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Escarcega-Bata A, Núñez Resendiz ML, Zamudio-Resendiz ME, Dreckmann KM, Cuevas Sánchez E, Sentíes A. Morpho-molecular and environmental evidence of the ocurrence of Karenia longicanalis (Dinophyceae: Kareniaceae) as a bloom former in the Eastern Pacific Ocean. Protist 2024; 175:126022. [PMID: 38350283 DOI: 10.1016/j.protis.2024.126022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024]
Abstract
Karenia longicanalis, an athecate dinoflagellate, was first described during a bloom in Victoria Harbour (Hong Kong, China). This study confirms the presence of K. longicanalis as a bloom former in the eastern Pacific Ocean. Specimens were collected in March 2019 at three sampling stations in Acapulco Bay, Mexico. Water temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen, and pH were measured in situ at the time of sample collection. Cell morphology was examined by optical and scanning electron microscopy. A molecular analysis based on the amplification of the large subunit (LSU) rDNA region revealed that the LSU sequences formed a monophyletic group with other GenBank sequences belonging to K. longicanalis. The resulting phylogeny demonstrates that Karenia is closely related to Asterodinium, Gertia, and Shimiella. The morphology of the specimens was consistent with previous descriptions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis Escarcega-Bata
- Doctorado en Ciencias Biológicas y de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Mexico; Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Unidad Iztapalapa, Departamento de Hidrobiología, Laboratorio de Macroalgas Marinas y Salobres, 09340, CdMx, Mexico.
| | - María Luisa Núñez Resendiz
- Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Unidad Iztapalapa, Departamento de Hidrobiología, Laboratorio de Macroalgas Marinas y Salobres, 09340, CdMx, Mexico
| | - María Eugenia Zamudio-Resendiz
- Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Unidad Iztapalapa, Departamento de Hidrobiología, Laboratorio de Fitoplancton Marino y Salobre, 09340, CdMx, Mexico
| | - Kurt M Dreckmann
- Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Unidad Iztapalapa, Departamento de Hidrobiología, Laboratorio de Macroalgas Marinas y Salobres, 09340, CdMx, Mexico
| | - Estefany Cuevas Sánchez
- Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Unidad Iztapalapa, Departamento de Hidrobiología, Laboratorio de Macroalgas Marinas y Salobres, 09340, CdMx, Mexico
| | - Abel Sentíes
- Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Unidad Iztapalapa, Departamento de Hidrobiología, Laboratorio de Macroalgas Marinas y Salobres, 09340, CdMx, Mexico
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Wolny JL, Whereat EB, Egerton TA, Gibala-Smith LA, McKay JR, O'Neil JM, Wazniak CE, Mulholland MR. The Occurrence of Karenia species in mid-Atlantic coastal waters: Data from the Delmarva Peninsula, USA. HARMFUL ALGAE 2024; 132:102579. [PMID: 38331544 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2024.102579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
A bloom of Karenia papilionacea that occurred along the Delaware coast in late summer of 2007 was the first Karenia bloom reported on the Delmarva Peninsula (Delaware, Maryland, and Virginia, USA). Limited spatial and temporal monitoring conducted by state agencies and citizen science groups since 2007 have documented that several Karenia species are an annual component of the coastal phytoplankton community along the Delmarva Peninsula, often present at background to low concentrations (100 to 10,000 cells L-1). Blooms of Karenia (> 105 cells L-1) occurred in 2010, 2016, 2018, and 2019 in different areas along the Delmarva Peninsula coast. In late summer and early autumn of 2017, the lower Chesapeake Bay experienced a K. papilionacea bloom, the first recorded in Bay waters. Blooms typically occurred summer into autumn but were not monospecific; rather, they were dominated by either K. mikimotoi or K. papilionacea, with K. selliformis, K. brevis-like cells, and an undescribed Karenia species also present. Cell concentrations during these mid-Atlantic Karenia spp. blooms equalled concentrations reported for other Karenia blooms. However, the negative impacts to environmental and human health often associated with Karenia red tides were not observed. The data compiled here report on the presence of multiple Karenia species in coastal waters of the Delmarva Peninsula detected through routine monitoring and opportunistic sampling conducted between 2007 and 2022, as well as findings from research cruises undertaken in 2018 and 2019. These data should be used as a baseline for future phytoplankton community analyses supporting coastal HAB monitoring programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Wolny
- Maryland Department of Natural Resources, Resource Assessment Service, 580 Taylor Avenue, Annapolis MD 21401 USA.
| | - Edward B Whereat
- University of Delaware, Delaware Sea Grant, 700 Pilottown Road, Lewes DE 19958 USA
| | - Todd A Egerton
- Virginia Department of Health, Division of Shellfish Safety and Waterborne Hazards, 830 Southampton Avenue, Suite 200, Norfolk VA 23510 USA
| | - Leah A Gibala-Smith
- Old Dominion University, Department of Ocean and Earth Sciences, 4402 Elkhorn Avenue, Norfolk VA 23508 USA
| | - John R McKay
- Maryland Department of Environment, Water and Science Administration, 416 Chinquapin Round Road, Annapolis MD 21401 USA
| | - Judith M O'Neil
- University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, Horn Point Laboratory, 2020 Horns Point Road, Cambridge MD 21613 USA
| | - Catherine E Wazniak
- Maryland Department of Natural Resources, Resource Assessment Service, 580 Taylor Avenue, Annapolis MD 21401 USA
| | - Margaret R Mulholland
- Old Dominion University, Department of Ocean and Earth Sciences, 4402 Elkhorn Avenue, Norfolk VA 23508 USA
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Kim S, Cho M, Yoo J, Park BS. Application of a Quantitative PCR to Investigate the Distribution and Dynamics of Two Morphologically Similar Species, Karenia mikimotoi and K. papilionacea (Dinophyceae) in Korean Coastal Waters. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:469. [PMID: 37505738 PMCID: PMC10467055 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15070469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2023] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Species of the marine dinoflagellate genus Karenia are known to produce various potent biotoxins and can form noxious blooms that cause mass mortalities of fish and shellfish. To date, harmful blooms of the species K. mikimotoi have been reported in Korea, but K. papilionacea was recently recorded off the southern coast of Korea. Here, we developed a quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) assay with specific primer pairs for the accurate detection and quantification of these two similar-looking unarmored species, K. mikimotoi and K. papilionacea, and investigated their distribution and dynamics in Korean coastal waters. Overall, K. papilionacea had not only a wider distribution, but also higher cell abundances (15-2553 cells L-1) than K. mikimotoi (3-122 cells L-1) in surface waters. Of 18 sampling sites, the two Karenia species were found to coexist at two sites. During monitoring at a fixed station (S5), K. papilionacea was generally predominant over K. mikimotoi; however, the two species exhibited similar dynamics and occasionally co-occurred. Both Karenia species showed similar physiological responses to temperature and salinity, requiring similar conditions for optimum growth. These results suggest that blooms of the two species may co-occur and induce a synergistic adverse effect on marine environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunju Kim
- Major of Oceanography, Division of Earth Environmental System Science, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea; (M.C.); (J.Y.)
| | - Minji Cho
- Major of Oceanography, Division of Earth Environmental System Science, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea; (M.C.); (J.Y.)
| | - Jiae Yoo
- Major of Oceanography, Division of Earth Environmental System Science, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea; (M.C.); (J.Y.)
| | - Bum Soo Park
- Department of Life Science, College of Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
- Research Institute for Convergence of Basic Science, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
- Hanyang Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
- Hanyang Institute of Advanced BioConvergence, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
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Ratcliffe S, Meyer EM, Walker CE, Knight M, McNair HM, Matson PG, Iglesias-Rodriguez D, Brzezinski M, Langer G, Sadekov A, Greaves M, Brownlee C, Curnow P, Taylor AR, Wheeler GL. Characterization of the molecular mechanisms of silicon uptake in coccolithophores. Environ Microbiol 2023; 25:315-330. [PMID: 36397254 PMCID: PMC10098502 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.16280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Coccolithophores are an important group of calcifying marine phytoplankton. Although coccolithophores are not silicified, some species exhibit a requirement for Si in the calcification process. These species also possess a novel protein (SITL) that resembles the SIT family of Si transporters found in diatoms. However, the nature of Si transport in coccolithophores is not yet known, making it difficult to determine the wider role of Si in coccolithophore biology. Here, we show that coccolithophore SITLs act as Na+ -coupled Si transporters when expressed in heterologous systems and exhibit similar characteristics to diatom SITs. We find that CbSITL from Coccolithus braarudii is transcriptionally regulated by Si availability and is expressed in environmental coccolithophore populations. However, the Si requirement of C. braarudii and other coccolithophores is very low, with transport rates of exogenous Si below the level of detection in sensitive assays of Si transport. As coccoliths contain only low levels of Si, we propose that Si acts to support the calcification process, rather than forming a structural component of the coccolith itself. Si is therefore acting as a micronutrient in coccolithophores and natural populations are only likely to experience Si limitation in circumstances where dissolved silicon (DSi) is depleted to extreme levels.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Erin M Meyer
- Department of Biology and Marine Biology, University of North Carolina Wilmington, Wilmington, North Carolina, USA
| | - Charlotte E Walker
- Marine Biological Association, The Laboratory, Citadel Hill, Plymouth, UK
| | - Michael Knight
- School of Ocean and Earth Science, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Heather M McNair
- Department of Ecology Evolution and Marine Biology and the Marine Science Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, California, USA
- Graduate School of Oceanography, University of Rhode Island, Narragansett, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Paul G Matson
- Department of Ecology Evolution and Marine Biology and the Marine Science Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, California, USA
- Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA
| | - Debora Iglesias-Rodriguez
- Department of Ecology Evolution and Marine Biology and the Marine Science Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, California, USA
| | - Mark Brzezinski
- Department of Ecology Evolution and Marine Biology and the Marine Science Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, California, USA
- Graduate School of Oceanography, University of Rhode Island, Narragansett, Rhode Island, USA
- Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA
| | - Gerald Langer
- Marine Biological Association, The Laboratory, Citadel Hill, Plymouth, UK
| | - Aleksey Sadekov
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, Ocean Graduate School, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Mervyn Greaves
- The Godwin Laboratory for Palaeoclimate Research, Department of Earth Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Colin Brownlee
- Marine Biological Association, The Laboratory, Citadel Hill, Plymouth, UK
| | - Paul Curnow
- School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Alison R Taylor
- Department of Biology and Marine Biology, University of North Carolina Wilmington, Wilmington, North Carolina, USA
| | - Glen L Wheeler
- Marine Biological Association, The Laboratory, Citadel Hill, Plymouth, UK
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Orlova TY, Aleksanin AI, Lepskaya EV, Efimova KV, Selina MS, Morozova TV, Stonik IV, Kachur VA, Karpenko AA, Vinnikov KA, Adrianov AV, Iwataki M. A massive bloom of Karenia species (Dinophyceae) off the Kamchatka coast, Russia, in the fall of 2020. HARMFUL ALGAE 2022; 120:102337. [PMID: 36470601 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2022.102337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 10/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
In the fall of 2020, a long-lasting and massive harmful algal bloom (HAB) with extensive fields of yellow sea foam was observed in relatively cold waters (7-13 °C) off the coasts of the Kamchatka Peninsula, Russia. According to the estimates based on bio-optical parameters in satellite imagery, the Kamchatka bloom 2020 lasted for two months and covered a vast area of more than 300 × 100 km. An abundance of dead fish and invertebrates, including sea urchins, sea anemones, chitons, cephalopods, bivalves were found on shore during the bloom. Animals suffered almost 100% mortality within a depth range between 5 and 20 m. To identify the causative microalgal species, light and scanning electron microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and molecular phylogenetic approaches were used. The HAB area was estimated by the spectral analysis of satellite-derived imagery. The causative organisms were unarmored dinoflagellates of Karenia species. Their density and biomass reached 100-620 cells·mL-1 and 1300-7700 mg·m-3, respectively, which accounted for 31-99% of the total cell density and 82-99% of the total phytoplankton biomass in late September to mid-October. The dominant species was Karenia selliformis, and the other co-occurring kareniacean species were K. cf. cristata, K. mikimotoi, K. papilionacea, K. longicanalis, and two unidentified morphotypes of Karenia spp. The molecular phylogeny inferred from LSU rDNA and ITS region showed that K. selliformis from Kamchatka in 2020 belonged to the cold-water group I and was identical to K. selliformis strains from Hokkaido, Japan, identified in 2021. This is the first HAB event caused by K. selliformis recorded from Russian coastal waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Y Orlova
- Zhirmunsky National Scientific Center of Marine Biology, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok 690041, Russia.
| | - Anatoly I Aleksanin
- Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok 690922, Russia; The Institute of Automation and Control Processes, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok, 690041, Russia
| | - Ekaterina V Lepskaya
- Kamchatka Branch of Federal Research Institute of Fisheries and Oceanography (KamchatNIRO), Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky 683000, Russia
| | - Kseniya V Efimova
- Zhirmunsky National Scientific Center of Marine Biology, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok 690041, Russia
| | - Marina S Selina
- Zhirmunsky National Scientific Center of Marine Biology, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok 690041, Russia
| | - Tatiana V Morozova
- Zhirmunsky National Scientific Center of Marine Biology, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok 690041, Russia
| | - Inna V Stonik
- Zhirmunsky National Scientific Center of Marine Biology, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok 690041, Russia
| | - Vasily A Kachur
- Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok 690922, Russia; The Institute of Automation and Control Processes, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok, 690041, Russia
| | - Alexander A Karpenko
- Zhirmunsky National Scientific Center of Marine Biology, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok 690041, Russia
| | | | - Andrey V Adrianov
- Zhirmunsky National Scientific Center of Marine Biology, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok 690041, Russia
| | - Mitsunori Iwataki
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan.
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DNA metabarcoding data reveals harmful algal-bloom species undescribed previously at the northern Antarctic Peninsula region. Polar Biol 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s00300-022-03084-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Gu H, Wu Y, Lü S, Lu D, Tang YZ, Qi Y. Emerging harmful algal bloom species over the last four decades in China. HARMFUL ALGAE 2022; 111:102059. [PMID: 35016757 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2021.102059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The first recorded micro-algae bloom in Chinese coastal waters dates back to 1933 and was caused by a mixture of Noctiluca scintillans and Skeletonema costatum sensu lato along the Zhejiang coast (the East China Sea). While well-documented harmful algal blooms (HABs) appeared to be extremely scarce from the 1950s to 1990, both the frequency and intensity have been reportedly increasing since 1990. Among them, the fish-killing HABs, mainly caused by Karenia mikimotoi, Karlodinium digitatum, Karlodinium veneficum, Margalefidinium polykrikoides, and Heterocapsa spp., have intensified. Karenia mikimotoi was responsible for at least two extremely serious events in the Pearl River Estuary in 1998 and the Taiwan Strait (in the East China Sea) in 2012, which appeared to be associated with abnormal climate conditions and excessive nutrients loading. Other major toxic algal blooms have been caused by the species responsible for paralytic shellfish poisoning (including Alexandrium catenella, Alexandrium pacificum, Gymnodinium catenatum) and diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (including Dinophysis spp., and a couple of benthic dinoflagellates). Consequent closures of shellfish farms have resulted in enormous economic losses, while consumption of contaminated shellfish has led to occasional human mortality in the Bohai Sea and the East China Sea. Expansions of these HABs species along the coastline of China have occurred over the last four decades and, due to the projected global changes in the climate and marine environments and other anthropological activities, there is potential for the emergence of new types of HABs in China in the future. This literature review aimed to present an updated overview of HABs species over the last four decades in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haifeng Gu
- Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen 361005, China; Observation and Research Station of Island and Coastal Ecosystem in the Western Taiwan Straits, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Yiran Wu
- Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Songhui Lü
- College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Douding Lu
- Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Hangzhou 310012, China
| | - Ying Zhong Tang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 7 Nanhai Road, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Yuzao Qi
- College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
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Hort V, Abadie E, Arnich N, Dechraoui Bottein MY, Amzil Z. Chemodiversity of Brevetoxins and Other Potentially Toxic Metabolites Produced by Karenia spp. and Their Metabolic Products in Marine Organisms. Mar Drugs 2021; 19:656. [PMID: 34940655 PMCID: PMC8709462 DOI: 10.3390/md19120656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent decades, more than 130 potentially toxic metabolites originating from dinoflagellate species belonging to the genus Karenia or metabolized by marine organisms have been described. These metabolites include the well-known and large group of brevetoxins (BTXs), responsible for foodborne neurotoxic shellfish poisoning (NSP) and airborne respiratory symptoms in humans. Karenia spp. also produce brevenal, brevisamide and metabolites belonging to the hemi-brevetoxin, brevisin, tamulamide, gymnocin, gymnodimine, brevisulcenal and brevisulcatic acid groups. In this review, we summarize the available knowledge in the literature since 1977 on these various identified metabolites, whether they are produced directly by the producer organisms or biotransformed in marine organisms. Their structures and physicochemical properties are presented and discussed. Among future avenues of research, we highlight the need for more toxin occurrence data with analytical techniques, which can specifically determine the analogs present in samples. New metabolites have yet to be fully described, especially the groups of metabolites discovered in the last two decades (e.g tamulamides). Lastly, this work clarifies the different nomenclatures used in the literature and should help to harmonize practices in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Hort
- Laboratory for Food Safety, Pesticides and Marine Biotoxins Unit, ANSES (French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety), 94701 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Eric Abadie
- MARBEC (MARine Biodiversity, Exploitation and Conservation), Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, IRD, 34200 Sète, France;
| | - Nathalie Arnich
- Risk Assessment Directorate, ANSES (French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety), 94701 Maisons-Alfort, France;
| | - Marie-Yasmine Dechraoui Bottein
- Université Côte d’Azur, CNRS, UMR 7035 ECOSEAS, 06103 Nice, France;
- Federative Research Institute—Marine Ressources, Université Côte d’Azur, CNRS, 06108 Nice, France
| | - Zouher Amzil
- Ifremer (French Research Institute for Exploitation of the Sea), 44311 Nantes, France
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Monitoring the Emergence of Algal Toxins in Shellfish: First Report on Detection of Brevetoxins in French Mediterranean Mussels. Mar Drugs 2021; 19:md19070393. [PMID: 34356818 PMCID: PMC8305566 DOI: 10.3390/md19070393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In France, four groups of lipophilic toxins are currently regulated: okadaic acid/dinophysistoxins, pectenotoxins, yessotoxins and azaspiracids. However, many other families of toxins exist, which can be emerging toxins. Emerging toxins include both toxins recently detected in a specific area of France but not regulated yet (e.g., cyclic imines, ovatoxins) or toxins only detected outside of France (e.g., brevetoxins). To anticipate the introduction to France of these emerging toxins, a monitoring program called EMERGTOX was set up along the French coasts in 2018. The single-laboratory validation of this approach was performed according to the NF V03-110 guidelines by building an accuracy profile. Our specific, reliable and sensitive approach allowed us to detect brevetoxins (BTX-2 and/or BTX-3) in addition to the lipophilic toxins already regulated in France. Brevetoxins were detected for the first time in French Mediterranean mussels (Diana Lagoon, Corsica) in autumn 2018, and regularly every year since during the same seasons (autumn, winter). The maximum content found was 345 µg (BTX-2 + BTX-3)/kg in mussel digestive glands in November 2020. None were detected in oysters sampled at the same site. In addition, a retroactive analysis of preserved mussels demonstrated the presence of BTX-3 in mussels from the same site sampled in November 2015. The detection of BTX could be related to the presence in situ at the same period of four Karenia species and two raphidophytes, which all could be potential producers of these toxins. Further investigations are necessary to understand the origin of these toxins.
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Anderson DM, Fensin E, Gobler CJ, Hoeglund AE, Hubbard KA, Kulis DM, Landsberg JH, Lefebvre KA, Provoost P, Richlen ML, Smith JL, Solow AR, Trainer VL. Marine harmful algal blooms (HABs) in the United States: History, current status and future trends. HARMFUL ALGAE 2021; 102:101975. [PMID: 33875183 PMCID: PMC8058451 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2021.101975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Harmful algal blooms (HABs) are diverse phenomena involving multiple. species and classes of algae that occupy a broad range of habitats from lakes to oceans and produce a multiplicity of toxins or bioactive compounds that impact many different resources. Here, a review of the status of this complex array of marine HAB problems in the U.S. is presented, providing historical information and trends as well as future perspectives. The study relies on thirty years (1990-2019) of data in HAEDAT - the IOC-ICES-PICES Harmful Algal Event database, but also includes many other reports. At a qualitative level, the U.S. national HAB problem is far more extensive than was the case decades ago, with more toxic species and toxins to monitor, as well as a larger range of impacted resources and areas affected. Quantitatively, no significant trend is seen for paralytic shellfish toxin (PST) events over the study interval, though there is clear evidence of the expansion of the problem into new regions and the emergence of a species that produces PSTs in Florida - Pyrodinium bahamense. Amnesic shellfish toxin (AST) events have significantly increased in the U.S., with an overall pattern of frequent outbreaks on the West Coast, emerging, recurring outbreaks on the East Coast, and sporadic incidents in the Gulf of Mexico. Despite the long historical record of neurotoxic shellfish toxin (NST) events, no significant trend is observed over the past 30 years. The recent emergence of diarrhetic shellfish toxins (DSTs) in the U.S. began along the Gulf Coast in 2008 and expanded to the West and East Coasts, though no significant trend through time is seen since then. Ciguatoxin (CTX) events caused by Gambierdiscus dinoflagellates have long impacted tropical and subtropical locations in the U.S., but due to a lack of monitoring programs as well as under-reporting of illnesses, data on these events are not available for time series analysis. Geographic expansion of Gambierdiscus into temperate and non-endemic areas (e.g., northern Gulf of Mexico) is apparent, and fostered by ocean warming. HAB-related marine wildlife morbidity and mortality events appear to be increasing, with statistically significant increasing trends observed in marine mammal poisonings caused by ASTs along the coast of California and NSTs in Florida. Since their first occurrence in 1985 in New York, brown tides resulting from high-density blooms of Aureococcus have spread south to Delaware, Maryland, and Virginia, while those caused by Aureoumbra have spread from the Gulf Coast to the east coast of Florida. Blooms of Margalefidinium polykrikoides occurred in four locations in the U.S. from 1921-2001 but have appeared in more than 15 U.S. estuaries since then, with ocean warming implicated as a causative factor. Numerous blooms of toxic cyanobacteria have been documented in all 50 U.S. states and the transport of cyanotoxins from freshwater systems into marine coastal waters is a recently identified and potentially significant threat to public and ecosystem health. Taken together, there is a significant increasing trend in all HAB events in HAEDAT over the 30-year study interval. Part of this observed HAB expansion simply reflects a better realization of the true or historic scale of the problem, long obscured by inadequate monitoring. Other contributing factors include the dispersion of species to new areas, the discovery of new HAB poisoning syndromes or impacts, and the stimulatory effects of human activities like nutrient pollution, aquaculture expansion, and ocean warming, among others. One result of this multifaceted expansion is that many regions of the U.S. now face a daunting diversity of species and toxins, representing a significant and growing challenge to resource managers and public health officials in terms of toxins, regions, and time intervals to monitor, and necessitating new approaches to monitoring and management. Mobilization of funding and resources for research, monitoring and management of HABs requires accurate information on the scale and nature of the national problem. HAEDAT and other databases can be of great value in this regard but efforts are needed to expand and sustain the collection of data regionally and nationally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald M Anderson
- Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, 02543, United States.
| | - Elizabeth Fensin
- NC Division of Water Resources, 4401 Reedy Creek Road, Raleigh, NC, 27607, United States
| | - Christopher J Gobler
- School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Southampton, NY, 11968, United States
| | - Alicia E Hoeglund
- Fish and Wildlife Research Institute, Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, St. Petersburg, Florida, 33701, United States
| | - Katherine A Hubbard
- Fish and Wildlife Research Institute, Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, St. Petersburg, Florida, 33701, United States
| | - David M Kulis
- Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, 02543, United States
| | - Jan H Landsberg
- Fish and Wildlife Research Institute, Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, St. Petersburg, Florida, 33701, United States
| | - Kathi A Lefebvre
- Environmental and Fisheries Sciences Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA, Seattle, WA, 98112, United States
| | - Pieter Provoost
- Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC) of UNESCO, IOC Project Office for IODE, 8400 Oostende, Belgium
| | - Mindy L Richlen
- Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, 02543, United States
| | - Juliette L Smith
- Department of Aquatic Health Sciences, Virginia Institute of Marine Science, William & Mary, Gloucester Point, VA 23062, United States
| | - Andrew R Solow
- Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, 02543, United States
| | - Vera L Trainer
- Environmental and Fisheries Sciences Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA, Seattle, WA, 98112, United States
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11
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Metagenomic Sequencing Identifies Highly Diverse Assemblages of Dinoflagellate Cysts in Sediments from Ships' Ballast Tanks. Microorganisms 2019; 7:microorganisms7080250. [PMID: 31405065 PMCID: PMC6724030 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms7080250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Revised: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Ships’ ballast tanks have long been known as vectors for the introduction of organisms. We applied next-generation sequencing to detect dinoflagellates (mainly as cysts) in 32 ballast tank sediments collected during 2001–2003 from ships entering the Great Lakes or Chesapeake Bay and subsequently archived. Seventy-three dinoflagellates were fully identified to species level by this metagenomic approach and single-cell polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based sequencing, including 19 toxic species, 36 harmful algal bloom (HAB) forming species, 22 previously unreported as producing cysts, and 55 reported from ballast tank sediments for the first time (including 13 freshwater species), plus 545 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) not fully identified due to a lack of reference sequences, indicating tank sediments are repositories of many previously undocumented taxa. Analyses indicated great heterogeneity of species composition among samples from different sources. Light and scanning electron microscopy and single-cell PCR sequencing supported and confirmed results of the metagenomic approach. This study increases the number of fully identified dinoflagellate species from ballast tank sediments to 142 (>50% increase). From the perspective of ballast water management, the high diversity and spatiotemporal heterogeneity of dinoflagellates in ballast tanks argues for continuing research and stringent adherence to procedures intended to prevent unintended introduction of non-indigenous toxic and HAB-forming species.
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12
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Ohkubo N, Tomaru Y, Yamaguchi H, Kitatsuji S, Mochida K. Development of a method to assess the ichthyotoxicity of the harmful marine microalgae Karenia spp. using gill cell cultures from red sea bream (Pagrus major ). FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2017; 43:1603-1612. [PMID: 28695381 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-017-0396-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The present study reports the development of a method to investigate ichthyotoxicity of harmful marine microalgae using cultured red sea bream (Pagrus major) gill cells. The cultured gill cells formed adherent 1-2 layers on the bottom of the culture plate and could tolerate seawater exposure for 4 h without significant alteration in cell survival. The microalgae Karenia mikimotoi, Karenia papilionacea, K. papilionacea phylotype-I, and Heterosigma akashiwo were cultured, then directly exposed to gill cells. After K. mikimotoi and K. papilionacea phylotype-I exposure, live cell coverage was significantly lower than in the cells exposed to a seawater-based medium (control cells; P < 0.05). Toxicity of K. mikimotoi cells was weakened when cells were ruptured, and was almost inexistent when the algal cells were removed from the culture by filtration. Significant cytotoxicity was detected in the concentrated ruptured cells, and in the concentrated of ruptured cells after freezing and thawing though cytotoxicity was weakened; whereas, cytotoxicity almost disappeared after heat treatment. In addition, examination of the distribution of toxic substances from the ruptured cells showed that cytotoxicity mainly occurred in the fraction with the resuspended pellet after centrifugation at 3000×g.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuyuki Ohkubo
- National Research Institute of Fisheries and Environment of Inland Sea, Fisheries Research and Education Agency, 2-17-5 Maruishi, Hatsukaichi, Hiroshima, 739-0452, Japan.
| | - Yuji Tomaru
- National Research Institute of Fisheries and Environment of Inland Sea, Fisheries Research and Education Agency, 2-17-5 Maruishi, Hatsukaichi, Hiroshima, 739-0452, Japan
| | - Haruo Yamaguchi
- Faculty of Agriculture, Kochi University, Nankoku, Kochi, 783-8502, Japan
| | - Saho Kitatsuji
- National Research Institute of Fisheries and Environment of Inland Sea, Fisheries Research and Education Agency, 2-17-5 Maruishi, Hatsukaichi, Hiroshima, 739-0452, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Mochida
- National Research Institute of Fisheries and Environment of Inland Sea, Fisheries Research and Education Agency, 2-17-5 Maruishi, Hatsukaichi, Hiroshima, 739-0452, Japan
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13
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Shmukler YB, Nikishin DA. Ladder-Shaped Ion Channel Ligands: Current State of Knowledge. Mar Drugs 2017; 15:E232. [PMID: 28726749 PMCID: PMC5532674 DOI: 10.3390/md15070232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Revised: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Ciguatoxins (CTX) and brevetoxins (BTX) are polycyclic ethereal compounds biosynthesized by the worldwide distributed planktonic and epibenthic dinoflagellates of Gambierdiscus and Karenia genera, correspondingly. Ciguatera, evoked by CTXs, is a type of ichthyosarcotoxism, which involves a variety of gastrointestinal and neurological symptoms, while BTXs cause so-called neurotoxic shellfish poisoning. Both types of toxins are reviewed together because of similar mechanisms of their action. These are the only molecules known to activate voltage-sensitive Na⁺-channels in mammals through a specific interaction with site 5 of its α-subunit and may compete for it, which results in an increase in neuronal excitability, neurotransmitter release and impairment of synaptic vesicle recycling. Most marine ciguatoxins potentiate Nav channels, but a considerable number of them, such as gambierol and maitotoxin, have been shown to affect another ion channel. Although the extrinsic function of these toxins is probably associated with the function of a feeding deterrent, it was suggested that their intrinsic function is coupled with the regulation of photosynthesis via light-harvesting complex II and thioredoxin. Antagonistic effects of BTXs and brevenal may provide evidence of their participation as positive and negative regulators of this mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri B Shmukler
- Group of Embryophysiology, N.K. Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 26, Vavilov st, 119334 Moscow, Russia.
| | - Denis A Nikishin
- Group of Embryophysiology, N.K. Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 26, Vavilov st, 119334 Moscow, Russia.
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14
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Yamaguchi H, Hirano T, Yoshimatsu T, Tanimoto Y, Matsumoto T, Suzuki S, Hayashi Y, Urabe A, Miyamura K, Sakamoto S, Yamaguchi M, Tomaru Y. Occurrence of Karenia papilionacea (Dinophyceae) and its novel sister phylotype in Japanese coastal waters. HARMFUL ALGAE 2016; 57:59-68. [PMID: 30170722 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2016.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2015] [Revised: 04/16/2016] [Accepted: 04/16/2016] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Several species of the genus Karenia (Dinophyceae) form blooms and often cause the mortality of cultured and wild fish. In Japan, blooms caused by two species - namely Karenia mikimotoi and Karenia brevis - have been reported so far. On the basis of morphological and molecular-phylogenic examinations, the present investigation found Karenia papilionacea and its novel sister phylotype for the first time in the coastal waters of the various regions of Japan. Of 34 strains isolated from the coastal waters, 27 strains displayed the typical morphological characteristics of K. papilionacea and further showed consensus DNA sequences corresponding to those of the originally described K. papilionacea. The other 7 strains displayed the same morphological characteristics of K. papilionacea, but showed divergent DNA sequences, at a genetic distance of over 0.04 (Internal Transcribed Spacer regions) from those of the original phylotype of K. papilionacea. These divergent strains were characterized as a novel sister phylotype (phylotype-I) of K. papilionacea. In the coastal waters of Japan, K. papilionacea-like (K. papilionacea and/or its phylotype-I) formed blooms at 20.3-30.4°C and salinity 30.1-33.9. No K. brevis was identified in Japanese coastal waters during this study. These findings demonstrated that K. papilionacea occurs along the coasts of western Japan and possibly shares several coastal regions with K. mikimotoi and K. papilionacea phylotype-I. In order to assess the risks of Karenia blooms to aquaculture, it is essential that the growth physiology and ichthyotoxicity of K. papilionacea and its novel phylotype should be characterized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruo Yamaguchi
- Laboratory of Aquatic Environmental Science, Faculty of Agriculture and Marine Science, Kochi University, Nankoku, Kochi 783-8502, Japan.
| | - Takeshi Hirano
- Laboratory of Aquatic Environmental Science, Faculty of Agriculture and Marine Science, Kochi University, Nankoku, Kochi 783-8502, Japan
| | - Takamichi Yoshimatsu
- Laboratory of Aquatic Environmental Science, Faculty of Agriculture and Marine Science, Kochi University, Nankoku, Kochi 783-8502, Japan
| | - Yuko Tanimoto
- Laboratory of Aquatic Environmental Science, Faculty of Agriculture and Marine Science, Kochi University, Nankoku, Kochi 783-8502, Japan
| | - Takuya Matsumoto
- Laboratory of Aquatic Environmental Science, Faculty of Agriculture and Marine Science, Kochi University, Nankoku, Kochi 783-8502, Japan
| | - Satoshi Suzuki
- Kochi Prefectural Fisheries Experiment Station, Susaki, Kochi 785-0167, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Hayashi
- Kochi Prefectural Fisheries Experiment Station, Susaki, Kochi 785-0167, Japan
| | - Atsushi Urabe
- Kochi Prefectural Freshwater Fisheries Center, Kami, Kochi 782-0016, Japan
| | - Kazuyoshi Miyamura
- Aquaculture and Environment Section, Fisheries Research Division, Oita Prefectural Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries Research Center, Saiki, Oita 879-2602, Japan
| | - Setsuko Sakamoto
- National Research Institute of Fisheries and Environment of Inland Sea, Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency, 2-17-5 Maruishi, Hatsukaichi, Hiroshima 739-0452, Japan
| | - Mineo Yamaguchi
- Laboratory of Environmental Microbiology, School of Marine Biosciences, Kitasato University, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-0373, Japan
| | - Yuji Tomaru
- National Research Institute of Fisheries and Environment of Inland Sea, Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency, 2-17-5 Maruishi, Hatsukaichi, Hiroshima 739-0452, Japan
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