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Averin A, Starkov V, Tsetlin V, Utkin Y. Effects of the Heterodimeric Neurotoxic Phospholipase A 2 from the Venom of Vipera nikolskii on the Contractility of Rat Papillary Muscles and Thoracic Aortas. Toxins (Basel) 2024; 16:100. [PMID: 38393179 PMCID: PMC10891809 DOI: 10.3390/toxins16020100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Revised: 02/03/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Phospholipases A2 (PLA2s) are a large family of snake toxins manifesting diverse biological effects, which are not always related to phospholipolytic activity. Snake venom PLA2s (svPLA2s) are extracellular proteins with a molecular mass of 13-14 kDa. They are present in venoms in the form of monomers, dimers, and larger oligomers. The cardiovascular system is one of the multiple svPLA2 targets in prey organisms. The results obtained previously on the cardiovascular effects of monomeric svPLA2s were inconsistent, while the data on the dimeric svPLA2 crotoxin from the rattlesnake Crotalus durissus terrificus showed that it significantly reduced the contractile force of guinea pig hearts. Here, we studied the effects of the heterodimeric svPLA2 HDP-1 from the viper Vipera nikolskii on papillary muscle (PM) contractility and the tension of the aortic rings (ARs). HDP-1 is structurally different from crotoxin, and over a wide range of concentrations, it produced a long-term, stable, positive inotropic effect in PMs, which did not turn into contractures at the concentrations studied. This also distinguishes HDP-1 from the monomeric svPLA2s, which at high concentrations inhibited cardiac function. HDP-1, when acting on ARs preconstricted with 10 μM phenylephrine, induced a vasorelaxant effect, similar to some other svPLA2s. These are the first indications of the cardiac and vascular effects of true vipers' heterodimeric svPLA2s.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey Averin
- Institute of Cell Biophysics, Federal Research Center “Pushchino Scientific Center of Biological Research”, Pushchino Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino 142290, Russia;
| | - Vladislav Starkov
- Shemyakin–Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 117997, Russia; (V.S.); (V.T.)
| | - Victor Tsetlin
- Shemyakin–Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 117997, Russia; (V.S.); (V.T.)
| | - Yuri Utkin
- Shemyakin–Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 117997, Russia; (V.S.); (V.T.)
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2
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Messadi E. Snake Venom Components as Therapeutic Drugs in Ischemic Heart Disease. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1539. [PMID: 37892221 PMCID: PMC10605524 DOI: 10.3390/biom13101539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Ischemic heart disease (IHD), especially myocardial infarction (MI), is a leading cause of death worldwide. Although coronary reperfusion is the most straightforward treatment for limiting the MI size, it has nevertheless been shown to exacerbate ischemic myocardial injury. Therefore, identifying and developing therapeutic strategies to treat IHD is a major medical challenge. Snake venoms contain biologically active proteins and peptides that are of major interest for pharmacological applications in the cardiovascular system (CVS). This has led to their use for the development and design of new drugs, such as the first-in-class angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor captopril, developed from a peptide present in Bothrops jararaca snake venom. This review discusses the potential usefulness of snake venom toxins for developing effective treatments against IHD and related diseases such as hypertension and atherosclerosis. It describes their biological effects at the molecular scale, their mechanisms of action according to their different pharmacological properties, as well as their subsequent molecular pathways and therapeutic targets. The molecules reported here have either been approved for human medical use and are currently available on the drug market or are still in the clinical or preclinical developmental stages. The information summarized here may be useful in providing insights into the development of future snake venom-derived drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erij Messadi
- Plateforme de Physiologie et Physiopathologie Cardiovasculaires (P2C), Laboratoire des Biomolécules, Venins et Applications Théranostiques (LR20IPT01), Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Université Tunis El Manar, Tunis 1068, Tunisia
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3
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Hora PS, Nogueira Junior JRDJ, Couto RD, Campos LMDCC, Soares TDJ, Casais-E-Silva LL, Souza SID. Renal functional and structural alterations induced by intramuscular injection of Bothrops leucurus venom. Toxicon 2023; 234:107265. [PMID: 37673342 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2023.107265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
Acute kidney injury (AKI) is the main cause of death from Bothrops snakebite. Although many studies have investigated the nephrotoxicity induced by other Bothrops species, no study has assessed the renal alterations induced by intramuscular (i.m.) injection of Bothrops leucurus venom. In this study, we evaluated the nephrotoxicity induced by B. leucurus venom by analyzing renal function and histology. Wistar rats were submitted to i. m. injection of B. leucurus venom or saline and divided into two groups: Control group (C), rats submitted to i. m. injections of saline, and B. leucurus group (Bl), rats submitted to i. m. injections of B. leucurus venom (1 mg/kg). After venom or saline injection, serum and urine were collected to measure creatinine, albumin, sodium, and potassium levels. The glomerular filtration rate (GFR), urinary flow urinary, creatinine/serum creatinine ratio, and albuminuria-urinary creatinine ratio were determined. All rats were euthanized 72 h following the injections, and the kidneys were removed for histology and immunohistochemical studies. B. leucurus experimental envenoming was accompanied by an increase of 236% in serum creatine kinase activity in the Bl group. The weights of the right and left kidneys were, respectively, 26 and 22% higher in rats of the Bl group than in control rats. Regarding renal function, the Bl group showed a decrease of 37% in GFR compared to control group. The rats of the Bl group also presented increased cortical (8.20 ± 1.35) and medullar (6.17 ± 2.00) tubulointerstitial lesion area when compared to control group (0.02 ± 0.00) (1.20 ± 0.73), respectively. The number of macrophages was also higher in the renal cortex (6.66 ± 0.06) and medulla (1.22 ± 0.10) of rats from the Bl group when compared to control rats (1.04 ± 0.55), (0.65 ± 0.10), respectively. Our results indicate that B. leucurus venom promoted significant histological and functional renal alterations following intramuscular inoculation, which simulates the majority of snakebites observed in the clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paloma Santos Hora
- Instituto Multidisciplinar em Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Vitória da Conquista, Bahia, 45029094, Brazil
| | | | - Ricardo David Couto
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, 40170115, Brazil
| | | | - Telma de Jesus Soares
- Instituto Multidisciplinar em Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Vitória da Conquista, Bahia, 45029094, Brazil
| | | | - Samira Itana de Souza
- Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, 40231300, Brazil.
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Zhou K, Luo W, Liu T, Ni Y, Qin Z. Neurotoxins Acting at Synaptic Sites: A Brief Review on Mechanisms and Clinical Applications. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 15:18. [PMID: 36668838 PMCID: PMC9865788 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15010018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurotoxins generally inhibit or promote the release of neurotransmitters or bind to receptors that are located in the pre- or post-synaptic membranes, thereby affecting physiological functions of synapses and affecting biological processes. With more and more research on the toxins of various origins, many neurotoxins are now widely used in clinical treatment and have demonstrated good therapeutic outcomes. This review summarizes the structural properties and potential pharmacological effects of neurotoxins acting on different components of the synapse, as well as their important clinical applications, thus could be a useful reference for researchers and clinicians in the study of neurotoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunming Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology and Laboratory of Aging and Nervous Diseases, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Weifeng Luo
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Research Center of Neurological Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215004, China
| | - Tong Liu
- Institute of Pain Medicine and Special Environmental Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China
| | - Yong Ni
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Research Center of Neurological Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215004, China
| | - Zhenghong Qin
- Department of Pharmacology and Laboratory of Aging and Nervous Diseases, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
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CCL-2 and CXCL-8: Potential Prognostic Biomarkers of Acute Kidney Injury after a Bothrops atrox Snakebite. Mediators Inflamm 2022; 2022:8285084. [PMID: 36117588 PMCID: PMC9473908 DOI: 10.1155/2022/8285084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In the Brazilian Amazon, the snake Bothrops atrox is the primary cause of snakebites. B. atrox (BaV) venom can cause systemic pathophysiological changes such as acute kidney injury (AKI), which leads to the production of chemokines and cytokines in response to the envenomation. These soluble immunological molecules act by modulating the inflammatory response; however, the mechanisms associated with the development of AKI are still poorly understood. Here, we characterize the profile of these soluble immunological molecules as possible predictive biomarkers of the development of AKI. The study involved 34 patients who had been victims of snakebites by Bothrops sp. These were categorized into two groups according to the development of AKI (AKI(-)/AKI(+)), using healthy donors as the control (HD). Peripheral blood samples were collected at three-time points: before antivenom administration (T0) and at 24 and 48 hours after antivenom (T1 and T2, respectively). The soluble immunological molecules (CXCL-8, CCL-5, CXCL-9, CCL-2, CXCL-10, IL-6, TNF, IL-2, IL-10, IFN-γ, IL-4, and IL-17A) were quantified using cytometric bead array. Our results demonstrated an increase in CXCL-9, CXCL-10, IL-6, IL-2, IL-10, and IL-17A molecules in the groups of patients who suffered Bothrops snakebites (AKI(-) and AKI(+)) before antivenom administration, when compared to HD. In the AKI(+) group, levels of CXCL-8 and CCL-2 molecules were elevated on admission and progressively decreased during the clinical evolution of patients after antivenom administration. In addition, in the signature analysis, these were produced exclusively by the group AKI(+) at T0. Thus, these chemokines may be related to the initiation and extension of AKI after envenomation by Bothrops and present themselves as two potential biomarkers of AKI at T0.
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Alam MI, Quasimi H, Kumar A, Alam A, Bhagat S, Alam MS, Khan GA, Dhulap A, Ahmad Ansari M. Protective effects of novel diazepinone derivatives in snake venom induced sterile inflammation in experimental animals. Eur J Pharmacol 2022; 928:175095. [PMID: 35728626 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2022.175095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Revised: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Snake envenomation leads to the formation of damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), which are mediated by endogenous intracellular molecules. These are recognized by pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs) and can induce sterile inflammation. AIMS In the present study, we aim at understanding the mechanisms involved in DAMPs induced sterile inflammation to unravel the novel therapeutic strategies for treating snake bites. The potential of benzodiazepinone derivatives to act against snake venom induced inflammation has been explored in the present investigation. MAIN METHODS Three compounds VA 17, VA 43 and PA 03 were taken from our library of synthetic compounds. Oxidative stress markers such as lipid peroxidation, superoxide and nitric oxide were measured along with the analysis of DAMPs (IL6, HMGB1, vWF, S100b and HSP70). These compounds have been docked using molecular docking against the snake venom PLA2 structure (PDB code: 1OXL). KEY FINDINGS The compounds have been found to effectively neutralize viper and cobra venoms induced lethal activity both ex vivo and in vivo. The compounds have also neutralized the viper venom induced hemorrhagic, coagulant, anticoagulant reactions as well as inflammation. The fold of protection have always been found to be higher in case of ex vivo than in in vivo. These compounds have neutralized the venom induced DAMPs as exhibited by IL6, HMGB1, vWF, S100b and HSP70. The fold of neutralization is found to be higher in VA 43. SIGNIFICANCE The identified compounds could be used as potential candidates for developing treatment of snakebites in areas where antiserums are not yet available.
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Affiliation(s)
- M I Alam
- Department of Physiology, Hamdard Institute of Medical Sciences & Research, Jamia Hamdard (Deemed University), New Delhi, India.
| | - Huma Quasimi
- Department of Physiology, Hamdard Institute of Medical Sciences & Research, Jamia Hamdard (Deemed University), New Delhi, India
| | - Amit Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemical and Life Sciences, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Aftab Alam
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Cambridge University Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Saumya Bhagat
- Department of Physiology, Hamdard Institute of Medical Sciences & Research, Jamia Hamdard (Deemed University), New Delhi, India
| | - M Sarwar Alam
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemical and Life Sciences, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India.
| | - G A Khan
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Faisal University, Alhasa, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abhijeet Dhulap
- CSIR Unit for Research and Development of Information Products, Pune, India
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de Oliveira NA, Cardoso SC, Barbosa DA, da Fonseca CD. Acute kidney injury caused by venomous animals: inflammatory mechanisms. J Venom Anim Toxins Incl Trop Dis 2021; 27:20200189. [PMID: 34512738 PMCID: PMC8394371 DOI: 10.1590/1678-9199-jvatitd-2020-0189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Either bites or stings of venomous animals comprise relevant public health problems in tropical countries. Acute kidney injury (AKI) induced by animal toxins is related to worse prognostic and outcomes. Being one the most important pathways to induce AKI following envenoming due to animal toxins, inflammation is an essential biological response that eliminates pathogenic bacteria and repairs tissue after injury. However, direct nephrotoxicity (i.e. apoptotic and necrotic mechanisms of toxins), pigmenturia (i.e. rhabdomyolysis and hemolysis), anaphylactic reactions, and coagulopathies could contribute to the renal injury. All these mechanisms are closely integrated, but inflammation is a distinct process. Hence, it is important to improve our understanding on inflammation mechanisms of these syndromes to provide a promising outlook to reduce morbidity and mortality. This literature review highlights the main scientific evidence of acute kidney injury induced by bites or stings from venomous animals and their inflammatory mechanisms. It included observational, cross-sectional, case-control and cohort human studies available up to December 2019. Descriptors were used according to Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), namely: “Acute kidney injury” or “Venom” and “Inflammation” on Medline/Pubmed and Google Scholar; “Kidney disease” or “Acute kidney injury” on Lilacs and SciELO. The present review evidenced that, among the described forms of renal inflammation, it can occur either directly or indirectly on renal cells by means of intravascular, systemic and endothelial hemolysis, activation of inflammatory pathway, as well as direct action of venom cytotoxic components on kidney structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naila Albertina de Oliveira
- Department of Nursing, Institute of Health Sciences, Paulista University (Unip), Jundiaí, SP, Brazil.,Graduate Program in Nursing, School of Nursing, Federal University of São Paulo (Unifesp), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Dulce Aparecida Barbosa
- Department of Clinical and Surgical Nursing, School of Nursing, Federal University of São Paulo (Unifesp), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Cassiane Dezoti da Fonseca
- Department of Clinical and Surgical Nursing, School of Nursing, Federal University of São Paulo (Unifesp), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Averin AS, Utkin YN. Cardiovascular Effects of Snake Toxins: Cardiotoxicity and Cardioprotection. Acta Naturae 2021; 13:4-14. [PMID: 34707893 PMCID: PMC8526186 DOI: 10.32607/actanaturae.11375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Snake venoms, as complex mixtures of peptides and proteins, affect various vital systems of the organism. One of the main targets of the toxic components from snake venoms is the cardiovascular system. Venom proteins and peptides can act in different ways, exhibiting either cardiotoxic or cardioprotective effects. The principal classes of these compounds are cobra cardiotoxins, phospholipases A2, and natriuretic, as well as bradykinin-potentiating peptides. There is another group of proteins capable of enhancing angiogenesis, which include, e.g., vascular endothelial growth factors possessing hypotensive and cardioprotective activities. Venom proteins and peptides exhibiting cardiotropic and vasoactive effects are promising candidates for the design of new drugs capable of preventing or constricting the development of pathological processes in cardiovascular diseases, which are currently the leading cause of death worldwide. For example, a bradykinin-potentiating peptide from Bothrops jararaca snake venom was the first snake venom compound used to create the widely used antihypertensive drugs captopril and enalapril. In this paper, we review the current state of research on snake venom components affecting the cardiovascular system and analyse the mechanisms of physiological action of these toxins and the prospects for their medical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. S. Averin
- Institute of Cell Biophysics of the Russian Academy of Sciences PSCBR RAS, Pushchino, Moscow region, 142290 Russia
| | - Yu. N. Utkin
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 117997 Russia
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Liblik K, Byun J, Saldarriaga C, Perez GE, Lopez-Santi R, Wyss FQ, Liprandi AS, Martinez-Sellés M, Farina JM, Mendoza I, Burgos LM, Baranchuk A. Snakebite Envenomation and Heart: Systematic Review. Curr Probl Cardiol 2021; 47:100861. [PMID: 33992425 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2021.100861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Snakebite envenomation is a neglected tropical disease which can result in morbidity and mortality. Cardiac implications are poorly understood due to the low frequency of cardiotoxicity combined with a lack of robust information, as snakebites commonly occur in remote and rural areas. This review aims to assess cardiovascular implications of snakebite envenoming and proposes an algorithm for screening of cardiovascular manifestations. A systematic review was performed and 29 articles relating to cardiovascular involvement in snakebite envenomation were selected. Cardiovascular involvement seems to be rare and includes a wide spectrum of outcomes, such as myocardial infarction, ventricular dysfunction, hypotension, cardiac arrest, and myocarditis. In a significant proportion of the cases analyzed (24.39%), the cardiovascular manifestations had major consequences (cardiac arrest, myocardial infarction, malignant ventricular arrhythmias, or death). Clinical monitoring, physical examination, and early electrocardiogram should be considered as key measures to detect cardiovascular involvement in patients with evidence of systemic illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiera Liblik
- Department of Medicine, Kingston Health Science Center, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jin Byun
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Clara Saldarriaga
- Department of Cardiology and Heart Failure Clinic, Cardiovascular Clinic Santa Maria, University of Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Gonzalo E Perez
- Division of Cardiology, Clínica Olivos, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ricardo Lopez-Santi
- Division of Cardiology, Hospital Italiano de la Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Fernando Q Wyss
- Division of Cardiology, Clínica Olivos, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Alvaro S Liprandi
- Guatemala Cardiovascular Services and Technology, Cardiosolutions, Guatemala City
| | | | - Juan M Farina
- Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, CIBERCV, Universidad Europea, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ivan Mendoza
- Tropical Cardiology, Tropical Medicine Institute, Central University of Venezuela, Caracas, Venezuela
| | - Lucrecia M Burgos
- Department of Heart Failure, Pulmonary Hypertension and Heart Transplant, Instituto Cardiovascular de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Adrian Baranchuk
- Division of Cardiology, Kingston Health Science Center, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada.
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Marinho AD, Silveira JADM, Chaves Filho AJM, Jorge ARC, Nogueira Júnior FA, Pereira VBM, de Aquino PEA, Pereira CAS, Evangelista JSAM, Macedo DS, Lima Júnior RCP, Toyama MH, Jorge RJB, Pereira GJS, Monteiro HSA. Bothrops pauloensis snake venom-derived Asp-49 and Lys-49 phospholipases A2 mediates acute kidney injury by oxidative stress and release of inflammatory cytokines. Toxicon 2020; 190:31-38. [PMID: 33307108 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2020.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The envenomation caused by the Bothrops pauloensis snake leads to severe local and systemic effects including acute kidney injury. In this study, we investigated the renal effects by phospholipases A2 (PLA2s), divided into two main subgroups, Asp-49 and Lys-49, isolated from the Bothrops pauloensis snake venom (BpV) in isolated rat kidney system. Both PLA2s (3 μg/mL), added alone to the perfusion system and analyzed for 120 min, had significant effects on isolated rat kidney. Asp-49 reduced Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) at 60, 90 and 120 min, and the percentage of total tubular sodium transport (%TNa+) and potassium transport (%TK+) at 120 min. Lys-49 increased Perfusion Pressure (PP) at 120 min and reduced GFR, %TNa+ and the percentage of total tubular chloride transport (%TCl-) at 60, 90 and 120 min. Cytokine release in the kidney tissues were increased with Asp-49 PLA2 (IL-10) and Lys-49 PLA2 (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-10). Both increased MPO activity. Asp-49 PLA2 decreased Glutathione (GSH) and increased nitrite levels, while Lys-49 PLA2 increased Malondialdehyde (MDA), GSH and nitrite levels. Histological analysis of the perfused kidneys revealed the presence of glomerular degeneration and atrophy, deposit of proteinaceous material in Bowman's space and intratubular with both PLA2s. These findings indicated that both PLA2s modified the functional parameters in an isolated perfused kidney model with increased oxidative stress and cytokine release. PLA2s are one of the components at high concentration in BpV and our results provide important knowledge about their involvement with the nephrotoxic mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Diogo Marinho
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Federal University of Ceara, Coronel Nunes de Melo St., 1127, 60.430-275, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil; Drug Research and Development Center (NPDM), Federal University of Ceara, Coronel Nunes de Melo St., 1000, 60.430-275, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil.
| | - João Alison de Moraes Silveira
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Federal University of Ceara, Coronel Nunes de Melo St., 1127, 60.430-275, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil; Drug Research and Development Center (NPDM), Federal University of Ceara, Coronel Nunes de Melo St., 1000, 60.430-275, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Adriano José Maia Chaves Filho
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Federal University of Ceara, Coronel Nunes de Melo St., 1127, 60.430-275, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil; Drug Research and Development Center (NPDM), Federal University of Ceara, Coronel Nunes de Melo St., 1000, 60.430-275, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Antônio Rafael Coelho Jorge
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Federal University of Ceara, Coronel Nunes de Melo St., 1127, 60.430-275, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil; Drug Research and Development Center (NPDM), Federal University of Ceara, Coronel Nunes de Melo St., 1000, 60.430-275, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Francisco Assis Nogueira Júnior
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Federal University of Ceara, Coronel Nunes de Melo St., 1127, 60.430-275, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil; Drug Research and Development Center (NPDM), Federal University of Ceara, Coronel Nunes de Melo St., 1000, 60.430-275, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Venúcia Bruna Magalhães Pereira
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Federal University of Ceara, Coronel Nunes de Melo St., 1127, 60.430-275, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil; Drug Research and Development Center (NPDM), Federal University of Ceara, Coronel Nunes de Melo St., 1000, 60.430-275, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Pedro Everson Alexandre de Aquino
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Federal University of Ceara, Coronel Nunes de Melo St., 1127, 60.430-275, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil; Drug Research and Development Center (NPDM), Federal University of Ceara, Coronel Nunes de Melo St., 1000, 60.430-275, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Cássia Arruda Souza Pereira
- Department of Pharmacology, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Três de Maio St., 100, 04.044-020, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Danielle Silveira Macedo
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Federal University of Ceara, Coronel Nunes de Melo St., 1127, 60.430-275, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil; Drug Research and Development Center (NPDM), Federal University of Ceara, Coronel Nunes de Melo St., 1000, 60.430-275, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Roberto César Pereira Lima Júnior
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Federal University of Ceara, Coronel Nunes de Melo St., 1127, 60.430-275, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil; Drug Research and Development Center (NPDM), Federal University of Ceara, Coronel Nunes de Melo St., 1000, 60.430-275, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Marcos Hikari Toyama
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Brazil
| | - Roberta Jeane Bezerra Jorge
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Federal University of Ceara, Coronel Nunes de Melo St., 1127, 60.430-275, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil; Drug Research and Development Center (NPDM), Federal University of Ceara, Coronel Nunes de Melo St., 1000, 60.430-275, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Gustavo José Silva Pereira
- Department of Pharmacology, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Três de Maio St., 100, 04.044-020, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Helena Serra Azul Monteiro
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Federal University of Ceara, Coronel Nunes de Melo St., 1127, 60.430-275, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil; Drug Research and Development Center (NPDM), Federal University of Ceara, Coronel Nunes de Melo St., 1000, 60.430-275, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
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Albuquerque PLMM, Paiva JHHGL, Martins AMC, Meneses GC, da Silva GB, Buckley N, Daher EDF. Clinical assessment and pathophysiology of Bothrops venom-related acute kidney injury: a scoping review. J Venom Anim Toxins Incl Trop Dis 2020; 26:e20190076. [PMID: 32704246 PMCID: PMC7359628 DOI: 10.1590/1678-9199-jvatitd-2019-0076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Bothrops are one of the most common medically important snakes found in Latin America. Its venom is predominantly hemotoxic and proteolytic, which means that local lesion (edema and redness) and hemorrhagic symptoms are recurrent in envenoming by this snake. Although hemorrhage is usually the major cause of death, snakebite-related acute kidney injury is another potentially fatal clinical complication that may lead to chronic kidney disease. The present review highlights the main studies on Bothrops venom-related acute kidney injury, including observational, cross-sectional, case-control and cohort human studies available up to December 2019. The following descriptors were used according to Medical Subject Headings (MeSH): on Medline/Pubmed and Google Scholar "acute kidney injury" or "kidney disease" and "Bothrops"; on Lilacs and SciELO "kidney disease" or "acute kidney injury" and "Bothrops". Newcastle-Ottawa quality assessment scale was used to appraise the quality of the cross-sectional and cohort studies included. The selection of more severe patients who looked for health care units and tertiary centers is a risk of bias. Due to the methodological heterogeneity of the studies, a critical analysis of the results was performed based on the hypothesis that the design of the included studies influences the incidence of acute kidney injury. Fifteen human studies (total participants 4624) were included according to stablished criteria. The coagulation abnormalities (hemorrhagic symptoms, abnormal fibrinogen and activated partial thromboplastin time) were associated with acute kidney injury in the most recent studies reported. The findings observed in this review provide up-to-date evidence about the acute kidney injury pathogenesis following Bothrops syndrome. Studies pointed out that coagulation abnormalities comprise the major pathway for acute kidney injury development. This review may improve patient management by primary healthcare providers, allowing earlier diagnosis and treatment of Bothrops venom-related acute kidney injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Polianna Lemos Moura Moreira Albuquerque
- University of Fortaleza (Unifor), Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
- Toxicological Information and Assistance Center, Instituto Doutor Jose Frota Hospital, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | | | - Alice Maria Costa Martins
- Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Ceará (UFC), Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | | | - Geraldo Bezerra da Silva
- Public Health and Medical Sciences Graduate Programs, School of Medicine, University of Fortaleza, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
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12
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Menezes TN, Naumann GB, Peixoto P, Rouver WN, Gomes HL, Campos FV, Borges MH, Dos Santos RL, Bissoli NS, Sanchez EF, Figueiredo SG. Bothrops leucurus venom induces acute hypotension in rats by means of its phospholipase A 2 (blD-PLA 2). Toxicon 2020; 185:5-14. [PMID: 32569848 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2020.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular effects induced by snake venoms, in spite of having a crucial role in the outcome of the envenomation, have been less studied than other toxic activities displayed by these venoms. In this study we evaluated acute cardiovascular responses to Bothrops leucurus venom - Bl-V - both in vivo, in anesthetized rats, and in vitro, in isolated rat mesenteric resistance arteries. Bl-V (10-100 μg protein/kg) caused dose-dependent hypotension, followed by gradual recovery (2-20 min) to basal levels, and induced dose-dependent (1-20 μg/mL) vasodilation in pre-contracted arteries, what was more pronounced when the endothelium remained intact. These effects were partially counteracted by pre-treatment with indomethacin (cyclooxygenase inhibitor). Prior incubation of Bl-V with commercial pentavalent Bothrops antivenom also attenuated the cardiovascular effects induced by the venom, in spite of it not being among the venoms used for the development of the bothropic antivenom. Through an approach based on two chromatographic steps and mass spectrometry (MALDI-ToF and MALDI-ISD), a component with acute cardiovascular effects was isolated and identified as the basic phospholipase blD-PLA2, previously purified from the venom of B. leucurus. Taken together, our results show that, at low doses, the venom of B. leucurus induces transient, acute hypotension in anesthetized rats following systemic vasodilation in a dose-dependent way. In addition, we provide clear evidence of the involvement of the enzymatic activity of blD-PLA2 in this cardiovascular response, acting via the production of vasodilating prostanoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiago N Menezes
- Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Av. Marechal Campos 1468, Maruípe, 29043-900, Vitória, ES, Brazil
| | - Gustavo B Naumann
- Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Av. Marechal Campos 1468, Maruípe, 29043-900, Vitória, ES, Brazil; Diretoria do Centro de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento, Fundação Ezequiel Dias, Rua Conde Pereira Carneiro 80, Gameleira, 30510-010, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Pollyana Peixoto
- Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Av. Marechal Campos 1468, Maruípe, 29043-900, Vitória, ES, Brazil
| | - Wender N Rouver
- Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Av. Marechal Campos 1468, Maruípe, 29043-900, Vitória, ES, Brazil
| | - Helena L Gomes
- Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Av. Marechal Campos 1468, Maruípe, 29043-900, Vitória, ES, Brazil
| | - Fabiana V Campos
- Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Av. Marechal Campos 1468, Maruípe, 29043-900, Vitória, ES, Brazil
| | - Marcia H Borges
- Diretoria do Centro de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento, Fundação Ezequiel Dias, Rua Conde Pereira Carneiro 80, Gameleira, 30510-010, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Roger L Dos Santos
- Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Av. Marechal Campos 1468, Maruípe, 29043-900, Vitória, ES, Brazil
| | - Nazaré S Bissoli
- Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Av. Marechal Campos 1468, Maruípe, 29043-900, Vitória, ES, Brazil
| | - Eladio F Sanchez
- Diretoria do Centro de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento, Fundação Ezequiel Dias, Rua Conde Pereira Carneiro 80, Gameleira, 30510-010, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Suely G Figueiredo
- Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Av. Marechal Campos 1468, Maruípe, 29043-900, Vitória, ES, Brazil.
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13
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Júnior FAN, Jorge ARC, Marinho AD, Silveira JADM, Alves NTQ, Costa PHS, E Silva PLB, Chaves-Filho AJM, Lima DB, Sampaio TL, Morais GBD, Evangelista JSAM, Martins AMC, Júnior RSF, Macedo DS, Jorge RJB, Monteiro HSA. Bothrops alternatus Snake Venom Induces Cytokine Expression and Oxidative Stress on Renal Function. Curr Top Med Chem 2019; 19:2058-2068. [PMID: 31400266 DOI: 10.2174/1568026619666190809100319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Revised: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Envenomation caused by Bothrops alternatus is common in Southern Brazil. Acute Kidney Injury occurs after Bothrops snakebite and more information is necessaryrequired to understand its mechanism. OBJECTIVE The objective was to evaluate the effect of Bothrops alternatus venom (BaV) on renal cells and rat isolated kidney function. METHODS Wistar rats (n = 6, weighing 260-320 g) were perfused with a Krebs-Henseleit solution containing 6 g 100 mL-1 of bovine serum albumin. After 30 minutes, the kidneys were perfused with BaV to a final concentration of 1 and 3 μgmL-1; and subsequently were evaluated for Perfusion Pressure (PP), Renal Vascular Resistance (RVR), Urinary Flow (UF), Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR), and percentage of electrolyte tubular transport. Renal histological analysis, cytokine release, oxidative stress and cytotoxicity in renal proximal tubular cells were assessed. RESULTS BaV reduced PP, RVR, GFR, UF, total and proximal sodium transport (%TNa+), and chloride (%TCl-) in the isolated kidney perfusion model. Histological analysis of perfused kidneys disclosed the presence of proteinaceous material in the glomeruli and renal tubules, vacuolar tubular epithelial cell degeneration, Bowman's capsule degeneration, swelling of glomerular epithelial cells, glomerular atrophy and degeneration, and the presence of intratubular protein. Cytokine release (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-10) and oxidative stress were increased in the kidneys. The viability of LLC-MK2 cells (IC50: 221.3 μg/mL) was decreased by BaV and necrosis was involved in cell death. CONCLUSION These findings indicate that BaV modifies functional parameters in an isolated perfused kidney model and has cytotoxic effects on renal lineage cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- F A Nogueira Júnior
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Ceará, 60430-270, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - A R Coelho Jorge
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Ceará, 60430-270, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - A D Marinho
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Ceará, 60430-270, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - J A de Moraes Silveira
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Ceará, 60430-270, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - N T Queiroz Alves
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Ceará, 60430-270, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - P H Sá Costa
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Ceará, 60430-270, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - P L Braga E Silva
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Ceará, 60430-270, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - A J Maia Chaves-Filho
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Ceará, 60430-270, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - D B Lima
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - T L Sampaio
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - G B de Morais
- Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária. Universidade Estadual do Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | | | - A M Costa Martins
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - R S Ferreira Júnior
- Centro de Estudos de Venenos e Animais Peçonhentos - CEVAP, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - D S Macedo
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Ceará, 60430-270, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - R J Bezerra Jorge
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Ceará, 60430-270, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - H S Azul Monteiro
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Ceará, 60430-270, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
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14
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de Andrade CM, Rey FM, Bianchini FJ, Sampaio SV, Torqueti MR. Crotoxin, a neurotoxin from Crotalus durissus terrificus snake venom, as a potential tool against thrombosis development. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 134:653-659. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2019] [Revised: 05/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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15
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Villalta M, Sampaio TL, de Menezes RRPPB, Lima DB, Jorge ARC, Alves RS, Monteiro HSA, Gawarammana I, Maduwage K, Malleappah R, León G, Martins AMC, Gutiérrez JM. Nephrotoxicity induced by the venom of Hypnale hypnale from Sri Lanka: Studies on isolated perfused rat kidney and renal tubular cell lines. Toxicon 2019; 165:40-46. [PMID: 31034846 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2019.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Revised: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The hump-nosed pit viper Hypnale hypnale is responsible for a high number of snakebite cases in southwestern India and Sri Lanka. Although most patients only develop local signs and symptoms of envenoming, there is a growing body of evidence indicating that these envenomings may be associated with systemic alterations, including acute kidney injury. In this study we evaluated the renal toxicity of H. hypnale venom by using a perfused isolated rat kidney system and by assessing cytotoxicity in two different renal tubular cell lines in culture. The venom caused alterations in several renal functional parameters, such as reduction on perfusion pressure, renal vascular resistance, and sodium and chloride tubular transport, whereas glomerular filtration rate and urinary flow initially decreased and then increased after venom perfusion. In addition, this venom was cytotoxic to proximal and distal renal tubular cells in culture, with predominance of necrosis over apoptosis. Moreover, the venom affected the mitochondrial membrane potential and induced an increment in reactive oxygen species in these cells. Taken together, our results demonstrate a nephrotoxic activity of H. hypnale venom in these experimental models, in agreement with clinical observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauren Villalta
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Tiago Lima Sampaio
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | | | - Dânya Bandeira Lima
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | | | - Renata Sousa Alves
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Roy Malleappah
- Animal Venom Research International (AVRI), California, USA
| | - Guillermo León
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Alice M C Martins
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - José María Gutiérrez
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica.
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16
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Grabner AN, Alfonso J, Kayano AM, Moreira-Dill LS, dos Santos APDA, Caldeira CA, Sobrinho JC, Gómez A, Grabner FP, Cardoso FF, Zuliani JP, Fontes MR, Pimenta DC, Gómez CV, Teles CB, Soares AM, Calderon LA. BmajPLA 2 -II, a basic Lys49-phospholipase A 2 homologue from Bothrops marajoensis snake venom with parasiticidal potential. Int J Biol Macromol 2017; 102:571-581. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Revised: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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17
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Jorge RJB, Jorge ARC, de Menezes RRPPB, Mello CP, Lima DB, Silveira JADM, Alves NTQ, Marinho AD, Ximenes RM, Corrêa-Netto C, Gonçalves Machado L, Zingali RB, Martins AMC, Monteiro HSA. Differences between renal effects of venom from two Bothrops jararaca populations from southeastern and southern Brazil. Toxicon 2016; 125:84-90. [PMID: 27867094 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2016.11.249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Revised: 11/11/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Components from animal venoms may vary according to the snake's age, gender and region of origin. Recently, we performed a proteomic analysis of Bothrops jararaca venom from southern (BjSv) and southeastern (BjSEv) Brazil, showing differences in the venom composition, as well as its biological activity. To continue the study, we report in this short communication the different effects induced by the BjSEv and BjSv on isolated kidney and MDCK renal cells. BjSEv decreased perfusion pressure (PP) and renal vascular resistance (RVR) and increased urinary flow (UF) and glomerular filtration rate (GFR), while BjSv did not alter PP and RVR and reduced UF and GFR. Both types of venom, more expressively BjSEv, reduced %TNa+, %TK+ and %Cl-. In MDCK cells, the two types of venom showed cytotoxicity with IC50 of 1.22 μg/mL for BjSv and 1.18 μg/mL for BjSEv and caused different profiles of cell death, with BjSv being more necrotic. In conclusion, we suggest that BjSv is more nephrotoxic than BjSEv.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Jeane Bezerra Jorge
- Centro Acadêmico de Vitória, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Vitória de Santo Antão, Pernambuco, Brazil.
| | | | | | - Clarissa Perdigão Mello
- Departmento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceara, Brazil
| | - Danya Bandeira Lima
- Departmento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceara, Brazil
| | | | | | - Aline Diogo Marinho
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceara, Brazil
| | - Rafael Matos Ximenes
- Departmento de Antibióticos, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Carlos Corrêa-Netto
- Instituto Nacional de Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagem, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis - Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Larissa Gonçalves Machado
- Instituto Nacional de Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagem, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis - Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Russolina Benedeta Zingali
- Instituto Nacional de Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagem, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis - Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Alice Maria Costa Martins
- Departmento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceara, Brazil
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18
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Karabuva S, Brizić I, Latinović Z, Leonardi A, Križaj I, Lukšić B. Cardiotoxic effects of the Vipera ammodytes ammodytes venom fractions in the isolated perfused rat heart. Toxicon 2016; 121:98-104. [PMID: 27623431 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2016.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2016] [Revised: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The nose-horned viper (Vipera ammodytes ammodytes) is the most venomous European snake. Its venom is known as haematotoxic, myotoxic and neurotoxic but it exerts also cardiotoxic effects. To further explore the cardiotoxicity of the venom we separated it into four fractions by gel filtration chromatography. Three fractions that contain polypeptides (A, B, and C) were tested for their effects on isolated rat heart. Heart rate (HR), incidence of arrhythmias (atrioventricular (AV) blocks, ventricular tachycardia, ventricular fibrillation, and asystolia), coronary flow (CF), systolic, developed and diastolic left ventricular pressure (LVP) were measured before, during, and after the application of venom fractions in three different concentrations. Fraction A, containing proteins of 60-100 kDa, displayed no effect on the rat heart. Fractions B and C disturbed heart functioning in similar way, but with different potency that was higher by the latter. This was manifested by significant decrease of HR and CF, the increase of diastolic, and the decrease of systolic and developed LVPs. All hearts treated with fraction C in the final CF concentrations 22.5 and 37.5 μg/mL suffered rapid and irreversible asystolia without AV blockade. They underwent also ventricular fibrillation and ventricular tachycardia. Fraction B affected hearts only at the highest dose inducing asystolia in all hearts, ventricular fibrillation in 80% and ventricular tachycardia in 70% of the hearts. Venom fraction C induced 71% of all recorded heart rhythm disturbances, significantly more than fraction B, which induced 29%. Most abundant proteins in fraction C were secreted phospholipases A2 among which the venom component acting on the heart is most probably to be looked for.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svjetlana Karabuva
- Clinical Department of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Centre Split, Šoltanska 1, Split, Croatia.
| | - Ivica Brizić
- Department of Pharmacology, Mostar University School of Medicine, Bijeli brijeg bb, Mostar, Bosnia and Herzegovina.
| | - Zorica Latinović
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova cesta 39, Ljubljana, Slovenia; Jožef Stefan International Postgraduate School, Jamova cesta 39, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Adrijana Leonardi
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova cesta 39, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Igor Križaj
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova cesta 39, Ljubljana, Slovenia; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva cesta 5, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Boris Lukšić
- Clinical Department of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Centre Split, Šoltanska 1, Split, Croatia; University of Split School of Medicine, Šoltanska 2, Split, Croatia.
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19
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Marinho AD, Morais ICO, Lima DB, Jorge ARC, Jorge RJB, Menezes RRPPB, Mello CP, Pereira GJS, Silveira JAM, Toyama MH, Orzáez M, Martins AMC, Monteiro HSA. Bothropoides pauloensis venom effects on isolated perfused kidney and cultured renal tubular epithelial cells. Toxicon 2015; 108:126-33. [PMID: 26410111 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2015.09.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Revised: 09/16/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Snake envenomation (Bothrops genus) is common in tropical countries and acute kidney injury is one of the complications observed in Bothrops snakebite with relevant morbidity and mortality. Here, we showed that Bothropoides pauloensis venom (BpV) decreased cell viability (IC50 of 7.5 μg/mL). Flow cytometry with annexin V and propidium iodide showed that cell death occurred predominantly by apoptosis and late apoptosis, through caspases 3 and 7 activation, mitochondrial membrane potential collapse and ROS overproduction. BpV reduced perfusion pressure, renal vascular resistance, urinary flow, glomerular filtration rate, percentage of sodium, chloride or potassium tubular transportation. These findings demonstrated that BpV cytotoxicity on renal epithelial cells might be responsible for the nephrotoxicity observed in isolated kidney.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline D Marinho
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, 60430-270, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil.
| | - Isabel C O Morais
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, 60430-270, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Dânya B Lima
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Antônio R C Jorge
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, 60430-270, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Roberta J B Jorge
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, 60430-270, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Ramon R P P B Menezes
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, 60430-270, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Clarissa P Mello
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Gustavo J S Pereira
- Department of Pharmacology, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP/EPM), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - João A M Silveira
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, 60430-270, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Marcos H Toyama
- São Vicente Unit, Paulista Coastal Campus, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mar Orzáez
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, Valencia, Spain
| | - Alice M C Martins
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Helena S A Monteiro
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, 60430-270, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
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20
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Dantas RT, Jorge ARC, Jorge RJB, Menezes RRPPBD, Lima DB, Torres AFC, Toyama MH, Monteiro HSA, Martins AMC. l-amino acid oxidase from Bothrops marajoensis causes nephrotoxicity in isolated perfused kidney and cytotoxicity in MDCK renal cells. Toxicon 2015; 104:52-6. [PMID: 26263888 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2015.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2015] [Revised: 07/30/2015] [Accepted: 08/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Renal alterations caused by Bothrops venom and its compounds are studied to understand these effects and provide the best treatment. Previously, we studied the renal effect of the whole venom of Bothrops marajoensis and its phospholipase A2 (PLA2), but these effects could not to be attributed to PLA2. To continue the study, we report in this short communication the effects of l-amino acid oxidase from B. marajoensis venom (LAAOBm) on renal function parameter alterations observed in the same model of isolated perfused kidney, as well as the cytotoxic effect on renal cells. LAAOBm caused a decrease in PP, RVR, UF, GFR, %TNa(+) and %TCl(-), very similar to the effects of whole venom using the same model. We also demonstrated its cytotoxicity in MDCK cells with IC50 of 2.5 μg/mL and late apoptotic involvement demonstrated by flow cytometry assays. In conclusion, we suggested that LAAOBm is a nephrotoxic compound of B. marajoensis venom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Tavares Dantas
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, Ceara, Brazil
| | - Antônio Rafael Coelho Jorge
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, Ceara, Brazil
| | - Roberta Jeane Bezerra Jorge
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, Ceara, Brazil
| | | | - Danya Bandeira Lima
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza 60430370, Ceara, Brazil
| | - Alba Fabíola Costa Torres
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza 60430370, Ceara, Brazil
| | - Marcos Hikari Toyama
- Sao Vicente Unit, Paulista Coastal Campus, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Helena Serra Azul Monteiro
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, Ceara, Brazil
| | - Alice Maria Costa Martins
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza 60430370, Ceara, Brazil.
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Nery MDDA, Alves NTQ, de Souza Alves R, de Sousa DF, de Menezes DB, de Aquino Nery E, de Aquino HD, de Tasso Moreira Ribeiro R, Monteiro HSA. The renal effects and initial characterization of venom from Philodryas nattereri Steindachner, 1870. Toxicol Rep 2014; 1:812-819. [PMID: 28962294 PMCID: PMC5598110 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2014.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2014] [Revised: 09/04/2014] [Accepted: 09/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The venom of the snake Philodryas nattereri is a mixture of proteins and toxic peptides with several important local and systemic actions, which are similar to those occurring in Bothrops snake bites. The mechanisms involved in the local and systemic actions of this venom are unknown. The aims of the work were to initial characterization of P. nattereri venom and investigate the effects of the poison in the renal perfusion system and in cultured renal tubular cells of the type MDCK (Madin-Darby canine kidney). The P. nattereri venom is composed majority of proteins (86.3%) and this poison promoted changes in all the evaluated renal parameters, mainly decreasing renal perfusion pressure (PP) and renal vascular resistance (RVR) and increasing urine flow (UF) and glomerular filtration rate (GFR). The most relevant result was that this venom was highly detrimental to the renal tubules independent of the PP reduction, which was shown by a decrease in sodium (Na+), potassium (K+) and chloride (Cl-) electrolyte transport in the studied concentrations. The glomeruli and tubules contain protein bodies and blood extravasation, which were observed by histological analysis. The venom of P. nattereri reduced viability of the MDCK cells only at high concentrations (50 and 100 μg/mL) with an IC50 of 169.5 μg/mL.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Daniel Freire de Sousa
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Helena Serra Azul Monteiro
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
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Recombinant snake venom metalloproteinase inhibitor BJ46A inhibits invasion and metastasis of B16F10 and MHCC97H cells through reductions of matrix metalloproteinases 2 and 9 activities. Anticancer Drugs 2013; 24:461-72. [DOI: 10.1097/cad.0b013e32835f258d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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In vitro antiplasmodial activity of phospholipases A2 and a phospholipase homologue isolated from the venom of the snake Bothrops asper. Toxins (Basel) 2012; 4:1500-16. [PMID: 23242318 PMCID: PMC3528259 DOI: 10.3390/toxins4121500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2012] [Revised: 11/23/2012] [Accepted: 11/30/2012] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The antimicrobial and antiparasite activity of phospholipase A2 (PLA2) from snakes and bees has been extensively explored. We studied the antiplasmodial effect of the whole venom of the snake Bothrops asper and of two fractions purified by ion-exchange chromatography: one containing catalytically-active phospholipases A2 (PLA2) (fraction V) and another containing a PLA2 homologue devoid of enzymatic activity (fraction VI). The antiplasmodial effect was assessed on in vitro cultures of Plasmodium falciparum. The whole venom of B. asper, as well as its fractions V and VI, were active against the parasite at 0.13 ± 0.01 µg/mL, 1.42 ± 0.56 µg/mL and 22.89 ± 1.22 µg/mL, respectively. Differences in the cytotoxic activity on peripheral blood mononuclear cells between the whole venom and fractions V and VI were observed, fraction V showing higher toxicity than total venom and fraction VI. Regarding toxicity in mice, the whole venom showed the highest lethal effect in comparison to fractions V and VI. These results suggest that B. asper PLA2 and its homologue have antiplasmodial potential.
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de Morais ICO, Torres AFC, Pereira GJDS, Pereira TP, Pessoa Bezerra de Menezes RRDP, Mello CP, Coelho Jorge AR, Bindá AH, Toyama MH, Monteiro HSA, Smaili SS, Martins AMC. Bothrops leucurus venom induces nephrotoxicity in the isolated perfused kidney and cultured renal tubular epithelia. Toxicon 2012; 61:38-46. [PMID: 23127898 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2012.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2012] [Revised: 10/08/2012] [Accepted: 10/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Bites from snake (Bothrops genus) cause local tissue damage and systemic complications, which include alterations such as hemostatic system and acute renal failure (ARF). Recent studies suggest that ARF pathogenesis in snakebite envenomation is multifactorial and involves hemodynamic disturbances, immunologic reactions and direct nephrotoxicity. The aim of the work was to investigate the effects of the Bothrops leucurus venom (BlV) in the renal perfusion system and in cultured renal tubular cells of the type MDCK (Madin-Darby Canine kidney). BlV (10 μg/mL) reduced the perfusion pressure at 90 and 120 min. The renal vascular resistance (RVR) decreased at 120 min of perfusion. The effect on urinary flow (UF) and glomerular filtration rate (GFR) started 30 min after BlV infusion, was transient and returned to normal at 120 min of perfusion. It was also observed a decrease on percentual tubular transport of sodium (%TNa(+)) at 120 min and of chloride (%TCl(-)) at 60 and 90 min. The treatment with BlV caused decrease in cell viability to the lowest concentration tested with an IC(50) of 1.25 μg/mL. Flow cytometry with annexin V and propidium iodide showed that cell death occurred predominantly by necrosis. However, a cell death process may involve apoptosis in lower concentrations. BlV treatment (1.25 μg/mL) led to significant depolarization of the mitochondrial membrane potential and, indeed, we found an increase in the expression of cell death genes in the lower concentrations tested. The venom also evoked an increase in the cytosolic Ca(2+) in a concentration dependent manner, indicating that Ca(2+) may participate in the venom of B. leucurus effect. The characterization of the effects in the isolated kidney and renal tubular cells gives strong evidences that the acute renal failure induced by this venom is a result of the direct nephrotoxicity which may involve the cell death mechanism.
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Quintana JC, Chacón AM, Vargas L, Segura C, Gutiérrez JM, Alarcón JC. Antiplasmodial effect of the venom of Crotalus durissus cumanensis, crotoxin complex and Crotoxin B. Acta Trop 2012; 124:126-32. [PMID: 22884508 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2012.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2012] [Revised: 07/08/2012] [Accepted: 07/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The antiplasmodial activity of phospholipases A(2) (PLA(2)) isolated from different animals has been studied. We explored the in vitro anti Plasmodium falciparum effect of a fraction containing crotoxin, Crotoxin B and whole venom of the rattlesnake Crotalus durissus cumanensis. Fraction II (crotoxin complex) was obtained by size exclusion chromatography, whereas Crotoxin B was purified by RP-HPLC. The whole venom is active against the parasite at concentrations of 0.17±0.03 μg/ml, fraction II at 0.76±0.17 μg/ml and Crotoxin B at 0.6±0.04 μg/ml. Differences were observed in the cytotoxic activity against peripheral mononuclear cells, with Crotoxin B exhibiting the highest cytotoxicity. The concentration of Crotoxin B required to exert cytotoxic activity was higher than that required to exert antiplasmodial activity. Lethality in mice confirmed the higher toxicity and neurotoxicity of whole venom and fraction II, whereas Crotoxin B was not lethal at the doses tested. These results suggest the potential of Crotoxin B as a lead compound for antimalarial activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Quintana
- Programa de Ofidismo/Escorpionismo, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia.
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de Roodt AR, Lago NR, Stock RP. Myotoxicity and nephrotoxicity by Micrurus venoms in experimental envenomation. Toxicon 2012; 59:356-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2011.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2011] [Revised: 11/09/2011] [Accepted: 11/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Galbiatti C, Rocha T, Randazzo-Moura P, Ponce-Soto LA, Marangoni S, Cruz-Höfling MA, Rodrigues-Simioni L. Pharmacological and partial biochemical characterization of Bmaj-9 isolated from Bothrops marajoensis snake venom. J Venom Anim Toxins Incl Trop Dis 2012. [DOI: 10.1590/s1678-91992012000100008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - T Rocha
- State University of Campinas, Brazil
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30
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Kang C, Kim YK, Lee H, Cha M, Sohn ET, Jung ES, Song C, Kim M, Lee HC, Kim JS, Hwang JY, Yoon WD, Kim E. Target organ identification of jellyfish envenomation using systemic and integrative analyses in anesthetized dogs. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2011; 64:173-9. [PMID: 21821138 DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2011.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2011] [Revised: 07/20/2011] [Accepted: 07/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Proper treatment of jellyfish envenomed patients can be successfully achieved only from an understanding of the overall functional changes and alterations in physiological parameters under its envenomation. The majority of previous investigations on jellyfish venoms have covered only a couple of parameters at a time. Unlike most other fragmentary jellyfish studies, we employed an integrative toxicological approach, including hemodynamics, clinical chemistry and hematology analyses, using N. nomurai jellyfish venom (NnV) in dogs. After the baseline measurements for mean arterial pressure (MAP), cardiac output (CO) and heart rate (HR), NnV was intravenously administered to the dogs at doses of 0.1 or 0.3mg/kg body weight. The dogs showed significant decreases in MAP (-27.4±3.7 and -48.1±9.9 mmHg), CO (-1.1±0.1 L/min and -1.0±0.2 L/min), and HR (-4.5±0.3 and -9.9±3.1 beats/min) comparing with the respective baseline controls. The onset of systemic hypotension and bradycardia occurred within 1 min of NnV injection and they lasted for 1-35 min, depending on the NnV doses. Interestingly, serum biochemical analyses of envenomed dogs exhibited dramatic increases of alkaline phosphatase (ALP), creatine phosphokinase (CPK), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST), indicating its possible target organs. In conclusion, we have demonstrated simultaneously, for the first time, the multiple organ toxicities (cardiotoxic, myotoxic and hepatotoxic) of a scyphozoan jellyfish venom. Based on these results, an integrative toxinological approach using dogs appears to be effective in predicting jellyfish venom toxicities and designing their therapeutic strategies. We expect this method can be applied to other jellyfish venom research as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changkeun Kang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 660-701, South Korea
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Recombinant snake venom cystatin inhibits the growth, invasion and metastasis of B16F10 cells and MHCC97H cells in vitro and in vivo. Toxicon 2011; 57:704-11. [PMID: 21329716 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2011.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2010] [Revised: 01/25/2011] [Accepted: 02/08/2011] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Studies have shown that expression of snake venom cystatin (sv-cystatin) in mouse melanoma cells and human gastric carcinoma cells can inhibit their invasion and metastasis. To advance the research into the biological features and pharmaceutical applications of sv-cystatin, we investigated the expression of recombinant sv-cystatin in an optimized Pichia pastoris system. Approximately 5 mg/L of bioactive sv-cystatin was obtained with a purity of 95.08%. Kinetic analyses of recombinant sv-cystatin revealed highly effective inhibitory efficiency against papain (Ki = 2.67 nM). We further investigated the effects of recombinant sv-cystatin on the invasion and metastasis of B16F10 cells and MHCC97H cells in vitro and in vivo. Matrigel invasion assays showed significant inhibition of recombinant sv-cystatin on the tumor cells in vitro. For experimental lung colonization assays, C57BL/6 mice inoculated in the lateral tail vein with B16F10 cells were treated with three i.v. injections of recombinant sv-cystatin (25 and 50 mg/kg) 24 h before cell inoculation, and 2 h and 24 h after cell inoculation. Administration of recombinant sv-cystatin significantly suppressed the formation of lung tumor colonies. For spontaneous metastasis assays, MHCC97H cells were inoculated s.c. into nude mice. After 24 h, recombinant sv-cystatin was administered by i.p. injections at 25, 50 or 100 mg/kg once daily for 5 days. Administration of recombinant sv-cystatin significantly decreased the formation of lung tumor colonies. Taken together, recombinant sv-cystatin inhibits the invasion and metastasis of tumor cells in vitro and in vivo. These results may facilitate the future evaluation of the pharmaceutical applications of sv-cystatin.
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