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Bertani R. Taxonomic revision and cladistic analysis of Lasiodora C. L. Koch, 1850 (Araneae, Theraphosidae) with notes on related genera. Zootaxa 2023; 5390:1-116. [PMID: 38220997 DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5390.1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
The genus Lasiodora C. L. Koch, 1850 is revised and morphological cladistic analyses carried out including all of its species, as well as most of those of the related genera Vitalius Lucas, Silva & Bertani, 1993, Nhandu Lucas, 1983, Pterinopelma Pocock, 1901, Proshapalopus Mello-Leito, 1923, Eupalaestrus Pocock, 1901, Lasiocyano Galleti-Lima, Hamilton, Borges & Guadanucci, 2023, Parvicarina Galleti-Lima, Hamilton, Borges & Guadanucci, 2023, and Tekoapora Galleti-Lima, Hamilton, Borges & Guadanucci, 2023. A matrix with 50 terminal taxa, 2 continuous and 48 discrete characters was analyzed with TNT 1.5. The result shows a monophyletic Lasiodora as sister group of Nhandu, and Vitalius is the sister group of this clade. Lasiodora comprises 7 species: Lasiodora klugi (C. L. Koch, 1841) (type species), L. benedeni Bertkau, 1880, L. parahybana Mello-Leito, 1917, L. subcanens Mello-Leito, 1921, L. camurujipe n. sp., L. sertaneja n. sp., and L. franciscana n. sp. Lasiodora itabunae Mello-Leito, 1921 is considered a junior synonym of L. klugi. Lasiodora differens Chamberlin, 1917, L. curtior Chamberlin, 1917, L. mariannae Mello-Leito, 1921, L. difficilis Mello-Leito, 1921, L. erythrocythara Mello-Leito, 1921, and Acanthoscurria cristata Mello-Leito, 1923 are considered junior synonyms of L. benedeni. Lasiodora acanthognatha Mello-Leito, 1921 is considered junior synonym of L. parahybana. Lasiodora dulcicola Mello-Leito, 1921 is considered junior synonym of L. subcanens. Nhandu sylviae Sherwood, Gabriel & Brescovit, 2023 is considered junior synonym of Vitalius sorocabae Mello-Leito, 1923. The holotype of Crypsidromus isabellinus Ausserer, 1871 (type species of the genus) was reanalyzed and is considered the senior synonym of Proshapalopus anomalus Mello-Leito, 1923 (type species of the genus). Thus, the genus Crypsidromus Ausserer, 1871 is considered valid, removed from the synonymy with Lasiodora, and Proshapalopus is considered a junior synonym of Crypsidromus. The new combination C. multicuspidatus (Mello-Leito, 1929) n. comb. is established. Crypsidromus bolivianus Simon, 1892 is considered a junior synonym of Acanthoscurria insubtilis Simon, 1892. Five species from Costa Rica described in Crypsidromus are transferred back from Lasiodora: Crypsidromus brevibulbus Valerio, 1980 comb. rev., C. carinatus Valerio, 1980 comb. rev., C. icecu Valerio, 1980 comb. rev., C. puriscal Valerio, 1980 comb. rev., C. rubitarsus Valerio, 1980 comb. rev. Lasiodora lakoi Mello-Leito, 1943 is transferred to Megaphobema, making the new combination Megaphobema lakoi (Mello-Leito, 1943) n. comb. Lasiodora spinipes Ausserer, 1871 is transferred to Theraphosa, making the new combination Theraphosa spinipes (Ausserer, 1871) n. comb. Nhandu chromatus Schmidt, 2004 is transferred to Vitalius making the new combination Vitalius chromatus (Schmidt, 2004) n. comb. Lasiodora sternalis is transferred to Acanthoscurria making the new combination Acanthoscurria sternalis (Mello-Leito, 1923). Due to the homonymy with Acanthoscurria sternalis Pocock, 1903, the new name Acanthoscurria melloleitaoi nom. nov. is proposed. The following species are considered nomina dubia: Lasiodora saeva (Walckenaer, 1837), Lasiodora striatipes (Ausserer, 1871), Lasiodora moreni (Holmberg, 1876), Crypsidromus fallax Bertkau, 1880, Trechona pantherina Keyserling, 1891, Lasiodora bahiensis Strand, 1907, Lasiodora citharacantha Mello-Leito, 1921, Lasiodora cryptostigma Mello-Leito, 1921, Lasiodora dolichosterna Mello-Leito, 1921, Lasiodora fracta Mello-Leito, 1921, and Lasiodora pleoplectra Mello-Leito, 1921. A discussion on the relationship of Lasiodora, Nhandu, Vitalius, Pterinopelma and Crypsidromus as well maps with the distributions of all Lasiodora species are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rogrio Bertani
- Instituto Butantan; Laboratrio de Ecologia e Evoluo; Avenida Vital Brazil 1500; 05503-900; So Paulo; SP; Brazil.
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de Jesus-López E, Cuéllar-Balleza L, Díaz-Peña LF, Luna-Vázquez FJ, Ibarra-Alvarado C, García-Arredondo JA. Vasodilator activity of Poecilotheria ornata venom involves activation of the NO/cGMP pathway and inhibition of calcium influx to vascular smooth muscle cells. Toxicon X 2023; 19:100159. [PMID: 37251689 PMCID: PMC10220391 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxcx.2023.100159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Tarantula venoms may be a natural source of new vasodilator components useful in pharmacological research. Moreover, biological function data of the venoms are important to enhance the knowledge about the biodiversity and evolution of these species. The present study aims to describe the vasodilatory activity induced by the venom of Poecilotheria ornata on isolated rat aortic rings. This venom induced a vasodilator activity that was significantly reduced after incubation with L-NAME or ODQ. Measurements of nitrite concentrations on rat aorta homogenates showed that the venom significantly increased the basal levels. Moreover, the venom attenuates the contraction induced by calcium. These results suggest that P. ornata venom contains a mixture of vasodilator components that act through the activation of the nitric oxide/cGMP pathway, as well as, through an endothelium-independent mechanism that involves the calcium influx into vascular smooth muscle cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrique de Jesus-López
- Posgrado en Ciencias Químico-Biológicas, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Centro Universitario S/N, 76010, Querétaro, Mexico
| | - Luis Cuéllar-Balleza
- Aracnario, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Av. de las Ciencias S/N, 76230, Juriquilla, Querétaro, Mexico
| | - Luis Fernando Díaz-Peña
- Posgrado en Ciencias Químico-Biológicas, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Centro Universitario S/N, 76010, Querétaro, Mexico
| | - Francisco Javier Luna-Vázquez
- Departamento de Investigación Química y Farmacológica de Productos Naturales, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Centro Universitario S/N, 76010, Querétaro, Mexico
| | - César Ibarra-Alvarado
- Departamento de Investigación Química y Farmacológica de Productos Naturales, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Centro Universitario S/N, 76010, Querétaro, Mexico
| | - José Alejandro García-Arredondo
- Departamento de Investigación Química y Farmacológica de Productos Naturales, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Centro Universitario S/N, 76010, Querétaro, Mexico
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3
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A subfraction obtained from the venom of the tarantula Poecilotheria regalis contains inhibitor cystine knot peptides and induces relaxation of rat aorta by inhibiting L-type voltage-gated calcium channels. Toxicon X 2023; 18:100151. [PMID: 36873112 PMCID: PMC9978846 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxcx.2023.100151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 02/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Venoms from tarantulas contain low molecular weight vasodilatory compounds whose biological action is conceived as part of the envenomation strategy due to its propagative effects. However, some properties of venom-induced vasodilation do not match those described by such compounds, suggesting that other toxins may cooperate with these ones to produce the observed biological effect. Owing to the distribution and function of voltage-gated ion channels in blood vessels, disulfide-rich peptides isolated from venoms of tarantulas could be conceived into potential vasodilatory compounds. However, only two peptides isolated from spider venoms have been investigated so far. This study describes for the first time a subfraction containing inhibitor cystine knot peptides, PrFr-I, obtained from the venom of the tarantula Poecilotheria regalis. This subfraction induced sustained vasodilation in rat aortic rings independent of vascular endothelium and endothelial ion channels. Furthermore, PrFr-I decreased calcium-induced contraction of rat aortic segments and reduced extracellular calcium influx to chromaffin cells by the blockade of L-type voltage-gated calcium channels. This mechanism was unrelated to the activation of potassium channels from vascular smooth muscle, since vasodilation was not affected in the presence of TEA, and PrFr-I did not modify the conductance of the voltage-gated potassium channel Kv10.1. This work proposes a new envenomating function of peptides from venoms of tarantulas, and establishes a new mechanism for venom-induced vasodilation.
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Key Words
- ACh, acetylcholine
- ADP, adenosine diphosphate
- Cav, voltage-gated calcium channel
- DMEM, Dulbecco's modified eagle's medium
- DRP, disulfide-rich peptide
- EC50, half maximal effective concentration
- Emax, maximum effect
- FBS, fetal bovine serum
- HPLC, high-performance liquid chromatography
- ICK peptide
- ICK, inhibitor cystine knot
- IKCa, intermediate conductance calcium-activated potassium channel
- Kv, voltage-gated potassium channel
- L-type calcium voltage-gated calcium
- LC-MS/MS, liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometer
- MALDI, matrix-assisted desorption ionization
- Nav, voltage-gated sodium channel
- Phe, phenylephrine
- Poecilotheria regalis, venom
- RP, reverse phase
- Rat aorta
- SEM, standard error of the mean
- SKCa, small conductance calcium-activated potassium channel
- SNP, sodium nitroprusside
- TEA, tetraethylammonium
- TOF, time of flight
- TRP, transient receptor potential
- Vasodilation
- Vh, holding-voltage
- endothelium-intact (E+), endothelium-denuded (E−)
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Macedo KWR, Costa LJDL, de Souza JO, de Vasconcelos IA, de Castro JS, de Santana CJC, Magalhães ACM, Castro MDS, Pires OR. Brazilian Theraphosidae: a toxicological point of view. J Venom Anim Toxins Incl Trop Dis 2021; 27:e20210004. [PMID: 34868282 PMCID: PMC8610171 DOI: 10.1590/1678-9199-jvatitd-2021-0004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The Theraphosidae family includes the largest number of species of the
Mygalomorphae infraorder, with hundreds of species currently catalogued.
However, there is a huge lack on physiologic and even ecologic information
available, especially in Brazil, which is the most biodiverse country in the
world. Over the years, spiders have been presented as a source of multiple
biologically active compounds with basic roles, such as primary defense against
pathogenic microorganisms or modulation of metabolic pathways and as specialized
hunters. Spider venoms also evolved in order to enable the capture of prey by
interaction with a diversity of molecular targets of interest, raising their
pharmaceutical potential for the development of new drugs. Among the activities
found in compounds isolated from venoms and hemocytes of Brazilian Theraphosidae
there are antimicrobial, antifungal, antiparasitic and antitumoral, as well as
properties related to proteinase action and neuromuscular blockage modulated by
ionic voltage-gated channel interaction. These characteristics are present in
different species from multiple genera, which is strong evidence of the
important role in spider survival. The present review aims to compile the main
results of studies from the last decades on Brazilian Theraphosidae with special
focus on results obtained with the crude venom or compounds isolated from both
venom and hemocytes, and their physiological and chemical characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keven Wender Rodrigues Macedo
- Laboratory of Toxinology, Department of Physiological Sciences, Institute of Biology, University of Brasília (UnB), Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Lucas Jeferson de Lima Costa
- Laboratory of Toxinology, Department of Physiological Sciences, Institute of Biology, University of Brasília (UnB), Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Jéssica Oliveira de Souza
- Laboratory of Toxinology, Department of Physiological Sciences, Institute of Biology, University of Brasília (UnB), Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Isadora Alves de Vasconcelos
- Laboratory of Toxinology, Department of Physiological Sciences, Institute of Biology, University of Brasília (UnB), Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Jessica Schneider de Castro
- Laboratory of Toxinology, Department of Physiological Sciences, Institute of Biology, University of Brasília (UnB), Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Carlos José Correia de Santana
- Laboratory of Toxinology, Department of Physiological Sciences, Institute of Biology, University of Brasília (UnB), Brasília, DF, Brazil.,Laboratory of Biochemistry and Protein Chemistry, Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Brasília (UnB), Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina Martins Magalhães
- Laboratory of Toxinology, Department of Physiological Sciences, Institute of Biology, University of Brasília (UnB), Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Mariana de Souza Castro
- Laboratory of Toxinology, Department of Physiological Sciences, Institute of Biology, University of Brasília (UnB), Brasília, DF, Brazil.,Laboratory of Biochemistry and Protein Chemistry, Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Brasília (UnB), Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Osmindo Rodrigues Pires
- Laboratory of Toxinology, Department of Physiological Sciences, Institute of Biology, University of Brasília (UnB), Brasília, DF, Brazil
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Evans ERJ, McIntyre L, Northfield TD, Daly NL, Wilson DT. Small Molecules in the Venom of the Scorpion Hormurus waigiensis. Biomedicines 2020; 8:E259. [PMID: 32751897 PMCID: PMC7459668 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines8080259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite scorpion stings posing a significant public health issue in particular regions of the world, certain aspects of scorpion venom chemistry remain poorly described. Although there has been extensive research into the identity and activity of scorpion venom peptides, non-peptide small molecules present in the venom have received comparatively little attention. Small molecules can have important functions within venoms; for example, in some spider species the main toxic components of the venom are acylpolyamines. Other molecules can have auxiliary effects that facilitate envenomation, such as purines with hypotensive properties utilised by snakes. In this study, we investigated some non-peptide small molecule constituents of Hormurus waigiensis venom using LC/MS, reversed-phase HPLC, and NMR spectroscopy. We identified adenosine, adenosine monophosphate (AMP), and citric acid within the venom, with low quantities of the amino acids glutamic acid and aspartic acid also being present. Purine nucleosides such as adenosine play important auxiliary functions in snake venoms when injected alongside other venom toxins, and they may have a similar role within H. waigiensis venom. Further research on these and other small molecules in scorpion venoms may elucidate their roles in prey capture and predator defence, and gaining a greater understanding of how scorpion venom components act in combination could allow for the development of improved first aid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward R. J. Evans
- Centre for Molecular Therapeutics, AITHM, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD 4878, Australia; (E.R.J.E.); (N.L.D.)
| | - Lachlan McIntyre
- Independent Researcher, P.O. Box 78, Bamaga, QLD 4876, Australia;
| | - Tobin D. Northfield
- Department of Entomology, Tree Fruit Research and Extension Center, Washington State University, Wenatchee, WA 98801, USA;
| | - Norelle L. Daly
- Centre for Molecular Therapeutics, AITHM, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD 4878, Australia; (E.R.J.E.); (N.L.D.)
| | - David T. Wilson
- Centre for Molecular Therapeutics, AITHM, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD 4878, Australia; (E.R.J.E.); (N.L.D.)
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Díaz-Peña LF, Ramírez R, Cuéllar-Balleza L, Aguilar MB, Lazcano-Pérez F, Arreguín-Espinosa R, Ibarra-Alvarado C, García-Arredondo A. Rat aorta relaxation induced by the venom of Poecilotheria regalis involves the activation of the NO/cGMP pathway. Toxicon 2019; 163:12-18. [PMID: 30880186 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2019.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2018] [Revised: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Spider venoms are widely recognized as a new emerging source of potential research tools, pesticides, drug leads, and therapeutic agents. Some studies suggest that these venoms may contain interesting vasodilator compounds with potential therapeutic applications. In the present study, the vasodilator activity of the venom of Poecilotheria regalis was evaluated in isolated rat aortic rings. This venom induced an endothelium-dependent vasodilation [EC50 value was 5.52 (4.18-7.32) μg protein/ml with an Emax = 103.4 ± 3.8%]. While the percentage of vasodilation induced by the venom was significantly diminished in the presence of a nitric oxide synthase inhibitor (L-NAME), it remained unaltered in the presence of suramin, a P2-purinergic receptor antagonist. Moreover, the vasodilator activity of the venom was not affected after boiling bath incubation, but was significantly decreased under reducing conditions. Additionally, venom composition was analyzed by reverse-phase chromatography and MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry, and two fractions were obtained, referred to as peptidic and non-peptidic fractions. Interestingly, both fractions induced vasodilation in isolated rat aortic rings. The results of this study showed that the venom of P. regalis induces a concentration-dependent vasodilation in rat aorta that was endothelium-dependent and involves the activation of NO/cGMP pathway. These results suggest that the venom contains a combination of both peptidic and non-peptidic vasodilator components. This study provides pharmacological data that suggest that P. regalis venom may be an important source of peptidic and non-peptidic vasodilator compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Fernando Díaz-Peña
- Posgrado en Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Querétaro, 76010, Mexico
| | - Raymundo Ramírez
- Departamento de Investigación Química y Farmacológica de Productos Naturales, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Querétaro, 76010, Mexico
| | - Luis Cuéllar-Balleza
- Aracnario, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Querétaro, 76230, Mexico
| | - Manuel B Aguilar
- Laboratorio de Neurofarmacología Marina, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Querétaro, 76230, Mexico
| | - Fernando Lazcano-Pérez
- Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, 04510, Mexico; Departamento de Ciencias de La Salud, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Campus Iztapalapa, México City, 09340, Mexico
| | | | - César Ibarra-Alvarado
- Departamento de Investigación Química y Farmacológica de Productos Naturales, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Querétaro, 76010, Mexico
| | - Alejandro García-Arredondo
- Departamento de Investigación Química y Farmacológica de Productos Naturales, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Querétaro, 76010, Mexico.
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Ma B, Xi Z, Li J, Gao T, Liao R, Wang S, Li X, Tang Y, Wang Z, Hou S, Jiang J, Deng M, Duan Z, Tang X, Jiang L. Vasodilator and hypotensive effects of the spider peptide Lycosin-I in vitro and in vivo. Peptides 2018; 99:108-114. [PMID: 29248696 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2017.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Revised: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Lycosin-I, a spider peptide isolated from the venom of the spider Lycosa singoriensis, has anti-bacteria and anti-cancer properties in organisms. However, cardiovascular effects of Lycosin-I have not been studied. In this study, we investigated for the first time the vasodilator and hypotensive effects of Lycosin-I and the possible mechanisms, in order to develop a promising treatment for hypertension-related diseases. For in vitro experiments, thoracic aortas were isolated, and divided into two groups, endothelium-intact and endothelium-denuded aortic rings. Lycosin-I induced a remarkable dose-dependent relaxation in endothelium-intact aortic rings pre-treated with phenylephrine (p < 0.05), while it showed no obvious vasodilator effects in endothelium-denuded aortic rings (p > 0.05). The vasodilator effects of Lycosin-I were significantly weakened by a nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitor, L-NAME (p < 0.001) and a selective inhibitor of nitric oxide (NO)-sensitive soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC), ODQ (p < 0.05), respectively. The levels of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) phosphorylation and the NO production were significantly higher in human umbilical vascular endothelial cells pre-cultured with Lycosin-I than the control (p < 0.001), determined via western blot analysis and ozone-chemiluminescence technology. For in vivo experiments, arterial and venous catheters were inserted for mean arterial pressure (MAP) recording and drug administration in anaesthetized spontaneously hypertensive rats. Lycosin-I caused a transient drop of MAP 2 min after the administration compared with the control (p < 0.001). In conclusion, Lycosin-I has the potential to be an anti-hypertensive drug by endothelium-dependent vasodilatation, in which eNOS and NO-sensitive sGC are two main involved factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binbin Ma
- Department of Parasitology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, PR China
| | - Zhouhuan Xi
- Department of Parasitology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, PR China
| | - Jiahui Li
- Department of Parasitology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, PR China
| | - Tianqi Gao
- Department of Parasitology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, PR China
| | - Runzhi Liao
- Department of Parasitology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, PR China
| | - Shuhang Wang
- Department of Parasitology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, PR China
| | - Xianyao Li
- Department of Parasitology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, PR China
| | - Yaqin Tang
- Department of Parasitology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, PR China
| | - Zheng Wang
- The First Department of General Surgery, the Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, PR China
| | - Shengjie Hou
- Department of Parasitology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, PR China
| | - Jinying Jiang
- Department of Neonatology, Hunan Provincial Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Changsha, Hunan 410013, PR China
| | - Meichun Deng
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, PR China
| | - Zhigui Duan
- Key Laboratory of Protein Chemistry and Developmental Biology of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan 410081, PR China
| | - Xing Tang
- College of Chemistry, Biology, and Material Science, East China Institute of Technology, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330013, PR China
| | - Liping Jiang
- Department of Parasitology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, PR China.
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Evaluation of antimicrobial, cytotoxic, and hemolytic activities from venom of the spider Lasiodora sp. Toxicon 2016; 122:119-126. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2016.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Revised: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Overview of Antagonists Used for Determining the Mechanisms of Action Employed by Potential Vasodilators with Their Suggested Signaling Pathways. Molecules 2016; 21:495. [PMID: 27092479 PMCID: PMC6274436 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21040495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Revised: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
This paper is a review on the types of antagonists and the signaling mechanism pathways that have been used to determine the mechanisms of action employed for vasodilation by test compounds. Thus, we exhaustively reviewed and analyzed reports related to this topic published in PubMed between the years of 2010 till 2015. The aim of this paperis to suggest the most appropriate type of antagonists that correspond to receptors that would be involved during the mechanistic studies, as well as the latest signaling pathways trends that are being studied in order to determine the route(s) that atest compound employs for inducing vasodilation. The methods to perform the mechanism studies were included. Fundamentally, the affinity, specificity and selectivity of the antagonists to their receptors or enzymes were clearly elaborated as well as the solubility and reversibility. All the signaling pathways on the mechanisms of action involved in the vascular tone regulation have been well described in previous review articles. However, the most appropriate antagonists that should be utilized have never been suggested and elaborated before, hence the reason for this review.
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