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Kalita B, Saviola AJ, Samuel SP, Mukherjee AK. State-of-the-art review - A review on snake venom-derived antithrombotics: Potential therapeutics for COVID-19-associated thrombosis? Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 192:1040-1057. [PMID: 34656540 PMCID: PMC8514616 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 10/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the causative agent responsible for the Coronavirus Disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, has infected over 185 million individuals across 200 countries since December 2019 resulting in 4.0 million deaths. While COVID-19 is primarily associated with respiratory illnesses, an increasing number of clinical reports indicate that severely ill patients often develop thrombotic complications that are associated with increased mortality. As a consequence, treatment strategies that target COVID-associated thrombosis are of utmost clinical importance. An array of pharmacologically active compounds from natural products exhibit effects on blood coagulation pathways, and have generated interest for their potential therapeutic applications towards thrombotic diseases. In particular, a number of snake venom compounds exhibit high specificity on different blood coagulation factors and represent excellent tools that could be utilized to treat thrombosis. The aim of this review is to provide a brief summary of the current understanding of COVID-19 associated thrombosis, and highlight several snake venom compounds that could be utilized as antithrombotic agents to target this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhargab Kalita
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Tezpur University, Tezpur 784028, Assam, India; National Centre for Cell Science, Pune 411007, Maharashtra, India
| | - Anthony J Saviola
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Stephen P Samuel
- Queen Elizabeth Hospital King's Lynn NHS Foundation Trust, King's Lynn, Norfolk PE30 4ET, UK
| | - Ashis K Mukherjee
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Tezpur University, Tezpur 784028, Assam, India; Institute of Advanced Study in Science and Technology, Guwahati 781035, Assam, India.
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Kalita B, Mackessy SP, Mukherjee AK. Proteomic analysis reveals geographic variation in venom composition of Russell's Viper in the Indian subcontinent: implications for clinical manifestations post-envenomation and antivenom treatment. Expert Rev Proteomics 2018; 15:837-849. [PMID: 30247947 DOI: 10.1080/14789450.2018.1528150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The Russell's Viper (RV) (Daboia russelii), a category I medically important snake, is responsible for a significant level of morbidity and mortality in the Indian sub-continent. Areas covered: The current review highlights the variation in RV venom (RVV) composition from different geographical locales on the Indian sub-continent, as revealed by biochemical and proteomic analyses. A comparison of these RVV proteomes revealed significant differences in the number of toxin isoforms and relative toxin abundances, highlighting the impact of geographic location on RVV composition. Antivenom efficacy studies have shown differential neutralization of toxicity and enzymatic activity of different RVV samples from the Indian sub-continent by commercial polyvalent antivenom (PAV). The proteome analysis has provided deeper insights into the variation of RVV composition leading to differences in antivenom efficacy and severity of clinical manifestations post RV-envenomation across the Indian sub-continent. Expert commentary: Variation in RVV antigenicity due to geographical differences and poor recognition of low molecular mass (<20 kDa) RVV toxins by PAV are serious concerns for effective antivenom treatment against RV envenomation. Improvements in immunization protocols that take into account the poorly immunogenic components and geographic variation in RVV composition, can lead to better hospital management of RV bite patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhargab Kalita
- a Microbial Biotechnology and Protein Research Laboratory, Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology , Tezpur University , Tezpur , India
| | - Stephen P Mackessy
- b School of Biological Sciences , University of Northern Colorado , Greeley , CO , USA
| | - Ashis K Mukherjee
- a Microbial Biotechnology and Protein Research Laboratory, Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology , Tezpur University , Tezpur , India
- b School of Biological Sciences , University of Northern Colorado , Greeley , CO , USA
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Kalita B, Patra A, Das A, Mukherjee AK. Proteomic Analysis and Immuno-Profiling of Eastern India Russell's Viper ( Daboia russelii) Venom: Correlation between RVV Composition and Clinical Manifestations Post RV Bite. J Proteome Res 2018; 17:2819-2833. [PMID: 29938511 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.8b00291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The proteomes of Russell's viper venom (RVV) from Burdwan (RVV B) and Nadia (RVV N), the two districts of West Bengal, eastern India (EI), were investigated by gel-filtration chromatography (GFC) followed by tandem mass spectrometry of tryptic fragments of the fractions. A total of 73 and 69 proteins belonging to 15 snake venom protein families were identified in RVV B and RVV N, respectively, by MS/MS search against Viperidae (taxid 8689) protein entries of the nonredundant NCBI database. The minor differences in venom composition of both the EI RV were established unequivocally by their biochemical and pharmacological properties and by SDS-PAGE, gel filtration chromatography, and LC-MS/MS analyses. The composition of EI RVVs was well correlated with published reports on the pathophysiology of RV-envenomed patients from this part of the country. Venom-antivenom cross-reactivity determined by ELISA, Western blotting, and antivenomics approaches demonstrated poor recognition of low molecular mass (<20 kDa) RVV proteins by commercial polyvalent antivenoms, which was substantiated by neutralization of RVV enzymes by antivenom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhargab Kalita
- Microbial Biotechnology and Protein Research Laboratory, Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology , Tezpur University , Tezpur 784028 , Assam , India
| | - Aparup Patra
- Microbial Biotechnology and Protein Research Laboratory, Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology , Tezpur University , Tezpur 784028 , Assam , India
| | - Anjali Das
- Microbial Biotechnology and Protein Research Laboratory, Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology , Tezpur University , Tezpur 784028 , Assam , India
| | - Ashis K Mukherjee
- Microbial Biotechnology and Protein Research Laboratory, Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology , Tezpur University , Tezpur 784028 , Assam , India
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Tang Y, Huang M, Hu Q, Wu H, Yao J, Sun K, Li X. Agkihpin, a Distinct SVTLE from the Venom of Gloydius halys Pallas: Purification, Characterization and Structure-Activity Determination. Chem Biodivers 2018; 15:e1800122. [PMID: 29696792 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.201800122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Blood clots produced by snake-venom thrombin-like enzymes (SVTLEs) are cleared rapidly, which makes SVTLEs attractive as potential candidates for antithrombotic therapy. We isolated a SVTLE, agkihpin, from the venom of Gloydius halys Pallas. Agkihpin was confirmed to a single-chain TLE with molecular mass of 25.5 kD, pI of 7.43, optimal pH of 8.0 (hydrolyzing TAME), linked carbohydrate absent, and weak fibrinogen clotting activity. It was also found that (i) G. halys might be the latest species in SVTLEs phylogenetic tree; (ii) different level of conservation was shown among the SVTLEs from the Viperidae snakes. Some of those site may account for different activities exhibited by those SVTLEs, especially position 181, at which a fibrinogenolytic activity increase was found when a basic and larger amino acid substituted by a neutral and smaller one; (iii) an extra α-helix constructed with a 'Pro + acidic amino acid + aromatic amino acid' pattern was found in the SVTLEs from Gloydius and Agkistrodon snakes, although it does not necessarily imply an effect on the fibrinogenolytic activity of the SVTLEs. This study provided some new insight into the activity of SVTLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulu Tang
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, School of Pre-clinical Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, 22 Shuangyong Road, Nanning, 530021, P. R. China
| | - Miao Huang
- Department of Radiology, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, P. R. China
| | - Qiping Hu
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, School of Pre-clinical Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, 22 Shuangyong Road, Nanning, 530021, P. R. China
| | - Huayu Wu
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, School of Pre-clinical Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, 22 Shuangyong Road, Nanning, 530021, P. R. China
| | - Jiali Yao
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, School of Pre-clinical Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, 22 Shuangyong Road, Nanning, 530021, P. R. China
| | - Kejian Sun
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, School of Pre-clinical Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, 22 Shuangyong Road, Nanning, 530021, P. R. China
| | - Xiaolong Li
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, School of Pre-clinical Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, 22 Shuangyong Road, Nanning, 530021, P. R. China
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Ullah A, Masood R, Ali I, Ullah K, Ali H, Akbar H, Betzel C. Thrombin-like enzymes from snake venom: Structural characterization and mechanism of action. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 114:788-811. [PMID: 29604354 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.03.164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Revised: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Snake venom thrombin-like enzymes (SVTLEs) constitute the major portion (10-24%) of snake venom and these are the second most abundant enzymes present in the crude venom. During envenomation, these enzymes had shown prominently the various pathological effects, such as disturbance in hemostatic system, fibrinogenolysis, fibrinolysis, platelet aggregation, thrombosis, neurologic disorders, activation of coagulation factors, coagulant, procoagulant etc. These enzymes also been used as a therapeutic agent for the treatment of various diseases such as congestive heart failure, ischemic stroke, thrombotic disorders etc. Although the crystal structures of five SVTLEs are available in the Protein Data Bank (PDB), there is no single article present in the literature that has described all of them. The current work describes the structural aspects, structure-based mechanism of action, processing and inhibition of these enzymes. The sequence analysis indicates that these enzymes show a high sequence identity (57-85%) with each other and low sequence identity with trypsin (36-43%), human alpha-thrombin (29-36%) and other snake venom serine proteinases (57-85%). Three-dimensional structural analysis indicates that the loops surrounding the active site are variable both in amino acids composition and length that may convey variable substrate specificity to these enzymes. The surface charge distributions also vary in these enzymes. Docking analysis with suramin shows that this inhibitor preferably binds to the C-terminal region of these enzymes and causes the destabilization of their three-dimensional structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anwar Ullah
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology Park Road, Islamabad 45550, Pakistan.
| | - Rehana Masood
- Department of Biochemistry, Shaheed Benazir Bhutto Women University, Peshawar 25000, Pakistan
| | - Ijaz Ali
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology Park Road, Islamabad 45550, Pakistan
| | - Kifayat Ullah
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology Park Road, Islamabad 45550, Pakistan
| | - Hamid Ali
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology Park Road, Islamabad 45550, Pakistan
| | - Haji Akbar
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology Park Road, Islamabad 45550, Pakistan
| | - Christian Betzel
- Laboratory for Structural Biology of Infection and Inflammation, University of Hamburg, c/o DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22603 Hamburg, Germany
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Sun K, Huang C, Yu F, Zhu S, Xu S, He Y, Xu W, Xu L, Feng Y, Wu H, Li X, Fang L, Hu Q. Expression, purification and characterization of a novel recombinant SVTLE, r- agkihpin-2, from Gloydius halys Pallas venom gland in Escherichia coli. Protein Expr Purif 2017; 136:7-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2017.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2016] [Revised: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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