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Hall AJ, Kershaw JL, Fraser S, Davidson K, Rowland-Pilgrim S, Turner AD, McConnell B. Estimating the risks of exposure to harmful algal toxins among Scottish harbour seals. HARMFUL ALGAE 2024; 136:102653. [PMID: 38876527 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2024.102653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/16/2024]
Abstract
Harmful algal bloom (HAB) toxins consumed by marine predators through fish prey can be lethal but studies on the resulting population consequences are lacking. Over the past approximately 20 years there have been large regional declines in some harbour seal populations around Scotland. Analyses of excreta (faeces and urine from live and dead seals and faecal samples from seal haulout sites) suggest widespread exposure to toxins through the ingestion of contaminated prey. A risk assessment model, incorporating concentrations of the two major HAB toxins found in seal prey around Scotland (domoic acid (DA), and saxitoxins (STX)), the seasonal persistence of the toxins in the fish and the foraging patterns of harbour seals were used to estimate the proportion of adults and juveniles likely to have ingested doses above various estimated toxicity thresholds. The results were highly dependent on toxin type, persistence, and foraging regime as well as age class, all of which affected the proportion of exposed animals exceeding toxicity thresholds. In this preliminary model STX exposure was unlikely to result in mortalities. Modelled DA exposure resulted in doses above an estimated lethal threshold of 1900 µg/kg body mass affecting up to 3.8 % of exposed juveniles and 5.3 % of exposed adults. Given the uncertainty in the model parameters and the limitations of the data these conclusions should be treated with caution, but they indicate that DA remains a potential factor involved in the regional declines of harbour seals. Similar risks may be experienced by other top predators, including small cetaceans and seabirds that feed on similar prey in Scottish waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ailsa J Hall
- Sea Mammal Research Unit, Scottish Oceans Institute, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK, KY16 8LB.
| | - Joanna L Kershaw
- Sea Mammal Research Unit, Scottish Oceans Institute, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK, KY16 8LB
| | - Shaun Fraser
- UHI Shetland, University of the Highlands and Islands, Port Arthur, Scalloway, Shetland, UK, ZE1 0UN
| | - Keith Davidson
- Scottish Association for Marine Science, Oban, UK, PA37 1QA
| | - Stephanie Rowland-Pilgrim
- Food Safety Group, Centre for Environment and Fisheries Science (Cefas), Weymouth, Dorset, UK, DT4 8UB
| | - Andrew D Turner
- Food Safety Group, Centre for Environment and Fisheries Science (Cefas), Weymouth, Dorset, UK, DT4 8UB
| | - Bernie McConnell
- Sea Mammal Research Unit, Scottish Oceans Institute, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK, KY16 8LB
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2
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Mollerup IM, Bjørneset J, Krock B, Jensen TH, Galatius A, Dietz R, Teilmann J, van den Brand JMA, Osterhaus A, Kokotovic B, Lundholm N, Olsen MT. Did algal toxin and Klebsiella infections cause the unexplained 2007 mass mortality event in Danish and Swedish marine mammals? THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 914:169817. [PMID: 38184244 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.169817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/08/2024]
Abstract
An unusual mass mortality event (MME) of harbour seals (Phoca vitulina) and harbour porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) occurred in Denmark and Sweden in June 2007. Prior to this incident, the region had experienced two MMEs in harbour seals caused by Phocine Distemper Virus (PDV) in 1988 and 2002. Although epidemiology and symptoms of the 2007 MME resembled PDV, none of the animals examined for PDV tested positive. Thus, it has been speculated that another - yet unknown - pathogen caused the June 2007 MME. To shed new light on the likely cause of death, we combine previously unpublished veterinary examinations of harbour seals with novel analyses of algal toxins and algal monitoring data. All harbour seals subject to pathological examination showed pneumonia, but were negative for PDV, influenza and coronavirus. Histological analyses revealed septicaemia in multiple animals, and six animals tested positive for Klebsiella pneumonia. Furthermore, we detected the algal Dinophysis toxin DTX-1b (1-115 ng g-1) in five seals subject to toxicology, representing the first time DTX-1b has been detected in marine vertebrates. However, no animals tested positive for both Klebsiella and toxins. Thus, while our relatively small sample size prevent firm conclusions on causative agents, we speculate that the unexplained MME may have been caused by a chance incidence of multiple pathogens acting in parallel in June 2007, including Dinophysis toxin and Klebsiella. Our study illustrates the complexity of wildlife MMEs and highlights the need for thorough sampling during and after MMEs, as well as additional research on and monitoring of DTX-1b and other algal toxins in the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ida-Marie Mollerup
- Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 5, 1353 Copenhagen K, Denmark; Section for Molecular Ecology and Evolution, Globe Institute, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 5, 1353 Copenhagen K, Denmark
| | - Juni Bjørneset
- Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 5, 1353 Copenhagen K, Denmark; Section for Molecular Ecology and Evolution, Globe Institute, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 5, 1353 Copenhagen K, Denmark
| | - Bernd Krock
- Alfred Wegener Institut-Helmholtz Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Am Handelshafen 12, D-27570 Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Trine Hammer Jensen
- Aalborg Zoo/Section of Biology and Environmental Science, University of Aalborg, Fredrik Bajers Vej 7, H, 9220 Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Anders Galatius
- Section for Marine Mammal Research, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Rune Dietz
- Section for Marine Mammal Research, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Jonas Teilmann
- Section for Marine Mammal Research, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | | | - Albert Osterhaus
- Research Center Emerging Infections and Zoonoses (RIZ), University of Veterinary Medicine, Bünteweg 17, 30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - Branko Kokotovic
- Reference Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance, Department of Bacteria, Parasites & Fungi, Statens Seruminstitut, Artillerivej 5, 2300 Copenhagen S, Denmark
| | - Nina Lundholm
- Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 5, 1353 Copenhagen K, Denmark.
| | - Morten Tange Olsen
- Section for Molecular Ecology and Evolution, Globe Institute, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 5, 1353 Copenhagen K, Denmark; Section for Marine Mammal Research, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark.
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3
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Abdulhussain AH, Cook KB, Bresnan E, Lacaze JP, Mayor DJ. The influence of the toxin-producing dinoflagellate, Alexandrium catenella, on feeding, reproduction and toxin retention in Calanus helgolandicus. HARMFUL ALGAE 2024; 132:102564. [PMID: 38331536 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2023.102564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
Copepods of the genus Calanus dominate the biomass of pelagic ecosystems from the Mediterranean Sea up into the Arctic Ocean and form an important link between phytoplankton and higher trophic levels. Impacts from toxin-producing harmful algae (HA) have been recorded throughout this region over the last 50 years, with potentially negative effects on Calanus spp. populations and the ecosystem functions and services they provide. Here we examine how ingestion, egg-production and egg-viability in Calanus helgolandicus are affected by the relative abundance of the toxin-producing dinoflagellate Alexandrium catenella in their diet. Our four-day experiments demonstrate that the ingestion rate of C. helgolandicus declined significantly as the percentage of toxin-producing A. catenella within their diet increased, whereas egg production and egg viability were unaffected. Toxin profile concentrations for A. catenella are presented alongside body toxin-loads in C. helgolandicus after 4 days of feeding on these cells. The body toxin concentrations of C. helgolandicus were 3.6-356.6 pg STX diHCl eq. copepod-1, approximately 0.02-3.3 % of the toxins ingested. Our work suggests that the effects of exposure to A. catenella may be negligible in the short-term but could manifest if bloom conditions persist for longer than our experimental duration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali H Abdulhussain
- National Oceanography Centre, Southampton, United Kingdom; School of Ocean and Earth Sciences, University of Southampton, National Oceanography Centre, Southampton, United Kingdom; Department of Marine Science, Kuwait University, Fintas, Kuwait.
| | - Kathryn B Cook
- National Oceanography Centre, Southampton, United Kingdom; Marine Scotland Science, Marine Laboratory, Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Eileen Bresnan
- Marine Scotland Science, Marine Laboratory, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | | | - Daniel J Mayor
- National Oceanography Centre, Southampton, United Kingdom; Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
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4
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Wang Y, Zhang Y, Wang J, Liu W, Wang H, Song M, Zhang H, Wang X. In situ monitoring of toxic effects of algal toxin on cells by a novel microfluidic flow cytometry instrument. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2024; 270:115894. [PMID: 38171100 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.115894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Algal toxins produced by microalgae, such as domoic acid (DA)1, have toxic effects on humans. However, toxicity tests using mice only yield lethal doses of algal toxins without providing insights into the mechanism of action on cells. In this study, a fast segmentation of microfluidic flow cytometry cell images based on the bidirectional background subtraction (BBS)2 method was developed to get the visual evidence of apoptosis in both bright-field and fluorescence images. This approach enables mapping of changes in cell morphology and activity under algal toxins, allowing for fast (within 60 s) and automated biological detection. By combining microfluidics with flow cytometry, the intricate cellular-level reaction process can be observed in micro samples of 293 T cells and mouse spleen cells, offering potential for future in vitro experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuezhu Wang
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Sensing and Intelligent Detection, Dalian Maritime University, 116026 Dalian, China; College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, 116026 Dalian, China
| | - Yichi Zhang
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Sensing and Intelligent Detection, Dalian Maritime University, 116026 Dalian, China; Information Science and Technology College, Dalian Maritime University, 116026 Dalian, China
| | - Junsheng Wang
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Sensing and Intelligent Detection, Dalian Maritime University, 116026 Dalian, China; Information Science and Technology College, Dalian Maritime University, 116026 Dalian, China.
| | - Weibing Liu
- The people's Hospital of Liaoning Province, 110067 Shenyang, China
| | - Huan Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Liaoning Cancer Hospital & Institute, 110801 Shenyang, China
| | - Mingzhu Song
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Sensing and Intelligent Detection, Dalian Maritime University, 116026 Dalian, China; Information Science and Technology College, Dalian Maritime University, 116026 Dalian, China
| | - Hongyue Zhang
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Sensing and Intelligent Detection, Dalian Maritime University, 116026 Dalian, China; Information Science and Technology College, Dalian Maritime University, 116026 Dalian, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Sensing and Intelligent Detection, Dalian Maritime University, 116026 Dalian, China; Information Science and Technology College, Dalian Maritime University, 116026 Dalian, China
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5
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Cembella A, Klemm K, John U, Karlson B, Arneborg L, Clarke D, Yamanaka T, Cusack C, Naustvoll L, Bresnan E, Šupraha L, Lundholm N. Emerging phylogeographic perspective on the toxigenic diatom genus Pseudo-nitzschia in coastal northern European waters and gateways to eastern Arctic seas: Causes, ecological consequences and socio-economic impacts. HARMFUL ALGAE 2023; 129:102496. [PMID: 37951606 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2023.102496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
The diatom Pseudo-nitzschia H. Peragallo is perhaps the most intensively researched genus of marine pennate diatoms, with respect to species diversity, life history strategies, toxigenicity, and biogeographical distribution. The global magnitude and consequences of harmful algal blooms (HABs) of Pseudo-nitzschia are particularly significant because of the high socioeconomic impacts and environmental and human health risks associated with the production of the neurotoxin domoic acid (DA) among populations of many (although not all) species. This has led to enhanced monitoring and mitigation strategies for toxigenic Pseudo-nitzschia blooms and their toxins in recent years. Nevertheless, human adaptive actions based on future scenarios of bloom dynamics and proposed shifts in biogeographical distribution under climate-change regimes have not been implemented on a regional scale. In the CoCliME (Co-development of climate services for adaptation to changing marine ecosystems) program these issues were addressed with respect to past, current and anticipated future status of key HAB genera such as Pseudo-nitzschia and expected benefits of enhanced monitoring. Data on the distribution and frequency of Pseudo-nitzschia blooms in relation to DA occurrence and associated amnesic shellfish toxin (AST) events were evaluated in a contemporary and historical context over the past several decades from key northern CoCliME Case Study areas. The regional studies comprised the greater North Sea and adjacent Kattegat-Skagerrak and Norwegian Sea, eastern North Atlantic marginal seas and Arctic gateways, and the Baltic Sea. The first evidence of possible biogeographical expansion of Pseudo-nitzschia taxa into frontier eastern Arctic gateways was provided from DNA barcoding signatures. Key climate change indicators, such as salinity, temperature, and water-column stratification were identified as drivers of upwelling and advection related to the distribution of regional Pseudo-nitzschia blooms. The possible influence of changing variables on bloom dynamics, magnitude, frequency and spatial and temporal distribution were interpreted in the context of regional ocean climate models. These climate change indicators may play key roles in selecting for the occurrence and diversity of Pseudo-nitzschia species within the broader microeukaryote communities. Shifts to higher temperature and lower salinity regimes predicted for the southern North Sea indicate the potential for high-magnitude Pseudo-nitzschia blooms, currently absent from this area. Ecological and socioeconomic impacts of Pseudo-nitzschia blooms are evaluated with reference to effects on fisheries and mariculture resources and coastal ecosystem function. Where feasible, effective adaptation strategies are proposed herein as emerging climate services for the northern CoCLiME region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allan Cembella
- Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Alfred Wegener Institute, Am Handelshafen 12, Bremerhaven 27570, Germany; Departamento de Biotecnología Marina, Centro de Investigación Científica y Educación Superior de Ensenada, Carr. Tijuana-Ensenada 3918, Zona Playitas, Ensenada, Baja California 22860, Mexico
| | - Kerstin Klemm
- Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Alfred Wegener Institute, Am Handelshafen 12, Bremerhaven 27570, Germany; Helmholtz Institute for Functional Marine Biodiversity at the University of Oldenburg (HIFMB), Ammerländer Heerstraße 231, Oldenburg 26129, Germany
| | - Uwe John
- Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Alfred Wegener Institute, Am Handelshafen 12, Bremerhaven 27570, Germany; Helmholtz Institute for Functional Marine Biodiversity at the University of Oldenburg (HIFMB), Ammerländer Heerstraße 231, Oldenburg 26129, Germany.
| | - Bengt Karlson
- Research and Development, Oceanography, Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute, Sven Källfelts gata 15, Västra SE-426 71, Frölunda, Sweden
| | - Lars Arneborg
- Research and Development, Oceanography, Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute, Sven Källfelts gata 15, Västra SE-426 71, Frölunda, Sweden
| | - Dave Clarke
- Marine Institute, Rinville, Oranmore, Co. Galway H91 R673, Ireland
| | - Tsuyuko Yamanaka
- Marine Institute, Rinville, Oranmore, Co. Galway H91 R673, Ireland
| | - Caroline Cusack
- Marine Institute, Rinville, Oranmore, Co. Galway H91 R673, Ireland
| | - Lars Naustvoll
- Institute of Marine Research, PO Box 1870 Nordnes, Bergen NO-5817, Norway
| | - Eileen Bresnan
- Marine Directorate of the Scottish Government, Science, Evidence, Digital and Data, 375 Victoria Rd, Aberdeen AB11 9DB, UK
| | - Luka Šupraha
- Section for Aquatic Biology and Toxicology, Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1066 Blindern, Oslo 0316, Norway
| | - Nina Lundholm
- Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 5, Copenhagen K 1353, Denmark
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Wu H, Prithiviraj B, Tan Z. Physiological Effects of Oxidative Stress Caused by Saxitoxin in the Nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. Mar Drugs 2023; 21:544. [PMID: 37888479 PMCID: PMC10608204 DOI: 10.3390/md21100544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Saxitoxin (STX) causes high toxicity by blocking voltage-gated sodium channels, and it poses a major threat to marine ecosystems and human health worldwide. Our work evaluated the neurotoxicity and chronic toxicology of STX to Caenorhabditis elegans by an analysis of lifespan, brood size, growth ability, reactive oxygen species (ROS) and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) levels, and the overexpression of green fluorescent protein (GFP). After exposure to a series of concentrations of STX for 24 h, worms showed paralysis symptoms and fully recovered within 6 h; less than 5% of worms died at the highest concentration of 1000 ng/mL for first larval stage (L1) worms and 10,000 ng/mL for fourth larval stage (L4) worms. Declines in lifespan, productivity, and body size of C. elegans were observed under the stress of 1, 10, and 100 ng/mL STX, and the lifespan was shorter than that in controls. With STX exposure, the productivity declined by 32-49%; the body size, including body length and body area, declined by 13-18% and 25-27%, respectively. The levels of ROS exhibited a gradual increase over time, accompanied by a positive concentration effect of STX resulting in 1.14-1.86 times higher levels compared to the control group in L4 worms. Conversely, no statistically significant differences were observed between L1 worms. Finally, after exposure to STX for 48 h, ATP levels and GFP expression in C. elegans showed a significant dose-dependent increase. Our study reports the first evidence that STX is not lethal but imposes substantial oxidative stress on C. elegans, with a dose-responsive relationship. Our results indicated that C. elegans is an ideal model to further study the mechanisms underlying the fitness of organisms under the stress caused by paralytic shellfish toxins including STX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Testing and Evaluation for Aquatic Product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China;
| | - Balakrishnan Prithiviraj
- Department of Plant, Food and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Dalhousie University, Nova Scotia, NS B2N5E3, Canada;
| | - Zhijun Tan
- Key Laboratory of Testing and Evaluation for Aquatic Product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China;
- Department of Plant, Food and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Dalhousie University, Nova Scotia, NS B2N5E3, Canada;
- State Key Laboratory of Mariculture Biobreeding and Sustainable Goods, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
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7
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Dean KJ, Alexander RP, Hatfield RG, Lewis AM, Coates LN, Collin T, Teixeira Alves M, Lee V, Daumich C, Hicks R, White P, Thomas KM, Ellis JR, Turner AD. The Common Sunstar Crossaster papposus-A Neurotoxic Starfish. Mar Drugs 2021; 19:695. [PMID: 34940694 PMCID: PMC8704474 DOI: 10.3390/md19120695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Saxitoxins (STXs) are a family of potent neurotoxins produced naturally by certain species of phytoplankton and cyanobacteria which are extremely toxic to mammalian nervous systems. The accumulation of STXs in bivalve molluscs can significantly impact animal and human health. Recent work conducted in the North Sea highlighted the widespread presence of various saxitoxins in a range of benthic organisms, with the common sunstar (Crossaster papposus) demonstrating high concentrations of saxitoxins. In this study, an extensive sampling program was undertaken across multiple seas surrounding the UK, with 146 starfish and 5 brittlestars of multiple species analysed for STXs. All the common sunstars analysed (n > 70) contained quantifiable levels of STXs, with the total concentrations ranging from 99 to 11,245 µg STX eq/kg. The common sunstars were statistically different in terms of toxin loading to all the other starfish species tested. Two distinct toxic profiles were observed in sunstars, a decarbomylsaxitoxin (dcSTX)-dominant profile which encompassed samples from most of the UK coast and an STX and gonyautoxin2 (GTX2) profile from the North Yorkshire coast of England. Compartmentalisation studies demonstrated that the female gonads exhibited the highest toxin concentrations of all the individual organs tested, with concentrations >40,000 µg STX eq/kg in one sample. All the sunstars, male or female, exhibited the presence of STXs in the skin, digestive glands and gonads. This study highlights that the common sunstar ubiquitously contains STXs, independent of the geographical location around the UK and often at concentrations many times higher than the current regulatory limits for STXs in molluscs; therefore, the common sunstar should be considered toxic hereafter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl J. Dean
- Centre for Environment Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (CEFAS), Barrack Road, Weymouth DT4 8UB, UK; (R.P.A.); (R.G.H.); (A.M.L.); (L.N.C.); (T.C.); (M.T.A.); (V.L.); (C.D.); (R.H.); (P.W.); (A.D.T.)
| | - Ryan P. Alexander
- Centre for Environment Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (CEFAS), Barrack Road, Weymouth DT4 8UB, UK; (R.P.A.); (R.G.H.); (A.M.L.); (L.N.C.); (T.C.); (M.T.A.); (V.L.); (C.D.); (R.H.); (P.W.); (A.D.T.)
| | - Robert G. Hatfield
- Centre for Environment Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (CEFAS), Barrack Road, Weymouth DT4 8UB, UK; (R.P.A.); (R.G.H.); (A.M.L.); (L.N.C.); (T.C.); (M.T.A.); (V.L.); (C.D.); (R.H.); (P.W.); (A.D.T.)
| | - Adam M. Lewis
- Centre for Environment Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (CEFAS), Barrack Road, Weymouth DT4 8UB, UK; (R.P.A.); (R.G.H.); (A.M.L.); (L.N.C.); (T.C.); (M.T.A.); (V.L.); (C.D.); (R.H.); (P.W.); (A.D.T.)
| | - Lewis N. Coates
- Centre for Environment Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (CEFAS), Barrack Road, Weymouth DT4 8UB, UK; (R.P.A.); (R.G.H.); (A.M.L.); (L.N.C.); (T.C.); (M.T.A.); (V.L.); (C.D.); (R.H.); (P.W.); (A.D.T.)
| | - Tom Collin
- Centre for Environment Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (CEFAS), Barrack Road, Weymouth DT4 8UB, UK; (R.P.A.); (R.G.H.); (A.M.L.); (L.N.C.); (T.C.); (M.T.A.); (V.L.); (C.D.); (R.H.); (P.W.); (A.D.T.)
- Department of Chemistry, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, UK
| | - Mickael Teixeira Alves
- Centre for Environment Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (CEFAS), Barrack Road, Weymouth DT4 8UB, UK; (R.P.A.); (R.G.H.); (A.M.L.); (L.N.C.); (T.C.); (M.T.A.); (V.L.); (C.D.); (R.H.); (P.W.); (A.D.T.)
| | - Vanessa Lee
- Centre for Environment Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (CEFAS), Barrack Road, Weymouth DT4 8UB, UK; (R.P.A.); (R.G.H.); (A.M.L.); (L.N.C.); (T.C.); (M.T.A.); (V.L.); (C.D.); (R.H.); (P.W.); (A.D.T.)
- Department of Chemistry, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, UK
| | - Caroline Daumich
- Centre for Environment Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (CEFAS), Barrack Road, Weymouth DT4 8UB, UK; (R.P.A.); (R.G.H.); (A.M.L.); (L.N.C.); (T.C.); (M.T.A.); (V.L.); (C.D.); (R.H.); (P.W.); (A.D.T.)
| | - Ruth Hicks
- Centre for Environment Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (CEFAS), Barrack Road, Weymouth DT4 8UB, UK; (R.P.A.); (R.G.H.); (A.M.L.); (L.N.C.); (T.C.); (M.T.A.); (V.L.); (C.D.); (R.H.); (P.W.); (A.D.T.)
| | - Peter White
- Centre for Environment Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (CEFAS), Barrack Road, Weymouth DT4 8UB, UK; (R.P.A.); (R.G.H.); (A.M.L.); (L.N.C.); (T.C.); (M.T.A.); (V.L.); (C.D.); (R.H.); (P.W.); (A.D.T.)
| | - Krista M. Thomas
- Biotoxin Metrology, National Research Council Canada, Halifax, NS B3Z 3H1, Canada;
| | - Jim R. Ellis
- Centre for Environment Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (CEFAS), Pakefield Road, Lowestoft NR33 0HT, UK;
| | - Andrew D. Turner
- Centre for Environment Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (CEFAS), Barrack Road, Weymouth DT4 8UB, UK; (R.P.A.); (R.G.H.); (A.M.L.); (L.N.C.); (T.C.); (M.T.A.); (V.L.); (C.D.); (R.H.); (P.W.); (A.D.T.)
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8
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Kershaw JL, Jensen SK, McConnell B, Fraser S, Cummings C, Lacaze JP, Hermann G, Bresnan E, Dean KJ, Turner AD, Davidson K, Hall AJ. Toxins from harmful algae in fish from Scottish coastal waters. HARMFUL ALGAE 2021; 105:102068. [PMID: 34303514 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2021.102068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Harmful algal bloom events are increasing in a number of water bodies around the world with significant economic impacts on the aquaculture, fishing and tourism industries. As well as their potential impacts on human health, toxin exposure from harmful algal blooms (HABs) has resulted in widespread morbidity and mortality in marine life, including top marine predators. There is therefore a need for an improved understanding of the trophic transfer, and persistence of toxins in marine food webs. For the first time, the concentrations of two toxin groups of commercial and environmental importance, domoic acid (DA) and saxitoxin (including Paralytic Shellfish Toxin (PST) analogues), were measured in the viscera of 40 different fish species caught in Scotland between February and November, 2012 to 2019. Overall, fish had higher concentrations of DA compared to PSTs, with a peak in the summer / autumn months. Whole fish concentrations were highest in pelagic species including Atlantic mackerel and herring, key forage fish for marine predators including seals, cetaceans and seabirds. The highest DA concentrations were measured along the east coast of Scotland and in Orkney. PSTs showed highest concentrations in early summer, consistent with phytoplankton bloom timings. The detection of multiple toxins in such a range of demersal, pelagic and benthic fish prey species suggests that both the fish, and by extension, piscivorous marine predators, experience multiple routes of toxin exposure. Risk assessment models to understand the impacts of exposure to HAB toxins on marine predators therefore need to consider how chronic, low-dose exposure to multiple toxins, as well as acute exposure during a bloom, could lead to potential long-term health effects ultimately contributing to mortalities. The potential synergistic, neurotoxic and physiological effects of long-term exposure to multiple toxins require investigation in order to appropriately assess the risks of HAB toxins to fish as well as their predators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna L Kershaw
- Sea Mammal Research Unit, Scottish Oceans Institute, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, KY16 8LB, UK; School of Biological and Marine Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Plymouth, PL4 8AA, UK.
| | - Silje-Kristin Jensen
- The Norwegian Directorate of Fisheries, Kystens Hus, Stortorget 1A, 9008 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Bernie McConnell
- Sea Mammal Research Unit, Scottish Oceans Institute, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, KY16 8LB, UK
| | - Shaun Fraser
- NAFC Marine Centre, University of the Highlands and Islands, Port Arthur, Scalloway, Shetland, ZE1 0UN, UK
| | - Caroline Cummings
- US Fish and Wildlife Service Alaska Region, 1011 East Tudor Road, Anchorage, Alaska, USA, 99503
| | | | | | - Eileen Bresnan
- Marine Laboratory, Marine Scotland Science, Aberdeen, AB119DB, UK
| | - Karl J Dean
- Cefas, Barrack Road, The Nothe, Weymouth, Dorset, DT4 8UB, UK
| | - Andrew D Turner
- Cefas, Barrack Road, The Nothe, Weymouth, Dorset, DT4 8UB, UK
| | - Keith Davidson
- Scottish Association for Marine Science, Scottish Marine Institute, Oban, PA37 1QA, UK
| | - Ailsa J Hall
- Sea Mammal Research Unit, Scottish Oceans Institute, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, KY16 8LB, UK
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9
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Damseaux F, Siebert U, Pomeroy P, Lepoint G, Das K. Habitat and resource segregation of two sympatric seals in the North Sea. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 764:142842. [PMID: 33342563 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The study of ecological niche segregation in sympatric species is essential to understand ecosystem functioning and its response to potential changes. In the North Sea, sympatric grey and harbour seals may present competition for food resources sustained by intense fishing activities and recent increase of seal populations. In order to coexist and reduce inter-specific competition, sympatric species must segregate at least one aspect of their ecological niches: temporal, spatial or resource segregation. We aim to study the foraging resources and foraging distributions of grey seals and harbour seals and the potential competition between these species in the North Sea. Therefore, we analysed stable isotopic composition of C, N and S (δ13C, δ15N and δ34S values), and the concentrations of Hg and Se in blood of harbour and grey seals from the North Sea. Blood samples were collected on 45 grey seals and 37 harbour seals sampled along German and Scottish coasts. Stable isotope ratios were performed with an isotope ratio mass spectrometer coupled to an N-C-S elemental analyser for automated analyses. Total mercury concentrations (T-Hg) were determined by atomic absorption spectroscopy and Se concentrations by ICP-MS. The multi-tracer approach shown spatial and resource partitioning within grey and harbour seal living along German and Scottish coasts. Data indicate 1) the offshore foraging distribution of grey seals as reflected by the lower δ15N values and T-Hg concentrations and higher Se concentrations and 2) the inshore foraging distribution of harbour seals because of higher δ15N values and T-Hg concentrations and lower Se concentrations. The SIAR mixing model revealed 3) a more selective diet of grey seals compared to harbour seals and 4) the importance of sandeels in grey seal diet reflected by their high δ34S values. Lastly, diet ellipse overlaps between grey seals and harbour seals sampled along the German coasts suggested 5) a potential sharing of food resources, possibly due to the increase number of grey seals number in this area during the foraging season - all year except breeding and moulting periods. The multi-tracer approach of this study provides a more robust discrimination among diet resources and spatial foraging distributions of grey seals and harbour seals in the North Sea.
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Affiliation(s)
- France Damseaux
- Freshwater and Oceanic sciences Unit of reSearch (FOCUS), Laboratory of Oceanology, University of Liège B6c, 11 Allée du 6 Août, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Ursula Siebert
- Institute for Terrestrial and Aquatic Wildlife Research, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, 25761 Büsum, Germany
| | - Patrick Pomeroy
- Sea Mammal Research Unit, Scottish Oceans Institute, East Sands, University of St Andrews, KY16 8LB, UK
| | - Gilles Lepoint
- Freshwater and Oceanic sciences Unit of reSearch (FOCUS), Laboratory of Oceanology, University of Liège B6c, 11 Allée du 6 Août, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Krishna Das
- Freshwater and Oceanic sciences Unit of reSearch (FOCUS), Laboratory of Oceanology, University of Liège B6c, 11 Allée du 6 Août, 4000 Liège, Belgium.
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10
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Marine invertebrate interactions with Harmful Algal Blooms - Implications for One Health. J Invertebr Pathol 2021; 186:107555. [PMID: 33607127 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2021.107555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Harmful Algal Blooms (HAB) are natural atypical proliferations of micro or macro algae in either marine or freshwater environments which have significant impacts on human, animal and ecosystem health. The causative HAB organisms are primarily dinoflagellates and diatoms in marine and cyanobacteria within freshwater ecosystems. Several hundred species of HABs, most commonly marine dinoflagellates affect animal and ecosystem health either directly through physical, chemical or biological impacts on surrounding organisms or indirectly through production of algal toxins which transfer through lower-level trophic organisms to higher level predators. Traditionally, a major focus of HABs has concerned their natural production of toxins which bioaccumulate in filter-feeding invertebrates, which with subsequent trophic transfer and biomagnification cause issues throughout the food web, including the human health of seafood consumers. Whilst in many regions of the world, regulations, monitoring and risk management strategies help mitigate against the impacts from HAB/invertebrate toxins upon human health, there is ever-expanding evidence describing enormous impacts upon invertebrate health, as well as the health of higher trophic level organisms and marine ecosystems. This paper provides an overview of HABs and their relationships with aquatic invertebrates, together with a review of their combined impacts on animal, human and ecosystem health. With HAB/invertebrate outbreaks expected in some regions at higher frequency and intensity in the coming decades, we discuss the needs for new science, multi-disciplinary assessment and communication which will be essential for ensuring a continued increasing supply of aquaculture foodstuffs for further generations.
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11
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Karlson B, Andersen P, Arneborg L, Cembella A, Eikrem W, John U, West JJ, Klemm K, Kobos J, Lehtinen S, Lundholm N, Mazur-Marzec H, Naustvoll L, Poelman M, Provoost P, De Rijcke M, Suikkanen S. Harmful algal blooms and their effects in coastal seas of Northern Europe. HARMFUL ALGAE 2021; 102:101989. [PMID: 33875185 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2021.101989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Harmful algal blooms (HAB) are recurrent phenomena in northern Europe along the coasts of the Baltic Sea, Kattegat-Skagerrak, eastern North Sea, Norwegian Sea and the Barents Sea. These HABs have caused occasional massive losses for the aquaculture industry and have chronically affected socioeconomic interests in several ways. This status review gives an overview of historical HAB events and summarises reports to the Harmful Algae Event Database from 1986 to the end of year 2019 and observations made in long term monitoring programmes of potentially harmful phytoplankton and of phycotoxins in bivalve shellfish. Major HAB taxa causing fish mortalities in the region include blooms of the prymnesiophyte Chrysochromulina leadbeateri in northern Norway in 1991 and 2019, resulting in huge economic losses for fish farmers. A bloom of the prymesiophyte Prymnesium polylepis (syn. Chrysochromulina polylepis) in the Kattegat-Skagerrak in 1988 was ecosystem disruptive. Blooms of the prymnesiophyte Phaeocystis spp. have caused accumulations of foam on beaches in the southwestern North Sea and Wadden Sea coasts and shellfish mortality has been linked to their occurrence. Mortality of shellfish linked to HAB events has been observed in estuarine waters associated with influx of water from the southern North Sea. The first bloom of the dictyochophyte genus Pseudochattonella was observed in 1998, and since then such blooms have been observed in high cell densities in spring causing fish mortalities some years. Dinoflagellates, primarily Dinophysis spp., intermittently yield concentrations of Diarrhetic Shellfish Toxins (DST) in blue mussels, Mytilus edulis, above regulatory limits along the coasts of Norway, Denmark and the Swedish west coast. On average, DST levels in shellfish have decreased along the Swedish and Norwegian Skagerrak coasts since approximately 2006, coinciding with a decrease in the cell abundance of D. acuta. Among dinoflagellates, Alexandrium species are the major source of Paralytic Shellfish Toxins (PST) in the region. PST concentrations above regulatory levels were rare in the Skagerrak-Kattegat during the three decadal review period, but frequent and often abundant findings of Alexandrium resting cysts in surface sediments indicate a high potential risk for blooms. PST levels often above regulatory limits along the west coast of Norway are associated with A. catenella (ribotype Group 1) as the main toxin producer. Other Alexandrium species, such as A. ostenfeldii and A. minutum, are capable of producing PST among some populations but are usually not associated with PSP events in the region. The cell abundance of A. pseudogonyaulax, a producer of the ichthyotoxin goniodomin (GD), has increased in the Skagerrak-Kattegat since 2010, and may constitute an emerging threat. The dinoflagellate Azadinium spp. have been unequivocally linked to the presence of azaspiracid toxins (AZT) responsible for Azaspiracid Shellfish Poisoning (AZP) in northern Europe. These toxins were detected in bivalve shellfish at concentrations above regulatory limits for the first time in Norway in blue mussels in 2005 and in Sweden in blue mussels and oysters (Ostrea edulis and Crassostrea gigas) in 2018. Certain members of the diatom genus Pseudo-nitzschia produce the neurotoxin domoic acid and analogs known as Amnesic Shellfish Toxins (AST). Blooms of Pseudo-nitzschia were common in the North Sea and the Skagerrak-Kattegat, but levels of AST in bivalve shellfish were rarely above regulatory limits during the review period. Summer cyanobacteria blooms in the Baltic Sea are a concern mainly for tourism by causing massive fouling of bathing water and beaches. Some of the cyanobacteria produce toxins, e.g. Nodularia spumigena, producer of nodularin, which may be a human health problem and cause occasional dog mortalities. Coastal and shelf sea regions in northern Europe provide a key supply of seafood, socioeconomic well-being and ecosystem services. Increasing anthropogenic influence and climate change create environmental stressors causing shifts in the biogeography and intensity of HABs. Continued monitoring of HAB and phycotoxins and the operation of historical databases such as HAEDAT provide not only an ongoing status report but also provide a way to interpret causes and mechanisms of HABs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bengt Karlson
- Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute, Research and Development, Oceanography, Sven Källfelts gata 15, SE-426 71 Västra Frölunda, Sweden.
| | - Per Andersen
- Aarhus University, Marine Ecology, Vejlsøvej 25, 8600 Silkeborg, Denmark
| | - Lars Arneborg
- Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute, Research and Development, Oceanography, Sven Källfelts gata 15, SE-426 71 Västra Frölunda, Sweden
| | - Allan Cembella
- Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Am Handelshafen 12, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Wenche Eikrem
- University of Oslo, Department of Biosciences, P. O. Box 1066 Blindern, Oslo 0316, Norway; Norwegian Institute for Water Research. Gaustadalleen 21, 0349 Oslo, Norway
| | - Uwe John
- Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Am Handelshafen 12, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany; Helmholtz Institute for Functional Marine Biodiversity, Ammerländer Heerstraße 231, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Jennifer Joy West
- CICERO Center for International Climate Research, P.O. Box 1129, 0318 Blindern, Oslo Norway
| | - Kerstin Klemm
- Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Am Handelshafen 12, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Justyna Kobos
- University of Gdansk, Institute of Oceanography, Division of Marine Biotechnology, Marszalka Pilsudskiego 46, 81-378 Gdynia; POLAND
| | - Sirpa Lehtinen
- Finnish Environment Institute (SYKE), Marine Research Centre, Agnes Sjöbergin katu 2, 00790 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Nina Lundholm
- Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 5, 1353 Copenhagen K, Denmark
| | - Hanna Mazur-Marzec
- University of Gdansk, Institute of Oceanography, Division of Marine Biotechnology, Marszalka Pilsudskiego 46, 81-378 Gdynia; POLAND
| | - Lars Naustvoll
- Institute of Marine Research, Flødevigen Marine Research Station, N-4817 His, Norway
| | - Marnix Poelman
- Wageningen UR, Wageningen Marine Research, P.O. box 77, 4400 AB, Yerseke, The Netherlands
| | - Pieter Provoost
- Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission, Project Office for IODE, Wandelaarkaai 7/61 - 8400 Oostende, Belgium
| | - Maarten De Rijcke
- Flanders Marine Institute (VLIZ), Wandelaarkaai 7, B-8400 Oostende, Belgium
| | - Sanna Suikkanen
- Finnish Environment Institute (SYKE), Marine Research Centre, Agnes Sjöbergin katu 2, 00790 Helsinki, Finland
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12
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Bresnan E, Arévalo F, Belin C, Branco MAC, Cembella AD, Clarke D, Correa J, Davidson K, Dhanji-Rapkova M, Lozano RF, Fernández-Tejedor M, Guðfinnsson H, Carbonell DJ, Laza-Martinez A, Lemoine M, Lewis AM, Menéndez LM, Maskrey BH, McKinney A, Pazos Y, Revilla M, Siano R, Silva A, Swan S, Turner AD, Schweibold L, Provoost P, Enevoldsen H. Diversity and regional distribution of harmful algal events along the Atlantic margin of Europe. HARMFUL ALGAE 2021; 102:101976. [PMID: 33875184 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2021.101976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Revised: 01/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The IOC-ICES-PICES Harmful Algal Event Database (HAEDAT) was used to describe the diversity and spatiotemporal distribution of harmful algal events along the Atlantic margin of Europe from 1987 - 2018. The majority of events recorded are caused by Diarrhetic Shellfish Toxins (DSTs). These events are recorded annually over a wide geographic area from southern Spain to northern Scotland and Iceland, and are responsible for annual closures of many shellfish harvesting areas. The dominant causative dinoflagellates, members of the morphospecies 'Dinophysis acuminata complex' and D. acuta, are common in the waters of the majority of countries affected. There are regional differences in the causative species associated with PST events; the coasts of Spain and Portugal with the dinoflagellates Alexandrium minutum and Gymnodinium catenatum, north west France/south west England/south Ireland with A. minutum, and Scotland/Faroe Islands/Iceland with A. catenella. This can influence the duration and spatial scale of PST events as well as the toxicity of shellfish. The diatom Pseudo-nitzschia australis is the most widespread Domoic Acid (DA) producer, with records coming from Spain, Portugal, France, Ireland and the UK. Amnesic Shellfish Toxins (ASTs) have caused prolonged closures for the scallop fishing industry due to the slow depuration rate of DA. Amendments to EU shellfish hygiene regulations introduced between 2002 and 2005 facilitated end-product testing and sale of adductor muscle. This reduced the impact of ASTs on the scallop fishing industry and thus the number of recorded HAEDAT events. Azaspiracids (AZAs) are the most recent toxin group responsible for events to be characterised in the ICES area. Events associated with AZAs have a discrete distribution with the majority recorded along the west coast of Ireland. Ciguatera Poisoning (CP) has been an emerging issue in the Canary Islands and Madeira since 2004. The majority of aquaculture and wild fish mortality events are associated with blooms of the dinoflagellate Karenia mikimotoi and raphidophyte Heterosigma akashiwo. Such fish killing events occur infrequently yet can cause significant mortalities. Interannual variability was observed in the annual number of HAEDAT areas with events associated with individual shellfish toxin groups. HABs represent a continued risk for the aquaculture industry along the Atlantic margin of Europe and should be accounted for when considering expansion of the industry or operational shifts to offshore areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eileen Bresnan
- Marine Scotland Marine Laboratory, Aberdeen, AB11 9DB, U.K..
| | - Fabiola Arévalo
- Intecmar, Peirao de Vilaxoán, s/n, 36611 Vilagarcía de Arousa, Spain
| | - Catherine Belin
- Institut français de recherche pour l'exploitation de la mer (IFREMER) VIGIES F-44311, Nantes, France
| | - Maria A C Branco
- Instituto Português do Mar e da Atmosfera (IPMA), 1749-077 Lisboa, Portugal
| | | | - Dave Clarke
- Marine Institute, Rinville, Oranmore, Galway, H91 R673, Ireland
| | - Jorge Correa
- Intecmar, Peirao de Vilaxoán, s/n, 36611 Vilagarcía de Arousa, Spain
| | - Keith Davidson
- Scottish Association for Marine Science (SAMS), Scottish Marine Institute, Oban, PA37 1QA, U.K
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Aitor Laza-Martinez
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country, Leioa 48940, Spain
| | - Maud Lemoine
- Institut français de recherche pour l'exploitation de la mer (IFREMER) VIGIES F-44311, Nantes, France
| | - Adam M Lewis
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Weymouth, DT4 8UB, U.K
| | - Luz Mamán Menéndez
- Laboratorio de Control de Calidad de los Recursos Pesqueros, Huelva, Spain
| | - Benjamin H Maskrey
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Weymouth, DT4 8UB, U.K
| | - April McKinney
- Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Belfast, BT9 5PX, U.K
| | - Yolanda Pazos
- Intecmar, Peirao de Vilaxoán, s/n, 36611 Vilagarcía de Arousa, Spain
| | - Marta Revilla
- AZTI, Marine Research Division, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), E-20110 Pasaia, Spain
| | - Raffaele Siano
- Institut français de recherche pour l'exploitation de la mer (IFREMER), DYNECO F-29280 Plouzané, France
| | - Alexandra Silva
- Instituto Português do Mar e da Atmosfera (IPMA), 1749-077 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Sarah Swan
- Scottish Association for Marine Science (SAMS), Scottish Marine Institute, Oban, PA37 1QA, U.K
| | - Andrew D Turner
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Weymouth, DT4 8UB, U.K
| | | | | | - Henrik Enevoldsen
- IOC Science and Communication Centre on Harmful Algae, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
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13
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Stuchal LD, Grattan LM, Portier KM, Kilmon KA, Manahan LM, Roberts SM, Morris JG. Dose-response assessment for impaired memory from chronic exposure to domoic acid among native American consumers of razor clams. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2020; 117:104759. [PMID: 32768666 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2020.104759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Domoic acid (DA) is a marine neurotoxin that accumulates in filtering shellfish during harmful algal blooms. A health protection limit of 20 ppm DA in razor clams (RC) has been set based principally upon an episode of acute DA toxicity in humans that included Amnesic Shellfish Poisoning among survivors. The objective of this study was to determine the dose-response relationship between estimated DA exposure through RC consumption and memory loss in Washington state Native Americans from 2005 to 2015. Results from total learning recall (TLR) memory scores were compared before and after the highest DA exposures. A decrease in TLR was related to DA dose (p < 0.01) regardless whether the effect was assumed to be transient or lasting, and whether the dose was expressed as an average daily dose or an average dose per meal. Benchmark dose modeling identified BMDL10 values of 167 ng/kg-day and 2740 ng/kg-meal assuming a transient effect, and 196 ng/kg-day and 2980 ng/kg-meal assuming no recovery of function occurs. These DA dose thresholds for a measurable memory function reduction observed in this study of clam consumers are well below the safe acute dose underpinning the current regulatory DA limit of 20 ppm (ca. 60 μg/kg).
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah D Stuchal
- Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA; Department of Environmental and Global Health, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
| | - Lynn M Grattan
- Department of Neurology, Neuropsychology Program, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Kenneth M Portier
- Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
| | - Kelsey A Kilmon
- Department of Neurology, Neuropsychology Program, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | | | - Stephen M Roberts
- Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA; Department of Environmental and Global Health, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
| | - J Glenn Morris
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, and Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
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14
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Dean KJ, Hatfield RG, Lee V, Alexander RP, Lewis AM, Maskrey BH, Teixeira Alves M, Hatton B, Coates LN, Capuzzo E, Ellis JR, Turner AD. Multiple New Paralytic Shellfish Toxin Vectors in Offshore North Sea Benthos, a Deep Secret Exposed. Mar Drugs 2020; 18:E400. [PMID: 32751216 PMCID: PMC7460140 DOI: 10.3390/md18080400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In early 2018, a large easterly storm hit the East Anglian coast of the UK, colloquially known as the 'Beast from the East', which also resulted in mass strandings of benthic organisms. There were subsequent instances of dogs consuming such organisms, leading to illness and, in some cases, fatalities. Epidemiological investigations identified paralytic shellfish toxins (PSTs) as the cause, with toxins present in a range of species and concentrations exceeding 14,000 µg STX eq./kg in the sunstar Crossaster papposus. This study sought to better elucidate the geographic spread of any toxicity and identify any key organisms of concern. During the summers of 2018 and 2019, various species of benthic invertebrates were collected from demersal trawl surveys conducted across a variety of locations in the North Sea. An analysis of the benthic epifauna using two independent PST testing methods identified a 'hot spot' of toxic organisms in the Southern Bight, with a mean toxicity of 449 µg STX eq./kg. PSTs were quantified in sea chervil (Alcyonidium diaphanum), the first known detection in the phylum bryozoan, as well as eleven other new vectors (>50 µg STX eq./kg), namely the opisthobranch Scaphander lignarius, the starfish Anseropoda placenta, Asterias rubens, Luidia ciliaris, Astropecten irregularis and Stichastrella rosea, the brittlestar Ophiura ophiura, the crustaceans Atelecyclus rotundatus and Munida rugosa, the sea mouse Aphrodita aculeata, and the sea urchin Psammechinus miliaris. The two species that showed consistently high PST concentrations were C. papposus and A. diaphanum. Two toxic profiles were identified, with one dominated by dcSTX (decarbamoylsaxitoxin) associated with the majority of samples across the whole sampling region. The second profile occurred only in North-Eastern England and consisted of mostly STX (Saxitoxin) and GTX2 (gonyautoxin 2). Consequently, this study highlights widespread and variable levels of PSTs in the marine benthos, together with the first evidence for toxicity in a large number of new species. These findings highlight impacts to 'One Health', with the unexpected sources of toxins potentially creating risks to animal, human and environmental health, with further work required to assess the severity and geographical/temporal extent of these impacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl J. Dean
- Centre for Environment Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Cefas), Barrack Road, Weymouth, Dorset DT4 8UB, UK; (R.G.H.); (V.L.); (R.P.A.); (A.M.L.); (B.H.M.); (M.T.A.); (L.N.C.); (E.C.); (A.D.T.)
| | - Robert G. Hatfield
- Centre for Environment Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Cefas), Barrack Road, Weymouth, Dorset DT4 8UB, UK; (R.G.H.); (V.L.); (R.P.A.); (A.M.L.); (B.H.M.); (M.T.A.); (L.N.C.); (E.C.); (A.D.T.)
| | - Vanessa Lee
- Centre for Environment Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Cefas), Barrack Road, Weymouth, Dorset DT4 8UB, UK; (R.G.H.); (V.L.); (R.P.A.); (A.M.L.); (B.H.M.); (M.T.A.); (L.N.C.); (E.C.); (A.D.T.)
- Department of Chemistry, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey GU2 7XH, UK
| | - Ryan P. Alexander
- Centre for Environment Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Cefas), Barrack Road, Weymouth, Dorset DT4 8UB, UK; (R.G.H.); (V.L.); (R.P.A.); (A.M.L.); (B.H.M.); (M.T.A.); (L.N.C.); (E.C.); (A.D.T.)
| | - Adam M. Lewis
- Centre for Environment Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Cefas), Barrack Road, Weymouth, Dorset DT4 8UB, UK; (R.G.H.); (V.L.); (R.P.A.); (A.M.L.); (B.H.M.); (M.T.A.); (L.N.C.); (E.C.); (A.D.T.)
| | - Benjamin H. Maskrey
- Centre for Environment Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Cefas), Barrack Road, Weymouth, Dorset DT4 8UB, UK; (R.G.H.); (V.L.); (R.P.A.); (A.M.L.); (B.H.M.); (M.T.A.); (L.N.C.); (E.C.); (A.D.T.)
| | - Mickael Teixeira Alves
- Centre for Environment Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Cefas), Barrack Road, Weymouth, Dorset DT4 8UB, UK; (R.G.H.); (V.L.); (R.P.A.); (A.M.L.); (B.H.M.); (M.T.A.); (L.N.C.); (E.C.); (A.D.T.)
| | - Benjamin Hatton
- Centre for Environment Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Cefas), Pakefield Road, Lowestoft, Suffolk NR33 0HT, UK; (B.H.); (J.R.E.)
| | - Lewis N. Coates
- Centre for Environment Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Cefas), Barrack Road, Weymouth, Dorset DT4 8UB, UK; (R.G.H.); (V.L.); (R.P.A.); (A.M.L.); (B.H.M.); (M.T.A.); (L.N.C.); (E.C.); (A.D.T.)
| | - Elisa Capuzzo
- Centre for Environment Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Cefas), Barrack Road, Weymouth, Dorset DT4 8UB, UK; (R.G.H.); (V.L.); (R.P.A.); (A.M.L.); (B.H.M.); (M.T.A.); (L.N.C.); (E.C.); (A.D.T.)
| | - Jim R. Ellis
- Centre for Environment Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Cefas), Pakefield Road, Lowestoft, Suffolk NR33 0HT, UK; (B.H.); (J.R.E.)
| | - Andrew D. Turner
- Centre for Environment Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Cefas), Barrack Road, Weymouth, Dorset DT4 8UB, UK; (R.G.H.); (V.L.); (R.P.A.); (A.M.L.); (B.H.M.); (M.T.A.); (L.N.C.); (E.C.); (A.D.T.)
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15
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Carroll EL, Hall A, Olsen MT, Onoufriou AB, Gaggiotti OE, Russell DJ. Perturbation drives changing metapopulation dynamics in a top marine predator. Proc Biol Sci 2020; 287:20200318. [PMID: 32486973 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2020.0318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Metapopulation theory assumes a balance between local decays/extinctions and local growth/new colonisations. Here we investigate whether recent population declines across part of the UK harbour seal range represent normal metapopulation dynamics or are indicative of perturbations potentially threatening the metapopulation viability, using 20 years of population trends, location tracking data (n = 380), and UK-wide, multi-generational population genetic data (n = 269). First, we use microsatellite data to show that two genetic groups previously identified are distinct metapopulations: northern and southern. Then, we characterize the northern metapopulation dynamics in two different periods, before and after the start of regional declines (pre-/peri-perturbation). We identify source-sink dynamics across the northern metapopulation, with two putative source populations apparently supporting three likely sink populations, and a recent metapopulation-wide disruption of migration coincident with the perturbation. The northern metapopulation appears to be in decay, highlighting that changes in local populations can lead to radical alterations in the overall metapopulation's persistence and dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma L Carroll
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand.,Scottish Oceans Institute and School of Biology, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK.,Sea Mammal Research Unit, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK
| | - Ailsa Hall
- Sea Mammal Research Unit, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK
| | - Morten Tange Olsen
- Section for Evolutionary Genomics, GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Aubrie B Onoufriou
- Scottish Oceans Institute and School of Biology, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK
| | - Oscar E Gaggiotti
- Scottish Oceans Institute and School of Biology, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK
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16
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Rowland-Pilgrim S, Swan SC, O'Neill A, Johnson S, Coates L, Stubbs P, Dean K, Parks R, Harrison K, Teixeira Alves M, Walton A, Davidson K, Turner AD, Maskrey BH. Variability of Amnesic Shellfish Toxin and Pseudo-nitzschia occurrence in bivalve molluscs and water samples-Analysis of ten years of the official control monitoring programme. HARMFUL ALGAE 2019; 87:101623. [PMID: 31349885 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2019.101623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Revised: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
As the official control laboratory for marine biotoxins within Great Britain, the Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, in conjunction with the Scottish Association for Marine Science, has amassed a decade's worth of data regarding the prevalence of the toxins associated with Amnesic Shellfish Poisoning within British waters. This monitoring involves quantitative HPLC-UV analysis of shellfish domoic acid concentration, the causative toxin for Amnesic Shellfish Poisoning, and water monitoring for Pseudo-nitzschia spp., the phytoplankton genus that produces domoic acid. The data obtained since 2008 indicate that whilst the occurrence of domoic acid in shellfish was generally below the maximum permitted limit of 20 mg/kg, there were a number of toxic episodes that breached this limit. The data showed an increase in the frequency of both domoic acid occurrence and toxic events, although there was considerable annual variability in intensity and geographical location of toxic episodes. A particularly notable increase in domoic acid occurrence in England was observed during 2014. Comparison of Scottish toxin data and Pseudo-nitzschia cell densities during this ten-year period revealed a complex relationship between the two measurements. Whilst the majority of events were associated with blooms, absolute cell densities of Pseudo-nitzschia did not correlate with domoic acid concentrations in shellfish tissue. This is believed to be partly due to the presence of a number of different Pseudo-nitzschia species in the water that can exhibit variable toxin production. These data highlight the requirement for tissue monitoring as part of an effective monitoring programme to protect the consumer, as well as the benefit of more detailed taxonomic discrimination of the Pseudo-nitzschia genus to allow greater accuracy in the prediction of shellfish toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Rowland-Pilgrim
- Food Safety Group, Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Barrack Road, Weymouth, Dorset DT4 8UB, UK
| | - Sarah C Swan
- Scottish Association for Marine Science, Scottish Marine Institute, Oban, PA37 1QA, Scotland, UK
| | - Alison O'Neill
- Food Safety Group, Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Barrack Road, Weymouth, Dorset DT4 8UB, UK
| | - Sarah Johnson
- Food Safety Group, Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Barrack Road, Weymouth, Dorset DT4 8UB, UK
| | - Lewis Coates
- Food Safety Group, Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Barrack Road, Weymouth, Dorset DT4 8UB, UK
| | - Patrycja Stubbs
- Food Safety Group, Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Barrack Road, Weymouth, Dorset DT4 8UB, UK
| | - Karl Dean
- Food Safety Group, Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Barrack Road, Weymouth, Dorset DT4 8UB, UK
| | - Rachel Parks
- Food Safety Group, Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Barrack Road, Weymouth, Dorset DT4 8UB, UK
| | - Keith Harrison
- Food Safety Group, Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Barrack Road, Weymouth, Dorset DT4 8UB, UK
| | - Mickael Teixeira Alves
- Aquatic Pathogens and Pests, Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Barrack Road, Weymouth, Dorset DT4 8UB, UK
| | - Alison Walton
- Phytoplankton Laboratory, Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Pakefield Road, Lowestoft, Suffolk NR33 0HT, UK
| | - Keith Davidson
- Scottish Association for Marine Science, Scottish Marine Institute, Oban, PA37 1QA, Scotland, UK
| | - Andrew D Turner
- Food Safety Group, Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Barrack Road, Weymouth, Dorset DT4 8UB, UK
| | - Benjamin H Maskrey
- Food Safety Group, Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Barrack Road, Weymouth, Dorset DT4 8UB, UK.
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17
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Brown ER, Cepeda MR, Mascuch SJ, Poulson-Ellestad KL, Kubanek J. Chemical ecology of the marine plankton. Nat Prod Rep 2019; 36:1093-1116. [DOI: 10.1039/c8np00085a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
A review of chemically mediated interactions in planktonic marine environments covering new studies from January 2015 to December 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily R. Brown
- School of Biological Sciences
- Aquatic Chemical Ecology Center
- Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences
- Georgia Institute of Technology
- Atlanta
| | - Marisa R. Cepeda
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Aquatic Chemical Ecology Center
- Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences
- Georgia Institute of Technology
- Atlanta
| | - Samantha J. Mascuch
- School of Biological Sciences
- Aquatic Chemical Ecology Center
- Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences
- Georgia Institute of Technology
- Atlanta
| | | | - Julia Kubanek
- School of Biological Sciences
- Aquatic Chemical Ecology Center
- Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences
- Georgia Institute of Technology
- Atlanta
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18
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Bates SS, Hubbard KA, Lundholm N, Montresor M, Leaw CP. Pseudo-nitzschia, Nitzschia, and domoic acid: New research since 2011. HARMFUL ALGAE 2018; 79:3-43. [PMID: 30420013 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2018.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Revised: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Some diatoms of the genera Pseudo-nitzschia and Nitzschia produce the neurotoxin domoic acid (DA), a compound that caused amnesic shellfish poisoning (ASP) in humans just over 30 years ago (December 1987) in eastern Canada. This review covers new information since two previous reviews in 2012. Nitzschia bizertensis was subsequently discovered to be toxigenic in Tunisian waters. The known distribution of N. navis-varingica has expanded from Vietnam to Malaysia, Indonesia, the Philippines and Australia. Furthermore, 15 new species (and one new variety) of Pseudo-nitzschia have been discovered, bringing the total to 52. Seven new species were found to produce DA, bringing the total of toxigenic species to 26. We list all Pseudo-nitzschia species, their ability to produce DA, and show their global distribution. A consequence of the extended distribution and increased number of toxigenic species worldwide is that DA is now found more pervasively in the food web, contaminating new marine organisms (especially marine mammals), affecting their physiology and disrupting ecosystems. Recent findings highlight how zooplankton grazers can induce DA production in Pseudo-nitzschia and how bacteria interact with Pseudo-nitzschia. Since 2012, new discoveries have been reported on physiological controls of Pseudo-nitzschia growth and DA production, its sexual reproduction, and infection by an oomycete parasitoid. Many advances are the result of applying molecular approaches to discovering new species, and to understanding the population genetic structure of Pseudo-nitzschia and mechanisms used to cope with iron limitation. The availability of genomes from three Pseudo-nitzschia species, coupled with a comparative transcriptomic approach, has allowed advances in our understanding of the sexual reproduction of Pseudo-nitzschia, its signaling pathways, its interactions with bacteria, and genes involved in iron and vitamin B12 and B7 metabolism. Although there have been no new confirmed cases of ASP since 1987 because of monitoring efforts, new blooms have occurred. A massive toxic Pseudo-nitzschia bloom affected the entire west coast of North America during 2015-2016, and was linked to a 'warm blob' of ocean water. Other smaller toxic blooms occurred in the Gulf of Mexico and east coast of North America. Knowledge gaps remain, including how and why DA and its isomers are produced, the world distribution of potentially toxigenic Nitzschia species, the prevalence of DA isomers, and molecular markers to discriminate between toxigenic and non-toxigenic species and to discover sexually reproducing populations in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen S Bates
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Gulf Fisheries Centre, P.O. Box 5030, Moncton, New Brunswick, E1C 9B6, Canada.
| | - Katherine A Hubbard
- Fish and Wildlife Research Institute (FWRI), Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission (FWC), 100 Eighth Avenue SE, St. Petersburg, FL 33701 USA; Woods Hole Center for Oceans and Human Health, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 266 Woods Hole Road, Woods Hole, MA, 02543 USA
| | - Nina Lundholm
- Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Sølvgade 83S, DK-1307 Copenhagen K, Denmark
| | - Marina Montresor
- Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80121 Naples, Italy
| | - Chui Pin Leaw
- Bachok Marine Research Station, Institute of Ocean and Earth Sciences, University of Malaya, 16310 Bachok, Kelantan, Malaysia
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19
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Harðardóttir S, Krock B, Wohlrab S, John U, Nielsen TG, Lundholm N. Can domoic acid affect escape response in copepods? HARMFUL ALGAE 2018; 79:50-52. [PMID: 30420015 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2018.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Copepods are important grazers on toxic phytoplankton and serve as vectors for algal toxins up the marine food web. Success of phytoplankton depends among other factors on protection against grazers like copepods, and same way copepod survival and population resilience relies on their ability to escape predators. Little is, however, known about the effect of toxins on the escape response of copepods. In this study we experimentally tested the hypothesis that the neurotoxin domoic acid (DA) produced by the diatom Pseudo-nitzschia affects escape responses of planktonic copepods. We found that the arctic copepods Calanus hyperboreus and C. glacialis reduced their escape response after feeding on a DA-producing diatom. The two species were not affected the same way; C. hyperboreus was affected after shorter exposure and less intake of DA. The negative effect on escape response was not related to the amount of DA accumulated in the copepods. Our results suggest that further research on the effects of DA on copepod behavior and DA toxicity mechanisms is required to evaluate the anti-grazing function of DA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Harðardóttir
- Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 5, 1307 Copenhagen K Denmark.
| | - Bernd Krock
- Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Am Handelshafen 12, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Sylke Wohlrab
- Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Am Handelshafen 12, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany; Helmholtz Institute for Functional Marine Biodiversity, Ammerländer Heerstraße 231, 23129 Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Uwe John
- Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Am Handelshafen 12, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany; Helmholtz Institute for Functional Marine Biodiversity, Ammerländer Heerstraße 231, 23129 Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Torkel Gissel Nielsen
- National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Technical University of Denmark, Building 201 Kemitorvet, Lyngby Campus, 2800 Kgs., Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Nina Lundholm
- Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 5, 1307 Copenhagen K Denmark
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20
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Turner AD, Dhanji-Rapkova M, Dean K, Milligan S, Hamilton M, Thomas J, Poole C, Haycock J, Spelman-Marriott J, Watson A, Hughes K, Marr B, Dixon A, Coates L. Fatal Canine Intoxications Linked to the Presence of Saxitoxins in Stranded Marine Organisms Following Winter Storm Activity. Toxins (Basel) 2018; 10:E94. [PMID: 29495385 PMCID: PMC5869382 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10030094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Revised: 02/19/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
At the start of 2018, multiple incidents of dog illnesses were reported following consumption of marine species washed up onto the beaches of eastern England after winter storms. Over a two-week period, nine confirmed illnesses including two canine deaths were recorded. Symptoms in the affected dogs included sickness, loss of motor control, and muscle paralysis. Samples of flatfish, starfish, and crab from the beaches in the affected areas were analysed for a suite of naturally occurring marine neurotoxins of dinoflagellate origin. Toxins causing paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) were detected and quantified using two independent chemical testing methods in samples of all three marine types, with concentrations over 14,000 µg saxitoxin (STX) eq/kg found in one starfish sample. Further evidence for PSP intoxication of the dogs was obtained with the positive identification of PSP toxins in a vomited crab sample from one deceased dog and in gastrointestinal samples collected post mortem from a second affected dog. Together, this is the first report providing evidence of starfish being implicated in a PSP intoxication case and the first report of PSP in canines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew D Turner
- Centre for Environment Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (CEFAS), Barrack Road, Weymouth, Dorset DT4 8UB, UK.
| | - Monika Dhanji-Rapkova
- Centre for Environment Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (CEFAS), Barrack Road, Weymouth, Dorset DT4 8UB, UK.
| | - Karl Dean
- Centre for Environment Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (CEFAS), Barrack Road, Weymouth, Dorset DT4 8UB, UK.
| | - Steven Milligan
- Centre for Environment Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (CEFAS), Barrack Road, Weymouth, Dorset DT4 8UB, UK.
| | - Mike Hamilton
- Centre for Environment Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (CEFAS), Barrack Road, Weymouth, Dorset DT4 8UB, UK.
| | - Julie Thomas
- Centre for Environment Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (CEFAS), Barrack Road, Weymouth, Dorset DT4 8UB, UK.
| | - Chris Poole
- Centre for Environment Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (CEFAS), Barrack Road, Weymouth, Dorset DT4 8UB, UK.
| | - Jo Haycock
- Centre for Environment Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (CEFAS), Barrack Road, Weymouth, Dorset DT4 8UB, UK.
| | - Jo Spelman-Marriott
- Taverham Veterinary Hospital, Fir Covert Road, Taverham, Norwich, Norfolk NR8 6HT, UK.
| | - Alice Watson
- Taverham Veterinary Hospital, Fir Covert Road, Taverham, Norwich, Norfolk NR8 6HT, UK.
| | - Katherine Hughes
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0ES, UK.
| | - Bridget Marr
- Environment Agency, Dragonfly House, 2 Gilders Way, Norwich, Norfolk NR3 1UB, UK.
| | - Alan Dixon
- North Norfolk District Council, Holt Road, Cromer, Norfolk, NR27 9EN, UK.
| | - Lewis Coates
- Centre for Environment Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (CEFAS), Barrack Road, Weymouth, Dorset DT4 8UB, UK.
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21
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22
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Bresnan E, Fryer RJ, Fraser S, Smith N, Stobo L, Brown N, Turrell E. The relationship between Pseudo-nitzschia (Peragallo) and domoic acid in Scottish shellfish. HARMFUL ALGAE 2017; 63:193-202. [PMID: 28366394 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2017.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Revised: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The diatom genus Pseudo-nitzschia (Peragallo) associated with the production of domoic acid (DA), the toxin reposnsible for amnesic shellfish poisoning, is abundant in Scottish waters. A two year study examined the relationship between Pseudo-nitzschia cells in the water column and DA concentration in blue mussels (Mytilus edulis) at two sites, and king scallops (Pecten maximus) at one site. The rate of DA uptake and depuration differed greatly between the two species with M. edulis whole tissue accumulating and depurating 7μgg-1 (now expressed as mgkg-1) per week. In contrast, it took 12 weeks for DA to depurate from P. maximus gonad tissue from a concentration of 68μgg-1 (now mgkg-1) to <20μgg-1 (now mgkg-1). The DA depuration rate from P. maximus whole tissue was <5% per week during both years of the study. Correlations between the Pseudo-nitzschia cell densities and toxin concentrations were weak to moderate for M. edulis and weak for P. maximus. Seasonal diversity on a species level was observed within the Pseudo-nitzschia genus at both sites with more DA toxicity associated with summer/autumn Pseudo-nitzschia blooms when P. australis was observed in phytoplankton samples. This study reveals the marked difference in DA uptake and depuration in two shellfish species of commercial importance in Scotland. The use of these shellfish species to act as a proxy for DA in the environment still requires investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Bresnan
- Marine Scotland Science, Marine Laboratory, 375 Victoria Road, Aberdeen, AB11 9DB, UK.
| | - R J Fryer
- Marine Scotland Science, Marine Laboratory, 375 Victoria Road, Aberdeen, AB11 9DB, UK
| | - S Fraser
- Marine Scotland Science, Marine Laboratory, 375 Victoria Road, Aberdeen, AB11 9DB, UK
| | - N Smith
- Marine Scotland Science, Marine Laboratory, 375 Victoria Road, Aberdeen, AB11 9DB, UK
| | - L Stobo
- Marine Scotland Science, Marine Laboratory, 375 Victoria Road, Aberdeen, AB11 9DB, UK
| | - N Brown
- Marine Scotland Science, Marine Laboratory, 375 Victoria Road, Aberdeen, AB11 9DB, UK
| | - E Turrell
- Marine Scotland Science, Marine Laboratory, 375 Victoria Road, Aberdeen, AB11 9DB, UK
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23
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Bogomolni AL, Bass AL, Fire S, Jasperse L, Levin M, Nielsen O, Waring G, De Guise S. Saxitoxin increases phocine distemper virus replication upon in-vitro infection in harbor seal immune cells. HARMFUL ALGAE 2016; 51:89-96. [PMID: 28003064 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2015.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2015] [Revised: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Several marine mammal epizootics have been closely linked to infectious diseases, as well as to the biotoxins produced by harmful algal blooms (HABs). In two of three saxitoxin (STX) associated mortality events, dolphin morbillivirus (DMV) or phocine distemper virus (PDV) was isolated in affected individuals. While STX is notorious for its neurotoxicity, immunotoxic effects have also been described. This study investigated the role of STX in altering immune function, specifically T lymphocyte proliferation, in harbor seals (Phoca vitulina concolor) upon in-vitro exposure. In addition, the study also examined whether exposure to STX could alter the susceptibility of harbor seal immune cells to PDV infection upon in-vitro exposure. STX caused an increase in harbor seal lymphocyte proliferation at 10ppb and exposure to STX significantly increased the amount of virus present in lymphocytes. These results suggest that low levels of STX within the range of those reported in northeast U.S. seals may affect the likelihood of systemic PDV infection upon in-vivo exposure in susceptible seals. Given the concurrent increase in morbillivirus epizootics and HAB events in the last 25 years, the relationship between low level toxin exposure and host susceptibility to morbillivirus needs to be further explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea L Bogomolni
- Department of Pathobiology and Veterinary Science, University of Connecticut, 61 North Eagleville Rd., Storrs, CT 06269, USA; Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA.
| | - Anna L Bass
- Department of Biology, University of New England, 11 Hills Beach Rd., Biddeford, ME 04005, USA
| | - Spencer Fire
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida Institute of Technology, 150 W University Blvd, Melbourne, FL 32901, USA
| | - Lindsay Jasperse
- Department of Pathobiology and Veterinary Science, University of Connecticut, 61 North Eagleville Rd., Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Milton Levin
- Department of Pathobiology and Veterinary Science, University of Connecticut, 61 North Eagleville Rd., Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Ole Nielsen
- Department of Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Central and Arctic Region, 501 University Crescent, Winnipeg, MB, Canada R3T 2N6
| | - Gordon Waring
- National Marine Fisheries Service, Northeast Fisheries Science Center, 166 Water Street, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA
| | - Sylvain De Guise
- Department of Pathobiology and Veterinary Science, University of Connecticut, 61 North Eagleville Rd., Storrs, CT 06269, USA
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