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Mendoza-Tobar LL, Clement H, Arenas I, Guerrero-Vargas JA, Hernandez-Orihuela L, Cardoso-Arenas S, Sepulveda-Arias JC, Corzo G. Antimicrobial, toxicological, and antigenic characteristics of three scorpion venoms from Colombia: Centruroides margaritatus, Tityus pachyurus and Tityus n. sp. aff. metuendus. Acta Trop 2024; 252:107134. [PMID: 38286350 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2024.107134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 01/31/2024]
Abstract
The venom fractions of three buthid scorpion species from Colombia, C. margaritatus, T. pachyurus and T. n. sp. aff. metuendus, were examined for antimicrobial and toxicity toward mice and insects. The three venoms were separated into individual fractions using RP-HPLC, resulting in 85 fractions from C. margaritatus, 106 from T. pachyurus, and 70 from T. n. sp. aff. metuendus. The major fractions from the three scorpion venoms, which were eluted between 35 and 50 min, were tested for antimicrobial activity and toxicity. It was confirmed that the venom of the three species contains fractions with antimicrobial peptides that were evaluated against two bacterial strains of public health importance, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus. The venom of C. margaritatus had two antimicrobial fractions that showed activity against the named tested strains. The venom of T. pachyurus had three fractions that showed activity against S. aureus and two against both bacterial strains. Finally, the venom of T. n. sp. aff. metuendus had one fraction that showed activity against S. aureus, and five fractions showed activity against both bacterial strains. Also, some peptide fractions from the three venoms were toxic to mice. Last, the venoms of C. margaritatus and T. pachyurus were used as immunogens to obtain neutralizing antibodies against its respective venoms and to observe antibody recognition to related and unrelated scorpion venoms. A total of 15 mg of lyophilized antibodies were able to neutralize 1.5⋅LD50 of the venoms from T. n. sp. aff. metuendus, T. pachyurus and C. margaritatus, respectively. This information provides valuable insights into the diversity of each species' venom and their potential role in antimicrobial and venom toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leydy Lorena Mendoza-Tobar
- Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Grupo Infección e Inmunidad - Universidad Tecnológica de Pereira, Pereira 660003, Colombia; Grupo de Investigaciones Herpetológicas y Toxinológicas, Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas-Bioterio, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Exactas y de la Educación, Universidad del Cauca, Popayán 190002, Colombia
| | - Herlinda Clement
- Departamento de Medicina Molecular y Bioprocesos, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, UNAM. Apartado Postal 510-3, Cuernavaca, Morelos 61500, Mexico
| | - Ivan Arenas
- Departamento de Medicina Molecular y Bioprocesos, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, UNAM. Apartado Postal 510-3, Cuernavaca, Morelos 61500, Mexico
| | - Jimmy Alexander Guerrero-Vargas
- Grupo de Investigaciones Herpetológicas y Toxinológicas, Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas-Bioterio, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Exactas y de la Educación, Universidad del Cauca, Popayán 190002, Colombia
| | - Lorena Hernandez-Orihuela
- Departamento de Medicina Molecular y Bioprocesos, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, UNAM. Apartado Postal 510-3, Cuernavaca, Morelos 61500, Mexico
| | - Samuel Cardoso-Arenas
- Departamento de Medicina Molecular y Bioprocesos, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, UNAM. Apartado Postal 510-3, Cuernavaca, Morelos 61500, Mexico
| | - Juan Carlos Sepulveda-Arias
- Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Grupo Infección e Inmunidad - Universidad Tecnológica de Pereira, Pereira 660003, Colombia
| | - Gerardo Corzo
- Departamento de Medicina Molecular y Bioprocesos, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, UNAM. Apartado Postal 510-3, Cuernavaca, Morelos 61500, Mexico.
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Valencia-Martínez H, Riaño-Umbarila L, Olamendi-Portugal T, Romero-Moreno JA, Possani LD, Becerril B. Neutralization of Centruroides tecomanus scorpion venom by the use of two human recombinant antibody fragments. Mol Immunol 2023; 164:79-87. [PMID: 37980772 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2023.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/21/2023]
Abstract
The first toxic component identified against mammals in the venom from Centruroides tecomanus scorpion from Colima, Mexico was Ct1a toxin, which was neutralized by human single chain variable fragment (scFv) RAS27. Venom characterization from these scorpions collected on the Pacific coast of Colima, enabled the identification of a second component of medical importance named Ct71 toxin. Amino acid sequence of Ct71 shares a high identity with Chui5 toxin from C. huichol scorpion, which was neutralized by scFv HV. For this reason, the kinetic parameters of interaction between Ct71 toxin and scFv HV were determined by surface plasmon resonance. Results showed a significantly higher affinity for Ct71 as compared to Chui5. As expected, this toxin was neutralized by scFv HV. The injection of a mixture of scFvs HV and RAS27, resulted in the neutralization of C. tecomanus venom, corroborating that human recombinant antibody fragments can efficiently contribute to the neutralization of medically important toxins and their respective venoms from Mexican scorpions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Valencia-Martínez
- Departamento de Medicina Molecular y Bioprocesos, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apartado Postal 510-3, Cuernavaca, 62250, Mexico
| | - Lidia Riaño-Umbarila
- Investigadora por México, CONAHCyT-Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apartado Postal 510-3, Cuernavaca 62250, Mexico
| | - Timoteo Olamendi-Portugal
- Departamento de Medicina Molecular y Bioprocesos, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apartado Postal 510-3, Cuernavaca, 62250, Mexico
| | - José Alberto Romero-Moreno
- Departamento de Medicina Molecular y Bioprocesos, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apartado Postal 510-3, Cuernavaca, 62250, Mexico
| | - Lourival D Possani
- Departamento de Medicina Molecular y Bioprocesos, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apartado Postal 510-3, Cuernavaca, 62250, Mexico
| | - Baltazar Becerril
- Departamento de Medicina Molecular y Bioprocesos, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apartado Postal 510-3, Cuernavaca, 62250, Mexico.
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Ibarra-Vega R, Jiménez-Vargas JM, Pineda-Contreras A, Martínez-Martínez FJ, Barajas-Saucedo CE, García-Ortega H, Magaña-Vergara NE, Possani LD, Corzo G, Gaitan-Hinojosa MA, Vázquez-Vuelvas OF, Zamudio F, Valdez-Velazquez LL. Indolealkylamines in the venom of the scorpion Thorellius intrepidus. Toxicon 2023; 233:107232. [PMID: 37536653 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2023.107232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
Scorpions are a group of arthropods that strike fear in many people due to their severe medical symptoms, even death, caused by their venomous stings. Even so, not all scorpion species contain harmful venoms against humans but still have valuable bioactive molecules, which could be used in developing new pharmaceutical leads for treating important diseases. This work conducted a comprehensive analysis of the venom from the scorpion Thorellius intrepidus. The venom of T. intrepidus was separated by size exclusion chromatography, and four main fractions were obtained. Fraction IV (FIV) contained small molecules representing over 90% of the total absorbance at 280 nm. Analysis of fraction FIV by RP-HPLC indicated the presence of three main molecules (FIV.1, FIV.2, and FIV.3) with similar UV absorbance spectra profiles. The molecular masses of FIV.1, FIV.2, and FIV.3 were determined, resulting in 175.99, 190.07, and 218.16 Da, respectively. Further confirmation through 1H-NMR and 13C-NMR analyses revealed that these molecules were serotonin, N-methylserotonin, and bufotenidine. These intriguing compounds are speculated to play a pivotal role in self-defense and increasing venom toxicity and could also offer promising biotechnological applications as small bioactive molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Ibarra-Vega
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad de Colima, Carretera Colima-Coquimatlán Km 9, 28400, Coquimatlán, Colima, México
| | - Juana María Jiménez-Vargas
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad de Colima, Carretera Colima-Coquimatlán Km 9, 28400, Coquimatlán, Colima, México; Consejo Nacional de Humanidades, Ciencia y Tecnología (CONAHCYT), México City, 03940, México.
| | - Armando Pineda-Contreras
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad de Colima, Carretera Colima-Coquimatlán Km 9, 28400, Coquimatlán, Colima, México
| | | | - Carlos Eduardo Barajas-Saucedo
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad de Colima, Carretera Colima-Coquimatlán Km 9, 28400, Coquimatlán, Colima, México
| | - Héctor García-Ortega
- Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Nancy E Magaña-Vergara
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad de Colima, Carretera Colima-Coquimatlán Km 9, 28400, Coquimatlán, Colima, México; Consejo Nacional de Humanidades, Ciencia y Tecnología (CONAHCYT), México City, 03940, México
| | - Lourival D Possani
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 62210, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
| | - Gerardo Corzo
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 62210, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
| | - Mario Alberto Gaitan-Hinojosa
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad de Colima, Carretera Colima-Coquimatlán Km 9, 28400, Coquimatlán, Colima, México
| | - Oscar Fernando Vázquez-Vuelvas
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad de Colima, Carretera Colima-Coquimatlán Km 9, 28400, Coquimatlán, Colima, México
| | - Fernando Zamudio
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 62210, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
| | - Laura Leticia Valdez-Velazquez
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad de Colima, Carretera Colima-Coquimatlán Km 9, 28400, Coquimatlán, Colima, México.
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Antimicrobial Activity Developed by Scorpion Venoms and Its Peptide Component. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14110740. [PMID: 36355990 PMCID: PMC9693228 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14110740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Microbial infections represent a problem of great importance at the public health level, with a high rate of morbidity-mortality worldwide. However, treating the different diseases generated by microorganisms requires a gradual increase in acquired resistance when applying or using them against various antibiotic therapies. Resistance is caused by various molecular mechanisms of microorganisms, thus reducing their effectiveness. Consequently, there is a need to search for new opportunities through natural sources with antimicrobial activity. One alternative is using peptides present in different scorpion venoms, specifically from the Buthidae family. Different peptides with biological activity in microorganisms have been characterized as preventing their growth or inhibiting their replication. Therefore, they represent an alternative to be used in the design and development of new-generation antimicrobial drugs in different types of microorganisms, such as bacteria, fungi, viruses, and parasites. Essential aspects for its disclosure, as shown in this review, are the studies carried out on different types of peptides in scorpion venoms with activity against pathogenic microorganisms, highlighting their high therapeutic potential.
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Meléndez-Zempoalteca A, Juárez-González VR, Rudiño-Piñera E, Pastor N, Vargas-Jaimes L, Valcarcel-Gamiño JA, Vázquez-Vuelvas OF, Quintero-Hernández V, Valdez-Velázquez LL. Antivenom Derived from the Ct1a and Ct17 Recombinant Toxins of the Scorpion Centruroides tecomanus. Int J Pept Res Ther 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10989-022-10439-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Bermúdez-Guzmán MJ, Jiménez-Vargas JM, Possani LD, Zamudio F, Orozco-Gutiérrez G, Oceguera-Contreras E, Enríquez-Vara JN, Vazquez-Vuelvas OF, García-Villalvazo PE, Valdez-Velázquez LL. Biochemical characterization and insecticidal activity of isolated peptides from the venom of the scorpion Centruroides tecomanus. Toxicon 2022; 206:90-102. [PMID: 34973996 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2021.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The venom of scorpions is a mixture of components that constitute a source of bioactive molecules. The venom of the scorpion Centruroides tecomanus contains peptides toxic to insects, however, to date no toxin responsible for this activity has yet been isolated and fully characterized. This communication describes two new peptides Ct-IT1 and Ct-IT2 purified from this scorpion. Both peptides contain 63 amino acids with molecular weight 6857.85 for Ct-IT1 and 6987.77 Da for Ct-IT2. The soluble venom was separated using chromatographic techniques of molecular size exclusion, cationic exchange, and reverse phase chromatography, allowing the identification of at least 99 components of which in 53 the insecticidal activity was evaluated. The LD50 determined for Ct-IT1 is 3.81 μg/100 mg of cricket weight, but low amounts of peptides (0.8 μg of peptide) already cause paralysis in crickets. The relative abundance of these two peptides in the venom is 2.1% for Ct-IT1 and 1% for Ct-IT2. The molecular masses and N-terminal sequences of both insecticidal toxins were determined by mass spectrometry and Edman degradation. The primary structure of both toxins was compared with other known peptides isolated from other scorpion venoms. The analysis of the sequence alignments revealed the position of a highly conserved amino acid residue, Gly39, exclusively present in anti-insect selective depressant β-toxins (DBTXs), which in Ct-IT1 and Ct-IT2 is at position Gly40. Similarly, a three-dimensional structure of this toxins was obtained by homology modeling and compared to the structure of known insect toxins of scorpions. An important similarity of the cavity formed by the trapping apparatus region of the depressant toxin LqhIT2, isolated from the scorpion Leiurus quinquestriatus hebraeus, was found in the toxins described here. These results indicate that Ct-IT1 and Ct-IT2 toxins have a high potential to be evaluated on pests that affect economically important crops to eventually consider them as a potential biological control method.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Bermúdez-Guzmán
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad de Colima, Km. 9 Carretera Colima-Coquimatlán, C.P. 28400, Coquimatlán, Colima, México; Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias (INIFAP), Km. 35 Carretera Colima-Manzanillo, C.P. 28100, Tecomán, Colima, México
| | - J M Jiménez-Vargas
- CONACYT-Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad de Colima, Km. 9 Carretera-Coquimatlán, C.P. 28400, Coquimatlán, Colima, México
| | - L D Possani
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad, 2001, Colonia Chamilpa, C.P. 510-3, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
| | - F Zamudio
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad, 2001, Colonia Chamilpa, C.P. 510-3, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
| | - G Orozco-Gutiérrez
- Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias (INIFAP), Km. 35 Carretera Colima-Manzanillo, C.P. 28100, Tecomán, Colima, México
| | - E Oceguera-Contreras
- Centro Universitario de los Valles, Universidad de Guadalajara, Km. 45.5 Carretera Guadalajara-Ameca, Ameca, Jalisco, México
| | - J N Enríquez-Vara
- CONACYT-Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco A.C., Camino Arenero 1227, Col. El Bajío C.P. 45019, Zapopan, Jalisco, México
| | - O F Vazquez-Vuelvas
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad de Colima, Km. 9 Carretera Colima-Coquimatlán, C.P. 28400, Coquimatlán, Colima, México
| | - P E García-Villalvazo
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad de Colima, Km. 9 Carretera Colima-Coquimatlán, C.P. 28400, Coquimatlán, Colima, México
| | - L L Valdez-Velázquez
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad de Colima, Km. 9 Carretera Colima-Coquimatlán, C.P. 28400, Coquimatlán, Colima, México.
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Lozano-Trujillo LA, Garzón-Perdomo DK, Vargas ACR, de Los Reyes LM, Avila-Rodriguez MF, Gay OTG, Turner LF. Cytotoxic Effects of Blue Scorpion Venom (Rhopalurus junceus) in a Glioblastoma Cell Line Model. Curr Pharm Biotechnol 2021; 22:636-645. [PMID: 32679017 DOI: 10.2174/1389201021666200717092207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cancer is one of the leading cause of death worldwide. Besides current therapies and treatments to counter cancer, new alternatives are required to diminish the cell proliferation of oncogenic processes. METHODS One of the most promissory therapy includes the use of blue scorpion venom as a specific cytotoxic agent to kill tumoral cells, including Glioblastoma multiforme. OBJECTIVES We show evidence of the cytotoxic effect of blue scorpion venom in a cellular model of Glioblastoma multiforme. RESULTS Our results demonstrate that 50 μg/ml of scorpion venom is capable to diminish the viability of Glioblastoma populations. CONCLUSION It is possible that the action mechanism could be associated with a loss of membrane integrity. Additionally, some metalloproteinases as MMP2 and MMP9 may also participate in the potential action mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura A Lozano-Trujillo
- Departamento de Biologia, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad del Tolima, 730006299, Ibague, Colombia
| | - Diana K Garzón-Perdomo
- Departamento de Biologia, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad del Tolima, 730006299, Ibague, Colombia
| | - Andrea C R Vargas
- Departamento de Biologia, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad del Tolima, 730006299, Ibague, Colombia
| | - Lina M de Los Reyes
- Departamento de Biologia, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad del Tolima, 730006299, Ibague, Colombia
| | - Marco F Avila-Rodriguez
- Departamento de Ciencias Clinicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad del Tolima, 730006299, Ibague, Colombia
| | | | - Liliana F Turner
- Departamento de Biologia, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad del Tolima, 730006299, Ibague, Colombia
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Magalhães ACM, de Santana CJC, Melani RD, Domont GB, Castro MS, Fontes W, Roepstorff P, Júnior ORP. Exploring the biological activities and proteome of Brazilian scorpion Rhopalurus agamemnon venom. J Proteomics 2021; 237:104119. [PMID: 33540062 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2021.104119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 12/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Scorpion venoms are formed by toxins harmful to various organisms, including humans. Several techniques have been developed to understand the role of proteins in animal venoms, including proteomics approach. Rhopalurus agamemnon (Koch, 1839) is the largest scorpion in the Buthidae family in the Brazilian Cerrado, measuring up to 110 mm in total length. The accident with R. agamemnon is painful and causes some systemic reactions, but the specie's venom remains uninvestigated. We explore the venom protein composition using a proteomic and a biological-directed approach identifying 230 protein compounds including enzymes like Hyaluronidase, metalloproteinase, L-amino acid oxidase and amylase, the last two are first reported for scorpion venoms. Some of those new reports are important to demonstrate how distant we are from a total comprehension of the diversity about venoms in general, due to their diversity in composition and function. BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE: In this study, we explored the composition of venom proteins from the scorpion Rhopalurus agamemnon. We identified 230 proteins from the venom including new enzyme reports. These data highlight the unique diversity of the venom proteins from the scorpion R. agamemnon, provide insights into new mechanisms of envenomation and enlarge the protein database of scorpion venoms. The discovery of new proteins provides a new scenario for the development of new drugs and suggests molecular targets to venom components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Carolina Martins Magalhães
- Toxinology Laboratory, Department of Physiological Sciences, Institute of Biology, University of Brasilia, Brasilia-DF 70910-900, Brazil.
| | - Carlos José Correia de Santana
- Toxinology Laboratory, Department of Physiological Sciences, Institute of Biology, University of Brasilia, Brasilia-DF 70910-900, Brazil; Laboratory of Protein Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Cell Biology/IB, University of Brasilia, Brasilia-DF 70910-900, Brazil
| | - Rafael D Melani
- Proteomic Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Gilberto B Domont
- Proteomic Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Mariana S Castro
- Toxinology Laboratory, Department of Physiological Sciences, Institute of Biology, University of Brasilia, Brasilia-DF 70910-900, Brazil; Laboratory of Protein Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Cell Biology/IB, University of Brasilia, Brasilia-DF 70910-900, Brazil
| | - Wagner Fontes
- Laboratory of Protein Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Cell Biology/IB, University of Brasilia, Brasilia-DF 70910-900, Brazil
| | - Peter Roepstorff
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense M 5230, Denmark
| | - Osmindo Rodrigues Pires Júnior
- Toxinology Laboratory, Department of Physiological Sciences, Institute of Biology, University of Brasilia, Brasilia-DF 70910-900, Brazil
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Faria Waziry PA, Raja A, Salmon C, Aldana N, Damodar S, Fukushima AR, Mayi BS. Impact of pyriproxyfen on virus behavior: implications for pesticide-induced virulence and mechanism of transmission. Virol J 2020; 17:93. [PMID: 32631404 PMCID: PMC7339562 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-020-01378-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background More than 3 years since the last Zika virus (ZIKV) outbreak in Brazil, researchers are still deciphering the molecular mechanisms of neurovirulence and vertical transmission, as well as the best way to control spread of ZIKV, a flavivirus. The use of pesticides was the main strategy of mosquito control during the last ZIKV outbreak. Methods We used vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) tagged with green fluorescent protein (GFP) as our prototypical virus to study the impact of insecticide pyriproxyfen (PPF). VZV-GFP infected and uninfected Jurkat, HeLa and trophoblast cells were treated with PPF and compared to untreated cells (control). Cell viability was determined by the MTT assay. Cell morphology, presence of extracellular vesicles (EVs), virus infection/GFP expression as well as active mitochondrial levels/localization were examined by confocal microscopy. Results PPF, which was used to control mosquito populations in Brazil prior to the ZIKV outbreak, enhances VSV replication and has cell membrane-altering properties in the presence of virus. PPF causes enhanced viral replication and formation of large EVs, loaded with virus as well as mitochondria. Treatment of trophoblasts or HeLa cells with increasing concentrations of PPF does not alter cell viability, however, it proportionately increases Jurkat cell viability. Increasing concentrations of PPF followed by VSV infection does not interfere with HeLa cell viability. Both Jurkats and trophoblasts show proportionately increased cell death with increased concentrations of PPF in the presence of virus. Conclusions We hypothesize that PPF disrupts the lipid microenvironment of mammalian cells, thereby interfering with pathways of viral replication. PPF lowers viability of trophoblasts and Jurkats in the presence of VSV, implying that the combination renders immune system impairment in infected individuals as well as enhanced vulnerability of fetuses towards viral vertical transmission. We hypothesize that similar viruses such as ZIKV may be vertically transmitted via EV-to-cell contact when exposed to PPF, thereby bypassing immune detection. The impact of pesticides on viral replication must be fully investigated before large scale use in future outbreaks of mosquito borne viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula A Faria Waziry
- Dr. Kiran C. Patel College of Osteopathic Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, 3400 Gulf to Bay Blvd, Clearwater, FL, 33759, USA
| | - Aarti Raja
- Department of Biological Sciences, Halmos College of Arts and Sciences, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, 33314, USA
| | - Chloe Salmon
- Plymouth University, 3 Endsleigh Place, Drake Circus, Plymouth, England, PL4 8AA
| | - Nathalia Aldana
- Dr. Kiran C. Patel College of Osteopathic Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, 3200 S. University Dr, Fort Lauderdale, FL, 33328, USA
| | - Sruthi Damodar
- Dr. Kiran C. Patel College of Osteopathic Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, 3200 S. University Dr, Fort Lauderdale, FL, 33328, USA
| | - Andre Rinaldi Fukushima
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bindu S Mayi
- Dr. Kiran C. Patel College of Osteopathic Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, 3400 Gulf to Bay Blvd, Clearwater, FL, 33759, USA.
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Cota-Arce JM, Zazueta-Favela D, Díaz-Castillo F, Jiménez S, Bernáldez-Sarabia J, Caram-Salas NL, Dan KWL, Escobedo G, Licea-Navarro AF, Possani LD, De León-Nava MA. Venom components of the scorpion Centruroides limpidus modulate cytokine expression by T helper lymphocytes: Identification of ion channel-related toxins by mass spectrometry. Int Immunopharmacol 2020; 84:106505. [PMID: 32380407 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.106505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The study of the effector mechanisms of T helper cells has revealed different phenotypic characteristics that can be manipulated for designing new therapeutic schemes in different pathological scenarios. Ion channels are significant targets in T lymphocyte modulation since they are closely related to their effector activity. Remarkably, some toxins produced by scorpions specifically affect the function of these membrane proteins. For that reason, these toxins are important candidates in the search for new immunomodulators. Here, the effect of two venom fractions of the scorpion Centruroides limpidus was assessed on T lymphocyte proliferation and cytokine production. The venom fractions ClF8 and ClF9 were separated by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) and cultured at 25 and 35 µg/ml with murine T lymphocytes. The results indicate that the fraction ClF8 increased both production and secretion levels of IFN-γ, IL-4, IL-17A and IL-10 by CD4+ T cells at 24 h. In contrast, fraction ClF9 only promoted the secretion of IL-17A and IL-10 at its highest concentration (35 µg/ml). Both fractions did not show any effect on T cell proliferation. Subsequent analyses by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) revealed seventeen toxins in the fraction ClF8 and five toxins in the fraction ClF9, most of them with voltage-gated sodium (NaScTx) and potassium (KScTx) channels as molecular targets. These toxins might probably interact with ion channels involved in T lymphocyte activity. Our findings suggest that the difference in composition between the two fractions could be related to the observed effects, and the components identified could be isolated to search for possible immunomodulatory molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julián M Cota-Arce
- Departamento de Innovación Biomédica, Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada (CICESE), Baja California, C.P. 22860, México
| | - Daniela Zazueta-Favela
- Departamento de Innovación Biomédica, Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada (CICESE), Baja California, C.P. 22860, México
| | - Fernando Díaz-Castillo
- Departamento de Innovación Biomédica, Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada (CICESE), Baja California, C.P. 22860, México
| | - Samanta Jiménez
- Departamento de Innovación Biomédica, Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada (CICESE), Baja California, C.P. 22860, México
| | - Johanna Bernáldez-Sarabia
- Departamento de Innovación Biomédica, Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada (CICESE), Baja California, C.P. 22860, México
| | - Nadia L Caram-Salas
- Departamento de Innovación Biomédica, Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada (CICESE), Baja California, C.P. 22860, México; Cátedra CONACYT/Departamento de Innovación Biomédica, CICESE, México
| | - Kee W L Dan
- Departamento de Innovación Biomédica, Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada (CICESE), Baja California, C.P. 22860, México
| | - Galileo Escobedo
- Laboratorio de Proteómica y Metabolómica, Dirección de Investigación, Hospital General de México "Dr. Eduardo Liceaga", Ciudad de México, C.P. 06720, México
| | - Alexei F Licea-Navarro
- Departamento de Innovación Biomédica, Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada (CICESE), Baja California, C.P. 22860, México
| | - Lourival D Possani
- Departamento de Medicina Molecular y Bioprocesos, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos, C.P. 62210, México
| | - Marco A De León-Nava
- Departamento de Innovación Biomédica, Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada (CICESE), Baja California, C.P. 22860, México.
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Alajmi R, Al-ghamdi S, Barakat I, Mahmoud A, Abdon N, Al-Ahidib M, Abdel-Gaber R. Antimicrobial Activity of Two Novel Venoms from Saudi Arabian Scorpions (Leiurus quinquestriatus and Androctonus crassicauda). Int J Pept Res Ther 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10989-019-09816-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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12
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Ward MJ, Ellsworth SA, Nystrom GS. A global accounting of medically significant scorpions: Epidemiology, major toxins, and comparative resources in harmless counterparts. Toxicon 2018; 151:137-155. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2018.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Revised: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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13
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Ward MJ, Ellsworth SA, Rokyta DR. Venom-gland transcriptomics and venom proteomics of the Hentz striped scorpion (Centruroides hentzi; Buthidae) reveal high toxin diversity in a harmless member of a lethal family. Toxicon 2018; 142:14-29. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2017.12.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Revised: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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14
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Emerich BL, De Lima ME, Martin-Eauclaire MF, Bougis PE. Comparative analyses and implications for antivenom serotherapy of four Moroccan scorpion Buthus occitanus venoms: Subspecies tunetanus, paris, malhommei, and mardochei. Toxicon 2017; 149:26-36. [PMID: 28712915 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2017.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Revised: 07/04/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Temporary passive immunity such as serotherapy against venoms requires the full knowledge of all venom's components. Here, four venoms from Moroccan common yellow scorpions belonging to Buthus occitanus, subspecies tunetanus, paris, malhommei, and mardochei, all collected in four different restricted areas, were analysed in deep. They were fractionated by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) and their molecular masse profile determined by off-line MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. Characterisation of their main components was achieved by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using specific antisera against the major lethal scorpion toxins identified so far, i.e. voltage-gated sodium channels (Nav) modulators α- and β-toxins, as well as diverse potassium channel pore blocker toxins. For fractions with identical RP-HPLC retention times, we observe that their relative quantities show large differences. Moreover, identical masses present simultaneously in the four venoms are infrequent. ELISAs show that the majority of the RP-HPLC compounds cross-react with the antiserum against the "α-like" toxin Bot I, which has been previously identified in the Algerian Buthus occitanus tunetanus venom. Moreover, minor fractions were recognised by the antiserum against the highly lethal "classical" α-toxin of reference AaH II from the Androctonus australis venom. As such, our results bring new sights for further improving scorpion venom serotherapy in Morocco.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruna Luiza Emerich
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, CRN2M UMR7286, 13344, Marseille, France; Laboratório de Venenos e Toxinas Animais, Dept de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 31270-901, Belo-Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Maria Elena De Lima
- Laboratório de Venenos e Toxinas Animais, Dept de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 31270-901, Belo-Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | | | - Pierre E Bougis
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, CRN2M UMR7286, 13344, Marseille, France.
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