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Preece EP, Otten TG, Cooke J, Kudela RM. Microcystins in the benthic food-web of the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta, California. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 946:174250. [PMID: 38936722 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.174250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Revised: 06/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
Harmful cyanobacteria blooms are a growing threat in estuarine waters as upstream blooms are exported into coastal environments. Cyanobacteria can produce potent toxins, one of which-hepatotoxic microcystins (MCs)-can persist and accumulate within the food web. Filter-feeding invertebrates may biomagnify toxins up to 100× ambient concentrations. As such, bivalves can be used as an environmentally relevant and highly sensitive sentinel for MC monitoring. To date there has been little research on cyanotoxin bioaccumulation in estuaries. The Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta (Delta) aquatic food web has undergone a profound change in response to widespread colonization of aquatic invasive species such as Asian clams (Corbicula fluminea) in the freshwater portion of the Delta. These clams are prolific-blanketing areas of the Delta at densities up to 1000 clams/m2 and are directly implicated in the pelagic organism decline of threatened and endangered fishes. We hypothesized that Asian clams accumulate MCs which may act as an additional stressor to the food web and MCs would seasonally be in exceedance of public health advisory levels. MCs accumulation in Delta Asian clams and signal crayfish (Pacifastacus leniusculus) were studied over a two-year period. ELISA and LC-MS analytical methods were used to measure free and protein-bound MCs in clam and crayfish tissues. We describe an improved MC extraction method for use when analyzing these taxa by LC-MS. MCs were found to accumulate in Asian clams across all months and at all study sites, with seasonal maxima occurring during the summer. Although MC concentrations rarely exceeded public health advisory levels, the persistence of MCs year-round still poses a chronic risk to consumers. Crayfish at times also accumulated high concentrations of MCs. Our results highlight the utility of shellfish as sentinel organisms for monitoring in estuarine areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen P Preece
- California Department of Water Resources, 3500 Industrial Blvd, West Sacramento, CA 95691, United States of America; Robertson-Bryan, Inc., 3100 Zinfandel Drive, St 300, Rancho Cordova, CA, United States of America.
| | - Timothy G Otten
- Bend Genetics, LLC, 107 Scripps Drive St 210, Sacramento, CA, United States of America
| | - Janis Cooke
- Central Valley Regional Water Quality Control Board, 11020, Sun Center Drive, St 200, Rancho Cordova, CA, United States of America
| | - Raphael M Kudela
- University of California Santa Cruz, Dept. of Ocean Sciences, 1156 High St, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, United States of America
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2
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Miles CO, McCarron P, Thomas K, Al-Sinawi B, Liu T, Neilan BA. Microcystins with Modified Adda 5-Residues from a Heterologous Microcystin Expression System. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:27618-27631. [PMID: 38947807 PMCID: PMC11209926 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.4c03332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2024] [Revised: 05/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
Microcystins are hepatotoxic cyclic heptapeptides produced by some cyanobacterial species and usually contain the unusual β-amino acid 3S-amino-9S-methoxy-2S,6,8S-trimethyl-10-phenyl-4E,6E-decadienoic acid (Adda) at position-5. The full microcystin gene cluster from Microcystis aeruginosa PCC 7806 has been expressed in Escherichia coli. In an earlier study, the engineered strain was shown to produce MC-LR and [d-Asp3]MC-LR, the main microcystins reported in cultures of M. aeruginosa PCC 7806. However, analysis of the engineered strain of E. coli using semitargeted liquid chromatography with high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS/MS) and thiol derivatization revealed the presence of 15 additional microcystin analogues, including four linear peptide variants and, in total, 12 variants with modifications to the Adda moiety. Four of the Adda-variants lacked the phenyl group at the Adda-terminus, a modification that has not previously been reported in cyanobacteria. Their HRMS/MS spectra contained the product-ion from Adda at m/z 135.1168, but the commonly observed product-ion at m/z 135.0804 from Adda-containing microcystins was almost completely absent. In contrast, three of the variants were missing a methyl group between C-2 and C-8 of the Adda moiety, and their LC-HRMS/MS spectra displayed the product-ion from Adda at m/z 135.0804. However, instead of the product-ion at m/z 135.1168, these three variants gave product-ions at m/z 121.1011. These observations, together with spectra from microcystin standards using in-source fragmentation, showed that the product-ion at m/z 135.1168 found in the HRMS/MS spectra of most microcystins originated from the C-2 to C-8 region of the Adda moiety. Identification of the fragmentation pathways for the Adda side chain will facilitate the detection of microcystins containing modifications in their Adda moieties that could otherwise easily be overlooked with standard LC-MS screening methods. Microcystin variants containing Abu at position-1 were also prominent components of the microcystin profile of the engineered bacterium. Microcystin variants with Abu1 or without the phenyl group on the Adda side chain were not detected in the original host cyanobacterium. This suggests not only that the microcystin synthase complex may be affected by substrate availability within its host organism but also that it possesses an unexpected degree of biosynthetic flexibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher O. Miles
- Biotoxin
Metrology, National Research Council Canada, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 3Z1, Canada
- Norwegian
Veterinary Institute, Postboks 64, 1431 Ås, Norway
| | - Pearse McCarron
- Biotoxin
Metrology, National Research Council Canada, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 3Z1, Canada
| | - Krista Thomas
- Biotoxin
Metrology, National Research Council Canada, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 3Z1, Canada
| | - Bakir Al-Sinawi
- Diagnostic
Technology Pty. Ltd., Sydney 2085, NSW, Australia
- School
of Environmental and Life Sciences, The
University of Newcastle, Callaghan 2308, NSW, Australia
| | - Tianzhe Liu
- Diagnostic
Technology Pty. Ltd., Sydney 2085, NSW, Australia
- Department
of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technical
University of Dresden, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Brett A. Neilan
- School
of Environmental and Life Sciences, The
University of Newcastle, Callaghan 2308, NSW, Australia
- ARC Centre
of Excellence in Synthetic Biology, Sydney, NSW 2019, Australia
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3
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Liu YL, Liu JY, Zhu XX, Wei JH, Mi SL, Liu SY, Li XL, Zhang WW, Zhao LL, Wang H, Xu DX, Gao L. Pubertal exposure to Microcystin-LR arrests spermatogonia proliferation by inducing DSB and inhibiting SIRT6 dependent DNA repair in vivo and in vitro. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2024; 274:116191. [PMID: 38460408 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2024.116191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/11/2024]
Abstract
The reproduction toxicity of pubertal exposure to Microcystin-LR (MC-LR) and the underlying mechanism needs to be further investigated. In the current study, pubertal male ICR mice were intraperitoneally injected with 2 μg/kg MC-LR for four weeks. Pubertal exposure to MC-LR decreased epididymal sperm concentration and blocked spermatogonia proliferation. In-vitro studies found MC-LR inhibited cell proliferation of GC-1 cells and arrested cell cycle in G2/M phase. Mechanistically, MC-LR exposure evoked excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) and induced DNA double-strand break in GC-1 cells. Besides, MC-LR inhibited DNA repair by reducing PolyADP-ribosylation (PARylation) activity of PARP1. Further study found MC-LR caused proteasomal degradation of SIRT6, a monoADP-ribosylation enzyme which is essential for PARP1 PARylation activity, due to destruction of SIRT6-USP10 interaction. Additionally, MG132 pretreatment alleviated MC-LR-induced SIRT6 degradation and promoted DNA repair, leading to the restoration of cell proliferation inhibition. Correspondingly, N-Acetylcysteine (NAC) pre-treatment mitigated the disturbed SIRT6-USP10 interaction and SIRT6 degradation, causing recovered DNA repair and subsequently restoration of cell proliferation inhibition in MC-LR treated GC-1 cells. Together, pubertal exposure to MC-LR induced spermatogonia cell cycle arrest and sperm count reduction by oxidative DNA damage and simultaneous SIRT6-mediated DNA repair failing. This study reports the effect of pubertal exposure to MC-LR on spermatogenesis and complex mechanism how MC-LR induces spermatogonia cell proliferation inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Lin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology of Anhui Higher Education Institutes & Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Jia-Yu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology of Anhui Higher Education Institutes & Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Xin-Xin Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology of Anhui Higher Education Institutes & Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Jian-Hua Wei
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology of Anhui Higher Education Institutes & Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Shuang-Ling Mi
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology of Anhui Higher Education Institutes & Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Su-Ya Liu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology of Anhui Higher Education Institutes & Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Xiu-Liang Li
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology of Anhui Higher Education Institutes & Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Wei-Wei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology of Anhui Higher Education Institutes & Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Ling-Li Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology of Anhui Higher Education Institutes & Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Hua Wang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology of Anhui Higher Education Institutes & Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - De-Xiang Xu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology of Anhui Higher Education Institutes & Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China.
| | - Lan Gao
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology of Anhui Higher Education Institutes & Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China; Research Center for Translational Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, China.
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Riehle E, Beach DG, Multrus S, Parmar TP, Martin-Creuzburg D, Dietrich DR. Fate of Planktothrix-derived toxins in aquatic food webs: A case study in Lake Mindelsee (Germany). ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2024; 273:116154. [PMID: 38422789 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2024.116154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Blooms of the red, filamentous cyanobacterium Planktothrix rubescens occur frequently in pre-alpine lakes in Europe, often with concomitant toxic microcystin (MC) production. Trophic transfer of MCs has been observed in bivalves, fish, and zooplankton species, while uptake of MCs into Diptera species could facilitate distribution of MCs into terrestrial food webs and habitats. In this study, we characterized a Planktothrix bloom in summer 2019 in Lake Mindelsee and tracked possible trophic transfer and/or bioaccumulation of MCs via analysis of phytoplankton, zooplankton (Daphnia) and emergent aquatic insects (Chaoborus, Chironomidae and Trichoptera). Using 16 S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing, we found that five sequence variants of Planktothrix spp. were responsible for bloom formation in September and October of 2019, and these MC-producing variants, provisionally identified as P. isothrix and/or P. serta, occurred exclusively in Lake Mindelsee (Germany), while other variants were also detected in nearby Lake Constance. The remaining cyanobacterial community was dominated by Cyanobiaceae species with high species overlap with Lake Constance, suggesting a well-established exchange of cyanobacteria species between the adjacent lakes. With targeted LC-HRMS/MS we identified two MC-congeners, MC-LR and [Asp3]MC-RR with maximum concentrations of 45 ng [Asp3]MC-RR/L in lake water in September. Both MC congeners displayed different predominance patterns, suggesting that two different MC-producing species occurred in a time-dependent manner, whereby [Asp3]MC-RR was clearly associated with the Planktothrix spp. bloom. We demonstrate an exclusive transfer of MC-LR, but not [Asp3]MC-RR, from phytoplankton into zooplankton reaching a 10-fold bioconcentration, yet complete absence of these MC congeners or their conjugates in aquatic insects. The latter demonstrated a limited trophic transfer of MCs from zooplankton to zooplanktivorous insect larvae (e.g., Chaoborus), or direct transfer into other aquatic insects (e.g. Chironomidae and Trichoptera), whether due to avoidance or limited uptake and/or rapid excretion of MCs by higher trophic emergent aquatic insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Riehle
- University of Konstanz, Human and Environmental Toxicology Research Group, Universitaetsstrasse 10, Konstanz 78464, Germany.
| | - Daniel G Beach
- National Research Council Canada, Biotoxin Metrology, 1411 Oxford St., Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 3Z1, Canada
| | - Selina Multrus
- University of Konstanz, Human and Environmental Toxicology Research Group, Universitaetsstrasse 10, Konstanz 78464, Germany
| | - Tarn Preet Parmar
- Brandenburg Technical University (BTU), Cottbus-Senftenberg, Department of Aquatic Ecology, Seestrasse 45, Bad Saarow 15526, Germany
| | - Dominik Martin-Creuzburg
- Brandenburg Technical University (BTU), Cottbus-Senftenberg, Department of Aquatic Ecology, Seestrasse 45, Bad Saarow 15526, Germany
| | - Daniel R Dietrich
- University of Konstanz, Human and Environmental Toxicology Research Group, Universitaetsstrasse 10, Konstanz 78464, Germany.
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5
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Miles CO, Strand DA, Rusch JC, Ballot A, Haande S, Løvberg KLE, Vrålstad T, Samdal IA. Microcystin profiles in European noble crayfish Astacus astacus and water in Lake Steinsfjorden, Norway. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 242:117623. [PMID: 37956753 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.117623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Lake Steinsfjorden, an important noble crayfish (Astacus astacus) habitat, is often affected by blooms of Planktothrix spp. that produce microcystins (MCs). A poor correlation between MCs by ELISA in the water and in crayfish tissue in a study in 2015 prompted further investigation by LC-HRMS. LC-HRMS analyses of filters from water samples and on selected crayfish tissue extracts from the 2015 study revealed the presence of known and previously unreported MCs. Crayfish samples from May and June 2015 were dominated by MCs from the Planktothrix bloom, whereas in September novel MCs that appeared to be metabolites of MC-LR were dominant, even though neither these nor MC-LR were detected in the water in 2015. A water sample from October 2016 also showed MCs typical of Planktothrix (i.e., [d-Asp3]- and [d-Asp3,Dhb7]MC-RR and -LR), but low levels of MC-RR and MC-LR were detected in the lake water for the first time. In late summer and autumn, the MC profiles of crayfish were dominated by the homonorvaline (Hnv) variant MC-LHnv, a putative metabolite of MC-LR. Taken together, ELISA, LC-HRMS and previous PCR analyses showed that although Planktothrix was part of the crayfish diet, it was not the sole source of MCs in the crayfish. Possibly, crayfish in Lake Steinsfjorden may be ingesting MCs from benthic cyanobacteria or from contaminated prey. Therefore, information on the cyanobacterial or MC content in the water column cannot safely be used to make predictions about MC concentrations in the crayfish in Lake Steinsfjorden. Interestingly, the results also show that targeted LC-MS analysis of the crayfish would at times have underestimated their MC content by nearly an order of magnitude, even if all previously reported MC variants had been included in the analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher O Miles
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Elizabeth Stephansens vei 1, 1433, Ås, Norway; National Research Council Canada, Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3H 3Z1, Canada
| | - David A Strand
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Elizabeth Stephansens vei 1, 1433, Ås, Norway
| | - Johannes C Rusch
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Elizabeth Stephansens vei 1, 1433, Ås, Norway
| | - Andreas Ballot
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research, Økernveien 94, 0579, Oslo, Norway
| | - Sigrid Haande
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research, Økernveien 94, 0579, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kjersti L E Løvberg
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Elizabeth Stephansens vei 1, 1433, Ås, Norway
| | - Trude Vrålstad
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Elizabeth Stephansens vei 1, 1433, Ås, Norway
| | - Ingunn A Samdal
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Elizabeth Stephansens vei 1, 1433, Ås, Norway.
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6
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Anatoxins from benthic cyanobacteria responsible for dog mortalities in New Brunswick, Canada. Toxicon 2023; 227:107086. [PMID: 36914100 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2023.107086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/15/2023]
Abstract
In July 2018 three dogs died after visiting the Wolastoq (Saint John River) near Fredericton, New Brunswick, in Atlantic Canada. All showed signs of toxicosis, and necropsies revealed non-specific pulmonary edema and multiple microscopic brain hemorrhages. Liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS) analysis of vomitus and stomach contents as well as water and biota from the mortality sites confirmed the presence of anatoxins (ATXs), a class of potent neurotoxic alkaloids. The highest levels were measured in a dried benthic cyanobacterial mat that two of the dogs had been eating before falling ill and in a vomitus sample collected from one of the dogs. Concentrations of 357 and 785 mg/kg for anatoxin-a and dihydroanatoxin-a, respectively, were measured in the vomitus. Known anatoxin-producing species of Microcoleus were tentatively identified using microscopy and confirmed by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The ATX synthetase gene, anaC, was detected in the samples and isolates. The pathology and experimental results confirmed the role of ATXs in these dog mortalities. Further research is required to understand drivers for toxic cyanobacteria in the Wolastoq and to develop methodology for assessing occurrence.
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Varriale F, Tartaglione L, Zervou SK, Miles CO, Mazur-Marzec H, Triantis TM, Kaloudis T, Hiskia A, Dell'Aversano C. Untargeted and targeted LC-MS and data processing workflow for the comprehensive analysis of oligopeptides from cyanobacteria. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 311:137012. [PMID: 36397634 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.137012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Cyanobacteria produce a plethora of structurally diverse bioactive secondary metabolites, including cyanotoxins which pose a serious threat to humans and other living organisms worldwide. Currently, a wide variety of mass spectrometry-based methods for determination of microcystins (MCs), the most commonly occurring and studied class of cyanotoxins, have been developed and employed for research and monitoring purposes. The scarcity of commercially available reference materials, together with the ever-growing range of mass spectrometers and analytical approaches, make the accuracy of quantitative analyses a critical point to be carefully investigated in view of a reliable risk evaluation. This study reports, a comparative investigation of the qualitative and quantitative MCs profile obtained using targeted and untargeted liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry approaches for the analyses of cyanobacterial biomass from Lake Kastoria, Greece. Comparison of the total MCs content measured by the two approaches showed good correlation, with variations in the range of 3.8-13.2%. In addition, the implementation of an analytical workflow on a hybrid linear ion trap/orbitrap mass spectrometer is described, based on combining data-dependent acquisition and a powerful database of cyanobacterial metabolites (CyanoMetDB) for the annotation of known and discovery of new cyanopeptides. This untargeted strategy proved highly effective for the identification of MCs, microginins, anabaenopeptins, and micropeptins. The systematic interpretation of the acquired fragmentation patterns allowed the elucidation of two new MC structural variants, MC-PrhcysR and MC-Prhcys(O)R, and proposal of structures for two new microginins, isomeric cyanostatin B and MG 821A, and three isomeric micropeptins at m/z 846.4715, 846.4711 and 846.4723.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Varriale
- University of Napoli Federico II, Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Surgery, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131, Napoli, Italy
| | - Luciana Tartaglione
- University of Napoli Federico II, Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Surgery, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131, Napoli, Italy; CoNISMa - National Inter-University Consortium for Marine Sciences, Piazzale Flaminio 9, 00196, Rome, Italy.
| | - Sevasti-Kiriaki Zervou
- Laboratory of Photo-Catalytic Processes and Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (INN), National Center for Scientific Research "Demokritos", Patriarchou Grigoriou E & 27 Neapoleos Str, 15341 Agia Paraskevi, Athens, Greece
| | - Christopher O Miles
- Biotoxin Metrology, National Research Council Canada, 1411 Oxford Street, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Hanna Mazur-Marzec
- Division of Marine Biotechnology, Faculty of Oceanography and Geography, University of Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Theodoros M Triantis
- Laboratory of Photo-Catalytic Processes and Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (INN), National Center for Scientific Research "Demokritos", Patriarchou Grigoriou E & 27 Neapoleos Str, 15341 Agia Paraskevi, Athens, Greece
| | - Triantafyllos Kaloudis
- Laboratory of Photo-Catalytic Processes and Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (INN), National Center for Scientific Research "Demokritos", Patriarchou Grigoriou E & 27 Neapoleos Str, 15341 Agia Paraskevi, Athens, Greece
| | - Anastasia Hiskia
- Laboratory of Photo-Catalytic Processes and Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (INN), National Center for Scientific Research "Demokritos", Patriarchou Grigoriou E & 27 Neapoleos Str, 15341 Agia Paraskevi, Athens, Greece
| | - Carmela Dell'Aversano
- University of Napoli Federico II, Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Surgery, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131, Napoli, Italy; CoNISMa - National Inter-University Consortium for Marine Sciences, Piazzale Flaminio 9, 00196, Rome, Italy
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Turner AD, Beach DG, Foss A, Samdal IA, Løvberg KLE, Waack J, Edwards C, Lawton LA, Dean KJ, Maskrey BH, Lewis AM. A Feasibility Study into the Production of a Mussel Matrix Reference Material for the Cyanobacterial Toxins Microcystins and Nodularins. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 15:27. [PMID: 36668847 PMCID: PMC9867187 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15010027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Microcystins and nodularins, produced naturally by certain species of cyanobacteria, have been found to accumulate in aquatic foodstuffs such as fish and shellfish, resulting in a risk to the health of the seafood consumer. Monitoring of toxins in such organisms for risk management purposes requires the availability of certified matrix reference materials to aid method development, validation and routine quality assurance. This study consequently targeted the preparation of a mussel tissue reference material incurred with a range of microcystin analogues and nodularins. Nine targeted analogues were incorporated into the material as confirmed through liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), with an additional 15 analogues detected using LC coupled to non-targeted high resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS). Toxins in the reference material and additional source tissues were quantified using LC-MS/MS, two different enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) methods and with an oxidative-cleavage method quantifying 3-methoxy-2-methyl-4-phenylbutyric acid (MMPB). Correlations between the concentrations quantified using the different methods were variable, likely relating to differences in assay cross-reactivities and differences in the abilities of each method to detect bound toxins. A consensus concentration of total soluble toxins determined from the four independent test methods was 2425 ± 575 µg/kg wet weight. A mean 43 ± 9% of bound toxins were present in addition to the freely extractable soluble form (57 ± 9%). The reference material produced was homogenous and stable when stored in the freezer for six months without any post-production stabilization applied. Consequently, a cyanotoxin shellfish reference material has been produced which demonstrates the feasibility of developing certified seafood matrix reference materials for a large range of cyanotoxins and could provide a valuable future resource for cyanotoxin risk monitoring, management and mitigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew D. Turner
- Centre for Environment Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Barrack Road, Weymouth DT4 8UB, UK
| | - Daniel G. Beach
- Biotoxin Metrology, National Research Council Canada, Halifax, NS B3H 3Z1, Canada
| | - Amanda Foss
- Greenwater Laboratories, 205 Zeagler Drive, Suite 302, Palatka, FL 32177, USA
| | | | | | - Julia Waack
- Centre for Environment Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Barrack Road, Weymouth DT4 8UB, UK
- CyanoSol, School of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen AB10 7GJ, UK
| | - Christine Edwards
- CyanoSol, School of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen AB10 7GJ, UK
| | - Linda A. Lawton
- CyanoSol, School of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen AB10 7GJ, UK
| | - Karl J. Dean
- Centre for Environment Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Barrack Road, Weymouth DT4 8UB, UK
| | - Benjamin H. Maskrey
- Centre for Environment Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Barrack Road, Weymouth DT4 8UB, UK
| | - Adam M. Lewis
- Centre for Environment Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Barrack Road, Weymouth DT4 8UB, UK
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Dreher TW, Foss AJ, Davis EW, Mueller RS. 7-epi-cylindrospermopsin and microcystin producers among diverse Anabaena/Dolichospermum/Aphanizomenon CyanoHABs in Oregon, USA. HARMFUL ALGAE 2022; 116:102241. [PMID: 35710201 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2022.102241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Several genomes of Nostocales ADA clade members from the US Pacific Northwest were recently sequenced. Biosynthetic genes for microcystin, cylindrospermopsin or anatoxin-a were present in 7 of the 15 Dolichospermum/Anabaena strains and none of the 5 Aphanizomenon flos-aquae (AFA) strains. Toxin analyses (ELISA and LC-MS/MS) were conducted to quantitate and identify microcystin (MC) and cylindrospermopsin (CYN) congeners/analogs in samples dominated by Dolichospermum spp. of known genome sequence. MC-LR was the main congener produced by Dolichospermum spp. from Junipers Reservoir, Lake Billy Chinook and Odell Lake, while a congener provisionally identified as [Dha7]MC-HtyR was produced by a Dolichospermum sp. in Detroit Reservoir. A second Dolichospermum sp. from Detroit Reservoir was found to produce 7-epi-CYN, with 7-deoxy-CYN also present, but no CYN. The monitoring history of each of these lakes indicates the capacity for high levels of cyanotoxins during periods when Dolichospermum spp. are the dominant cyanobacteria. The diversity of ADA strains found in the US Pacific NW emphasizes the importance of these cyanobacteria as potentially toxic HAB formers in this temperate climatic region. Our results linking congener and genetic identity add data points that will help guide development of improved tools for predicting congener specificity from cyanotoxin gene sequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theo W Dreher
- Department of Microbiology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA.
| | - Amanda J Foss
- GreenWater Laboratories, 205 Zeagler Drive, Suite 302, Palatka, FL 32177, USA.
| | - Edward W Davis
- Center for Quantitative Life Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Ryan S Mueller
- Department of Microbiology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
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10
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Overlingė D, Toruńska-Sitarz A, Kataržytė M, Pilkaitytė R, Gyraitė G, Mazur-Marzec H. Characterization and Diversity of Microcystins Produced by Cyanobacteria from the Curonian Lagoon (SE Baltic Sea). Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13120838. [PMID: 34941676 PMCID: PMC8703916 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13120838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Microcystins (MCs) are the most widely distributed and structurally diverse cyanotoxins that can have significant health impacts on living organisms, including humans. The identification of MC variants and their quantification is very important for toxicological assessment. Within this study, we explored the diversity of MCs and their potential producers from the Curonian Lagoon. MC profiles were analyzed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method, while the potential producers were detected based on the presence of genus-specific mcyE gene sequences. Among the numerous MCs detected, one new potential MC variant with m/z 1057 was partially characterized. Moreover, two other MCs with m/z 1075 and m/z 1068 might belong to new variants with serine (Ser), rarely detected in position one of the peptides. They might also represent MC-Y(OMe)R and MC-WR, respectively. However, the application of a low-resolution MS/MS system made the unambiguous identification of the MCs impossible. Based on this example, the problems of peptide structure identification are discussed in the work. Genetic analysis revealed that potential MCs producers include Dolichospermum/Anabaena, Microcystis spp., and Planktothrix agardhii. The diversity and temporal variations in MC profiles may indicate the presence of several chemotypes of cyanobacteria in the Curonian Lagoon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donata Overlingė
- Marine Research Institute, Klaipeda University, University Avenue 17, 92295 Klaipeda, Lithuania; (M.K.); (R.P.); (G.G.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Anna Toruńska-Sitarz
- Division of Marine Biotechnology, Faculty of Oceanography and Geography, University of Gdańsk, Marszałka J. Piłsudskiego 46, PL-81378 Gdynia, Poland; (A.T.-S.); (H.M.-M.)
| | - Marija Kataržytė
- Marine Research Institute, Klaipeda University, University Avenue 17, 92295 Klaipeda, Lithuania; (M.K.); (R.P.); (G.G.)
| | - Renata Pilkaitytė
- Marine Research Institute, Klaipeda University, University Avenue 17, 92295 Klaipeda, Lithuania; (M.K.); (R.P.); (G.G.)
| | - Greta Gyraitė
- Marine Research Institute, Klaipeda University, University Avenue 17, 92295 Klaipeda, Lithuania; (M.K.); (R.P.); (G.G.)
| | - Hanna Mazur-Marzec
- Division of Marine Biotechnology, Faculty of Oceanography and Geography, University of Gdańsk, Marszałka J. Piłsudskiego 46, PL-81378 Gdynia, Poland; (A.T.-S.); (H.M.-M.)
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11
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Matson PG, Boyer GL, Bridgeman TB, Bullerjahn GS, Kane DD, McKay RML, McKindles KM, Raymond HA, Snyder BK, Stumpf RP, Davis TW. Physical drivers facilitating a toxigenic cyanobacterial bloom in a major Great Lakes tributary. LIMNOLOGY AND OCEANOGRAPHY 2020; 65:2866-2882. [PMID: 33707786 PMCID: PMC7942401 DOI: 10.1002/lno.11558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The Maumee River is the primary source for nutrients fueling seasonal Microcystis-dominated blooms in western Lake Erie's open waters though such blooms in the river are infrequent. The river also serves as source water for multiple public water systems and a large food services facility in northwest Ohio, USA. On 20 September 2017, an unprecedented bloom was reported in the Maumee River estuary within the Toledo metropolitan area, which triggered a recreational water advisory. Here we (1) explore physical drivers likely contributing to the bloom's occurrence, and (2) describe the toxin concentration and bacterioplankton taxonomic composition. A historical analysis using ten-years of seasonal river discharge, water level, and local wind data identified two instances when high-retention conditions occurred over ≥10 days in the Maumee River estuary: in 2016 and during the 2017 bloom. Observation by remote sensing imagery supported the advection of cyanobacterial cells into the estuary from the lake during 2017 and the lack of an estuary bloom in 2016 due to a weak cyanobacterial bloom in the lake. A rapid-response survey during the 2017 bloom determined levels of the cyanotoxins, specifically microcystins, in excess of recreational contact limits at sites within the lower 20 km of the river while amplicon sequencing found these sites were dominated by Microcystis. These results highlight the need to broaden our understanding of physical drivers of cyanobacterial blooms within the interface between riverine and lacustrine systems, particularly as such blooms are expected to become more prominent in response to a changing climate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul G. Matson
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, OH 43403, USA
- Present address: Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | - Gregory L. Boyer
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York–College of Environment Science and Forestry, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
| | - Thomas B. Bridgeman
- Lake Erie Center and Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43606, USA
| | - George S. Bullerjahn
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, OH 43403, USA
| | - Douglas D. Kane
- Division of Natural Science, Applied Science, and Mathematics, Defiance College, Defiance, OH 43512, USA
- Present address: Biology and Environmental Sciences Department and National Center for Water Quality Research, Heidelberg University, Tiffin, OH 44883, USA
| | - R. Michael L. McKay
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, OH 43403, USA
- Great Lakes Institute for Environmental Research, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON N9B 3P4, Canada
| | - Katelyn M. McKindles
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, OH 43403, USA
| | - Heather A. Raymond
- Division of Drinking and Ground Waters, Ohio Environmental Protection Agency, Columbus, OH 43216, USA
- Present address: College of Food, Agriculture, and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Brenda K. Snyder
- Lake Erie Center and Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43606, USA
| | - Richard P. Stumpf
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
| | - Timothy W. Davis
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, OH 43403, USA
- Author of correspondence:
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12
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YAMAN G, YILMAZ M. Examination of Substrate Specificity of the First Adenylation Domain in mcyA Module Involved in Microcystin Biosynthesis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SECONDARY METABOLITE 2020. [DOI: 10.21448/ijsm.715530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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13
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Foss AJ, Miles CO, Wilkins AL, Rise F, Trovik KW, Cieslik K, Aubel MT. Analysis of total microcystins and nodularins by oxidative cleavage of their ADMAdda, DMAdda, and Adda moieties. Anal Chim Acta X 2020; 6:100060. [PMID: 33392496 PMCID: PMC7772689 DOI: 10.1016/j.acax.2020.100060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Microcystins (MCs) and nodularins (NODs) exhibit high structural variability, including modifications of the Adda (3S-amino-9S-methoxy-2S,6,8S-trimethyl-10-phenyldeca-4E,6E-dienoic acid) moiety. Variations include 9-O-desmethylAdda (DMAdda) and 9-O-acetylDMAdda (ADMAdda) which, unless targeted, may go undetected. Therefore, reference standards were prepared of [ADMAdda5]MCs and [DMAdda5]MCs, which were analyzed using multiple approaches. The cross-reactivities of the [DMAdda5]- and [ADMAdda5]MC standards were similar to that of MC-LR when analyzed with a protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) inhibition assay, but were <0.25% when analyzed with an Adda enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Oxidative cleavage experiments identified compounds that could be used in the analysis of total MCs/NODs in a similar fashion to the 2R-methyl-3S-methoxy-4-phenylbutanoic acid (MMPB) technique. Products from oxidative cleavage of both the 4,5- and 6,7-ene of Adda, DMAdda and ADMAdda were observed, and three oxidation products, one from each Adda variant, were chosen for analysis and applied to three field samples and a Nostoc culture. Results from the oxidative cleavage method for total Adda, DMAdda, and ADMAdda were similar to those from the Adda-ELISA, PP2A inhibition, and LC-MS/MS analyses, except for the Nostoc culture where the Adda-ELISA greatly underestimated microcystin levels. This oxidative cleavage method can be used for routine analysis of field samples and to assess the presence of the rarely reported, but toxic, DMAdda/ADMAdda-containing MCs and NODs.
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Key Words
- ADMAdda
- ADMAdda, 3S-amino-9S-acetyloxy-2S,6,8S-trimethyl-10-phenyldeca-4E,6E-dienoic acid
- Adda
- Adda, 3S-amino-9S-methoxy-2S,6,8S-trimethyl-10-phenyldeca-4E,6E-dienoic acid
- DMAdda
- DMAdda, 3S-amino-9S-hydroxy-2S,6,8S-trimethyl-10-phenyldeca-4E,6E-dienoic acid
- MAPB, 2R-methyl-3S-acetyloxy-4-phenylbutanoic acid
- MHPB, 2R-methyl-3S-hydroxy-4-phenylbutanoic acid
- MMPB
- MMPB, 2R-methyl-3S-methoxy-4-phenylbutanoic acid
- MOMAPH, 2-methyl-3-oxo-4R-methyl-5S-acetyloxy-6-phenylhexanoic acid
- MOMHPH, 2-methyl-3-oxo-4R-methyl-5S-hydroxy-6-phenylhexanoic acid
- MOMMPH, 2-methyl-3-oxo-4R-methyl-5S-methoxy-6-phenylhexanoic acid
- Microcystin
- Microcystin, MC
- NOD, Nodularin
- Nodularin
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda J. Foss
- GreenWater Laboratories/CyanoLab, 205 Zeagler Drive, Palatka, FL, 32177, USA
| | - Christopher O. Miles
- Measurement Science and Standards, National Research Council, 1411 Oxford Street, Halifax, NS, B3H 3Z1, Canada
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, P. O. Box 750, Sentrum, N-0106, Oslo, Norway
| | - Alistair L. Wilkins
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, P. O. Box 750, Sentrum, N-0106, Oslo, Norway
- Chemistry Department, University of Waikato, Private Bag 3105, 3240, Hamilton, New Zealand
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1033, N-0315, Oslo, Norway
| | - Frode Rise
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1033, N-0315, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kristian W. Trovik
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1033, N-0315, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kamil Cieslik
- GreenWater Laboratories/CyanoLab, 205 Zeagler Drive, Palatka, FL, 32177, USA
| | - Mark T. Aubel
- GreenWater Laboratories/CyanoLab, 205 Zeagler Drive, Palatka, FL, 32177, USA
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14
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Massey IY, Wu P, Wei J, Luo J, Ding P, Wei H, Yang F. A Mini-Review on Detection Methods of Microcystins. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:E641. [PMID: 33020400 PMCID: PMC7601875 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12100641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyanobacterial harmful algal blooms (CyanoHABs) produce microcystins (MCs) which are associated with animal and human hepatotoxicity. Over 270 variants of MC exist. MCs have been continually studied due of their toxic consequences. Monitoring water quality to assess the presence of MCs is of utmost importance although it is often difficult because CyanoHABs may generate multiple MC variants, and their low concentration in water. To effectively manage and control these toxins and prevent their health risks, sensitive, fast, and reliable methods capable of detecting MCs are required. This paper aims to review the three main analytical methods used to detect MCs ranging from biological (mouse bioassay), biochemical (protein phosphatase inhibition assay and enzyme linked immunosorbent assay), and chemical (high performance liquid chromatography, liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, high performance capillary electrophoresis, and gas chromatography), as well as the newly emerging biosensor methods. In addition, the current state of these methods regarding their novel development and usage, as well as merits and limitations are presented. Finally, this paper also provides recommendations and future research directions towards method application and improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac Yaw Massey
- Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China; (I.Y.M.); (P.W.); (J.W.); (J.L.); (P.D.)
| | - Pian Wu
- Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China; (I.Y.M.); (P.W.); (J.W.); (J.L.); (P.D.)
| | - Jia Wei
- Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China; (I.Y.M.); (P.W.); (J.W.); (J.L.); (P.D.)
| | - Jiayou Luo
- Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China; (I.Y.M.); (P.W.); (J.W.); (J.L.); (P.D.)
| | - Ping Ding
- Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China; (I.Y.M.); (P.W.); (J.W.); (J.L.); (P.D.)
| | - Haiyan Wei
- Department of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China
| | - Fei Yang
- Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China; (I.Y.M.); (P.W.); (J.W.); (J.L.); (P.D.)
- School of Public Health, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
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15
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Smith ZJ, Conroe DE, Schulz KL, Boyer GL. Limnological Differences in a Two-Basin Lake Help to Explain the Occurrence of Anatoxin-a, Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning Toxins, and Microcystins. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:E559. [PMID: 32872651 PMCID: PMC7551069 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12090559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Chautauqua Lake, New York, is a two-basin lake with a deeper, cooler, and less nutrient-rich Northern Basin, and a warmer, shallower, nutrient-replete Southern Basin. The lake is populated by a complex mixture of cyanobacteria, with toxigenic strains that produce microcystins, anatoxins, and paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins (PSTs). Samples collected from 24 sites were analyzed for these three toxin classes over four years spanning 2014-2017. Concentrations of the three toxin groups varied widely both within and between years. During the study, the mean and median concentrations of microcystins, anatoxin-a, and PSTs were 91 and 4.0 μg/L, 0.62 and 0.33 μg/L, and 32 and 16 μg/L, respectively. Dihydro-anatoxin was only detected once in Chautauqua Lake, while homo-anatoxin was never detected. The Northern Basin had larger basin-wide higher biomass blooms with higher concentrations of toxins relative to the more eutrophied Southern Basin, however blooms in the North Basin were infrequent. Chlorophyll concentrations and toxins in the two basins were correlated with different sets of environmental and physical parameters, suggesting that implementing controls to reduce toxin loads may require applications focused on more than reductions in cyanobacterial bloom density (e.g., reduction of phosphorus inputs), and that lake limnological factors and morphology are important determinants in the selection of an appropriate management strategy. Chautauqua Lake is a drinking water source and is also heavily used for recreation. Drinking water from Chautauqua Lake is unlikely to be a significant source of exposure to cyanotoxins due to the location of the intakes in the deeper North Basin, where there were generally low concentrations of toxins in open water; however, toxin levels in many blooms exceeded the US Environmental Protection Agency's recreational guidelines for exposure to cyanotoxins. Current cyanotoxin monitoring in Chautauqua Lake is focused on microcystins. However, the occurrence of blooms containing neurotoxic cyanotoxins in the absence of the microcystins indicates this restricted monitoring may not be sufficient when aiming to protect against exposure to cyanotoxins. The lake has a large number of tourist visitors; thus, special care should be taken to prevent recreational exposure within this group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zacharias J. Smith
- Ramboll, 333 W. Washington St., Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
- College of Environmental Science and Forestry, State University of New York, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA;
| | | | - Kimberly L. Schulz
- College of Environmental Science and Forestry, State University of New York, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA;
| | - Gregory L. Boyer
- College of Environmental Science and Forestry, State University of New York, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA;
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16
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Miller TR, Xiong A, Deeds JR, Stutts WL, Samdal IA, Løvberg KE, Miles CO. Microcystin Toxins at Potentially Hazardous Levels in Algal Dietary Supplements Revealed by a Combination of Bioassay, Immunoassay, and Mass Spectrometric Methods. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:8016-8025. [PMID: 32597644 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c02024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Microcystins (MCs) are hepatotoxic heptapeptides produced by cyanobacteria and are potent inhibitors of protein phosphatases in eukaryotic cells. Algae for dietary supplements are harvested from outdoor environments and can be contaminated with MCs. Monitoring of MCs in these products is necessary but is complicated by their structural diversity (>250 congeners). We used a combination of protein phosphatase inhibition assay (PPIA), ELISA, LC-MS/MS, and nontargeted LC-high-resolution MS (LC-HRMS) with thiol derivatization to characterize the total MCs in 18 algal dietary supplements. LC-MS/MS revealed that some products contained >40 times the maximum acceptable concentration (MAC) of 1 μg/g MCs, but ELISA and PPIA showed up to 50-60 times the MAC. LC-HRMS identified all congeners targeted by LC-MS/MS plus MC-(H4)YR contributing up to 18% of total MCs, along with numerous minor MCs. Recommended dosages of the products greater than the MAC would result in 2.6-75 times the tolerable daily intake, presenting a risk to consumers. This study confirms the need for monitoring these products and presents strategies to fully describe the total MC pool in environmental samples and algal products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd R Miller
- Joseph J. Zilber School of Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211, United States
| | - Ame Xiong
- Joseph J. Zilber School of Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211, United States
| | - Jonathan R Deeds
- United States Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, College Park, Maryland 20740-3835, United States
| | - Whitney L Stutts
- United States Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, College Park, Maryland 20740-3835, United States
| | - Ingunn A Samdal
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 750 Sentrum, N-0106 Oslo, Norway
| | - Kjersti E Løvberg
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 750 Sentrum, N-0106 Oslo, Norway
| | - Christopher O Miles
- Biotoxin Metrology, National Research Council, 1411 Oxford Street, Halifax B3H 3Z1, NS, Canada
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17
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Olson NE, Cooke ME, Shi JH, Birbeck JA, Westrick JA, Ault AP. Harmful Algal Bloom Toxins in Aerosol Generated from Inland Lake Water. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:4769-4780. [PMID: 32186187 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b07727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Harmful algal blooms (HABs) caused by cyanobacteria in freshwater environments produce toxins (e.g., microcystin) that are harmful to human and animal health. HAB frequency and intensity are increasing with greater nutrient runoff and a warming climate. Lake spray aerosol (LSA) released from freshwater lakes has been identified on lakeshores and after transport inland, including from lakes with HABs, but little is known about the potential for HAB toxins to be incorporated into LSA. In this study, freshwater samples were collected from two lakes in Michigan: Mona Lake during a severe HAB with microcystin concentrations (>200 μg/L) well above the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) recommended "do not drink" level (1.6 μg/L) and Muskegon Lake without a HAB (<1 μg/L microcystin). Microcystin toxins were identified in freshwater, as well as aerosol particles generated in the laboratory from Mona Lake water by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) at atmospheric concentrations up to 50 ± 20 ng/m3. Enrichment of hydrophobic microcystin congeners (e.g., microcystin-LR) was observed in aerosol particles relative to bulk freshwater, while enrichment of hydrophilic microcystin (e.g., microcystin-RR) was lower. As HABs increase in a warming climate, understanding and quantifying the emissions of toxins into the atmosphere is crucial for evaluating the health consequences of HABs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole E Olson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Madeline E Cooke
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Jia H Shi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Johnna A Birbeck
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Judy A Westrick
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Andrew P Ault
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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18
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Ballot A, Swe T, Mjelde M, Cerasino L, Hostyeva V, Miles CO. Cylindrospermopsin- and Deoxycylindrospermopsin-Producing Raphidiopsis raciborskii and Microcystin-Producing Microcystis spp. in Meiktila Lake, Myanmar. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12040232. [PMID: 32272622 PMCID: PMC7232193 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12040232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Revised: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Meiktila Lake is a shallow reservoir located close to Meiktila city in central Myanmar. Its water is used for irrigation, domestic purposes and drinking water. No detailed study of the presence of cyanobacteria and their potential toxin production has been conducted so far. To ascertain the cyanobacterial composition and presence of cyanobacterial toxins in Meiktila Lake, water samples were collected in March and November 2017 and investigated for physico-chemical and biological parameters. Phytoplankton composition and biomass determination revealed that most of the samples were dominated by the cyanobacterium Raphidiopsis raciborskii. In a polyphasic approach, seven isolated cyanobacterial strains were classified morphologically and phylogenetically as R. raciborskii, and Microcystis spp. and tested for microcystins (MCs), cylindrospermopsins (CYNs), saxitoxins and anatoxins by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC–MS). ELISA and LC–MS analyses confirmed CYNs in three of the five Raphidiopsis strains between 1.8 and 9.8 μg mg−1 fresh weight. Both Microcystis strains produced MCs, one strain 52 congeners and the other strain 20 congeners, including 22 previously unreported variants. Due to the presence of CYN- and MC-producing cyanobacteria, harmful effects on humans, domestic and wild animals cannot be excluded in Meiktila Lake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Ballot
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research, Gaustadalléen 21, N-0349 Oslo, Norway; (T.S.); (M.M.); (V.H.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Thida Swe
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research, Gaustadalléen 21, N-0349 Oslo, Norway; (T.S.); (M.M.); (V.H.)
- Forest Research Institute, 15013 Yezin, Myanmar
- Department of Natural Sciences and Environmental Health, University of South- Eastern Norway, Gullbringvegen 36, N-3800 Bø, Norway
| | - Marit Mjelde
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research, Gaustadalléen 21, N-0349 Oslo, Norway; (T.S.); (M.M.); (V.H.)
| | - Leonardo Cerasino
- Department of Sustainable Agro-ecosystem and Bioresources, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Via E. Mach 1, 38010 San Michele all’Adige, Italy;
| | - Vladyslava Hostyeva
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research, Gaustadalléen 21, N-0349 Oslo, Norway; (T.S.); (M.M.); (V.H.)
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Racine M, Saleem A, Pick FR. Metabolome Variation between Strains of Microcystis aeruginosa by Untargeted Mass Spectrometry. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:E723. [PMID: 31835794 PMCID: PMC6950387 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11120723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Revised: 12/01/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyanobacteria are notorious for their potential to produce hepatotoxic microcystins (MCs), but other bioactive compounds synthesized in the cells could be as toxic, and thus present interest for characterization. Ultra performance liquid chromatography and high-resolution accurate mass spectrometry (UPLC-QTOF-MS/MS) combined with untargeted analysis was used to compare the metabolomes of five different strains of the common bloom-forming cyanobacterium, Microcystis aeruginosa. Even in microcystin-producing strains, other classes of oligopeptides including cyanopeptolins, aeruginosins, and aerucyclamides, were often the more dominant compounds. The distinct and large variation between strains of the same widespread species highlights the need to characterize the metabolome of a larger number of cyanobacteria, especially as several metabolites other than microcystins can affect ecological and human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianne Racine
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada; (A.S.); (F.R.P.)
- Current address: Environment and Climate Change Canada, Canada Centre for Inland Waters, Burlington, ON L7S 1A1, Canada
| | - Ammar Saleem
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada; (A.S.); (F.R.P.)
| | - Frances R. Pick
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada; (A.S.); (F.R.P.)
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Bouaïcha N, Miles CO, Beach DG, Labidi Z, Djabri A, Benayache NY, Nguyen-Quang T. Structural Diversity, Characterization and Toxicology of Microcystins. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:E714. [PMID: 31817927 PMCID: PMC6950048 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11120714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Revised: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatotoxic microcystins (MCs) are the most widespread class of cyanotoxins and the one that has most often been implicated in cyanobacterial toxicosis. One of the main challenges in studying and monitoring MCs is the great structural diversity within the class. The full chemical structure of the first MC was elucidated in the early 1980s and since then, the number of reported structural analogues has grown steadily and continues to do so, thanks largely to advances in analytical methodology. The structures of some of these analogues have been definitively elucidated after chemical isolation using a combination of techniques including nuclear magnetic resonance, amino acid analysis, and tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS). Others have only been tentatively identified using liquid chromatography-MS/MS without chemical isolation. An understanding of the structural diversity of MCs, the genetic and environmental controls for this diversity and the impact of structure on toxicity are all essential to the ongoing study of MCs across several scientific disciplines. However, because of the diversity of MCs and the range of approaches that have been taken for characterizing them, comprehensive information on the state of knowledge in each of these areas can be challenging to gather. We have conducted an in-depth review of the literature surrounding the identification and toxicity of known MCs and present here a concise review of these topics. At present, at least 279 MCs have been reported and are tabulated here. Among these, about 20% (55 of 279) appear to be the result of chemical or biochemical transformations of MCs that can occur in the environment or during sample handling and extraction of cyanobacteria, including oxidation products, methyl esters, or post-biosynthetic metabolites. The toxicity of many MCs has also been studied using a range of different approaches and a great deal of variability can be observed between reported toxicities, even for the same congener. This review will help clarify the current state of knowledge on the structural diversity of MCs as a class and the impacts of structure on toxicity, as well as to identify gaps in knowledge that should be addressed in future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noureddine Bouaïcha
- Écologie, Systématique et Évolution, Univ. Paris-Sud, CNRS, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay, France; (A.D.); (N.Y.B.)
| | - Christopher O. Miles
- Biotoxin Metrology, National Research Council Canada, 1411 Oxford St, Halifax, NS B3H 3Z1, Canada; (C.O.M.); (D.G.B.)
| | - Daniel G. Beach
- Biotoxin Metrology, National Research Council Canada, 1411 Oxford St, Halifax, NS B3H 3Z1, Canada; (C.O.M.); (D.G.B.)
| | - Zineb Labidi
- Laboratoire Biodiversité et Pollution des Écosystèmes, Faculté des Sciences de la Nature et de la Vie, Université Chadli Bendjedid d’El Taref, 36000 El Taref, Algeria;
| | - Amina Djabri
- Écologie, Systématique et Évolution, Univ. Paris-Sud, CNRS, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay, France; (A.D.); (N.Y.B.)
- Laboratoire Biodiversité et Pollution des Écosystèmes, Faculté des Sciences de la Nature et de la Vie, Université Chadli Bendjedid d’El Taref, 36000 El Taref, Algeria;
| | - Naila Yasmine Benayache
- Écologie, Systématique et Évolution, Univ. Paris-Sud, CNRS, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay, France; (A.D.); (N.Y.B.)
| | - Tri Nguyen-Quang
- Biofluids and Biosystems Modeling (BBML), Faculty of Agriculture, Dalhousie University, 39 Cox Road, Truro, B2N 5E3 Nova Scotia, Canada;
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Novel Microcystins from Planktothrix prolifica NIVA-CYA 544 Identified by LC-MS/MS, Functional Group Derivatization and 15N-labeling. Mar Drugs 2019; 17:md17110643. [PMID: 31731697 PMCID: PMC6891653 DOI: 10.3390/md17110643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Revised: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Microcystins are cyclic heptapeptides from cyanobacteria that are potent inhibitors of protein phosphatases and are toxic to animals and humans. At present, more than 250 microcystin variants are known, with variants reported for all seven peptide moieties. While d-glutamic acid (d-Glu) is highly-conserved at position-6 of microcystins, there has been only one report of a cyanobacterium (Anabaena) producing microcystins containing l-Glu at the variable 2- and 4-positions. Liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry analyses of extracts from Planktothrix prolifica NIVA-CYA 544 led to the tentative identification of two new Glu-containing microcystins, [d-Asp3]MC-ER (12) and [d-Asp3]MC-EE (13). Structure determination was aided by thiol derivatization of the Mdha7-moiety and esterification of the carboxylic acid groups, while 15N-labeling of the culture and isotopic profile analysis assisted the determination of the number of nitrogen atoms present and the elemental composition of molecular and product-ions. The major microcystin analog in the extracts was [d-Asp3]MC-RR (1). A microcystin with an unprecedented high-molecular-mass (2116 Da) was also detected and tentatively identified as a sulfide-linked conjugate of [d-Asp3]MC-RR (15) by LC–HRMS/MS and sulfide oxidation, together with its sulfoxide (16) produced via autoxidation. Low levels of [d-Asp3]MC-RW (14), [d-Asp3]MC-LR (4), [d-Asp3,Mser7]MC-RR (11), [d-Asp3]MC-RY (17), [d-Asp3]MC-RF (18), [d-Asp3]MC-RR–glutathione conjugate (19), and [d-Asp3]MC-RCit (20), the first reported microcystin containing citrulline, were also identified in the extract, and an oxidized derivative of [d-Asp3]MC-RR and the cysteine conjugate of 1 were partially characterized.
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Birbeck JA, Peraino NJ, O’Neill GM, Coady J, Westrick JA. Dhb Microcystins Discovered in USA Using an Online Concentration LC-MS/MS Platform. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:E653. [PMID: 31717642 PMCID: PMC6891738 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11110653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Revised: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Based on current structural and statistical calculations, thousands of microcystins (MCs) can exist; yet, to date, only 246 MCs were identified and only 12 commercial MC standards are available. Standard mass spectrometry workflows for known and unknown MCs need to be developed and validated for basic and applied harmful algal bloom research to advance. Our investigation focuses on samples taken in the spring of 2018 from an impoundment fed by Oser and Bischoff Reservoirs, Indiana, United States of America (USA). The dominant cyanobacterium found during sampling was Planktothrix agardhii. The goal of our study was to identify and quantify the MCs in the impoundment sample using chemical derivatization and mass spectrometry. Modifying these techniques to use online concentration liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), two untargeted MCs have been identified, [d-Asp3, Dhb7]-MC-LR and [Dhb7]-MC-YR. [Dhb7]-MC-YR is not yet reported in the literature to date, and this was the first reported incidence of Dhb MCs in the United States. Furthermore, it was discovered that the commercially available [d-Asp3]-MC-RR standard was [d-Asp3, Dhb7]-MC-RR. This study highlights a workflow utilizing online concentration LC-MS/MS, high-resolution MS (HRMS), and chemical derivatization to identify isobaric MCs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Judy A. Westrick
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA; (J.A.B.); (N.J.P.); (G.M.O.); (J.C.)
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Li C, Wang Y, Han J, Ni L. RETRACTED: Simple and sensitive molecularly imprinted polymer-MPA capped Mn-doped ZnS quantum dots-based phosphorescence probe for cyanotoxins determination in algae metabolites. Chem Phys Lett 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2019.136750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Roy-Lachapelle A, Solliec M, Sauvé S, Gagnon C. A Data-Independent Methodology for the Structural Characterization of Microcystins and Anabaenopeptins Leading to the Identification of Four New Congeners. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:E619. [PMID: 31717734 PMCID: PMC6891544 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11110619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Toxin-producing cyanobacteria are responsible for the presence of hundreds of bioactive compounds in aquatic environments undergoing increasing eutrophication. The identification of cyanotoxins is still emerging, due to the great diversity of potential congeners, yet high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) has the potential to deepen this knowledge in aquatic environments. In this study, high-throughput and sensitive on-line solid-phase extraction ultra-high performance liquid chromatography (SPE-UHPLC) coupled to HRMS was applied to a data-independent acquisition (DIA) workflow for the suspect screening of cyanopeptides, including microcystin and anabaenopeptin toxin classes. The unambiguous characterization of 11 uncommon cyanopeptides was possible using a characterization workflow through extensive analysis of fragmentation patterns. This method also allowed the characterization of four unknown cyanotoxins ([Leu1, Ser7] MC-HtyR, [Asp3]MC-RHar, AP731, and AP803). The quantification of 17 common cyanotoxins along with the semi-quantification of the characterized uncommon cyanopeptides resulted with the identification of 23 different cyanotoxins in 12 lakes in Canada, United Kingdom and France. The concentrations of the compounds varied between 39 and 41,000 ng L-1. To our knowledge, this is the first DIA method applied for the suspect screening of two families of cyanopeptides simultaneously. Moreover, this study shows the great diversity of cyanotoxins in lake water cyanobacterial blooms, a growing concern in aquatic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Roy-Lachapelle
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, Aquatic Contaminants Research Division, Montréal, QC H2Y 2E5, Canada;
| | - Morgan Solliec
- NSERC-Industrial Chair on Drinking Water, CGM Department, École Polytechnique de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada;
| | - Sébastien Sauvé
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada;
| | - Christian Gagnon
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, Aquatic Contaminants Research Division, Montréal, QC H2Y 2E5, Canada;
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