1
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Gupta S, Pellett S. Recent Developments in Vaccine Design: From Live Vaccines to Recombinant Toxin Vaccines. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:563. [PMID: 37755989 PMCID: PMC10536331 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15090563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Vaccines are one of the most effective strategies to prevent pathogen-induced illness in humans. The earliest vaccines were based on live inoculations with low doses of live or related pathogens, which carried a relatively high risk of developing the disease they were meant to prevent. The introduction of attenuated and killed pathogens as vaccines dramatically reduced these risks; however, attenuated live vaccines still carry a risk of reversion to a pathogenic strain capable of causing disease. This risk is completely eliminated with recombinant protein or subunit vaccines, which are atoxic and non-infectious. However, these vaccines require adjuvants and often significant optimization to induce robust T-cell responses and long-lasting immune memory. Some pathogens produce protein toxins that cause or contribute to disease. To protect against the effects of such toxins, chemically inactivated toxoid vaccines have been found to be effective. Toxoid vaccines are successfully used today at a global scale to protect against tetanus and diphtheria. Recent developments for toxoid vaccines are investigating the possibilities of utilizing recombinant protein toxins mutated to eliminate biologic activity instead of chemically inactivated toxins. Finally, one of the most contemporary approaches toward vaccine design utilizes messenger RNA (mRNA) as a vaccine candidate. This approach was used globally to protect against coronavirus disease during the COVID-19 pandemic that began in 2019, due to its advantages of quick production and scale-up, and effectiveness in eliciting a neutralizing antibody response. Nonetheless, mRNA vaccines require specialized storage and transport conditions, posing challenges for low- and middle-income countries. Among multiple available technologies for vaccine design and formulation, which technology is most appropriate? This review focuses on the considerable developments that have been made in utilizing diverse vaccine technologies with a focus on vaccines targeting bacterial toxins. We describe how advancements in vaccine technology, combined with a deeper understanding of pathogen-host interactions, offer exciting and promising avenues for the development of new and improved vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sabine Pellett
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA;
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2
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Dinc B, Ustunsoy R, Unlu A, Meran M, Karatepe N, Bektas M. A Comparative Study of Short Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes with Different Bulk Densities. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY A 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s0036024422130027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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3
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Dai L, Yu X, Huang S, Peng Y, Liu J, Chen T, Wang X, Liu Q, Zhu Y, Chen D, Li X, Ou Y, Zou Y, Pan Q, Cao K. The therapeutic potential of attenuated diphtheria toxin delivered by an adenovirus vector with survivin promoter on human lung cancer cells. Cancer Biol Ther 2020; 22:79-87. [PMID: 33377426 DOI: 10.1080/15384047.2020.1859870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Adenoviral vectors are superior to plasmid vectors in their gene transport efficiency. The A subunit of the diphtheria toxin (DTA) gene is a popular suicide gene in cancer gene therapy. However, DTA is seldom used in adenoviral therapy due to its great toxicity. The toxicity of DTA is so great that even a single molecule of DTA is enough to kill one cell. To avoid this highly toxic effect on normal cells, DTA should be controlled by tumor-specific promoters. The survivin promoter is a widely used tumor-specific promoter. But genes driven by the survivin promoter show a low level of basal gene expression in non-cancer cells. DTA driven by the survivin promoter in adenoviral vectors may be highly toxic not only to cancer cells but also to normal cells. Therefore, DTA should be attenuated when it is used in adenoviral vectors driven by the survivin promoter. In this study, we compared the three kinds of recombinant adenoviruses that carry DTA or its attenuated forms (DTA176 and DTA197) in the treatment of human lung cancer. The results showed that in comparison with both DTA and DTA176, DTA197 is more suitable for adenoviral cancer therapy controlled by the survivin promoter. In addition, Adsur-DTA197 (DTA197 delivered by an adenoviral vector with the survivin promoter) sensitized human lung cancer cells to cisplatin both in vitro and in vivo. These results indicated that Adsur-DTA197 may be a potential chemosensitizer in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lvxia Dai
- Development and Regeneration Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Medical College , Chengdu, China.,Department of Experiment Teaching Center of Clinical Medicine,Chengdu Medical College , Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaoping Yu
- School of Public Health,Chengdu Medical College , Chengdu, China
| | - Sizhou Huang
- Development and Regeneration Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Medical College , Chengdu, China
| | - Yanjuan Peng
- Department of Pharmacology,Chengdu Medical College , Chengdu, China
| | - Jianmin Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Guangzhou, China
| | - Tian Chen
- Department of Pathogen Biology,Chengdu Medical College , Chengdu, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Pathogen Biology,Chengdu Medical College , Chengdu, China
| | | | - Yanfeng Zhu
- School of Public Health,Chengdu Medical College , Chengdu, China
| | - Dengbang Chen
- Department of Experiment Teaching Center of Clinical Medicine,Chengdu Medical College , Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaohua Li
- Department of Emergency, Dongfeng Maojian Hospital, Sinopharm Group Corporation , Shiyan, China
| | - Yu Ou
- School of Public Health,Chengdu Medical College , Chengdu, China
| | - Yi Zou
- Department of certification and evaluation of drug safety, Center for certification and evaluation, Guangdong Drug Administration, Guangzhou , China
| | - Qu Pan
- Department of Pathogen Biology,Chengdu Medical College , Chengdu, China
| | - Kang Cao
- Development and Regeneration Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Medical College , Chengdu, China.,Department of Pathogen Biology,Chengdu Medical College , Chengdu, China
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4
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Song C, Zheng XJ, Guo H, Cao Y, Zhang F, Li Q, Ye XS, Zhou Y. Fluorine-modified sialyl-Tn-CRM197 vaccine elicits a robust immune response. Glycoconj J 2019; 36:399-408. [PMID: 31267246 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-019-09884-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Revised: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Even though a vaccine that targets tumor-associated carbohydrate antigens on epithelial carcinoma cells presents an attractive therapeutic approach, relatively poor immunogenicity limits its development. In this study, we investigated the immunological activity of a fluoro-substituted Sialyl-Tn (F-STn) analogue coupled to the non-toxic cross-reactive material of diphtheria toxin197 (CRM197). Our results indicate that F-STn-CRM197 promotes a greater immunogenicity than non-fluorinated STn-CRM197. In the presence or absence of adjuvant, F-STn-CRM197 remarkably enhances both cellular and humoral immunity against STn by increasing antigen-specific lymphocyte proliferation and inducing a mixed Th1/Th2 response leading to production of IFN-γ and IL-4 cytokines, as well as STn-specific antibodies. Furthermore, antisera produced from F-STn-CRM197 immunization significantly recognizes STn-positive tumor cells and increases cancer cell lysis induced by antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) or complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) pathways. Our data suggest that this F-STn vaccine may be useful for cancer immunotherapy and possibly for prophylactic prevention of cancer.
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MESH Headings
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/administration & dosage
- Animals
- Antibodies, Neoplasm/isolation & purification
- Antibodies, Neoplasm/pharmacology
- Antibody-Dependent Cell Cytotoxicity/drug effects
- Antigens, Tumor-Associated, Carbohydrate/chemistry
- Antigens, Tumor-Associated, Carbohydrate/immunology
- Bacterial Proteins/chemistry
- Bacterial Proteins/immunology
- Bacterial Proteins/pharmacology
- Cancer Vaccines/chemical synthesis
- Cancer Vaccines/immunology
- Cancer Vaccines/pharmacology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Colonic Neoplasms/immunology
- Colonic Neoplasms/pathology
- Colonic Neoplasms/therapy
- Female
- Gene Expression
- Glycoconjugates/chemical synthesis
- Glycoconjugates/immunology
- Glycoconjugates/pharmacology
- Halogenation
- Humans
- Immune Sera/chemistry
- Immune Sera/pharmacology
- Immunity, Cellular/drug effects
- Immunity, Humoral/drug effects
- Immunization
- Immunogenicity, Vaccine
- Interferon-gamma/genetics
- Interferon-gamma/immunology
- Interleukin-4/genetics
- Interleukin-4/immunology
- Lymphocytes/drug effects
- Lymphocytes/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Spleen/drug effects
- Spleen/immunology
- Th1-Th2 Balance
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengcheng Song
- School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, China
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Xiu-Jing Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Haili Guo
- School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, China
| | - Yafei Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Fan Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, China
| | - Qin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Xin-Shan Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China.
| | - Yifa Zhou
- School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, China.
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5
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Dai LX, Yang J, Liu JM, Huang S, Wang BN, Li H, Yang J, Zhao ZY, Cao K, Li MY. Adenovirus-Mediated CRM197 Sensitizes Human Glioma Cells to Gemcitabine by the Mitochondrial Pathway. Cancer Biother Radiopharm 2018; 34:171-180. [PMID: 30585767 DOI: 10.1089/cbr.2017.2363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The cross-reacting material 197 (CRM197) is a mutation of the diphtheria toxin. The protein of CRM197 was used successfully for the therapy of various tumors in the recent studies. In this study, the recombinant adenoviruses containing the CRM197gene(AdCRM197) were used to enhance the cellar toxicity of gemcitabine in human glioma U87, U251, and H4 cells. PROCEDURES MTT assay and flow cytometric analysis were performed to test the apoptosis of the U87, U251 and H4 cells with the combined treatment of AdCRM197 plus gemcitabine. Western blotting analyses were carried out to detect the cell apoptosis of the mitochondrial pathway. And the xenograft nude mice were used to observe the enhanced antitumor effect of AdCRM197 in vivo. RESULTS AdCRM197 sensitizes human glioma cells to gemcitabine in vitro by the mitochondrial pathway. Tumor volume was inhibited and survival time was prolonged in the U251 or U87 xenografted nude mice with gemcitabine plus AdCRM197. The enhanced antitumor effect of AdCRM197 was also detected by the immunohistochemical analyses and TUNEL staining. CONCLUSION The authors found that AdCRM197 sensitized the human glioma to gemcitabine not only in vitro but also in vivo. They provide the first evidence that adenovirus-mediated CRM197 may be a potential chemosensitizing agent for the treatment of cancer. The diphtheria toxin is of great toxicity that even one molecule of diphtheria toxin is enough to kill one cell. However, because of the high toxicity, the diphtheria toxin would kill the packing cells when it is being packaged into the recombinant viruses. Therefore, the diphtheria toxin is hard to be used in the gene therapy for virus vectors. The cross-reacting material 197 (CRM197) is a mutation of the diphtheria toxin. Unlike DTA, CRM197 exhibit a weak toxicity. The week toxicity of CRM197 is a good feature for the virus packaging. In the present study, we used a recombinant adenovirus which carried a CRM197 gene (AdCRM197) to enhance the cellar toxicity of gemcitabine in human glioma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lv-Xia Dai
- 1 Department of Microbiology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University , Chengdu, China .,2 Department of Pathogen Biology, Chengdu Medical College , Chengdu, China
| | - Jing Yang
- 3 Department of Infectious Disease, Renmin Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine , Shiyan, China
| | - Jian-Min Liu
- 4 Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Guangzhou, China
| | - Sizhou Huang
- 2 Department of Pathogen Biology, Chengdu Medical College , Chengdu, China
| | - Bao-Ning Wang
- 1 Department of Microbiology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University , Chengdu, China
| | - Hong Li
- 5 West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University , Chengdu, China
| | - Jie Yang
- 6 Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College , Chengdu, China
| | - Zhong-Yi Zhao
- 1 Department of Microbiology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University , Chengdu, China
| | - Kang Cao
- 2 Department of Pathogen Biology, Chengdu Medical College , Chengdu, China
| | - Ming-Yuan Li
- 1 Department of Microbiology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University , Chengdu, China
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6
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Jaffe J, Wucherer K, Sperry J, Zou Q, Chang Q, Massa MA, Bhattacharya K, Kumar S, Caparon M, Stead D, Wright P, Dirksen A, Francis MB. Effects of Conformational Changes in Peptide–CRM197 Conjugate Vaccines. Bioconjug Chem 2018; 30:47-53. [PMID: 30475601 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.8b00661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jake Jaffe
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Kristin Wucherer
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Justin Sperry
- Pfizer, Inc., BioTherapeutics Pharmaceutical Sciences, 700 Chesterfield Parkway West, Chesterfield, Missouri 63017, United States
| | - Qin Zou
- Pfizer, Inc., BioTherapeutics Pharmaceutical Sciences, 700 Chesterfield Parkway West, Chesterfield, Missouri 63017, United States
| | - Qing Chang
- Pfizer, Inc., BioTherapeutics Pharmaceutical Sciences, 700 Chesterfield Parkway West, Chesterfield, Missouri 63017, United States
| | - Mark A. Massa
- Pfizer, Inc., BioTherapeutics Pharmaceutical Sciences, 700 Chesterfield Parkway West, Chesterfield, Missouri 63017, United States
| | - Keshab Bhattacharya
- Pfizer, Inc., BioTherapeutics Pharmaceutical Sciences, 700 Chesterfield Parkway West, Chesterfield, Missouri 63017, United States
| | - Sandeep Kumar
- Pfizer, Inc., BioTherapeutics Pharmaceutical Sciences, 700 Chesterfield Parkway West, Chesterfield, Missouri 63017, United States
| | - Maire Caparon
- Pfizer, Inc., BioTherapeutics Pharmaceutical Sciences, 700 Chesterfield Parkway West, Chesterfield, Missouri 63017, United States
| | - David Stead
- Pfizer, Inc., Vaccines R&D, 10646 Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Paul Wright
- Pfizer, Inc., Vaccines R&D, 10646 Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Anouk Dirksen
- Pfizer, Inc., BioTherapeutics Pharmaceutical Sciences, 700 Chesterfield Parkway West, Chesterfield, Missouri 63017, United States
| | - Matthew B. Francis
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratories, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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7
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Dai L, Pan Q, Peng Y, Huang S, Liu J, Chen T, Wang X, Chen D, Wang J, Zhu Y, Wang H, Liu Y, Ou Y, Yu X, Cao K. p53 Plays a Key Role in the Apoptosis of Human Ovarian Cancer Cells Induced by Adenovirus-Mediated CRM197. Hum Gene Ther 2018; 29:916-926. [PMID: 29620944 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2017.186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cross-reacting material 197 (CRM197) is a mutant form of the diphtheria toxin. Recent studies have found that CRM197 exerts an experimental antitumor effect on several types of tumors. This study applied a novel treatment of adenovirus-mediated CRM197 (AdCRM197) to human ovarian cancer cells. Interestingly, it was found that A2780 cells were sensitive to AdCRM197, but SKOV3 cells were resistant to it. Since SKOV3 cells are p53 deletion cells, while A2780 cells are p53 wild-type cells, it was postulated that p53 might play a key role in AdCRM197-induced apoptosis. This presumption was demonstrated by means of knockdown of p53 of the A2780 cells through lentivirus-mediated RNA interference. This knockdown resulted in the A2780 cells becoming resistant to AdCRM197. To verify this presumption further, the wild-type p53 gene in the SKOV3 cells was replaced with adenovirus-mediated p53 (Adp53). As expected, AdCRM197 plus Adp53 resulted in apoptosis of the SKOV3 cells. The combined treatment of AdCRM197 plus Adp53 also showed a good antitumor effect in the in vivo experiment on nude mice with xenograft tumors. Taking these results together, it is concluded that AdCRM197 induces apoptosis of human ovarian cancer cells via the p53 pathway. Moreover, it was found that Adp53 can reverse the resistance of p53-deletion human ovarian cancer cells to AdCRM197. The combination of AdCRM197 and Adp53 may be a potentially effective method for overcoming the resistance of p53-deficient human ovarian cancer to AdCRM197.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lvxia Dai
- 1 Experiment Teaching Center of Clinical Medicine, Chengdu Medical College , Chengdu, China
| | - Qu Pan
- 2 Department of Pathogen Biology, Chengdu Medical College , Chengdu, China
| | - Yanjuan Peng
- 3 Department of Pharmacology, Chengdu Medical College , Chengdu, China
| | - Sizhou Huang
- 4 Development and Regeneration Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Medical College , Chengdu, China
| | - Jianmin Liu
- 5 Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Guangzhou, China
| | - Tian Chen
- 2 Department of Pathogen Biology, Chengdu Medical College , Chengdu, China
| | - Xin Wang
- 2 Department of Pathogen Biology, Chengdu Medical College , Chengdu, China
| | - Dengbang Chen
- 1 Experiment Teaching Center of Clinical Medicine, Chengdu Medical College , Chengdu, China
| | - Jiandong Wang
- 2 Department of Pathogen Biology, Chengdu Medical College , Chengdu, China
| | - Yanfeng Zhu
- 6 School of Public Health, Chengdu Medical College , Chengdu, China
| | - Hui Wang
- 2 Department of Pathogen Biology, Chengdu Medical College , Chengdu, China
| | - Yilun Liu
- 7 Center for Scientific Research , First Affiliated Hospital, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
| | - Yu Ou
- 6 School of Public Health, Chengdu Medical College , Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaoping Yu
- 6 School of Public Health, Chengdu Medical College , Chengdu, China
| | - Kang Cao
- 2 Department of Pathogen Biology, Chengdu Medical College , Chengdu, China
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8
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Molecular Cloning, Structural Modeling and the Production of Soluble Triple-Mutated Diphtheria Toxoid (K51E/G52E/E148K) Co-expressed with Molecular Chaperones in Recombinant Escherichia coli. Mol Biotechnol 2018; 59:117-127. [PMID: 28324209 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-017-0001-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
CRM197 is a diphtheria toxin (DT) mutant (G52E) which has been used as a carrier protein for conjugate vaccines. However, it still possesses cytotoxicity toward mammalian cells. The goal of this project was to produce a non-toxic and soluble CRM197EK through introduction of triple amino acid substitutions (K51E/G52E/E148K) in Escherichia coli. The expression of CRM197EKTrxHis was optimized and co-expressed with different molecular chaperones. The soluble CRM197EKTrxHis was produced at a high concentration (97.33 ± 17.47 μg/ml) under the optimal condition (induction with 0.1 mM IPTG at 20 °C for 24 h). Cells containing pG-Tf2, expressing trigger factor and GroEL-GroES, accumulated the highest amount of soluble CRM197EKTrxHis at 111.24 ± 10.40 μg/ml after induction for 24 h at 20 °C. The soluble CRM197EKTrxHis still possesses nuclease activity and completely digest λDNA at 25 and 37 °C with 8- and 4-h incubation, respectively. Molecular modeling of diphtheria toxin, CRM197 and CRM197EK indicated that substitutions of two amino acids (K51E/E148K) may cause poor NAD binding, consistent with the lack of toxicity. Therefore, CRM197EK might be used as a new potential carrier protein. However, further in vivo study is required to confirm its roles as functional carrier protein in conjugate vaccines.
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9
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Agarwal M, Sahoo AK, Bose B. Receptor-Mediated Enhanced Cellular Delivery of Nanoparticles Using Recombinant Receptor-Binding Domain of Diphtheria Toxin. Mol Pharm 2016; 14:23-30. [PMID: 27959571 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.6b00480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Antibodies and peptides are often used to home nanoparticles (NPs) to specific cells. Here in this work, we have used recombinant receptor-binding domain of diphtheria toxin (RDT) as a homing molecule for NPs. Diphtheria toxin binds to heparin binding EGF-like growth factor (HB-EGF) through its receptor-binding domain. HB-EGF is often overexpressed as cell surface molecule in various types of cancer. We have prepared monodispersed, spherical PLGA NPs and coated these NPs with RDT. These NPs are characterized by FESEM and FT-IR spectroscopy. Using flow cytometry and fluorescence spectroscopy, we show that coating with RDT increases cellular uptake of PLGA NPs. We further show that RDT-coated nanoparticles are internalized through clathrin-dependent receptor-mediated endocytosis that can be reduced by specific inhibitor. These RDT-coated nanoparticles (RDT-NP) were further used for preferential delivery of Irinotecan, a chemotherapeutic agent, to cells overexpressing HB-EGF. We show that receptor-mediated enhanced uptake of RDT-NPs increases the potency of irinotecan in these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahesh Agarwal
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati , Guwahati 781039, India
| | - Amaresh Kumar Sahoo
- Centre for Nanotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati , Guwahati 781039, India
| | - Biplab Bose
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati , Guwahati 781039, India.,Centre for Nanotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati , Guwahati 781039, India
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Malito E, Bursulaya B, Chen C, Surdo PL, Picchianti M, Balducci E, Biancucci M, Brock A, Berti F, Bottomley MJ, Nissum M, Costantino P, Rappuoli R, Spraggon G. Structural basis for lack of toxicity of the diphtheria toxin mutant CRM197. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 109:5229-34. [PMID: 22431623 PMCID: PMC3325714 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1201964109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
CRM197 is an enzymatically inactive and nontoxic form of diphtheria toxin that contains a single amino acid substitution (G52E). Being naturally nontoxic, CRM197 is an ideal carrier protein for conjugate vaccines against encapsulated bacteria and is currently used to vaccinate children globally against Haemophilus influenzae, pneumococcus, and meningococcus. To understand the molecular basis for lack of toxicity in CRM197, we determined the crystal structures of the full-length nucleotide-free CRM197 and of CRM197 in complex with the NAD hydrolysis product nicotinamide (NCA), both at 2.0-Å resolution. The structures show for the first time that the overall fold of CRM197 and DT are nearly identical and that the striking functional difference between the two proteins can be explained by a flexible active-site loop that covers the NAD binding pocket. We present the molecular basis for the increased flexibility of the active-site loop in CRM197 as unveiled by molecular dynamics simulations. These structural insights, combined with surface plasmon resonance, NAD hydrolysis, and differential scanning fluorimetry data, contribute to a comprehensive characterization of the vaccine carrier protein, CRM197.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Malito
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, CA 92121
- Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics, Via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Badry Bursulaya
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, CA 92121
| | - Connie Chen
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, CA 92121
- Joint Center for Structural Genomics, Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, CA 92121
| | - Paola Lo Surdo
- Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics, Via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Monica Picchianti
- Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics, Via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Enrico Balducci
- School of Biosciences and Biotechnologies, University of Camerino, via Gentile III da Varano, 62032 Camerino, Italy; and
| | - Marco Biancucci
- Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics, Via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Siena, Via A. De Gasperi 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Ansgar Brock
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, CA 92121
| | - Francesco Berti
- Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics, Via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | | | - Mikkel Nissum
- Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics, Via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Paolo Costantino
- Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics, Via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Rino Rappuoli
- Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics, Via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Glen Spraggon
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, CA 92121
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11
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12
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Rivetti S, Lauriola M, Voltattorni M, Bianchini M, Martini D, Ceccarelli C, Palmieri A, Mattei G, Franchi M, Ugolini G, Rosati G, Montroni I, Taffurelli M, Solmi R. Gene expression profile of human colon cancer cells treated with cross-reacting material 197, a diphtheria toxin non-toxic mutant. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2011; 24:639-49. [PMID: 21978696 DOI: 10.1177/039463201102400310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cross-Reacting Material 197 (CRM197) is a diphtheria toxin non-toxic mutant that has shown antitumor activity in mice and humans. It is still unclear whether this anti-tumorigenic effect depends on its strong inflammatory-immunological property, its ability to inhibit heparin-binding epidermal growth factor (HB-EGF), or even its possible weak toxicity. CRM197 is utilized as a specific inhibitor of HB-EGF that competes for the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), overexpressed in colorectal cancer and implicated in its progression. In this study we evaluate the effects of CRM197 on HT-29 human colon cancer cell line behaviour and, for CRM197 recognized ability to inhibit HB-EGF, its possible influence on EGFR activation. In particular, while HT-29 does not show any reduction of viability after CRM197 treatment (MTT modified assay), or changes in cell cycle distribution (flow cytometry), in EGFR localization, phospho-EGFR detected signals (immunohistochemistry) or in morphology (scanning electron microscopy, SEM) they show a change in the gene expression profile by microarray analysis (cDNA microarray SS-H19k8). The overexpression of genes like protein phosphatase 2, catalytic subunit, alpha isozyme (PPP2CA), guanine nucleotide-binding protein G subunit alpha-1(GNAI1) and butyrophilin, subfamily 2, member A1 (BTN2A1) has been confirmed with real-time-qPCR. This is the first study where the CRM197 treatment on HT-29 shows a possible scarce implication of endogenous HB-EGF on EGFR expression and cancer cell development. At the same time, our results show the alteration of a specific and selected number of genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Rivetti
- Dipartimento di Istologia, Embriologia e Biologia Applicata, Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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Bröker M, Costantino P, DeTora L, McIntosh ED, Rappuoli R. Biochemical and biological characteristics of cross-reacting material 197 (CRM197), a non-toxic mutant of diphtheria toxin: Use as a conjugation protein in vaccines and other potential clinical applications. Biologicals 2011; 39:195-204. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biologicals.2011.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2010] [Revised: 05/16/2011] [Accepted: 05/24/2011] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
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14
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Huiyong Z, Yong L, Didier M, Yu Z, Jing F, Rongyue C, Jingjing L. Enhanced inhibition of murine prostatic carcinoma growth by immunization with or administration of viable human umbilical vein endothelial cells and CRM197. Braz J Med Biol Res 2011; 44:140-8. [DOI: 10.1590/s0100-879x2010007500145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2009] [Accepted: 12/06/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Lu Yong
- China Pharmaceutical University, China
| | | | - Zhang Yu
- China Pharmaceutical University, China
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