-3639. [PMID: 22095512 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.5264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Rapid and sensitive methods for identification of several phycotoxins produced by microalgae species such as yessotoxins (YTXs) for Protoceratium reticulatum, okadaic acid (OA) and pectenotoxins (PTXs) for Prorocentrum spp. and Dinophysis spp., Palytoxins (PLTXs) for Ostreopsis spp., ciguatoxins (CTXs) for Gambierdiscus spp. or domoic acid (DA) for Pseudo-nitzschia spp. are of great importance to the shellfish and fish industry. In this study, matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOFMS) was used to detect several phycotoxins in whole cells of some microalgae which are known as toxin producers. To achieve an appropriate MALDI matrix and a sample preparation method, several matrices and solvent mixtures were tested. The most appropriate matrix system for toxin detection was obtained with 10 µg μL(-1) of DHB in 0.1% TFA/ACN (3:7, v/v) by mixing the intact cells with the matrix solution directly on the MALDI target (dried-droplet technique). Toxin detection by this procedure is much faster than current procedures based on solvent extraction and chromatographic separation. This method allowed the rapid detection of main phycotoxins in some dinoflagellate cells of genus Ostreopsis, Prorocentrum, Protoceratium, Gambierdiscus, Dinophysis and diatoms from Pseudo-nitzschia genus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Paz
- Servicio Determinación Estructural, Proteómica y Genómica, Unidad de proteómica, Centro de Apoio Científico e Tecnolóxico á Investigación (CACTI), Universidade de Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain.
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Trefault N, Krock B, Delherbe N, Cembella A, Vásquez M. Latitudinal transects in the southeastern Pacific Ocean reveal a diverse but patchy distribution of phycotoxins. Toxicon 2011; 58:389-97. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2011.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2011] [Revised: 06/20/2011] [Accepted: 07/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Paredes I, Rietjens I, Vieites J, Cabado A. Update of risk assessments of main marine biotoxins in the European Union. Toxicon 2011; 58:336-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2011.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2011] [Revised: 06/06/2011] [Accepted: 07/04/2011] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Aho JE, Piisola A, Syam Krishnan K, Pihko PM. Synthetic Studies towards Pectenotoxin-2: Synthesis of the Nonanomeric 10-epi-ABCDE Ring Segment by Kinetic Spiroketalization. European J Org Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201001411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Fux E, Smith JL, Tong M, Guzmán L, Anderson DM. Toxin profiles of five geographical isolates of Dinophysis spp. from North and South America. Toxicon 2011; 57:275-87. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2010.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2010] [Revised: 11/29/2010] [Accepted: 12/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Gerssen A, Pol-Hofstad IE, Poelman M, Mulder PP, van den Top HJ, de Boer J. Marine toxins: chemistry, toxicity, occurrence and detection, with special reference to the Dutch situation. Toxins (Basel) 2010; 2:878-904. [PMID: 22069615 PMCID: PMC3153220 DOI: 10.3390/toxins2040878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2010] [Revised: 04/14/2010] [Accepted: 04/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Various species of algae can produce marine toxins under certain circumstances. These toxins can then accumulate in shellfish such as mussels, oysters and scallops. When these contaminated shellfish species are consumed severe intoxication can occur. The different types of syndromes that can occur after consumption of contaminated shellfish, the corresponding toxins and relevant legislation are discussed in this review. Amnesic Shellfish Poisoning (ASP), Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning (PSP), Diarrheic Shellfish Poisoning (DSP) and Azaspiracid Shellfish Poisoning (AZP) occur worldwide, Neurologic Shellfish Poisoning (NSP) is mainly limited to the USA and New Zealand while the toxins causing DSP and AZP occur most frequently in Europe. The latter two toxin groups are fat-soluble and can therefore also be classified as lipophilic marine toxins. A detailed overview of the official analytical methods used in the EU (mouse or rat bioassay) and the recently developed alternative methods for the lipophilic marine toxins is given. These alternative methods are based on functional assays, biochemical assays and chemical methods. From the literature it is clear that chemical methods offer the best potential to replace the animal tests that are still legislated worldwide. Finally, an overview is given of the situation of marine toxins in The Netherlands. The rat bioassay has been used for monitoring DSP and AZP toxins in The Netherlands since the 1970s. Nowadays, a combination of a chemical method and the rat bioassay is often used. In The Netherlands toxic events are mainly caused by DSP toxins, which have been found in Dutch shellfish for the first time in 1961, and have reoccurred at irregular intervals and in varying concentrations. From this review it is clear that considerable effort is being undertaken by various research groups to phase out the animal tests that are still used for the official routine monitoring programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arjen Gerssen
- RIKILT, Institute of Food Safety, Wageningen UR, Akkermaalsbos 2, 6708 WB Wageningen, The Netherlands; (P.P.J.M.); (H.J.T.)
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; ; Tel.: +0031-317-480433; Fax: 0031-317-417717
| | - Irene E. Pol-Hofstad
- Microbiological Laboratory for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, A. van Leeuwenhoeklaan 9, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands;
| | - Marnix Poelman
- IMARES, Wageningen UR, Korringaweg 5, 4401 NT Yerseke, The Netherlands;
| | - Patrick P.J. Mulder
- RIKILT, Institute of Food Safety, Wageningen UR, Akkermaalsbos 2, 6708 WB Wageningen, The Netherlands; (P.P.J.M.); (H.J.T.)
| | - Hester J. van den Top
- RIKILT, Institute of Food Safety, Wageningen UR, Akkermaalsbos 2, 6708 WB Wageningen, The Netherlands; (P.P.J.M.); (H.J.T.)
| | - Jacob de Boer
- Institute for Environmental Studies, VU University, De Boelelaan 1087, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
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Krock B, Seguel CG, Valderrama K, Tillmann U. Pectenotoxins and yessotoxin from Arica Bay, North Chile as determined by tandem mass spectrometry. Toxicon 2009; 54:364-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2009.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2009] [Revised: 04/09/2009] [Accepted: 04/14/2009] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Alvarez G, Uribe E, Avalos P, Mariño C, Blanco J. First identification of azaspiracid and spirolides in Mesodesma donacium and Mulinia edulis from Northern Chile. Toxicon 2009; 55:638-41. [PMID: 19631679 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2009.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2009] [Revised: 07/14/2009] [Accepted: 07/16/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
In an attempt to evaluate the risk for human consumption associated to the accumulation of lipophilic toxins by two commercially important bivalves: macha (Mesodesma donacium) and clam (Mulinia edulis) in Coquimbo Bay (Chile), monitoring of these species was carried out from March to September 2008. The samples were analyzed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) to detect okadaic acid, dinophysistoxins, pectenotoxins, azaspiracids, yessotoxins and spirolides. Low levels of Azaspiracid-1 and 13-desmethyl C spirolide were found in both species. The toxins were detected at different dates throughout the monitoring period and in some cases both toxins were detected in the same sample. In all cases, the concentration of the toxins was below the limit of quantification of the technique used and therefore these detections are only indicative of a potential risk. This is the first report of the occurrence of these groups of toxins in Chile and suggests that it is necessary to monitor routinely these substances to warrant public health and shellfish exportations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonzalo Alvarez
- Centro de Investigacións Mariñas (Xunta de Galicia), Apto. 13, 36620 Vilanova de Arousa, Pontevedra, Spain.
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Report on the first detection of pectenotoxin-2, spirolide-a and their derivatives in French shellfish. Mar Drugs 2007; 5:168-79. [PMID: 18463732 PMCID: PMC2365699 DOI: 10.3390/md504168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2007] [Accepted: 11/21/2007] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In the context of the French Phytoplankton and Phycotoxins Monitoring Network (REPHY) programme, shellfish samples were harvested from different locations where harmful algae blooms were known to have occurred. For all shellfish samples found positive by the mouse bioassay for diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP) toxins, liquid chromatography (LC) coupled with mass spectrometry (MS) was used to search for the following lipophilic toxins: okadaic acid (OA), dinophysistoxins (DTXs), pectenotoxins (PTXs), azaspiracids (AZAs), yessotoxins (YTXs), spirolides (SPXs) and gymnodimines (GYMs). In order to investigate the presence of acyl-OAs and/or acyl-DTX-1,-2 (DTX-3), alkaline hydrolysis was performed on all samples, and LC/MS analyses were carried out on the samples before and after hydrolysis. The results revealed different lipophilic toxin profiles as a function of the shellfish sampling location. The primary finding was that all of the samples contained OA and acyl-OA. In addition, other lipophilic toxins were found in shellfish samples: DTX-2, acyl-DTX-2 and SPXs (SPX-A, SPX-desMeC) on the Atlantic coast (Southern Brittany, Arcachon), and pectenotoxins (PTX-2, PTX-2-seco-acid and 7-epi-PTX-2-seco-acid) on the Mediterranean coast (Thau lagoon, the island of Corsica). This paper reports on the first detection of PTX-2, SPX-A and their derivatives in French shellfish.
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