1
|
Niture S, Gadi S, Qi Q, Rios-Colon L, Khatiwada S, Vandana, Fernando RA, Levine KE, Kumar D. Cyanotoxins Increase Cytotoxicity and Promote Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Progression by Enhancing Cell Steatosis. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:411. [PMID: 37505679 PMCID: PMC10467139 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15070411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Freshwater prokaryotic cyanobacteria within harmful algal blooms produce cyanotoxins which are considered major pollutants in the aquatic system. Direct exposure to cyanotoxins through inhalation, skin contact, or ingestion of contaminated drinking water can target the liver and may cause hepatotoxicity. In the current study, we investigated the effect of low concentrations of cyanotoxins on cytotoxicity, inflammation, modulation of unfolded protein response (UPR), steatosis, and fibrosis signaling in human hepatocytes and liver cell models. Exposure to low concentrations of microcystin-LR (MC-LR), microcystin-RR (MC-RR), nodularin (NOD), and cylindrospermopsin (CYN) in human bipotent progenitor cell line HepaRG and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cell lines HepG2 and SK-Hep1 resulted in increased cell toxicity. MC-LR, NOD, and CYN differentially regulated inflammatory signaling, activated UPR signaling and lipogenic gene expression, and induced cellular steatosis and fibrotic signaling in HCC cells. MC-LR, NOD, and CYN also regulated AKT/mTOR signaling and inhibited autophagy. Chronic exposure to MC-LR, NOD, and CYN upregulated the expression of lipogenic and fibrosis biomarkers. Moreover, RNA sequencing (RNA seq) data suggested that exposure of human hepatocytes, HepaRG, and HCC HepG2 cells to MC-LR and CYN modulated expression levels of several genes that regulate non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Our data suggest that low concentrations of cyanotoxins can cause hepatotoxicity and cell steatosis and promote NAFLD progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Suryakant Niture
- Julius L. Chambers Biomedical Biotechnology Research Institute, North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC 27707, USA
| | - Sashi Gadi
- Julius L. Chambers Biomedical Biotechnology Research Institute, North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC 27707, USA
| | - Qi Qi
- Julius L. Chambers Biomedical Biotechnology Research Institute, North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC 27707, USA
| | - Leslimar Rios-Colon
- Julius L. Chambers Biomedical Biotechnology Research Institute, North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC 27707, USA
| | - Sabin Khatiwada
- Julius L. Chambers Biomedical Biotechnology Research Institute, North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC 27707, USA
| | - Vandana
- Julius L. Chambers Biomedical Biotechnology Research Institute, North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC 27707, USA
| | - Reshan A. Fernando
- NCCU-RTI Center for Applied Research in Environmental Sciences (CARES), RTI International, Durham, NC 27707, USA
| | - Keith E. Levine
- NCCU-RTI Center for Applied Research in Environmental Sciences (CARES), RTI International, Durham, NC 27707, USA
| | - Deepak Kumar
- Julius L. Chambers Biomedical Biotechnology Research Institute, North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC 27707, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Feng S, Cao M, Tang P, Deng S, Chen L, Tang Y, Zhu L, Chen X, Huang Z, Shen M, Yang F. Microcystins Exposure Associated with Blood Lipid Profiles and Dyslipidemia: A Cross-Sectional Study in Hunan Province, China. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:toxins15040293. [PMID: 37104231 PMCID: PMC10143012 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15040293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 04/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence from experimental research suggests that exposure to microcystins (MCs) may induce lipid metabolism disorder. However, population-based epidemiological studies of the association between MCs exposure and the risk of dyslipidemia are lacking. Therefore, we conducted a population-based cross-sectional study involving 720 participants in Hunan Province, China, and evaluated the effects of MCs on blood lipids. After adjusting the lipid related metals, we used binary logistic regression and multiple linear regression models to examine the associations among serum MCs concentration, the risk of dyslipidemia and blood lipids (triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C)). Moreover, the additive model was used to explore the interaction effects on dyslipidemia between MCs and metals. Compared to the lowest quartile of MCs exposure, the risk of dyslipidemia [odds ratios (OR) = 2.27, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.46, 3.53] and hyperTG (OR = 3.01, 95% CI: 1.79, 5.05) in the highest quartile was significantly increased, and showed dose-response relationships. MCs were positively associated with TG level (percent change, 9.43%; 95% CI: 3.53%, 15.67%) and negatively associated with HDL-C level (percent change, -3.53%; 95% CI: -5.70%, -2.10%). In addition, an additive antagonistic effect of MCs and Zn on dyslipidemia was also reported [relative excess risk due to interaction (RERI) = -1.81 (95% CI: -3.56, -0.05)], and the attributable proportion of the reduced risk of dyslipidemia due to the antagonism of these two exposures was 83% (95% CI: -1.66, -0.005). Our study first indicated that MCs exposure is an independent risk factor for dyslipidemia in a dose-response manner.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuidong Feng
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, The Key Laboratory of Typical Environmental Pollution and Health Hazards of Hunan Province, School of Basic Medicine, School of Public Health, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
| | - Mengyue Cao
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, The Key Laboratory of Typical Environmental Pollution and Health Hazards of Hunan Province, School of Basic Medicine, School of Public Health, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
| | - Peng Tang
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, The Key Laboratory of Typical Environmental Pollution and Health Hazards of Hunan Province, School of Basic Medicine, School of Public Health, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
| | - Shuxiang Deng
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, The Key Laboratory of Typical Environmental Pollution and Health Hazards of Hunan Province, School of Basic Medicine, School of Public Health, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
| | - Limou Chen
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, The Key Laboratory of Typical Environmental Pollution and Health Hazards of Hunan Province, School of Basic Medicine, School of Public Health, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
| | - Yan Tang
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, The Key Laboratory of Typical Environmental Pollution and Health Hazards of Hunan Province, School of Basic Medicine, School of Public Health, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
| | - Lemei Zhu
- School of Public Health, Changsha Medical University, Changsha 410219, China
| | - Xiang Chen
- Department of Dermatology, Hunan Engineering Research Center of Skin Health and Disease, Hunan Key Laboratory of Skin Cancer and Psoriasis, Xiangya Clinical Research Center for Cancer Immunotherapy, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
- Furong Laboratory, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Zhijun Huang
- Furong Laboratory, Changsha 410008, China
- Center of Clinical Pharmacology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
| | - Minxue Shen
- Furong Laboratory, Changsha 410008, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, Xiangya School of Public Health, Department of Social Medicine and Health Management, Central South University, Changsha 410000, China
| | - Fei Yang
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, The Key Laboratory of Typical Environmental Pollution and Health Hazards of Hunan Province, School of Basic Medicine, School of Public Health, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, Xiangya School of Public Health, Department of Social Medicine and Health Management, Central South University, Changsha 410000, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Alba Posse EJ, González C, Carriquiriborde P, Nadra A, Gasulla J. Optimization and validation of a protein phosphatase inhibition assay for accessible microcystin detection. Talanta 2023; 255:124174. [PMID: 36608426 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2022.124174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The presence of cyanobacterial toxins in freshwater constitutes an increasing public health concern, especially affecting developing countries where the high cost of available methods makes monitoring programs difficult. The phosphatase inhibition assay (PPIA) is a sensitive method with low instrument requirements that allows the quantification of the most frequent cyanotoxins, microcystins (MCs). In this work, we implemented a PPIA, starting from Protein Phosphatase 1 (PP1) expression up to the validation with samples of algal blooms from Argentina. To do this, we optimized the expression and lyophilization of PP1, and the assay conditions. Also, we included robustness and possible interference analysis. We evaluated the most widely used cyanobacterial lysis methods and determined that heating for 15 min at 95 °C is simple and adequate for this assay. Then, we performed MC spikes recovery assays on water samples from three dams from Argentina, resulting in a recovery ranging from 77 to 115%. The limit of detection (LOD) was 0.4 μg/L and the linear range is 0.4 μg/L - 5 μg/L. Finally, we evaluated 65 environmental samples where MCs was measured by ELISA test containing from 0 μg/L to 625 μg/L. The PPIA showed excellent correlation (Pearson correlation coefficient = 0.967), no false negative and no false positives above the 1 μg/L WHO guideline (0.11 false positive rate). In conclusion, we optimized and validated a PPIA to be an effective and accessible alternative to available commercial tests.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ezequiel Jorge Alba Posse
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Fisiología y Biología Molecular y Celular, Instituto de Biociencias, Biotecnología y Biología Traslacional (iB3), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Godoy Cruz 2290, C1425FQB Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Carolina González
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Ecología, Genética y Evolución, Instituto IEGEBA (CONICET-UBA), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina; Centro de investigaciones, Agua y Saneamientos Argentinos, CABA, Argentina
| | - Pedro Carriquiriborde
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Godoy Cruz 2290, C1425FQB Buenos Aires, Argentina; Centro de Investigaciones Del Medio Ambiente (CIM),Universidad Nacional de la Plata-CONICET, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Alejandro Nadra
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Fisiología y Biología Molecular y Celular, Instituto de Biociencias, Biotecnología y Biología Traslacional (iB3), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Godoy Cruz 2290, C1425FQB Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Javier Gasulla
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Fisiología y Biología Molecular y Celular, Instituto de Biociencias, Biotecnología y Biología Traslacional (iB3), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Godoy Cruz 2290, C1425FQB Buenos Aires, Argentina; Centro de Investigaciones Del Medio Ambiente (CIM),Universidad Nacional de la Plata-CONICET, La Plata, Argentina.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Arman T, Baron JA, Lynch KD, White LA, Aldan J, Clarke JD. MCLR-elicited hepatic fibrosis and carcinogenic gene expression changes persist in rats with diet-induced nonalcoholic steatohepatitis through a 4-week recovery period. Toxicology 2021; 464:153021. [PMID: 34740672 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2021.153021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) causes liver extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling and is a risk factor for fibrosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Microcystin-LR (MCLR) is a hepatotoxin produced by fresh-water cyanobacteria that causes a NASH-like phenotype, liver fibrosis, and is also a risk factor for HCC. The focus of the current study was to investigate and compare hepatic recovery after cessation of MCLR exposure in healthy versus NASH animals. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed either a control or a high fat/high cholesterol (HFHC) diet for eight weeks. Animals received either vehicle or 30 μg/kg MCLR (i.p: 2 weeks, alternate days). Animals were euthanized at one of three time points: at the completion of the MCLR exposure period and after 2 and 4 weeks of recovery. Histological staining suggested that after four weeks of recovery the MCLR-exposed HFHC group had less steatosis and more fibrosis compared to the vehicle-exposed HFHC group and MCLR-exposed control group. RNA-Seq analysis revealed dysregulation of ECM genes after MCLR exposure in both control and HFHC groups that persisted only in the HFHC groups during recovery. After 4 weeks of recovery, MCLR hepatotoxicity in pre-existing NASH persistently dysregulated genes related to cellular differentiation and HCC. These data demonstrate impaired hepatic recovery and persistent carcinogenic changes after MCLR toxicity in pre-existing NASH.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tarana Arman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, WA, 99202, United States
| | - J Allen Baron
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, WA, 99202, United States
| | - Katherine D Lynch
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, WA, 99202, United States
| | - Laura A White
- Washington Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, United States
| | - Johnny Aldan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, WA, 99202, United States
| | - John D Clarke
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, WA, 99202, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Abstract
Harmful algal blooms can have deleterious effects on animal and human health as well as the environment and are anticipated to become more frequent and intensified in the future because of climate change. Veterinarians are well positioned to diagnose and treat animals affected by HABs and to educate livestock owners and the public about health risks and environmental issues associated with those toxic events. Pets, livestock, wildlife, and marine life can all be affected by HABs. Information about HABs is becoming increasingly assessable as a result of ongoing research into the structure, properties, toxic mechanisms, and geographic distribution of toxins found in HABs. The AVMA's multi-entity working group on HABs is comprised of members from the Aquatic Veterinary Medicine Committee, Committee on Environmental Issues, and Council on Public Health and is working to make more information and resources regarding HABs available to practicing veterinarians. The present article is the first of those resources and provides a review of HABs, with a focus on livestock. It includes background material about bloom formation, appearance, and persistence as well as descriptions of clinical observations from early field cases and more recent information about the causative organisms and toxins to provide livestock veterinarians a foundation for understanding HABs. Reporting of HABs and prevention and mitigation strategies for livestock owners are also discussed.
Collapse
|
6
|
Sedan D, Malaissi L, Vaccarini CA, Ventosi E, Laguens M, Rosso L, Giannuzzi L, Andrinolo D. [D-Leu 1]MC-LR Has Lower PP1 Inhibitory Capability and Greater Toxic Potency than MC-LR in Animal and Plant Tissues. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12100632. [PMID: 33019556 PMCID: PMC7600089 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12100632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Two microcystins, MC-LR and [D-Leu1]MC-LR, present in La Plata Basin blooms, are differentiated by substitution of D-Alanine for D-Leucine at position 1. Our objective was to evaluate acute toxicity of [D-Leu1]MC-LR and MC-LR in mice (N:NIH Swiss) and beans (Phaseolus vulgaris). We observed variations in [D-Leu1]MC-LR lethal doses with respect to those reported for MC-LR (100 μg/kg), with an increased liver/body weight ratio and intrahepatic hemorrhages in mice exposed to 50–200 μg [D-Leu1]MC-LR/kg and slight steatosis after a single 25 μg [D-Leu1]MC-LR/kg i.p. dose. Our study in the plant model showed alterations in germination, development, morphology and TBARs levels after a single contact with the toxins during imbibition (3.5 and 15 µg/mL), those treated with [D-Leu1]MC-LR being more affected than those treated with the same concentration of MC-LR. Protein phosphatase 1 (PP1) IC50 values were 40.6 nM and 5.3 nM for [D-Leu1]MC-LR and MC-LR, respectively. However, the total phosphatase activity test in root homogenate showed 60% inhibition for [D-Leu1]MC-LR and 12% for MC-LR. In mouse liver homogenate, 50% inhibition was observed for [D-Leu1]MC-LR and 40% for MC-LR. Our findings indicate the need for further research into [D-Leu1]MC-LR toxicity since together with oxidative stress, the possible inhibition of other phosphatases could explain the differences detected in the potency of the two toxins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Sedan
- Center for Environmental Research (CIM), National Council for Scientific and Technical Research (CONICET), National University of La Plata (UNLP), La Plata 1900, Argentina
- Area of Toxicology, School of Exact Sciences, National University of La Plata (UNLP), La Plata 1900, Argentina
| | - Luciano Malaissi
- Center for Environmental Research (CIM), National Council for Scientific and Technical Research (CONICET), National University of La Plata (UNLP), La Plata 1900, Argentina
- Area of Toxicology, School of Exact Sciences, National University of La Plata (UNLP), La Plata 1900, Argentina
| | - Cristian Adrián Vaccarini
- Center for Environmental Research (CIM), National Council for Scientific and Technical Research (CONICET), National University of La Plata (UNLP), La Plata 1900, Argentina
- Area of Toxicology, School of Exact Sciences, National University of La Plata (UNLP), La Plata 1900, Argentina
| | - Ezequiel Ventosi
- Area of Toxicology, School of Exact Sciences, National University of La Plata (UNLP), La Plata 1900, Argentina
| | - Martín Laguens
- Pathology B Cathedra, School of Medical Sciences, National University of La Plata (UNLP), La Plata 1900, Argentina
| | - Lorena Rosso
- Area of Toxicology, School of Exact Sciences, National University of La Plata (UNLP), La Plata 1900, Argentina
| | - Leda Giannuzzi
- Research Center in Food Cryotechnology (CIDCA), National Council for Scientific and Technical Research (CONICET), La Plata 1900, Argentina
| | - Darío Andrinolo
- Center for Environmental Research (CIM), National Council for Scientific and Technical Research (CONICET), National University of La Plata (UNLP), La Plata 1900, Argentina
- Area of Toxicology, School of Exact Sciences, National University of La Plata (UNLP), La Plata 1900, Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
[D-Leu 1]MC-LR and MC-LR: A Small-Large Difference: Significantly Different Effects on Phaseolus vulgaris L. (Fabaceae) Growth and Phototropic Response after Single Contact during Imbibition with Each of These Microcystin Variants. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12090585. [PMID: 32932764 PMCID: PMC7551030 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12090585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
[D-Leu1]MC-LR and MC-LR, two microcystins differing in one amino acid, constitute a sanitary and environmental problem owing to their frequent and concomitant presence in water bodies of the Americas and their association with human intoxication during recreational exposure to cyanobacterial bloom. Present in reservoirs used for irrigation as well, they can generate problems in the development of crops such as Phaseolus vulgaris, of nutritional and economic interest to the region. Although numerous works address the toxic effects of MC-LR, information on the toxicity of [D-Leu1]MC-LR is limited. Our objective was to study the toxic effects of [D-Leu1]MC-LR and MC-LR (3.5 µg/ml) on P. vulgaris after a single contact at the imbibition stage. Our findings indicate that 10 days post treatment, [D-Leu1]MC-LR generates morphological and physiological alterations more pronounced than those caused by MC-LR. In addition to the alterations produced by [D-Leu1]MC-LR in the development of seedlings and the structure of the leaves, roots and stems, we also found alterations in leaf stomatal density and conductivity, a longer delay in the phototropic response and a decrease in the maximum curvature angles achieved with respect to that observed for MC-LR. Our findings indicate that these alterations are linked to the greater inhibition of phosphatase activity generated by [D-Leu1]MC-LR, rather than to oxidative damage. We observed that 30 days after treatment with MC-LR, plants presented better development and recovery than those treated with [D-Leu1]MC-LR. Further studies are required on [D-Leu1]MC-LR and MC-LR toxicity and their underlying mechanisms of action.
Collapse
|
8
|
Chronic Low Dose Oral Exposure to Microcystin-LR Exacerbates Hepatic Injury in a Murine Model of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:toxins11090486. [PMID: 31450746 PMCID: PMC6783870 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11090486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Revised: 08/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Microcystins are potent hepatotoxins that have become a global health concern in recent years. Their actions in at-risk populations with pre-existing liver disease is unknown. We tested the hypothesis that the No Observed Adverse Effect Level (NOAEL) of Microcystin-LR (MC-LR) established in healthy mice would cause exacerbation of hepatic injury in a murine model (Leprdb/J) of Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD). Ten-week-old male Leprdb/J mice were gavaged with 50 μg/kg, 100 μg/kg MC-LR or vehicle every 48 h for 4 weeks (n = 15–17 mice/group). Early mortality was observed in both the 50 μg/kg (1/17, 6%), and 100 μg/kg (3/17, 18%) MC-LR exposed mice. MC-LR exposure resulted in significant increases in circulating alkaline phosphatase levels, and histopathological markers of hepatic injury as well as significant upregulation of genes associated with hepatotoxicity, necrosis, nongenotoxic hepatocarcinogenicity and oxidative stress response. In addition, we observed exposure dependent changes in protein phosphorylation sites in pathways involved in inflammation, immune function, and response to oxidative stress. These results demonstrate that exposure to MC-LR at levels that are below the NOAEL established in healthy animals results in significant exacerbation of hepatic injury that is accompanied by genetic and phosphoproteomic dysregulation in key signaling pathways in the livers of NAFLD mice.
Collapse
|
9
|
Arman T, Lynch KD, Montonye ML, Goedken M, Clarke JD. Sub-Chronic Microcystin-LR Liver Toxicity in Preexisting Diet-Induced Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis in Rats. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:E398. [PMID: 31323923 PMCID: PMC6669744 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11070398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Revised: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Microcystin-LR (MCLR) is a hepatotoxic cyanotoxin reported to cause a phenotype similar to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). NASH is a common progressive liver disease that advances in severity due to exogenous stressors such as poor diet and toxicant exposure. Our objective was to determine how sub-chronic MCLR toxicity affects preexisting diet-induced NASH. Sprague-Dawley rats were fed one of three diets for 10 weeks: control, methionine and choline deficient (MCD), or high fat/high cholesterol (HFHC). After six weeks of diet, animals received vehicle, 10 µg/kg, or 30 µg/kg MCLR via intraperitoneal injection every other day for the final 4 weeks. Incidence and severity scoring of histopathology endpoints suggested that MCLR toxicity drove NASH to a less fatty and more fibrotic state. In general, expression of genes involved in de novo lipogenesis and fatty acid esterification were altered in favor of decreased steatosis. The higher MCLR dose increased expression of genes involved in fibrosis and inflammation in the control and HFHC groups. These data suggest MCLR toxicity in the context of preexisting NASH may drive the liver to a more severe phenotype that resembles burnt-out NASH.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tarana Arman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, WA 99202, USA
| | - Katherine D Lynch
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, WA 99202, USA
| | - Michelle L Montonye
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, WA 99202, USA
| | - Michael Goedken
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08901, USA
| | - John D Clarke
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, WA 99202, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Clarke JD, Dzierlenga A, Arman T, Toth E, Li H, Lynch KD, Tian DD, Goedken M, Paine MF, Cherrington N. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease alters microcystin-LR toxicokinetics and acute toxicity. Toxicon 2019; 162:1-8. [PMID: 30849452 PMCID: PMC6447445 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2019.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Revised: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Microcystin-LR (MCLR) is a cyanotoxin produced by blue-green algae that causes liver and kidney toxicities. MCLR toxicity is dependent on cellular uptake through the organic anion transporting polypeptide (OATP) transporters. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) progresses through multiple stages, alters expression of hepatic OATPs, and is associated with chronic kidney disease. The purpose of this study was to determine whether NAFLD increases systemic exposure to MCLR and influences acute liver and kidney toxicities. Rats were fed a control diet or two dietary models of NAFLD; methionine and choline deficient (MCD) or high fat/high cholesterol (HFHC). Two studies were performed in these groups: 1) a single dose intravenous toxicokinetic study (20 μg/kg), and 2) a single dose intraperitoneal toxicity study (60 μg/kg). Compared to control rats, plasma MCLR area under the concentration-time curve (AUC) in MCD rats doubled, whereas biliary clearance (Clbil) was unchanged; in contrast, plasma AUC in HFHC rats was unchanged, whereas Clbil approximately doubled. Less MCLR bound to PP2A was observed in the liver of MCD rats. This shift in exposure decreased the severity of liver pathology only in the MCD rats after a single toxic dose of MCLR (60 μg/kg). In contrast, the single toxic dose of MCLR increased hepatic inflammation, plasma cholesterol, proteinuria, and urinary KIM1 in HFHC rats more than MCLR exposed control rats. In conclusion, rodent models of NAFLD alter MCLR toxicokinetics and acute toxicity and may have implications for liver and kidney pathologies in NAFLD patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John D Clarke
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, WA, 99202, USA.
| | - Anika Dzierlenga
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Tarana Arman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, WA, 99202, USA
| | - Erica Toth
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Katherine D Lynch
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, WA, 99202, USA
| | - Dan-Dan Tian
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, WA, 99202, USA
| | - Michael Goedken
- Rutgers Translational Sciences, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, 08901, USA
| | - Mary F Paine
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, WA, 99202, USA
| | - Nathan Cherrington
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Oliveira VR, Carvalho GMC, Casquilho NV, Moreira-Gomes MD, Soares RM, Azevedo SMFO, Lima LM, Barreiro EJ, Takiya CM, Zin WA. Lung and liver responses to 1- and 7-day treatments with LASSBio-596 in mice subchronically intoxicated by microcystin-LR. Toxicon 2017; 141:1-8. [PMID: 29097245 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2017.10.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Revised: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 10/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Microcystin-LR (MC-LR) can cause serious injuries upon short- and long-term exposures that can be prevented by LASSBio-596 (LB-596), an anti-inflammatory compound. We aimed to test LB-596 following subchronic exposure to MC-LR. Swiss mice received 10 intraperitoneal injections of distilled water (DW) or MC-LR (20 μg/kg bw) every 2 days. On the 10th injection animals receiving DW were gavaged with DW or 50 mg/kg bw of LB-596 for 1 or 7 days (C1D, C7D, CL1D and CL7D groups), whereas those exposed to MC-LR received either DW or 50 mg/kg of LB-596 for 1 or 7 days (T1D, T7D, TL1D and TL7D groups). Twelve hours after the last gavage we assessed respiratory mechanics, and extracted lung and liver for histology, apoptosis, inflammatory biomarkers and MC-LR content. C1D, C7D, CL1D and CL7D were all similar. Mechanical parameters were significantly higher in T1D and T7D compared to the other groups. LB-596 reversed these changes on day 1 of administration. LB-596 reduced inflammatory mediators in lung and liver on day 1 of treatment. On day 7 apoptosis in liver and lung fell even more. Briefly, 7-day administration completely reversed lung and liver changes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vinícius Rosa Oliveira
- Laboratory of Respiration Physiology, Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Natália Vasconcelos Casquilho
- Laboratory of Respiration Physiology, Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Maria Diana Moreira-Gomes
- Laboratory of Respiration Physiology, Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Superior Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Universidade Estadual do Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Raquel Moraes Soares
- NUMPEX-BIO - Multidisciplinar Center of Biological Research, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro - Polo Xerém, Duque de Caxias, Brazil
| | - Sandra Maria F O Azevedo
- Laboratory of Ecophysiology and Toxicology of Cyanobacteria, Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Lidia Moreira Lima
- Laboratory of Evaluation and Synthesis of Bioactive Substances (LASSBio(®)), Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Eliezer Jesus Barreiro
- Laboratory of Evaluation and Synthesis of Bioactive Substances (LASSBio(®)), Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Christina Maeda Takiya
- Laboratory of Immunopathology, Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Walter Araujo Zin
- Laboratory of Respiration Physiology, Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Paulino MG, Tavares D, Bieczynski F, Pedrão PG, Souza NES, Sakuragui MM, Luquet CM, Terezan AP, Fernandes JB, Giani A, Fernandes MN. Crude extract of cyanobacteria (Radiocystis fernandoi, strain R28) induces liver impairments in fish. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2017; 182:91-101. [PMID: 27886582 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2016.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2016] [Revised: 11/12/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Radiocystis fernandoi R28 strain is a cyanobacterium which produces mostly the RR and YR microcystin variants (MC-RR and MC-YR, respectively). The effects of crude extract of the R. fernandoi strain R28 were evaluated on the protein phosphatases and on the structure and ultrastructure of the liver of the Neotropical fish, Hoplias malabaricus, after acute and subchronic exposure. Concomitantly, the accumulation of the majority of MCs was determined in the liver and muscle. The fish were exposed to 120.60 MC-RR+MC-LR kg-fish-1 (=100μg MC-LReq kg-fish-1) for 12 and 96h (one single dose, acute exposure) and 30days (one similar dose every 72h, subchronic exposure). MCs did not accumulate in the muscle but, in the liver, MC-YR accumulated after acute exposure and MC-RR and MC-YR accumulation occurred after subchronic exposure. Protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) activity was inhibited only after subchronic exposure. Acute exposure induced liver hyperemia, hemorrhage, changes in hepatocytes and cord-like disorganization. At the ultrastructural level, the decreasing of glycogen and lipid levels, the swelling of mitochondria and whirling of endoplasmic reticulum suggested hepatocyte necrosis. Subchronic exposure resulted in a complete disarrangement of cord-like hepatocytes, some recovery of mitochondria and whirling endoplasmic reticulum and extensive connective tissues containing fibrous materials in the liver parenchyma. Despite microcystin toxicity and liver alterations, no tumor was induced by MCs. In conclusion, the increased algal mass of R. fernandoi in tropical freshwater, producing mainly MC-RR and MC-YR variants, results in fish liver impairments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M G Paulino
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - D Tavares
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - F Bieczynski
- Center of Applied Ecology of Neuquen, INIBIOMA, UNCo-CONICET- Ruta Provincial 61, km 3, 8371, Junín de los Andes, Neuquén, Argentina
| | - P G Pedrão
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - N E S Souza
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - M M Sakuragui
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - C M Luquet
- Center of Applied Ecology of Neuquen, INIBIOMA, UNCo-CONICET- Ruta Provincial 61, km 3, 8371, Junín de los Andes, Neuquén, Argentina
| | - A P Terezan
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - J B Fernandes
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - A Giani
- Department of Botany, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - M N Fernandes
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Florczyk M, Brzuzan P, Krom J, Woźny M, Łakomiak A. miR-122-5p as a plasma biomarker of liver injury in fish exposed to microcystin-LR. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2016; 39:741-751. [PMID: 26345281 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Revised: 06/12/2015] [Accepted: 06/26/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have shown the presence of large amounts of microRNAs (miRNAs; miRs) from damaged cells in the peripheral blood. In this study, we investigated the levels of miRNAs circulating in the blood plasma of whitefish (Coregonus lavaretus) after exposure to microcystin-LR. We used real-time PCR to examine the relative expression of plasma levels of 4 miRNAs (miR-122-5p and let-7c-5p, the liver-enriched microRNAs, miR-148a-3p which promotes the hapatospecific phenotype in mammals, and miR-92a-3p, a cell proliferation and angiogenesis promoter, potentially hepatocarcinogenic) during the first 48 h after exposure to MC-LR. We observed a rapid increase of miR-122-5p levels 8 h after exposure (P < 0.05), which continued to the end of the experiment. Our results demonstrated that the plasma miR-122-5p was indicative of MC-LR-induced liver injury, exhibiting areas under the curve close to 1 in ROC analysis (AUC = 0.976, P < 0.001). Although plasma levels of miR-148a-3p and miR-92a-3p were significantly elevated by the end of the experiment, their discriminative power was lower than reported for the miR-122-5p. Based on these results and reports on miRNA-based diagnosis of liver injuries in mammals, plasma miR-122-5p could be considered as a robust, new generation diagnostic biomarker in fish, helpful for the non-invasive diagnosis of liver damage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Florczyk
- Department of Environmental Biotechnology, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - P Brzuzan
- Department of Environmental Biotechnology, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - J Krom
- Department of Salmonid Research in Rutki, Inland Fisheries Institute in Olsztyn, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - M Woźny
- Department of Environmental Biotechnology, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - A Łakomiak
- Department of Environmental Biotechnology, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Olsztyn, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Yang Z, Kong F, Zhang M. Groundwater contamination by microcystin from toxic cyanobacteria blooms in Lake Chaohu, China. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2016; 188:280. [PMID: 27068532 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-016-5289-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Lake Chaohu is a eutrophic lake that experiences massive cyanobacterial blooms. The high concentrations of microcystin observed in this lake are the result of the bloom's high proportion of toxic cyanobacteria strains. Groundwater is the important source of water for drinking, washing, and irrigation in the watershed of Lake Chaohu. This study examines the space-time distribution of microcystins and related environmental factors in wells near Lake Chaohu. All collected groundwater samples from the Lake Chaohu region had detectable concentrations of microcystins. The highest concentration of microcystins, 1.07 μg L(-1), occurred in a well hundreds of meters from the western coast of the lake in September. The distance from the lake shore to the well was significantly and positively correlated with the microcystin concentration in the groundwater. Moreover, a correlation analysis shows that the microcystin concentration in the groundwater was positively correlated with the total dissolved phosphorus (TDP) and microcystin concentration of the nearby lake water. Therefore, the microcystin in the groundwater likely originates from penetration by nearby lake water. Our results suggest that the groundwater near Lake Chaohu poses a significant health risk for the local residents when used for drinking water.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 73 East Beijing Road, Nanjing, 210008, China.
| | - Fanxiang Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 73 East Beijing Road, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Min Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 73 East Beijing Road, Nanjing, 210008, China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Carvalho GMC, Oliveira VR, Casquilho NV, Araujo ACP, Soares RM, Azevedo SMFO, Pires KMP, Valença SS, Zin WA. Pulmonary and hepatic injury after sub-chronic exposure to sublethal doses of microcystin-LR. Toxicon 2016; 112:51-8. [PMID: 26844922 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2016.01.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Revised: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We had previously shown that microcystin-LR (MCLR) could induce lung and liver inflammation after acute exposure. The biological outcomes following prolonged exposure to MCLR, although more frequent, are still poorly understood. Thus, we aimed to verify whether repeated doses of MCLR could damage lung and liver and evaluate the dose-dependence of the results. Male Swiss mice received 10 intraperitoneal injections (i.p.) of distilled water (60 μL, CTRL) or different doses of MCLR (5 μg/kg, TOX5), 10 μg/kg (TOX10), 15 μg/kg (TOX15) and 20 μg/kg (TOX20) every other day. On the tenth injection respiratory mechanics (lung resistive and viscoelastic/inhomogeneous pressures, static elastance, and viscoelastic component of elastance) was measured. Lungs and liver were prepared for histology (morphometry and cellularity) and inflammatory mediators (KC and MIP-2) determination. All mechanical parameters and alveolar collapse were significantly higher in TOX5, 10, 15 and 20 than CTRL, but did not differ among them. Lung inflammatory cell content increased dose-dependently in all TOX groups in relation to CTRL, being TOX20 the largest. The production of KC was increased in lung and liver homogenates. MIP-2 increased in the liver of all TOX groups, but in lung homogenates it was significantly higher only in TOX20 group. All TOX mice livers showed steatosis, necrosis, inflammatory foci and a high degree of binucleated hepatocytes. In conclusion, sub-chronic exposure to MCLR damaged lung and liver in all doses, with a more important lung inflammation in TOX20 group.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Vinícius Rosa Oliveira
- Laboratory of Respiration Physiology, Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Natália Vasconcelos Casquilho
- Laboratory of Respiration Physiology, Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Andressa Cristine Pereira Araujo
- Laboratory of Respiration Physiology, Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Raquel Moraes Soares
- Laboratory of Ecophysiology and Toxicology of Cyanobacteria, Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Sandra Maria F O Azevedo
- Laboratory of Ecophysiology and Toxicology of Cyanobacteria, Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Karla Maria Pereira Pires
- Laboratory of Integrative Histology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Samuel Santos Valença
- Laboratory of Integrative Histology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Walter Araujo Zin
- Laboratory of Respiration Physiology, Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Otten TG, Paerl HW. Health Effects of Toxic Cyanobacteria in U.S. Drinking and Recreational Waters: Our Current Understanding and Proposed Direction. Curr Environ Health Rep 2016; 2:75-84. [PMID: 26231244 DOI: 10.1007/s40572-014-0041-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Cyanobacterial-derived water quality impairment issues are a growing concern worldwide. In addition to their ecological impacts, these organisms are prolific producers of bioactive secondary metabolites, many of which are known human intoxicants. To date only a handful of these compounds have been thoroughly studied and their toxicological risks estimated. While there are currently no national guidelines in place to deal with this issue, it is increasingly likely that within the next several years guidelines will be implemented. The intent of this review is to survey all relevant literature pertaining to cyanobacterial harmful algal bloom secondary metabolites, to inform a discussion on how best to manage this global public health threat.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Timothy G Otten
- Department of Microbiology, Oregon State University, 226 Nash Hall, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA,
| | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Sedan D, Laguens M, Copparoni G, Aranda JO, Giannuzzi L, Marra CA, Andrinolo D. Hepatic and intestine alterations in mice after prolonged exposure to low oral doses of Microcystin-LR. Toxicon 2015. [PMID: 26210502 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2015.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Oral intake of Microcystin-LR (MC-LR) is the principal route of exposure to this toxin, with prolonged exposure leading to liver damage of unspecific symptomatology. The aim of the present paper was therefore to investigate the liver and intestine damage generated by prolonged oral exposure to low MC-LR doses (50 and 100 μg MC-LR/kg body weight, administrated every 48 h during a month) in a murine model. We found alterations in TBARS, SOD activity and glutathione content in liver and intestine of mice exposed to both doses of MC-LR. Furthermore, the presence of MC-LR was detected in both organs. We also found hepatic steatosis (3.6 ± 0.6% and 15.3 ± 1.6%) and a decrease in intraepithelial lymphocytes (28.7 ± 5.0% and 44.2 ± 8.7%) in intestine of 50- and 100-μg MC-LR/kg treated animals, respectively. This result could have important implications for mucosal immunity, since intraepithelial lymphocytes are the principal effectors of this system. Our results indicate that prolonged oral exposure at 50 μg MC-LR/kg every 48 h generates significant damage not only in liver but also in intestine. This finding calls for a re-appraisal of the currently accepted NOAEL (No Observed Adverse Effect Level), 40 μg MC-LR/kg body weight, used to derive the guideline value for MC-LR in drinking water.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Sedan
- Área de Toxicología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP-CONICET), La Plata, Argentina.
| | - Martín Laguens
- Cátedra de Patología B, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina.
| | - Guido Copparoni
- Área de Toxicología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP-CONICET), La Plata, Argentina.
| | - Jorge Oswaldo Aranda
- Área de Toxicología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP-CONICET), La Plata, Argentina.
| | - Leda Giannuzzi
- Área de Toxicología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP-CONICET), La Plata, Argentina; Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Criotecnología de Alimentos (CIDCA-CONICET), La Plata, Argentina.
| | - Carlos Alberto Marra
- INIBIOLP (Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de La Plata), Cátedra de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina.
| | - Darío Andrinolo
- Área de Toxicología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP-CONICET), La Plata, Argentina.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Bautista AC, Moore CE, Lin Y, Cline MG, Benitah N, Puschner B. Hepatopathy following consumption of a commercially available blue-green algae dietary supplement in a dog. BMC Vet Res 2015; 11:136. [PMID: 26087767 PMCID: PMC4472392 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-015-0453-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2015] [Accepted: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Dietary supplement use in both human and animals to augment overall health continues to increase and represents a potential health risk due to the lack of safety regulations imposed on the manufacturers. Because there are no requirements for demonstrating safety and efficacy prior to marketing, dietary supplements may contain potentially toxic contaminants such as hepatotoxic microcystins produced by several species of blue-green algae. Case presentation An 11-year-old female spayed 8.95 kg Pug dog was initially presented for poor appetite, lethargy polyuria, polydipsia, and an inability to get comfortable. Markedly increased liver enzyme activities were detected with no corresponding abnormalities evident on abdominal ultrasound. A few days later the liver enzyme activities were persistently increased and the dog was coagulopathic indicating substantial liver dysfunction. The dog was hospitalized for further care consisting of oral S-adenosylmethionine, silybin, vitamin K, and ursodeoxycholic acid, as well as intravenous ampicillin sodium/sulbactam sodium, dolasetron, N-acetylcysteine, metoclopramide, and intravenous fluids. Improvement of the hepatopathy and the dog’s clinical status was noted over the next three days. Assessment of the dog’s diet revealed the use of a commercially available blue-green algae dietary supplement for three-and-a-half weeks prior to hospitalization. The supplement was submitted for toxicology testing and revealed the presence of hepatotoxic microcystins (MCs), MC-LR and MC-LA. Use of the supplement was discontinued and follow-up evaluation over the next few weeks revealed a complete resolution of the hepatopathy. Conclusions To the authors’ knowledge, this is the first case report of microcystin intoxication in a dog after using a commercially available blue-green algae dietary supplement. Veterinarians should recognize the potential harm that these supplements may cause and know that with intervention, recovery is possible. In addition, more prudent oversight of dietary supplement use is recommended for our companion animals to prevent adverse events/intoxications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Caroline E Moore
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.
| | - Yanping Lin
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.
| | | | - Noemi Benitah
- Red Bank Veterinary Hospital, Tinton Falls, NJ, USA.
| | - Birgit Puschner
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, Davis, CA, USA. .,Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Li Y, Ma J, Fang Q, Li X. c-fosandc-junExpression in the Liver of Silver Carp and the Effect of Microcystins. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2014; 28:157-66. [DOI: 10.1002/jbt.21548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2013] [Revised: 12/06/2013] [Accepted: 12/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Li
- College of Life Science; Henan Normal University; Xinxiang Henan 453007 People's Republic of China
| | - Junguo Ma
- College of Life Science; Henan Normal University; Xinxiang Henan 453007 People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Fang
- College of Life Science; Henan Normal University; Xinxiang Henan 453007 People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyu Li
- College of Life Science; Henan Normal University; Xinxiang Henan 453007 People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Sedan D, Giannuzzi L, Rosso L, Marra CA, Andrinolo D. Biomarkers of prolonged exposure to microcystin-LR in mice. Toxicon 2013; 68:9-17. [PMID: 23506857 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2013.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2012] [Revised: 02/27/2013] [Accepted: 03/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The effects of prolonged exposure to microcystins (MCs) on health are not yet sufficiently understood and this type of poisoning is often undiagnosed. Even though chronic exposure has been linked with liver cancer and alterations have been described in liver damage marker enzymes in exposed populations, there are not profile parameters that indicate prolonged exposure to microcystins. The aim of this work is to determine, based on an animal model of prolonged exposure to successive i.p. doses of 25 μg MC-LR/kg body weight, several plasma parameters which could be useful as exposure biomarkers. Hemoglobin (Hb) and methemoglobin (MetHb) levels were determined on blood samples. We also studied plasma levels of hydroperoxides (ROOHs), α-tocopherol, glutathione and lipid profile as well as superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) erythrocyte activities. In addition, the determination of MC-LR levels in liver, kidney, plasma, urine and feces of treated mice was carried out. We found that alteration in MetHb, ROOHs, glutathione, α-tocopherol levels, SOD activity and plasma lipid profile, correlates with those expected if the alteration derived from hepatic damage. The alterated plasma paramenters together with MC-LR determination could be used as biomarkers, helpful tools in screening and epidemiological studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Sedan
- Área de Toxicología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata UNLP, 1900 La Plata, Argentina
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Dong G, Xie S, Zhu X, Han D, Yang Y, Song L, Gan L, Chen W. Responses of yellow catfish (Pelteobagrus fulvidraco Richardson) exposed to dietary cyanobacteria and subsequent recovery. Toxicon 2012; 60:1298-306. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2012.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2012] [Revised: 07/31/2012] [Accepted: 08/29/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|
22
|
Lezcano N, Sedán D, Lucotti I, Giannuzzi L, Vittone L, Andrinolo D, Mundiña-Weilenmann C. Subchronic microcystin-lr exposure increased hepatic apoptosis and induced compensatory mechanisms in mice. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2012; 26:131-8. [DOI: 10.1002/jbt.20419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2011] [Revised: 10/20/2011] [Accepted: 11/04/2011] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
|
23
|
Giannuzzi L, Sedan D, Echenique R, Andrinolo D. An acute case of intoxication with cyanobacteria and cyanotoxins in recreational water in Salto Grande Dam, Argentina. Mar Drugs 2011; 9:2164-2175. [PMID: 22163179 PMCID: PMC3229228 DOI: 10.3390/md9112164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2011] [Revised: 10/19/2011] [Accepted: 10/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyanobacterial blooms and hepatotoxic microcystins (MCs) usually occur in summer, constituting a sanitary and environmental problem in Salto Grande Dam, Argentina. Water sports and recreational activities take place in summer in this lake. We reported an acute case of cyanobacterial poisoning in Salto Grande dam, Argentina, which occurred in January 2007. Accidentally, a young man was immersed in an intense bloom of Microcystis spp. A level of 48.6 μg·L(-1) of microcystin-LR was detected in water samples. Four hours after exposure, the patient showed nausea, abdominal pain and fever. Three days later, dyspnea and respiratory distress were reported. The patient was hospitalized in intensive care and diagnosed with an atypical pneumonia. Finally, a week after the exposure, the patient developed a hepatotoxicosis with a significant increase of hepatic damage biomarkers (ALT, AST and γGT). Complete recovery took place within 20 days. This is the first study to show an acute intoxication with microcystin-producing cyanobacteria blooms in recreational water.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leda Giannuzzi
- Toxicology Laboratory, Exact Sciences College, National University of La Plata (UNLP), 47th and 115th Street, La Plata 1900, Argentina; E-Mails: (D.S.); (D.A.)
| | - Daniela Sedan
- Toxicology Laboratory, Exact Sciences College, National University of La Plata (UNLP), 47th and 115th Street, La Plata 1900, Argentina; E-Mails: (D.S.); (D.A.)
| | - Ricardo Echenique
- Department of Phycology, Natural Sciences and Museum College, National University of La Plata (UNLP), 47th and 115th Street, La Plata 1900, Argentina; E-Mail:
| | - Dario Andrinolo
- Toxicology Laboratory, Exact Sciences College, National University of La Plata (UNLP), 47th and 115th Street, La Plata 1900, Argentina; E-Mails: (D.S.); (D.A.)
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
LASSBio 596 per os avoids pulmonary and hepatic inflammation induced by microcystin-LR. Toxicon 2011; 58:195-201. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2011.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2011] [Revised: 05/11/2011] [Accepted: 05/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
25
|
Sabatini SE, Brena BM, Luquet CM, San Julián M, Pirez M, Carmen Ríos de Molina MD. Microcystin accumulation and antioxidant responses in the freshwater clam Diplodon chilensis patagonicus upon subchronic exposure to toxic Microcystis aeruginosa. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2011; 74:1188-1194. [PMID: 21477863 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2011.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2010] [Revised: 03/14/2011] [Accepted: 03/20/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the accumulation and toxicity of microcystin-LR (MCLR) in the digestive gland of the freshwater clam Diplodon chilensis patagonicus. Treated clams were fed with a toxic strain of Microcystis aeruginosa (NPJB1) during 6 weeks and control clams received the non-toxic strain NPDC1. Filtration rate was estimated for both groups. Toxic effects were evaluated through the hepatosomatic index (HSI) and different oxidative stress biomarkers, lipid peroxidation (content of thiobarbituric reactive substances-TBARS), protein oxidation (carbonyl groups) and reduced glutathione (GSH) levels, and enzymatic activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione-S-transferase (GST). The extractable MCLR measured by ELISA in digestive gland extracts showed little or no change during the first 3 weeks and increased significantly at weeks 5 and 6. HSI was reduced by 30% in treated clams at weeks 5 and 6. No significant oxidative damage to lipids or proteins was. All the antioxidant defense parameters analyzed were significantly increased at week 5 or 6. GSH increased in treated clams at week 5, reaching 62% increase at week 6. SOD, CAT and GST activities were significantly increased in treated clams by 50%, 66% and 60%, respectively, at the end of the experiment. D. chilensis patagonicus can be exposed to prolonged cyanobacterial blooms accumulating significant quantities of MCLR, which could be a risk for mammals and birds, which feed on this species and, in a lesser extent, to humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastián E Sabatini
- Department of Biological Chemistry, College of Exact and Natural Sciences, University of Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Li D, Liu Z, Cui Y, Li W, Fang H, Li M, Kong Z. Toxicity of cyanobacterial bloom extracts from Taihu Lake on mouse, Mus musculus. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2011; 20:1018-1025. [PMID: 21544556 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-011-0693-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/07/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The acute and sub-chronic toxicities of cyanobacterial extract from Taihu Lake (PR China) on mouse (Mus musculus) were investigated in this study via intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection. Increases in liver/body weight ratios and pathological changes in mouse liver showed adverse effects at the organ level. Images from transmission electron microscopy (TEM) indicated that abnormal membrane structure occurred and that the organelles were damaged severely in the cells of liver and testis. The high dose group received i.p. injection of 12 mg lyophilized algae cells/kg body weight. Malondialdehyde (MDA) levels increased significantly in the livers of this group, along with a significant decrease in catalase (CAT) activity. These results revealed the existence of obvious oxidative stress. Comet assay results also suggested a dose-dependent relationship between DNA damage in hepatocytes/testicular cells and the amount of bloom extract administered to the mice. There was a significant increase in DNA damage compared to the control group and the genotoxicity of the cyanobacterial bloom to testicular cells was higher than in hepatocytes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dingsheng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Xianlin Campus, 163 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing, 210046, People's Republic of China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Can LASSBio 596 and dexamethasone treat acute lung and liver inflammation induced by microcystin-LR? Toxicon 2010; 56:604-12. [PMID: 20547173 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2010.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2010] [Revised: 06/01/2010] [Accepted: 06/05/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The treatment of microcystin-LR (MCYST-LR)-induced lung inflammation has never been reported. Hence, LASSBio 596, an anti-inflammatory drug candidate, designed as symbiotic agent that modulates TNF-alpha levels and inhibits phosphodiesterase types 4 and 5, or dexamethasone were tested in this condition. Swiss mice were intraperitoneally (i.p.) injected with 60 microl of saline (CTRL) or a sub-lethal dose of MCYST-LR (40 micrg/kg). 6 h later they were treated (i.p.) with saline (TOX), LASSBio 596 (10 mg/kg, L596), or dexamethasone (1 mg/kg, 0.1 mL, DEXA). 8 h after MCYST-LR injection, pulmonary mechanics were determined, and lungs and livers prepared for histopathology, biochemical analysis and quantification of MCYST-LR. TOX showed significantly higher lung impedance than CTRL and L596, which were similar. DEXA could only partially block the mechanical alterations. In both TOX and DEXA alveolar collapse and inflammatory cell influx were higher than in CTRL and L596, being LASSBio 596 more effective than dexamethasone. TOX showed oxidative stress that was not present in CTRL and L596, while DEXA was partially efficient. MCYST-LR was detected in the livers of all mice receiving MCYST-LR and no recovery was apparent. In conclusion, LASSBio 596 was more efficient than dexamethasone in reducing the pulmonary functional impairment induced by MCYST-LR.
Collapse
|
28
|
Sedan D, Andrinolo D, Telese L, Giannuzzi L, de Alaniz MJ, Marra CA. Alteration and recovery of the antioxidant system induced by sub-chronic exposure to microcystin-LR in mice: Its relation to liver lipid composition. Toxicon 2010; 55:333-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2009.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2009] [Revised: 08/12/2009] [Accepted: 08/14/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
29
|
Dias E, Andrade M, Alverca E, Pereira P, Batoréu M, Jordan P, Silva MJ. Comparative study of the cytotoxic effect of microcistin-LR and purified extracts from Microcystis aeruginosa on a kidney cell line. Toxicon 2009; 53:487-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2009.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
30
|
Martins JC, Leão PN, Vasconcelos V. Differential protein expression in Corbicula fluminea upon exposure to a Microcystis aeruginosa toxic strain. Toxicon 2009; 53:409-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2008.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
|