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Dizaji R, Sharafi A, Pourahmad J, Vatanpour S, Dinmohammadi H, Vatanpour H, Hosseini MJ. Correlation between coenzyme Q 10 content and the nutrient sensors in AKI induced by Hemiscorpius lepturus envenomation. BIOIMPACTS : BI 2022; 12:431-438. [PMID: 36381638 PMCID: PMC9596883 DOI: 10.34172/bi.2022.23422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2020] [Revised: 03/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: Acute kidney injury (AKI) may have a negative effect on mitochondrial hemostasis and bioenergetics as well as coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) content. PGC-1α, AMPK, sirtuin 1 (Sirt1), and Sirt3, as the key metabolic regulators under nutritional stress, stimulate energy production via mitochondrial biogenesis during AKI. However, no report is available on the relationship between CoQ10 level and nutrient sensors in the pathophysiology of AKI caused by Hemiscorpius lepturus scorpion envenomation. Methods: Three doses of venoms (1, 5, and 10 mg/kg) were administered by subcutaneous (SC) injection to male albino mice. The animals were sacrificed 1 day or 7 days after administration of venom and their kidneys were collected to analyze gene expression involved in AKI, nutrient sensors, and apoptosis signaling activation by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and the measurement of CoQ10 level using the High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. Results: The data indicated a significant decrease in CoQ10 level after the administration of venom in 5 and 10 mg/kg. In addition, 1 day after the treatment, a significant over-expression of Sirt1 (5 and 10 mg/kg) was observed compared with normal mice. Overexpression of Sirt3 occurred 1 day and 7 days after treatment only at the dose of 5.0 mg/kg of venom. Furthermore, over-expression of AMPK as an important mitochondrial energetic sensor happened 1 day and 7 days after the injection of venom (5 mg/kg) (P < 0.01). The significant increase in the gene expression of caspase-9 and 3 after the injection of venom (5 and 10 mg/kg) confirmed the role of cell death signaling. Conclusion: The venom-induced energy-sensing pathways have a key role in gene expression of PGC-1α, AMPK, Sirt3, and CoQ10 content after venom-induced AKI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rana Dizaji
- Department of Food Safety and Hygiene, School of Public Health, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
- Zanjan Applied Pharmacology Research Center, Zanjan University of Medical sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Ali Sharafi
- Zanjan Applied Pharmacology Research Center, Zanjan University of Medical sciences, Zanjan, Iran
- Zanjan Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Research Center, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Jalal Pourahmad
- Departments of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saba Vatanpour
- Department of Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Hossein Dinmohammadi
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Hossein Vatanpour
- Departments of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mir-Jamal Hosseini
- Zanjan Applied Pharmacology Research Center, Zanjan University of Medical sciences, Zanjan, Iran
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
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de Oliveira NA, Cardoso SC, Barbosa DA, da Fonseca CD. Acute kidney injury caused by venomous animals: inflammatory mechanisms. J Venom Anim Toxins Incl Trop Dis 2021; 27:20200189. [PMID: 34512738 PMCID: PMC8394371 DOI: 10.1590/1678-9199-jvatitd-2020-0189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Either bites or stings of venomous animals comprise relevant public health problems in tropical countries. Acute kidney injury (AKI) induced by animal toxins is related to worse prognostic and outcomes. Being one the most important pathways to induce AKI following envenoming due to animal toxins, inflammation is an essential biological response that eliminates pathogenic bacteria and repairs tissue after injury. However, direct nephrotoxicity (i.e. apoptotic and necrotic mechanisms of toxins), pigmenturia (i.e. rhabdomyolysis and hemolysis), anaphylactic reactions, and coagulopathies could contribute to the renal injury. All these mechanisms are closely integrated, but inflammation is a distinct process. Hence, it is important to improve our understanding on inflammation mechanisms of these syndromes to provide a promising outlook to reduce morbidity and mortality. This literature review highlights the main scientific evidence of acute kidney injury induced by bites or stings from venomous animals and their inflammatory mechanisms. It included observational, cross-sectional, case-control and cohort human studies available up to December 2019. Descriptors were used according to Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), namely: “Acute kidney injury” or “Venom” and “Inflammation” on Medline/Pubmed and Google Scholar; “Kidney disease” or “Acute kidney injury” on Lilacs and SciELO. The present review evidenced that, among the described forms of renal inflammation, it can occur either directly or indirectly on renal cells by means of intravascular, systemic and endothelial hemolysis, activation of inflammatory pathway, as well as direct action of venom cytotoxic components on kidney structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naila Albertina de Oliveira
- Department of Nursing, Institute of Health Sciences, Paulista University (Unip), Jundiaí, SP, Brazil.,Graduate Program in Nursing, School of Nursing, Federal University of São Paulo (Unifesp), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Dulce Aparecida Barbosa
- Department of Clinical and Surgical Nursing, School of Nursing, Federal University of São Paulo (Unifesp), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Cassiane Dezoti da Fonseca
- Department of Clinical and Surgical Nursing, School of Nursing, Federal University of São Paulo (Unifesp), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Navidpour S, Jahanifard E, Hosseini-Vasoukolaei N. Species Composition and Spatial Distribution of Scorpions Based on Eco-Environmental Variables in Provinces Along with the Oman Sea and the Persian Gulf in Iran: A GIS-Based Approach. ARCHIVES OF RAZI INSTITUTE 2021; 76:149-160. [PMID: 33818967 DOI: 10.22092/ari.2019.127114.1370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 11/17/2019] [Indexed: 09/30/2022]
Abstract
Scorpions are venomous arachnids with major medical health importance in Iran, specifically in the Southwest. In total, three families of scorpions, including Scorpionidae, Hemiscorpiidae, and Buthidae were reported in Iran. This study was conducted on scorpion ecology to determine the species composition and the dispersion of scorpions based on the ecological and environmental variables in combination with the Geographic Information System (GIS) in Khuzestan, Hormozgan, and Bushehr Provinces along with the Oman Sea and the Persian Gulf in Iran. Scorpions were collected from Hormozgan, Khuzestan, and Bushehr Provinces, Iran using the Ultra Violet light. The specimens were then identified according to their morphological characters utilizing reliable keys. To determine the relationship between the eco-environmental variables and the spatial distribution of species, the GPS points of the collected scorpions were recorded, and the scorpion shapefile was overlaid on digital elevation model, slope, land use, temperature, rainfall, soil texture, and bioclimatic maps. Totally, 25 specimens were reported in three families of Scorpionidae, Hemiscorpiidae, and Buthidae. Furthermore, Razianus zarudnyi, Androctonus crassicauda, Buthacus macrocentrus, Mesobuthus eupeus phillipsii, Odontobuthus bidentatus, and Hemiscorpius lepturus were the common species collected from Hormozgan, Khuzestan, and Bushehr Provinces, Iran. The results of the current study showed that a large number of species preferred the sand texture due to ecomorphological adaptation. Moreover, the poor rangeland vegetation cover was preferred by the majority of the scorpion species, including S. maurus townsendi. According to the results, the combination of the ecological factors related to the suitable habitat of different species of scorpion and GIS will provide the dispersal areas of each species. Furthermore, such databases can be comprehensive and valuable guides for health authorities to reduce and manage scorpion envenomation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sh Navidpour
- Razi Reference Laboratory of Scorpion Research, Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran
| | - E Jahanifard
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - N Hosseini-Vasoukolaei
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, Health Science Research Center, Faculty of Health, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.,Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, Health Science Research Center, Faculty of Health, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
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Amr ZS, Abu Baker MA, Al-Saraireh M, Warrell DA. Scorpions and scorpion sting envenoming (scorpionism) in the Arab Countries of the Middle East. Toxicon 2020; 191:83-103. [PMID: 33387549 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2020.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The twelve Arab countries of the Middle East are inhabited by 117 species of scorpions of varying medical importance within six families. Scorpion stings are a very common occurrence throughout the region. Twenty-two scorpion species are considered to be dangerously venomous, causing potentially life threatening stings. Accessible literature in English and Arabic on scorpions, scorpion stings and available antivenoms was reviewed to document the scorpion fauna and scorpion stings in each country. Saudi Arabia, Iraq and Jordan report the highest numbers of stings and envenomings. Clinically, the most important toxins in Old World scorpion venoms are α-toxins that target voltage-gated sodium (Nav) channels at neurotoxin binding site 3, causing sympathetic excitation and the endogenous release of catecholamines that is responsible for transient, but life-threatening myocardial damage. Most victims of scorpion stings suffer severe local pain, but a few, especially children, develop systemic envenoming which, in the case of most Middle Eastern buthid species, such as Androctonus and Leiurus species, is dominated by the cardiovascular and respiratory consequences of hypercatecholinaemic myocarditis. Other syndromes include paralysis (Parabuthus leiosoma), coagulopathy (Nebo hierichonticus and Hemiscorpius species), and local tissue damage, haemolysis and acute kidney injury (H. lepturus). Early antivenom treatment is recommended but its value remains controversial. However, intensive care, with the ancillary use of vasoactive drugs such as prazosin and dobutamine, has proved effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuhair S Amr
- Biology Department, Jordan University for Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan.
| | | | | | - David A Warrell
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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5
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Ben Yekhlef R, Felicori L, Santos LH, F. B. Oliveira C, Fadhloun R, Torabi E, Shahbazzadeh D, Pooshang Bagheri K, Salgado Ferreira R, Borchani L. Antigenic and Substrate Preference Differences between Scorpion and Spider Dermonecrotic Toxins, a Comparative Investigation. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:E631. [PMID: 33019554 PMCID: PMC7601583 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12100631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The Hemiscorpius lepturus scorpion and brown spider Loxosceles intermedia represent a public health problem in Asia and America, respectively. Although distinct, these organisms contain similar toxins responsible for the principal clinical signs of envenomation. To better understand the properties of these toxins, we designed a study to compare recombinant Heminecrolysin (rHNC) and rLiD1, the major phospholipase D toxins of scorpion and spider venom, respectively. Using a competitive ELISA and a hemolytic inhibition test, we come to spot a cross reaction between scorpion and spider venoms along with an epitopic similarity between rHNC and rLiD1 associated with neutralizing antibodies. Results show that the ability of the rHNC to hydrolyze lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) is equivalent to that of rLiD1 to hydrolyze sphingomyelin and vice-versa. rHNC exclusively catalyze transphosphatidylation of LPC producing cyclic phosphatidic acid (cPA). The in-silico analysis of hydrogen bonds between LPC and toxins provides a possible explanation for the higher transphosphatidylase activity of rHNC. Interestingly, for the first time, we reveal that lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) can be a substrate for both enzymes using cellular and enzymatic assays. The finding of the usage of LPA as a substrate as well as the formation of cPA as an end product could shed more light on the molecular basis of Hemiscorpius lepturus envenomation as well as on loxoscelism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramla Ben Yekhlef
- Laboratoire des Venins et Biomolécules Thérapeutiques LR16IPT08, Université de Tunis El Manar, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Tunis 1002, Tunisia; (R.B.Y.); (R.F.)
| | - Liza Felicori
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Universida de Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 31270-901, Brazil; (L.F.); (L.H.S.); (C.F.B.O.); (R.S.F.)
| | - Lucianna Helene Santos
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Universida de Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 31270-901, Brazil; (L.F.); (L.H.S.); (C.F.B.O.); (R.S.F.)
| | - Camila F. B. Oliveira
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Universida de Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 31270-901, Brazil; (L.F.); (L.H.S.); (C.F.B.O.); (R.S.F.)
| | - Raoudha Fadhloun
- Laboratoire des Venins et Biomolécules Thérapeutiques LR16IPT08, Université de Tunis El Manar, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Tunis 1002, Tunisia; (R.B.Y.); (R.F.)
| | - Elham Torabi
- Venom and Biotherapeutic Molecules Lab., Medical Biotechnology Department, Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran 13169-43551, Iran; (E.T.); (D.S.); (K.P.B.)
| | - Delavar Shahbazzadeh
- Venom and Biotherapeutic Molecules Lab., Medical Biotechnology Department, Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran 13169-43551, Iran; (E.T.); (D.S.); (K.P.B.)
| | - Kamran Pooshang Bagheri
- Venom and Biotherapeutic Molecules Lab., Medical Biotechnology Department, Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran 13169-43551, Iran; (E.T.); (D.S.); (K.P.B.)
| | - Rafaela Salgado Ferreira
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Universida de Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 31270-901, Brazil; (L.F.); (L.H.S.); (C.F.B.O.); (R.S.F.)
| | - Lamia Borchani
- Laboratoire des Venins et Biomolécules Thérapeutiques LR16IPT08, Université de Tunis El Manar, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Tunis 1002, Tunisia; (R.B.Y.); (R.F.)
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Torabi E, Behdani M, Khalaj V, Pooshang Bagheri K, Shahbazzadeh D. Complete neutralization of the lethality of Hemiscorpius lepturus crude venom by a novel anti-recombinant phospholipase D1 IgGs. Toxicon 2020; 183:36-43. [PMID: 32445840 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2020.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 05/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Treatment of scorpion envenomation is a challenging issue since serotherapy is implemented by administration of polyvalent equine antisera. In our previous study we discovered that recombinant phospholipase D1 (Hl-RecPLD1) is responsible for the lethality of Hemiscorpius lepturus (H. lepturus) venom in mice. Accordingly, this study was aimed to investigate the protectivity of purified anti-Hl-RecPLD1 IgG against the lethality or major complications of H. lepturus venom. The neutralization efficiency of purified anti-Hl-RecPLD1 IgGs against sphingomyelinase activities of the crude venom and Hl-RecPLD1 was also assessed. Anti-Hl-RecPLD1 IgGs at optimum amount of 3.7 mg completely neutralized one Lethal Dose 100 (LD100) of crude venom in mice. The anti-Hl-RecPLD1 IgGs remarkably reduced the necrosis area from 6.5 to 1 cm2 in rabbit derma, induced by the crude venom. The anti-Hl-RecPLD1 IgGs remarkably reduced the sphingomyelinase and hemolytic activities of crude venom as well. In conclusion, a novel rabbit monovalent IgG against Hl-RecPLD1 was able to completely protect the mice against the lethality of H. lepturus crude venom and reduced its toxicity as well. Such monovalent anti-Hl-RecPLD1 IgGs may have potential applications in serotherapy of H. lepturus envenomation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elham Torabi
- Venom and Biotherapeutics Molecules Lab., Medical Biotechnology Department, Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahdi Behdani
- Venom and Biotherapeutics Molecules Lab., Medical Biotechnology Department, Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Vahid Khalaj
- Medical Biotechnology Department, Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kamran Pooshang Bagheri
- Venom and Biotherapeutics Molecules Lab., Medical Biotechnology Department, Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Delavar Shahbazzadeh
- Venom and Biotherapeutics Molecules Lab., Medical Biotechnology Department, Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.
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Soleimani Moez A, H. Sajedi R, Pooshang Bagheri K, Sabatier JM, Shahbazzadeh D. Novel Mutant Phospholipase D from Hemiscorpius lepturus Acts as A Highly Immunogen in BALB/c Mice Against the Lethality of Scorpion Venom. Molecules 2020; 25:E1673. [PMID: 32260428 PMCID: PMC7180795 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25071673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 03/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Hemiscorpius lepturus (H. lepturus) which belongs to the Scorpionidae family, is the deadliest scorpion in Iran. It causes pathological manifestations like dermonecrosis, hemolysis, renal failure, necrotic ulcers, and in some cases, even death. The venom of this scorpion is well-known for its cytotoxic effects in comparison with the other venomous scorpions which show significant neurotoxic effects. Due to the painless nature of the sting of this scorpion, the clinical symptoms occur in victims 24 to 72 h post-sting. In our previous studies during the last decade, we demonstrated that the medical complications are attributable to the presence of phospholipase D (PLD) as a major toxin in the venom. With the purpose of designing and constructing a vaccine against H. lepturus for humans, animal model experiments were performed. To achieve this goal, non-toxic PLD was developed by mutation of two critical catalytic residues-His12 and His48-into alanines and the product was then denominated mut-rPLD1. The in-vivo tests showed that the mice immunized with interval doses of 10 µg of mut-rPLD1, were completely protected against 10× the LD100 of the venom. In conclusion, this mutant may be an effective vaccine candidate against scorpion envenomation by H. lepturus in future clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abouzar Soleimani Moez
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran P.O. Box 14115-111, Iran;
- Venom and Biotherapeutics Molecules Lab., Medical Biotechnology Department, Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran P.O. Box 13169-43351, Iran;
| | - Reza H. Sajedi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran P.O. Box 14115-111, Iran;
| | - Kamran Pooshang Bagheri
- Venom and Biotherapeutics Molecules Lab., Medical Biotechnology Department, Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran P.O. Box 13169-43351, Iran;
| | - Jean-Marc Sabatier
- Institute of Neuro Physiopathology (INP), Université d’Aix-Marseille, UMR 7051, Faculté de Pharmacie, 27 Bd Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille Cedex, France;
| | - Delavar Shahbazzadeh
- Venom and Biotherapeutics Molecules Lab., Medical Biotechnology Department, Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran P.O. Box 13169-43351, Iran;
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Hanafi-Bojd AA, Sharififard M, Jahanifard E, Navidpour S, Vazirianzadeh B. Presence probability of Hemiscorpius lepturus Peters, 1861 using maximum entropy approach in the western areas of Zagros Mountains, Iran. Vet World 2020; 13:296-303. [PMID: 32255972 PMCID: PMC7096305 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2020.296-303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM The purpose of this research was to use environmental variables for predicting the probability of Hemiscorpius lepturus existence in the provinces where situated in the west of the Zagros Mountains. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this study, 64 occurrence records of the H. lepturus were extracted from the published documents available in electronic databases. MaxEnt model was used for predicting the ecological niches of this species. Normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and 19 climatic variables were used as the environmental variables affecting the distribution of this scorpion. The Jackknife test in the model was used to indicate the importance of variables to predict the probability of the presence of the studied species. The logistic threshold that was evaluated using a logistic regression algorithm showed the converting of the probability model into a binary model. The model was evaluated byarea under the curve (AUC). The probability presence map of this scorpion was then prepared in ArcGIS 10.5 Software. RESULTS The results of the analysis showed that the most important environmental factor on the distribution of H. lepturus was the maximum temperature of the warmest month (Bio5) with a contribution rate of 43% and permutation importance of 8%. The Jackknife test revealed that NDVI did not gain any value when it used independently in the model. The logistic threshold was reported 0.255 for the maximum test sensitivity plus specificity. The AUC of the model was 0.7698, shows an acceptable value for model validity. Overall the hot spots for this toxic scorpion seem to be in Khuzestan, Lorestan, and Ilam Provinces of the studied area. CONCLUSION Regarding our findings, MaxEnt algorithm, in combination with geographic information system contributed to revealing the effects of environmental variables on the probability of H. lepturus presence in the west of Zagros Mountains. These visualized maps as a warning alarm can be helpful to policymakers for managing, controlling, and monitoring the scorpionism in high-risk areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Ali Hanafi-Bojd
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mona Sharififard
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Elham Jahanifard
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Shahrokh Navidpour
- Razi Reference Laboratory of Scorpion Research, Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Agricultural Research Education and Extension Organization, Karaj, Iran
| | - Babak Vazirianzadeh
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
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9
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Galíndez-Cerón JD, Jorge RJB, Chavez-Acosta MH, Jorge ARC, Alves NTQ, Prata MMG, Rodrigues FADP, Havt A, Sampaio TL, Martins AMC, Guerrero-Vargas JA, Monteiro HSA, Beltrán-Vidal JT. Renal Alterations Induced by the Venom of Colombian Scorpion Centruroides Margaritatus. Curr Top Med Chem 2019; 19:2049-2057. [PMID: 31364515 DOI: 10.2174/1568026619666190731143523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Revised: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Scorpion venom causes renal injury and affects vascular ion-channels function. Centruroides margaritatus scorpion is found in Colombia and is frequently the cause of envenomation accidents; however, its renal impact has never been investigated. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effects of C. margaritatus venom (CmV) on renal parameters using isolated rat kidney and renal cell culture models. METHODS Wistar rats (n = 5, weighing 240-300 g) were first perfused with Krebs-Henseleit solution containing 6 g 100 mL-1 bovine serum albumin. After 30 minutes, the kidneys were perfused with CmV to a final concentration of 10 μgmL-1; evaluation was performed by measuring Perfusion Pressure (PP), Renal Vascular Resistance (RVR), Urinary Flow (UF), Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR), and percentage of electrolyte tubular transport. Moreover, kidney histological analyses and cell cytotoxicity in renal tubule epithelial cells (MDCK) and proximal tubular cells (LLC-MK2) were assessed. RESULTS CmV increased PP and RVR 60 min after perfusion. On the other hand, UF, GFR, and the percentages of sodium, potassium and chloride tubular transport decreased after experimental envenomation. UF dropped after 120 min, while GFR and percentage of electrolyte tubular transport diminished after 60, 90 and 120 min. CmV was not toxic to MDCK cell line but reduced the viability of LLC-MK2 cells at concentrations ranging from 6.25 to 200 μgmL-1. Histological analyses disclosed hydropic degeneration, edema, and protein deposits. Flow cytometry disclosed that cell death occurred predominantly by necrosis. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that C. margaritatus venom can trigger renal impairment, mainly in the proximal kidney tubule.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Galíndez-Cerón
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Exactas y de la Educación, Grupo de Investigaciones Herpetológicas y Toxinológicas, Universidad del Cauca, Popayán, Colombia
| | - R J B Jorge
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - M H Chavez-Acosta
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Exactas y de la Educación, Grupo de Investigaciones Herpetológicas y Toxinológicas, Universidad del Cauca, Popayán, Colombia
| | - A R C Jorge
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - N T Q Alves
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - M M G Prata
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - F A de Paulo Rodrigues
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - A Havt
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - T L Sampaio
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - A M C Martins
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - J A Guerrero-Vargas
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Exactas y de la Educación, Grupo de Investigaciones Herpetológicas y Toxinológicas, Universidad del Cauca, Popayán, Colombia
| | - H S A Monteiro
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - J T Beltrán-Vidal
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Exactas y de la Educación, Grupo de Investigaciones Herpetológicas y Toxinológicas, Universidad del Cauca, Popayán, Colombia
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Dunbar JP, Sulpice R, Dugon MM. The kiss of (cell) death: can venom-induced immune response contribute to dermal necrosis following arthropod envenomations? Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2019; 57:677-685. [PMID: 30806093 DOI: 10.1080/15563650.2019.1578367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Snakes, insects, arachnids and myriapods have been linked to necrosis following envenomation. However, the pathways involved in arthropod venom-induced necrosis remain a highly controversial topic among toxinologists, clinicians and the public. On the one hand, clinicians report on alleged envenomations based on symptoms and the victims' information. On the other hand, toxinologists and zoologists argue that symptoms are incompatible with the known venom activity of target species. This review draws from the literature on arthropod envenomations, snakebite, and inflammatory processes to suggest that envenomation by a range of organisms might trigger an intense inflammatory cascade that ultimately lead to necrosis. If confirmed, these processes would have important implications for the treatment of venom-induced necrosis. Objectives: To describe two inflammatory pathways of regulated necrosis, tumour necrosis factor (necroptosis) and Neutrophil Extracellular Traps (NETosis); to discuss existing knowledge about snake venom and arachnid-induced necrosis demonstrating the involvement of tumour necrosis factor and neutrophils in the development of tissue necrosis following envenomation and to contribute to the understanding of venom-induced necrosis by arthropods and provide clinicians with an insight into little known inflammatory processes which may occur post envenomation. Methods: ISI Web of Science databases were searched using the terms "spider bite necrosis", "arthropod envenomation necrosis", "venom necrosis", "venom immune response", "loxoscelism", "arachnidism", "necroptosis venom", "necroptosis dermatitis", "tumour necrosis factor TNF venom", "scorpionism", "scolopendrism", "centipede necrosis", "NETosis venom", "NETosis necrosis". Searches produced 1737 non-duplicate citations of which 74 were considered relevant to this manuscript. Non-peer-reviewed sources or absence of voucher material identifying the organism were excluded. What is necrosis? Necrosis is the breakdown of cell membrane integrity followed by inflowing extracellular fluid, organelle swelling and the release of proteolytic enzymes into the cytosol. Necrosis was historically considered an unregulated process; however, recent studies demonstrate that necrosis can also be a programmed event resulting from a controlled immune response (necroptosis). Tumour necrosis factor and the necroptosis pathway: Tumour necrosis factor is a pro-inflammatory cytokine involved in regulating immune response, inflammation and cell death/survival. The pro-inflammatory cytokine TNF-α participates in the development of necrosis after envenomation by vipers. Treatment with TNF-α-antibodies may significantly reduce the manifestation of necrosis. Neutrophil Extracellular Traps and the NETosis pathway: The process by which neutrophils discharge a mesh of DNA strands in the extracellular matrix to entangle ("trap") pathogens, preventing them from disseminating. Neutrophil Extracellular Traps have been recently described as important in venom-induced necrosis. Trapped venom accumulates at the bite site, resulting in significant localized necrosis. Arthropod venom driving necrosis: Insects, myriapods and arachnids can induce necrosis following envenomation. So far, the processes involved have only been investigated in two arachnids: Loxosceles spp. (recluse spiders) and Hemiscorpius lepturus (scorpion). Loxosceles venom contains phospholipases D which hydrolyse sphingomyelin, resulting in lysis of muscle fibers. Subsequently liberated ceramides act as intermediaries that regulate TNF-α and recruit neutrophils. Experiments show that immune-deficient mice injected with Loxosceles venom experience less venom-induced inflammatory response and survive longer than control mice. Necrosis following Hemiscorpius lepturus stings correlates with elevated concentrations of TNF-α. These observations suggest that necrosis may be indirectly triggered or worsened by pathways of regulated necrosis in addition to necrotic venom compounds. Conclusions: Envenomation often induce an intense inflammatory cascade, which under certain circumstances may produce necrotic lesions independently from direct venom activity. This could explain the inconsistent and circumstantial occurrence of necrosis following envenomation by a range of organisms. Future research should focus on identifying pathways to regulated necrosis following envenomation and determining more efficient ways to manage inflammation. We suggest that clinicians should consider the victim's immune response as an integral part of the envenomation syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P Dunbar
- a Venom Systems and Proteomics Lab, School of Natural Sciences , Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland Galway , Galway , Ireland
| | - Ronan Sulpice
- b Plant Systems Biology Laboratory , Plant AgriBiosciences Research Centre, School of Natural Science, Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland Galway , Galway , Ireland
| | - Michel M Dugon
- a Venom Systems and Proteomics Lab, School of Natural Sciences , Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland Galway , Galway , Ireland
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Ward MJ, Ellsworth SA, Nystrom GS. A global accounting of medically significant scorpions: Epidemiology, major toxins, and comparative resources in harmless counterparts. Toxicon 2018; 151:137-155. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2018.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Revised: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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12
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Nanobodies as novel therapeutic agents in envenomation. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2018; 1862:2955-2965. [PMID: 30309831 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2018.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Revised: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND An effective therapy against envenoming should be a priority in view of the high number scorpion stings and snakebites. Serum therapy is still widely applied to treat the envenomation victims; however this approach suffers from several shortcomings. The employment of monoclonal antibodies might be an outcome as these molecules are at the core of a variety of applications from protein structure determination to cancer treatment. The progress of activities in the twilight zone between genetic and antibody engineering have led to the development of a unique class of antibody fragments. These molecules possess several benefits and lack many possible disadvantages over classical antibodies. Within recombinant antibody formats, nanobodies or single domain antigen binding fragments derived from heavy chain only antibodies in camelids occupy a privileged position. SCOPE OF REVIEW In this paper we will briefly review the common methods of envenomation treatment and focus on details of various in vivo research activities that investigate the performance of recombinant, monoclonal nanobodies in venom neutralization. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS Nanobodies bind to their cognate target with high specificity and affinity, they can be produced in large quantities from microbial expression systems and are very robust even when challenged with harsh environmental conditions. Upon administering, they rapidly distribute throughout the body and seem to be well tolerated in humans posing low immunogenicity. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Scorpion and snake envenomation is a major issue in developing countries and nanobodies as a venom-neutralizing agent can be considered as a valuable and promising candidate in envenomation therapy.
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Albuquerque PLMM, Magalhaes KDN, Sales TDC, Paiva JHHGL, Daher EDF, da Silva GB. Acute kidney injury and pancreatitis due to scorpion sting: case report and literature review. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2018; 60:e30. [PMID: 29972468 PMCID: PMC6029862 DOI: 10.1590/s1678-9946201860030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the high number of accidents due to scorpion stings in Brazil, severe cases in adults are seldomly reported. In the Northeast region of Brazil, Tityus stigmurus is the most prevalent species. A 69 year-old woman who was stung by a scorpion attended the emergency room 5 hours after envenomation. She got worse due to abdominal pain. Clinical findings were concordant with class III scorpion envenomation (major systemic manifestations), complicated by acute kidney injury and acute pancreatitis. Intensive supportive therapy was adopted. In the follow-up, 3 months later, she was completely recovered. This report is being brought to recommend the thorough management of victims of scorpion accidents, enabling early diagnosis of severe complications, which could lead to death if aggressive supportive measures are not early and adequately taken.
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Affiliation(s)
- Polianna Lemos Moura Moreira Albuquerque
- Universidade Federal do Ceará, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Médicas, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
- Instituto Dr. José Frota, Centro de Informação e Assistência Toxicológica, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | | | - Tamiris de Castro Sales
- Instituto Dr. José Frota, Centro de Informação e Assistência Toxicológica, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | | | | | - Geraldo Bezerra da Silva
- Universidade de Fortaleza, Curso de Medicina, Programas de Pós-Graduação em Saúde Coletiva e Ciências Médicas, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
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14
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Dehghani R, Kamiabi F, Mohammadi M. Scorpionism by Hemiscorpius spp. in Iran: a review. J Venom Anim Toxins Incl Trop Dis 2018; 24:8. [PMID: 29507581 PMCID: PMC5833132 DOI: 10.1186/s40409-018-0145-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Scorpions are distributed throughout Iran and the genus Hemiscorpius is particularly important in this region. Hemiscorpius lepturus is the most significant species within the genus in the country. Since scorpionism provoked by Hemiscorpius comprises a medical emergency, the present study is focused on this important issue. In order to perform the present work, a review of the medical and health-related literature was carried out in several databases. The current findings indicate that six species of Hemiscorpius are found in 15 states of Iran, mainly in the south and southwest. Deaths caused by stings were reported only for two species. The morphological characteristics and geographical distribution of H. lepturus in Iran, its venom and the toxic compounds, epidemiologic data and clinical manifestations of envenomation as well as treatment for affected people are herein reviewed and described. H. lepturus venom toxicity differs from other Iranian scorpions regarding duration and severity. Scorpionism is an important public health problem in Iran, especially in southwest and south regions and in urban areas. It is more prevalent in children and young people. H. lepturus venom is primarily a cytotoxic agent and has hemolytic, nephrotoxic and to some extent hepatotoxic activity. The use of polyvalent antivenom to prevent scorpion sting symptoms is recommended. A well-planned health education program might be useful in preventing scorpionism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rouhullah Dehghani
- Social Determinants of Health (SDH) Research Center and Department of Environment Health, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Kamiabi
- Faculty of Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Malihe Mohammadi
- Social Determinants of Health (SDH) Research Center and Department of Environment Health, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
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15
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Sanaei-Zadeh H, Marashi SM, Dehghani R. Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of scorpionism in Shiraz (2012-2016); development of a clinical severity grading for Iranian scorpion envenomation. Med J Islam Repub Iran 2017; 31:27. [PMID: 29445656 PMCID: PMC5804458 DOI: 10.18869/mjiri.31.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Scorpionism is a public health problem in some provinces in Iran. The present study aimed to assess the clinical manifestations of scorpion envenomation in Shiraz and determine a clinical severity grading for Iranian scorpion envenomation in order to suggest a treatment guideline for emergency physicians. Methods: In this analytic retrospective study, all medical charts of patients with scorpion sting admitted in the adult medical toxicology center in Shiraz during July 2012 to July 2016 were assessed. Data regarding the patient's age, gender, sting site, month of envenomation, time of sting, clinical manifestations, vital signs, presence of blood or hemoglobin in urine analysis, duration of admission, color of scorpion, received treatments, and administration of scorpion antivenin were recorded. Results: The scorpions in Shiraz and its suburban area were classified into two groups: yellow scorpions ( Mesobuthus eupeus, Mesobuthus caucasicus , and Compsobuthus matthiesseni) and Hottentotta scorpions (Hottentotta jayakari and Hottentotta zagrosensis). A total of 126 cases of scorpion stings were assessed. About 59% (n=74) were males. The patients aged 8-63 years (mean age, 33.8±11.5 years). About 38.4% (n=48) of the stings occurred during summer. More than 40% of patients (n=51) referred to the emergency department (ED) at night. Localized pain was the most frequent presenting complaint (76.2%). The most frequent general symptom was nausea (6.3%). The most prevalent envenomation site was the lower extremities followed by upper extremities (43.5% and 41.9%, respectively). Based on the clinical severity grading for Iranian scorpion envenomation, 65, 43, and 18 patients (51.6%, 34.1%, and 14.3%) were classified in the grades I, II, and III, respectively. Eighty-one (73%) patients stayed in the ED from 1 to 6 hours, and 30 (27%) patients stayed for >6 hours for observation. Severe localized pain was more prevalent in stings with Hottentotta scorpions than yellow scorpions (P=0.01). The season of envenomation with Hottentotta scorpions was summer in all cases, but envenomation with yellow scorpions was seen throughout the year. All patients received symptomatic treatment, and five were given scorpion antivenin. No death was reported. Conclusion:Hottentotta jayakari is recommended to be listed among the medically important scorpions in Iran. Moreover, scorpion-stung patients in geographical regions where Hemiscorpius lepturus and Androctonus crassicauda are not prevalent may be treated in outpatient departments. The presented grading system can be used for treating patients with scorpion envenomation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Sanaei-Zadeh
- Emergency Room, Division of Medical Toxicology, Hazrat Ali-Asghar, Hospital, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Sayed Mahdi Marashi
- Emergency Room, Division of Medical Toxicology, Hazrat Ali-Asghar, Hospital, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Rouhullah Dehghani
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center and, Department of Environmental Health, College of Health, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
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16
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Mostafazadeh B, Gorbani A, Mogaddaspour M, Khoddami Vishteh HR. The effect of plasmapheresis on treating disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) caused by a Hemiscorpius lepturus (Gadim) sting. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2017; 55:902-907. [DOI: 10.1080/15563650.2017.1324164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Babak Mostafazadeh
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ahmad Gorbani
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Mitra Mogaddaspour
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Characteristics and Lethality of a Novel Recombinant Dermonecrotic Venom Phospholipase D from Hemiscorpius lepturus. Toxins (Basel) 2017; 9:toxins9030102. [PMID: 28335389 PMCID: PMC5371857 DOI: 10.3390/toxins9030102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Hemoscorpius lepturus is the most medically important scorpion in Iran. The clinical signs of H. lepturus envenomation are remarkably similar to those reported for brown spiders, including dermonecrosis, hematuria, renal failure and even death. The lethality and toxicity of brown spiders’ venom have been attributed to its phospholipase D activity. This study aims to identify a phospholipase D with possible lethality and dermonecrotic activity in H. lepturus venom. In this study, a cDNA library of the venom glands was generated by Illumina RNA sequencing. Phospholipase D (PLD) from H. lepturus was characterized according to its significant similarity with PLDs from brown spiders. The main chain designated as Hl-RecPLD1 (the first recombinant isoform of H. lepturus PLD) was cloned, expressed and purified. Sphingomyelinase, dermonecrotic and lethal activities were examined. Hl-PLD1 showed remarkable sequence similarity and structural homology with PLDs of brown spiders. The conformation of Hl-PLD1 was predicted as a “TIM beta/alpha-barrel”. The lethal dose 50 (LD50) and dermonecrotic activities of Hl-RecPLD1 were determined as 3.1 µg/mouse and 0.7 cm2 at 1 µg respectively. It is the first report indicating that a similar molecular evolutionary mechanism has occurred in both American brown spiders and this Iranian scorpion. In conclusion, Hl-RecPLD1 is a highly active phospholipase D, which would be considered as the lethal dermonecrotic toxin in H. lepturus venom.
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Nejati J, Saghafipour A, Mozaffari E, Keyhani A, Jesri N. Scorpions and scorpionism in Iran's central desert. Acta Trop 2017; 166:293-298. [PMID: 27923555 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2016.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Revised: 11/27/2016] [Accepted: 12/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Venomous scorpions have extreme importance in field of medicine and public health. This descriptive - analytic study was done to identify scorpion fauna, their ecological aspects as well as scorpionism for risk management and prevention of this health problem in Iran's central desert. Four urban and fifteen rural areas with various climates and topography locations were selected for monthly scorpion collection through a randomly cluster sampling in 2013. The clinical data was obtained from questionnaires provided in 2009-2014. Totally, 1481 scorpion sting cases were recorded. The majority were treated less than 6h after the sting. Statistical tests showed significant difference between season, scorpion's color, living place of patients and scorpionism cases. Plain areas had the most occurrence of scorpionism followed by foothills. Moreover, 311 scorpion samples belonged to 7 species of Buthidae were collected. Mesobuthus eupeus was the dominant species in both rural and urban areas. Most of the collected samples were from indoors, yards and around the houses. The most scorpion activity was recorded in the summer. The studied areas had rich scorpion fauna due to various climates and topography locations. Scorpion stings can be important and fatal in this area, particularly in the plain regions with semi-desert climate. An investigation for assessment of peoples' awareness on prevention methods of scorpionism and also the determination and the assessment of effective factors on reducing the elapsed time between scorpion stings and receiving medical care are here recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jalil Nejati
- Health Promotion Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran; Department of Medical Entomology & Vector control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abedin Saghafipour
- Department of Public Health, School of Health, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran.
| | - Ehsan Mozaffari
- Department of Medical Entomology & Vector control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Keyhani
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Nahid Jesri
- Research Center for Environmental Pollutants, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran
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Jridi I, Catacchio I, Majdoub H, Shahbazzadeh D, El Ayeb M, Frassanito MA, Solimando AG, Ribatti D, Vacca A, Borchani L. The small subunit of Hemilipin2, a new heterodimeric phospholipase A2 from Hemiscorpius lepturus scorpion venom, mediates the antiangiogenic effect of the whole protein. Toxicon 2016; 126:38-46. [PMID: 27940138 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2016.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Revised: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
In a previous study, we reported the identification of Hemilipin, the first secreted heterodimeric phospholipase A2 (sPLA2) from Hemiscorpius lepturus scorpion venom and demonstrated its effective inhibition of all angiogenesis key steps in vitro and in vivo. Here, we aimed to characterize a second sPLA2, Hemilipin2, from the same venom and to elucidate its antiangiogenic effect. The protein was purified by chromatography separation and analyzed by MALDI/TOF mass spectrometry. Its N terminal amino acid sequence was determined by Edman degradation method and the enzymatic activity by fatty acids release assay. Hemilipin2 antiangiogenic activity was investigated by studying its effect in vitro on adhesion, migration and capillary like tube formation of Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells (HUVECs) and Human Pulmonary Artery Endothelial Cells (HPAECs); and in vivo on the chick embryo chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) assay. Data to be presented show that Hemilipin2 is heterodimeric composed by two subunits: the large one has a molecular weight of 12,866 and the small one of 2461 a.m.u. It has a strong calcium-dependent PLA2 activity and impacts angiogenesis in vitro and in vivo without showing any cytotoxic or apoptotic signs. Its chemical modification with p-Bromophenacyl Bromide abolishes the enzymatic activity without affecting the antiangiogenic effect. Furthermore, it has been proved that Hemilipin2 small subunit was able to inhibit blood vessel formation both in vitro and in vivo. These findings may serve as a starting point for the designing of a new generation of specific inhibitor of human angiogenesis at different steps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imen Jridi
- Carthage University, Sciences Faculty of Bizerte, Jarzouna 7021, Bizerte, Tunisia; Université de Tunis El Manar, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Laboratoire des Venins et Biomolécules Thérapeutiques LR11IPT08, 13 Place Pasteur, BP 74, Tunis, 1002, Tunisia
| | - Ivana Catacchio
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, Section of Internal Medicine and Clinical Oncology, University of Bari Medical School, "Aldo Moro" Piazza Giulio Cesare11, I-70124, Bari, Italy
| | - Hafed Majdoub
- USCR Protein Sequencer, Faculty of Sciences de Sfax, Route de la Soukra km 4, B.P 802, Sfax 3038, Tunisia
| | - Delavar Shahbazzadeh
- Pasteur Institute of Iran, Biotechnology Research Center, Medical Biotechnology Department, Venomics Lab, P.O.Box 131649, Tehran 43551, Iran
| | - Mohamed El Ayeb
- Université de Tunis El Manar, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Laboratoire des Venins et Biomolécules Thérapeutiques LR11IPT08, 13 Place Pasteur, BP 74, Tunis, 1002, Tunisia
| | - Maria Antonia Frassanito
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, Section of Clinical Pathology, University of Bari Medical School "Aldo Moro", Piazza Giulio Cesare11, I-70124, Bari, Italy
| | - Antonio Giovanni Solimando
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, Section of Internal Medicine and Clinical Oncology, University of Bari Medical School, "Aldo Moro" Piazza Giulio Cesare11, I-70124, Bari, Italy
| | - Domenico Ribatti
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sensory Organs Section of Human Anatomy and Histology, University of Bari Medical School "Aldo Moro", National Cancer Institute "Giovanni Paolo II", I-70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Angelo Vacca
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, Section of Internal Medicine and Clinical Oncology, University of Bari Medical School, "Aldo Moro" Piazza Giulio Cesare11, I-70124, Bari, Italy
| | - Lamia Borchani
- Université de Tunis El Manar, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Laboratoire des Venins et Biomolécules Thérapeutiques LR11IPT08, 13 Place Pasteur, BP 74, Tunis, 1002, Tunisia.
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Shahi M, Moosavy SH, Hanafi-Bojd AA, Navidpour S, Zare S, Madani A, Rafinejad J. Spatial Distribution of Scorpion Sting in a High-Risk Area of Southern Iran. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2016; 53:1198-1204. [PMID: 27313168 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjw043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Scorpion sting is a public health problem in south and southwestern parts of Iran, with about 36,000 cases recorded annually. This study aimed to find the spatial distribution of scorpions and their stings in Bandar Abbas County. Monthly scorpion sting cases at the village level were obtained and used for mapping. Scorpions were collected from 14 collection sites using a UV lamp at night and searching under stones during the day time. During the study period, a total of 3,971 cases of scorpion sting were recorded, most of them were found in mountainous areas and affected individuals aged 25-44 yrs. In total, 18 scorpion species belonging to 10 genera were collected and identified. The peak of scorpion sting cases occurred from July to September. The northern part of the mountainous areas had a richer species composition. Hemiscorpius persicus and Hemiscorpius gaillardi were collected for the first time in the area. There were 22 scorpion species in the area across studies; among them, 10 were most dangerous. Hemiscorpius genus is the main etiologic agent in Bandar Abbas County. Mapping dangerous species allows the health system to provide relevant anti-scorpion venom serum accordingly and more cost-effectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehran Shahi
- Infectious & Tropical Diseases Research Center, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas 7919915519, Iran
| | - Seyed Hamid Moosavy
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas 7914631513, Iran
| | - Ahamd Ali Hanafi-Bojd
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1417613151, Iran (; )
| | - Shahrokh Navidpour
- Razi Reference Laboratory of Scorpion Research, Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Karaj 3197619751, Iran
| | - Shahram Zare
- Department of Community Medicine, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas 7919631163, Iran
| | - Abdolhossein Madani
- Department of Epidemiology, Research Social Factors in Health Promotion, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas 7919916753, Iran
| | - Javad Rafinejad
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1417613151, Iran (; )
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Yellow Scorpion Bite: Ignore or Take it Seriously? IRANIAN RED CRESCENT MEDICAL JOURNAL 2016. [DOI: 10.5812/ircmj.28942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Moosavy SH, Shahi M, Rafinejad J, Zare S, Madani A, Navidpour S. Epidemiological aspect of scorpion sting in Bandar Abbas, Iran, during 2009-2011. Electron Physician 2016; 8:2286-90. [PMID: 27280006 PMCID: PMC4886572 DOI: 10.19082/2286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2016] [Accepted: 04/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION People in tropical and semi-tropical areas are in danger of scorpion sting, and this can be a serious problem for them. Mortality due to scorpion sting in the tropical and semi-tropical areas of Iran is about 75%, and this makes scorpion sting in these areas a serious medical problem. Because of this problem, our aim was to assess the epidemiological aspects of scorpion sting in Bandar Abbas, Iran, during 2009-2011. METHODS In this cross-sectional retrospective study, epidemiologic data of 698 scorpion sting cases, who were referred to the Shahid Mohamadi Hospital of Bandar Abbas in Hormozgan Province collected from 2009 until 2011. The data included demographic and individual information, such as age, gender, geographic location, bite site, when the incident occurred, and anti-venom consumption. The required data were extracted from the patients' recorded information in the Hospital, and we recorded data in a special checklist and imported the data into the computer for statistical analysis using of SPSS software, version 21.0. Descriptive statistics, including mean, standard deviation, frequency, and percentage, were used for data analysis. RESULTS Two hundred and sixty-one (37.4%) of the cases were urban and 437(62.6%) were rural. Males comprised 50.1% of the cases, and women comprised 49.9% (p >0.05). Twenty-five point two percent of scorpion sting cases occurred among people in the 21 to 30 age group, and there were very few cases among people in the 51 to 60 age range (p<0.05). Most of cases were recorded in April and October, and the fewest cases were recorded in July and January (p<0.05); also 32.2% of scorpion sting cases occurred after midnight and in the early morning hours. CONCLUSION Our survey showed that there was a high incidence of scorpion stings in rural areas, among 21-30 age group, among housekeepers, and among students. These results indicate the need for public education programs and better sanitation services in the rural areas around Bandar Abbas city. Prospective studies can help to health and medicine organization for prevention and treatment of scorpion sting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Hamid Moosavy
- Ph.D. Student, Infectious & Tropical Diseases Research Center, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | - Mehran Shahi
- M.D. Associate Professor of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Infectious & Tropical Diseases Research Center, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | - Javad Rafinejad
- Ph.D. Professor of Medical Entomology, Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shahram Zare
- Ph.D. of Biostatistics, Professor, Department of Community Medicine, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | - Abdoulhossain Madani
- Associate Professor in Epidemiology, Research Center for Social Determinants on Health Promotion, School of Health, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | - Shahrokh Navidpour
- Ph.D. Associate Professor of Zoology, Razi Reference Laboratory of Scorpion Research, Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Tehran, Iran
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Gholizadeh S, Lalehzari E, Bavani MM, Hosseini A, Khalkhali HR, Rafinejad J. Bioecology and scorpion envenomation in Ramshir district, Khuzestan Province, southwestern Iran. APPLIED ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY 2016; 51:37-42. [DOI: 10.1007/s13355-015-0367-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
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Shahi M, Rafinejad J, Az-Khosravi L, Moosavy SH. First report of death due to Hemiscorpius acanthocercus envenomation in Iran: Case report. Electron Physician 2015; 7:1234-8. [PMID: 26435822 PMCID: PMC4590558 DOI: 10.14661/1234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Scorpion stings are significant causes of death in the western and southern regions of Iran. To date, reports have indicated that the H. lepturus species is the main cause of mortality due to scorpion stings. One of the species that belongs to this genus is Hemiscorpius acanthocercus (H. acanthocercus). This scorpion's venom is cytotoxic, and it causes pathological changes in the blood and can cause severe damage to the kidneys. The pain of Hemiscorpius' sting is mild and asymptomatic in the early hours. Delays in the treatment of these victims can cause hemolysis, hematuria, kidney failure, and even death. In this paper, we report the first known death due to an H. acanthocercus' sting in Iran.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehran Shahi
- Ph.D. of Infectious and tropical Diseases, Student, Infectious & Tropical Diseases Research Center, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | - Javad Rafinejad
- Ph.D. of Medical Entomology, Professor, Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Leyla Az-Khosravi
- B.Sc., Nursing, Nurse, Department of Internal Emergency, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | - Seyed Hamid Moosavy
- M.D., Gastroenterologist and Hepatologist, Associate Professor, Department of Internal Medicine, Hormozgan University of Medical Science, Bandar Abbas, Iran
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Jridi I, Catacchio I, Majdoub H, Shahbazeddah D, El Ayeb M, Frassanito MA, Ribatti D, Vacca A, Borchani L. Hemilipin, a novel Hemiscorpius lepturus venom heterodimeric phospholipase A2, which inhibits angiogenesis in vitro and in vivo. Toxicon 2015; 105:34-44. [PMID: 26335363 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2015.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Revised: 08/14/2015] [Accepted: 08/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Phospholipases A2 (PLA2) are enzymes which specifically hydrolyze the sn-2 acyl ester bond of phospholipids producing free fatty acids and lysophospholipids. The secreted PLA2 (sPLA2) are the most common types of PLA2 purified from the snake venom, mammalian pancreatic juice and other sources. They display a variety of toxic actions and biological activities, including antitumoral and antiangiogenic effects. In this study, we report the isolation, characterization and the antiangiogenic activity of Hemilipin, a novel sPLA2 extracted from Hemiscorpius lepturus venom, the most dangerous scorpion in Iran. Hemilipin was purified by HPLC and analyzed by MALDI TOF/MS. The primary structure was determined by EDMAN degradation method and the PLA2 activity by titration of fatty acids released from the egg yolk phospholipids. Its antiangiogenic activity was studied in vitro by evaluating effects on apoptosis, Matrigel angiogenesis, migration and adhesion of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and human pulmonary artery endothelial cells (HPAECs) and in vivo by the chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) assay. Mass spectrometry profile showed that Hemilipin is heterodimeric and the PLA2 test demonstrated its strong hydrolytic activity. N-terminal aminoacid sequence highlighted a significant homology of Hemilipin's small and large subunits with other sPLA2 group III. Hemilipin had no effect on apoptosis, but strongly impacted angiogenesis both in vitro and in vivo. Our results demonstrate that this novel non toxic sPLA2 could be a new tool to disrupt at different steps human angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imen Jridi
- Carthage University, Sciences Faculty of Bizerte, 7021 Jarzouna, Bizerte, Tunisia; Laboratory of Venom and Therapeutic Biomolecules, Pasteur Institute of Tunis, 13 Place Pasteur, BP 74, Tunis, 1002, Tunisia
| | - Ivana Catacchio
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, Section of Internal Medicine and Clinical Oncology, University of Bari Medical School, Piazza Giulio Cesare 11, I-70124, Bari, Italy
| | - Hafed Majdoub
- USCR Protein Sequencer, Faculty of Sciences, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Delavar Shahbazeddah
- Biotechnology Research Center, Medical Biotechnology Department, Venomics Lab, P.O.Box 13164943551 Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohamed El Ayeb
- Laboratory of Venom and Therapeutic Biomolecules, Pasteur Institute of Tunis, 13 Place Pasteur, BP 74, Tunis, 1002, Tunisia
| | - Maria Antonia Frassanito
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, Section of Clinical Pathology, University of Bari Medical School, Piazza Giulio Cesare 11, I-70124, Bari, Italy
| | - Domenico Ribatti
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sensory Organs Section of Human Anatomy and Histology, University of Bari Medical School, National Cancer Institute "Giovanni Paolo II", Bari, Italy
| | - Angelo Vacca
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, Section of Internal Medicine and Clinical Oncology, University of Bari Medical School, Piazza Giulio Cesare 11, I-70124, Bari, Italy
| | - Lamia Borchani
- Laboratory of Venom and Therapeutic Biomolecules, Pasteur Institute of Tunis, 13 Place Pasteur, BP 74, Tunis, 1002, Tunisia.
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Abstract
Scorpion envenomations are ubiquitous, but nephropathy is a rare manifestation, reported mainly from the Middle East and North Africa. Rapid venom redistribution from blood, delayed excretion from the kidneys, direct toxicity of venom enzymes, cytokine release and afferent arteriolar constriction have been seen in experimental animals. Haemoglobinuria, acute tubular necrosis, interstitial nephritis and haemolytic–uraemic syndrome have been documented in human victims of scorpion envenomation. Epidemiology, venom components and toxins, effects on the laboratory mammals especially the kidneys and reports of renal failure in humans are reviewed in this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stalin Viswanathan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Pondicherry Institute of Medical Sciences, Kalapet, Pondicherry, India
| | - Chaitanya Prabhu
- Department of Nephrology, Pondicherry Institute of Medical Sciences, Kalapet, Pondicherry, India
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Hadaddezfuli R, Khodadadi A, Assarehzadegan MA, Pipelzadeh MH, Saadi S. Hemiscorpius lepturus venom induces expression and production of interluckin-12 in human monocytes. Toxicon 2015; 100:27-31. [PMID: 25912944 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2015.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2015] [Revised: 04/07/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the capacity of the venom from Hemiscorpius lepturus to induce expression and production of interleukin-12 (IL-12) on isolated human monocytes. For this purpose, isolated human monocytes (250,000-300,000 cells/ml) were exposed to different concentrations of the venom (0.625, 1.25, 2.5, 5, 10 and 20 μg/ml) in 96-well plates for varying incubation periods (6, 12, and 24 h). The end point of assessment included LDH cytotoxicity assay, measurement of expression of IL-12,p40 mRNA by real-time PCR, and quantification of IL-12 release using sandwich ELISA technique. The results showed that this venom produced concentration- and time of incubation-dependent cytotoxicity. The level of enhancement of expression and production of IL-12 were found significantly higher with lowest concentration and after 6 h of incubation. The findings demonstrated that the venom from this scorpion contains active constituents which can direct the immune system to produce IL-12.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Hadaddezfuli
- Toxicology Research Center and Immunology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran; Immunology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Ali Khodadadi
- Immunology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | | | - Mohammad Hassan Pipelzadeh
- Toxicology Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University and Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Samahir Saadi
- Immunology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
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A forward to optimization of antivenom therapy: An in vivo study upon the effectiveness of the antivenom against early and delayed nephrotoxicity induced by the venom of the Iranian scorpion Hemiscorpius lepturus in rat. Toxicon 2015; 100:13-9. [PMID: 25847302 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2015.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2014] [Revised: 02/07/2015] [Accepted: 03/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present in vivo study was to identify the optimal effective dose, the most favorable time and the route of administration of the available polyvalent scorpion antivenom against the toxic effects induced by Hemiscorpius lepturus (H. lepturus) venom in rat. The end point for assessment included measurement of alanin-amino-peptidase (AAP) and N-acetyl-b-d-glucosaminidase (NAG), biochemical urine analysis and histopathological assessment. The results showed that a single subcutaneous 50 μg of the venom produced significant increase in the AAP and NAG enzyme activity, urinary biochemical parameters and induced histopathological structural abnormalities in the renal system. The optimal effective co-administered dose of the antivenom was 0.5 ml, which when administered 1 and 2 h of envenomation by intravenous (IV) and subcutaneous (SC) routes respectively produced significant protection against these toxic effects. Prudently, the significance of these findings need to be assessed in further clinical studies.
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Dehghani R, Arani MG. Scorpion sting prevention and treatment in ancient Iran. J Tradit Complement Med 2015; 5:75-80. [PMID: 26151015 PMCID: PMC4488100 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcme.2014.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2014] [Revised: 08/27/2014] [Accepted: 10/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to the medical and therapeutic importance of scorpions in Iranian traditional medicine, this review was conducted on the treatment of scorpion sting as performed by traditional healers in order to realize complications, clinical manifestations, diversities, and deficiencies in the prevention, control, and treatment as mentioned in the pertained literatures. This study tried to make known and investigate attitudes of the Iranian national and traditional medicine towards controlling these venomous animals. Keywords and articles were searched through relevant sites on the Internet. We investigated different journals and references for the Iranian traditional medicine. Based on the articles and books found, we tried to find suitable solutions to problems from the viewpoint of traditional medicine. Scorpion sting dates back to ancient Iran and has been widely reflected in the resources of Iranian traditional medicine. The traditional medicine offers various guidelines that can be beneficial in this respect. New attitude towards scorpion sting with regard to traditional medicine resources can enhance control and prevention of scorpion stings. Consequently, this attitude leads authorities and researchers to a decreased level of scorpion stings or related consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rouhullah Dehghani
- Department of Environment Health and Social Determinants of Health (SDH) Research Center, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
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NMR-based metabonomics survey in rats envenomed by Hemiscorpius lepturus venom. Toxicon 2014; 94:16-22. [PMID: 25478805 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2014.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2014] [Revised: 11/25/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
About 1% of scorpion stings in Iran have been reported in cities and more than 5% in rural areas. The genus Hemiscorpous lepturus belongs to the family Hemiscorpiidae that is endemic in the south-western province of Khoozestan and other parts of western Iran. Although this species is responsible for only 10% of the reported stings, it is also responsible for 95% of mortalities. The heavy cytotoxic and neurotoxic venomous effects of scorpion sting may cause serious disorders such as erythema, purpuric changes, bulla, necrosis and ulcer, either alone or in combination. The toxic effects of H. lepturus venom cause vast changes in both primary and secondary metabolites of the victim, which finally lead to death if not treated early enough. Metabolomics is the systematic study of chemical fingerprints resulting from cytotoxic and pathogenic reactions of cells. We studied the toxic mechanism of H. lepturus venom on metabolome profiling of the victims along with biochemical pathways, organs and physiological detectable effects of this venom by the help of (1)H NMR. Our results showed that pyrimidine, histidine and tyrosine metabolisms, and steroid hormone biosynthesis were the most affected pathways. The major action of the crude venom is on the pancreas, and also on the nerve cells, spleen and mitochondria, causing acute seizures, which resemble the early markers of myocardial injury and seizure disorders.
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Khanbashi S, Khodadadi A, Assarehzadegan MA, Pipelzadeh MH, Vazirianzadeh B, Hosseinzadeh M, Rahmani AH, Asmar A. Assessment of immunogenic characteristics of Hemiscorpius lepturus venom and its cross-reactivity with venoms from Androctonus crassicauda and Mesobuthus eupeus. J Immunotoxicol 2014; 12:217-22. [PMID: 24946724 DOI: 10.3109/1547691x.2014.927542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hemiscorpius lepturus (H. lepturus), one of the most venomous scorpions in tropical and sub-tropical areas, belongs to the Hemiscorpiidae family. Studies of antibodies in sera against the protein component of the venom from this organism can be of great use for the development of engineered variants of proteins for eventual use in the diagnosis/treatment of, and prevention of reactions to, stings. In the present in vitro study, the proteins of H. lepturus venom, which could specifically activate the production of immunoglobulin G (IgG) in victims accidently exposed to the venom from this scorpion, were evaluated and their cross-reactivity with venoms from two other important scorpion species including Androctonus crassicauda and Mesobuthus eupeus assessed. H. lepturus venom was analyzed with respect to its protein composition and its antigenic properties against antibodies found in sera collected from victims exposed to the venom of this scorpion within a previous 2-month period. The cross-reactivity of the H. lepturus venom with those from A. crassicauda and M. eupeus was assessed using ELISA and immunoblotting. Electrophoretic analysis of the venom of H. lepturus revealed several protein bands with weights of 8-116 KDa. The most frequent IgG-reactive bands in the test sera had weights of 34, 50, and 116 kDa. A weak cross-reactivity H. lepturus of venom with venoms from A. crassicauda and M. eupeus was detected. The results of immunoblotting and ELISA experiments revealed that H. lepturus venom activated the host immune response, leading to the production of a high titer of antibodies. Clearly, a determination of the major immunogenic components of H. lepturus venom could be valuable for future studies and ultimately of great importance for the potential production of recombinant or hypo-venom variants of these proteins.
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Pardal PP, Ishikawa EA, Vieira JL, Coelho JS, Dórea RC, Abati PA, Quiroga MM, Chalkidis HM. Clinical aspects of envenomation caused by Tityus obscurus (Gervais, 1843) in two distinct regions of Pará state, Brazilian Amazon basin: a prospective case series. J Venom Anim Toxins Incl Trop Dis 2014; 20:3. [PMID: 24517181 PMCID: PMC3923241 DOI: 10.1186/1678-9199-20-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2013] [Accepted: 02/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Scorpion envenomations are a major public health problem in Brazil, whose most dangerous cases are attributable to the genus Tityus. This study was designed to compare the clinical and demographic features of envenomations by Tityus obscurus in two areas of the state of Pará located in the Amazon basin.Were compared demographic findings, local and systemic signs and symptoms of human envenomations caused by T. obscurus that occurred in western and eastern areas of the state. RESULTS Forty-eight patients with confirmed envenomation by T. obscurus were evaluated from January 2008 to July 2011. Most of them came from the eastern region, where male and female patients were present in similar numbers, while males predominated in the west. Median age groups were also similar in both areas. Most scorpion stings took place during the day and occurred significantly more frequently on the upper limbs. The time between the sting and admission to the health center was less than three hours in both areas. Most eastern patients had local manifestations while in the west, systemic manifestations predominated. Local symptoms were similar in both areas, but systemic signs and symptoms were more common in the west. Symptoms frequently observed at the sting site were local and radiating pain, paresthesia, edema, erythema, sweating, piloerection and burning. The systemic manifestations were significantly higher in patients from the west. Futhermore, neurological symptoms such as general paresthesia, ataxia, dysarthria, myoclonus, dysmetria, and electric shock-like sensations throughout the body were reported only by patients from the west. CONCLUSION The present study shows that two regions of Para state differ in the clinical manifestations and severity of confirmed envenomation by T. obscurus which suggests a toxicity variation resulting from the diversity of T. obscurus venom in different areas of the Brazilian Amazon basin, and that T. serrulatus antivenom can be successfully used against T. obscurus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Po Pardal
- Laboratory of Medical Entomology and Venomous Animals, Center of Tropical Medicine, Pará Federal University, Av, Generalíssimo Deodoro 92, Umarizal 66055-240 Belém, Pará state, Brazil.
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Kassiri H, Kassiri E, Veys-Behbahani R, Kassiri A. Epidemiological survey on scorpionism in Gotvand County, Southwestern Iran: an analysis of 1 067 patients. JOURNAL OF ACUTE DISEASE 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/s2221-6189(14)60067-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
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Khoobdel M, NikbakhtBoroujeni G, ZahraeiSalehi T, Khosravi M, Sasani F, Bokaei S, Koochakzadeh A, Zamani-Ahmadmahmudi M, Akbari A. Diagnosis of Mesobuthus eupeus envenomation by skin test: reverse passive Arthus reaction. Toxicon 2013; 77:133-40. [PMID: 24269785 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2013.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2013] [Revised: 11/07/2013] [Accepted: 11/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
While being stung by two large families of scorpions, Buthidae and Scorpionidae have different symptoms and complications, a similar maintenance treatment usually considers as the scorpion species could not be identified easily. Therefore, this study was an attempt to develop an immunologic response for designing a skin sensitivity test that can be used to determine the poisoning. The sensitivity and the specificity of RPA reaction for detecting experimental envenomated mice were evaluated. The inflammatory response for detection of envenomation was obtained by the injection of a solution containing complement, polyelectrolytes and purified monovalent antibodies. As the result, 84.44% sensitivity and 100% specificity recorded 15 min after challenge. Macroscopic findings were also confirmed histologically. No cross-reactions were observed with other species of scorpions and snake venoms. Designed Skin test induced obvious inflammatory reaction without any histological lesions. Besides adding the complement components and polyelectrolyte to the monovalent antibody leads to an increased susceptibility of inflammatory cells in this reaction, resulting in forming a visible inflammation in a short time. According to satisfactory specificity and sensitivity and visible results in about 15 min, non-harmful and cost benefity of reverse passive Arthus test can be used for diagnosis of scorpion envenomation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Khoobdel
- Health Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Gh NikbakhtBoroujeni
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - T ZahraeiSalehi
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - M Khosravi
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
| | - F Sasani
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - S Bokaei
- Department of Epidemiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - A Koochakzadeh
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - M Zamani-Ahmadmahmudi
- Department of Clinical Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran
| | - A Akbari
- Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute-Karaj Branch, Karaj, Iran
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The pathological effects of Heminecrolysin, a dermonecrotic toxin from Hemiscorpius lepturus scorpion venom are mediated through its lysophospholipase D activity. Toxicon 2013; 68:30-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2013.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2012] [Revised: 11/23/2012] [Accepted: 03/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Mohseni A, Vazirianzadeh B, Hossienzadeh M, Salehcheh M, Moradi A, Moravvej SA. The roles of some scorpions, Hemiscorpius lepturus and Androctonus crassicauda, in a scorpionism focus in Ramhormorz, southwestern Iran. JOURNAL OF INSECT SCIENCE (ONLINE) 2013; 13:89. [PMID: 24219757 PMCID: PMC3835033 DOI: 10.1673/031.013.8901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2011] [Accepted: 06/06/2012] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Scorpion stings are a common and important health problem in Iran, particularly in south and southwestern Iran, including the province of Khuzestan. In the area of Khuzestan near the city of Ramhormoz, Hemiscorpius lepturus (Scorpionida: Hemiscorpioiidae) and Androctonus crassicauda (Buthidae) are present. Ramhormoz is in southwestern Iran and is one of the most important foci of the scorpion sting problem. The current study was carried out to gain both epidemiological and medical information about scorpion stings in and around the city of Ramhormoz. In total, 179 people who were admitted to the Emergency Department of Ramhormoz Imam Khomeini Hospital during 2008 and 2009 after being stung by scorpions were monitored. Epidemiological and medical parameters including sex of the victim; the part of the body stung; the month when stung; the biochemical parameters comprising blood sugar (BS), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), and creatinine (CR); hematological parameters including white blood cells (WBC), count blood cells (CBC), red blood cells (RBC), hemoglobin (Hb), hematocrit (HCT), platelet (PLT); and urine analysis including hemoglobinuria were recorded. The current study showed that most of the victims were stung by H. lepturus, while very few were stung by A. crassicaud, but in over half of the cases the species was not known. Stings were most common from May to Aguust. 73% of the victims were female. The limbs were the part of the body most likely to be stung. Hemogobinuria was very common in H. lepturus victims.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Mohseni
- Department of Hematology, School of Paramedicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahwaz, Iran, and Department of Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Paramedicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Babak Vazirianzadeh
- Department of Medical Entomology, School of Health, and Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Mohsen Hossienzadeh
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Maryam Salehcheh
- Department of Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahwaz, Iran
| | - Azra Moradi
- Imam Khomeini (RH) Hospital, Ramhormoz, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahwaz, Iran
| | - Seyed Abbas Moravvej
- Department of Medical Entomology, School of Health, and Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
- Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, Chamran University, Ahvaz, Iran
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Del Brutto OH. Neurological effects of venomous bites and stings: snakes, spiders, and scorpions. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2013; 114:349-68. [PMID: 23829924 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-53490-3.00028-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Snake and spider bites, as well as scorpion sting envenoming, are neglected diseases affecting millions of people all over the world. Neurological complications vary according to the offending animal, and are often directly related to toxic effects of the venom, affecting the central nervous system, the neuromuscular transmission, the cardiovascular system, or the coagulation cascade. Snake bite envenoming may result in stroke or muscle paralysis. Metalloproteinases and other substances (common in vipers and colubrids) have anticoagulant or procoagulant activity, and may induce ischemic or hemorrhagic strokes. The venom of elapids is rich in neurotoxins affecting the neuromuscular transmission at either presynaptic or postsynaptic levels. The clinical picture of scorpion sting envenoming is dominated by muscle weakness associated with arterial hypertension, cardiac arrythmias, myocarditis, or pulmonary edema. These manifestations occur as the result of release of catecholamines into the bloodstream or due to direct cardiac toxicity of the venom. Cerebrovascular complications have been reported after the sting of the Indian red scorpion. Intracranial hemorrhages occur in the setting of acute increases in arterial blood pressure related to sympathetic overstimulation, and cerebral infarctions are related to either cerebral hypoperfusion, consumption coagulopathy, vasculitis, or cardiogenic brain embolism. Three main syndromes result from spider bite envenoming: latrodectism, loxoscelism, and funnel-web spider envenoming. Latrodectism is related to neurotoxins present in the venom of widow spiders. Most cases present with headache, lethargy, irritability, myalgia, tremor, fasciculation, or ataxia. Loxoscelism is caused by envenoming by spiders of the family Sicariidae. It may present with a stroke due to a severe coagulopathy. The venom of funnel-web spiders also has neurotoxins that stimulate neurotransmitter release, resulting in sensory disturbances and muscle paralysis. Proper management of the envenomed patient, including prompt transport to the hospital, correction of the hemostatic disorder, ventilatory support, and administration of antivenom, significantly reduce the risk of neurological complications which, in turn, reduce the mortality and improve the functional outcome of survivors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar H Del Brutto
- School of Medicine, Universidad Espiritu Santo, Guayaquil, Ecuador; Department of Neurological Sciences, Hospital Clinica Kennedy, Guayaquil, Ecuador.
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The Pattern of Poisoning in Southwestern Region of Iran: Envenoming as the Major Cause. Jundishapur J Nat Pharm Prod 2012. [DOI: 10.5812/jjnpp.3504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Jalali A, Savari M, Dehdardargahi S, Azarpanah A. The Pattern of Poisoning in Southwestern Region of Iran: Envenoming as the Major Cause. Jundishapur J Nat Pharm Prod 2012. [DOI: 10.17795/jjnpp-3504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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Dehghani R, Fathi B. Scorpion sting in Iran: a review. Toxicon 2012; 60:919-33. [PMID: 22750221 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2012.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2011] [Revised: 02/08/2012] [Accepted: 06/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Among Middle Eastern countries, at least 52 species of scorpions, especially dangerous types, have been reported in Iran. This is more than any other country in the region. In addition, in Iran the recorded scorpion stings from 2001 to 2009 were more than 42,500 per year, of which, approximately 19.5 deaths have been reported each year, mostly in spring and summer. About 10 species are responsible for the reported envenoming which belong to the Buthidae family apart from Hemiscorpius lepturus which is a Hemiscorpiidae. The Buthidae family includes: Androctonus crassicauda, Mesobuthus eupeus, Odontobuthus doriae, Hottentotta saulcyi, Hottentotta schach, Compsobuthus matthiesseni, Orthochirus scrobiculosus, Apistobuthus pterygocercus and Olivierus caucasicus. A. crassicauda and H. lepturus are usually cited as the most dangerous species among Iranian scorpions. This article focuses on the main Iranian scorpions and their geographical distribution, especially those which are medically important and considered to be the more dangerous to human, and also attempts to demonstrate an accurate magnitude of scorpion stings in Iran.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rouhullah Dehghani
- Department of Environment Health, Kashan University of Medical sciences, Kashan, Islamic Republic of Iran.
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Heidarpour M, Ennaifer E, Ahari H, Srairi-Abid N, Borchani L, Khalili G, Amini H, Anvar AA, Boubaker S, El-Ayeb M, Shahbazzadeh D. Histopathological changes induced by Hemiscorpius lepturus scorpion venom in mice. Toxicon 2012; 59:373-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2011.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2011] [Revised: 12/15/2011] [Accepted: 12/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Jalali A, Savari M, Dehdardargahi S, Azarpanah A. The pattern of poisoning in southwestern region of iran: envenoming as the major cause. Jundishapur J Nat Pharm Prod 2012; 7:100-5. [PMID: 24624164 PMCID: PMC3941846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2011] [Revised: 06/14/2012] [Accepted: 06/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND An analysis performed on the collected data from the Local Drug and Poison Information Centre (DPIC) of Jundishapur University revealed that stings are the main causes of poisonings with frequency of 56%, followed by drug poisoning in 31%, and chemical exposure poisoning in 5.5% in Khuzestan, the southwestern province of Iran. OBJECTIVES The aim of the present study was to report the prevalence of poisoning in Khuzestan province referred to hospitals during the year 2007, on the basis of documents from the local Drug and Poison Information Centre (DPIC) and the main Khuzestan Hospitals Discharge Registry, to elucidate demographic trends of poisoning in this region. MATERIALS AND METHODS In the present study, 3258 cases of poisoning including 4.7% of all admissions to hospitals of Khuzestan during one year (2007) were investigated. Antidepressant drugs were the main-drug category inducing poisoning (24.37%). Others include sedative-hypnotics (19%), tricyclic antidepressants (TCA) (14.7%) and cardiovascular drugs (11.4%). RESULTS The research showed that most poisonings are occurred in autumn (29.6%) season. Besides the high poisoning rate of envenoming by animals in Khuzestan province, it seems that the pattern of poisoning is different with other Iran and worldwide regions. CONCLUSIONS This may raise the attention of health service policy makers in Iran to establish a more effective diagnosis, management and implementing health policy services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Jalali
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahwaz, IR Iran,Toxicology Research Center, Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahwaz, IR Iran,Corresponding author: Amir Jalali, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, and Toxicology Research Center, Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, IR Iran. Tel: +98-6113738378, Fax: +98-6113738381, E-mail:
| | - Marzie Savari
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahwaz, IR Iran
| | - Shaiesteh Dehdardargahi
- Medical School, Persian Gulf International Division of Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Abadan, IR Iran
| | - Armita Azarpanah
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahwaz, IR Iran
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Borchani L, Sassi A, Ben Yekhlef R, Safra I, El Ayeb M. Heminecrolysin, a potential immunogen for monospecific antivenom production against Hemiscorpius lepturus scorpion. Toxicon 2011; 58:681-8. [PMID: 21967811 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2011.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2011] [Revised: 09/19/2011] [Accepted: 09/21/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Serotherapy against Hemiscorpius (H.) lepturus scorpion sting is based on the administration of equine polyvalent antivenom prepared against a mixture of six venoms. In a previous study, we reported the identification of Heminecrolysin, a 33 kDa H. lepturus venom protein endowed with a sphingomyelinase D, hemolytic and dermonecrotic activities. We aimed herein to investigate the capacity of Heminecrolysin to generate antibodies able to neutralize the major physiopathological properties of H. lepturus envenomation, e.g. hemolysis and dermonecrosis. The efficiency of anti-Heminecrolysin antibodies was compared to that of anti-whole venom. Our results demonstrated that Heminecrolysin elicits high levels of specific IgGs. Anti-Heminecrolysin, similarly to anti-whole venom antibodies, totally inhibited H. lepturus hemolytic effect when up to 5 times the half maximal effective concentration of venom were used. Phosphatidylserine exposure on the external lipid monolayer of human red blood cells treated with whole venom was also fully blocked by both anti-sera. Experimental envenomation of rabbits showed that anti-Heminecrolysin antibodies were as potent as anti-H. lepturus antibodies to neutralize dermonecrotic effects when up to 4 times the minimal necrotic dose of venom were injected. However, inflammatory reaction was better controlled with anti-whole venom sera. In conclusion, Heminecrolysin elicits protective antibodies of comparable potency to those elicited by immunization with whole venom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lamia Borchani
- Laboratoire des Venins et Toxines, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Université Tunis-El Manar, Tunisia.
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Rubin DI, Vavra M. Brachial plexopathy as a rare presenting manifestation of scorpion envenomation. Muscle Nerve 2011; 44:131-5. [PMID: 21674527 DOI: 10.1002/mus.22061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
We report a patient who experienced a rare manifestation of an acute, severe brachial plexopathy as the initial complication of scorpion (presumed Hemiscorpius lepturus species) envenomation. Features suggesting conduction block, due to either proximal demyelination or ion channel dysfunction, along with axonal loss were seen on serial electrophysiological studies. Possible mechanisms of the brachial plexopathy include direct compression from tissue edema or a toxic effect on the membrane channels along the nerve.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devon I Rubin
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, 4500 San Pablo Road, Jacksonville, Florida 32224, USA.
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Heminecrolysin, the first hemolytic dermonecrotic toxin purified from scorpion venom. Toxicon 2011; 58:130-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2011.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2011] [Revised: 05/19/2011] [Accepted: 05/23/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Enzymatic analysis of Hemiscorpius lepturus scorpion venom using zymography and venom-specific antivenin. Toxicon 2010; 56:521-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2010.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2010] [Revised: 05/05/2010] [Accepted: 05/06/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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