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Kang DS, Kim HS, Jung JH, Lee CM, Ahn YS, Seo YR. Formaldehyde exposure and leukemia risk: a comprehensive review and network-based toxicogenomic approach. Genes Environ 2021; 43:13. [PMID: 33845901 PMCID: PMC8042688 DOI: 10.1186/s41021-021-00183-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Formaldehyde is a widely used but highly reactive and toxic chemical. The International Agency for Research on Cancer classifies formaldehyde as a Group 1 carcinogen, based on nasopharyngeal cancer and leukemia studies. However, the correlation between formaldehyde exposure and leukemia incidence is a controversial issue. To understand the association between formaldehyde exposure and leukemia, we explored biological networks based on formaldehyde-related genes retrieved from public and commercial databases. Through the literature-based network approach, we summarized qualitative associations between formaldehyde exposure and leukemia. Our results indicate that oxidative stress-mediated genetic changes induced by formaldehyde could disturb the hematopoietic system, possibly leading to leukemia. Furthermore, we suggested major genes that are thought to be affected by formaldehyde exposure and associated with leukemia development. Our suggestions can be used to complement experimental data for understanding and identifying the leukemogenic mechanism of formaldehyde.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doo Seok Kang
- Department of Life Science, Institute of Environmental Medicine for Green Chemistry, Dongguk University Biomedi Campus, 32 Dongguk-ro, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, 10326, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Soo Kim
- Department of Life Science, Institute of Environmental Medicine for Green Chemistry, Dongguk University Biomedi Campus, 32 Dongguk-ro, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, 10326, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Hyeon Jung
- Faculty of Health Science, Daegu Haany University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk, 38610, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheol Min Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, College of Natural Science and Engineering, Seokyeong University, Seoul, 02173, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeon-Soon Ahn
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Institute of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Wonju College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Wonju, Gangwon, 26426, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Rok Seo
- Department of Life Science, Institute of Environmental Medicine for Green Chemistry, Dongguk University Biomedi Campus, 32 Dongguk-ro, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, 10326, Republic of Korea.
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Ling J, Chang A, Ye H, Zhao H, Zhuo X. TXNIP, CXCL1, and AREG as key genes in formaldehyde-induced head and neck carcinoma: an in silico analysis. Inhal Toxicol 2021; 33:113-120. [PMID: 33821754 DOI: 10.1080/08958378.2021.1908461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reports have shown that formaldehyde (FA) can induce malignant transformation in cells via complicated mechanisms. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the possible molecules, pathways, and therapeutic agents for FA-induced head and neck cancer (HNC) by using bioinformatics approaches. METHODS High throughput data were analyzed to screen the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between FA-treated nasal epithelium cells and controls. Then, the functions of the DEGs were annotated and the hub genes, as well as the key genes, were further screened out. Afterwards, potential drugs were predicted by using the connectivity map (CMAP) tool. RESULTS The information of a microarray-based dataset GSE21477 was extracted and analyzed. A total of 210 upregulated and 83 downregulated DEGs were generated, which might be enriched in various pathways, such as Cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction, Jak-STAT signaling pathway, and Toll-like receptor signaling pathway. Among these DEGs, three hub genes including TXNIP, CXCL1, and AREG, were identified as the key genes because they might affect the prognosis of HNC. Finally, a major active ingredient of blister beetles, Cantharidin, was predicted to be one of the potential drugs reversing FA-induced malignant transformation in head and neck epithelium cells. CONCLUSION The present analysis gave us a novel insight into the mechanisms of FA-induced malignant transformation in head and neck epithelium cells, and predicted several small agents for the prevention or treatment of HNC. Future experiment studies are warranted to validate the findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjun Ling
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Aoshuang Chang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Huiping Ye
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Houyu Zhao
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Xianlu Zhuo
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
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Helferich AM, Brockmann SJ, Reinders J, Deshpande D, Holzmann K, Brenner D, Andersen PM, Petri S, Thal DR, Michaelis J, Otto M, Just S, Ludolph AC, Danzer KM, Freischmidt A, Weishaupt JH. Dysregulation of a novel miR-1825/TBCB/TUBA4A pathway in sporadic and familial ALS. Cell Mol Life Sci 2018; 75:4301-4319. [PMID: 30030593 PMCID: PMC11105367 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-018-2873-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Revised: 07/07/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Genetic and functional studies suggest diverse pathways being affected in the neurodegenerative disease amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), while knowledge about converging disease mechanisms is rare. We detected a downregulation of microRNA-1825 in CNS and extra-CNS system organs of both sporadic (sALS) and familial ALS (fALS) patients. Combined transcriptomic and proteomic analysis revealed that reduced levels of microRNA-1825 caused a translational upregulation of tubulin-folding cofactor b (TBCB). Moreover, we found that excess TBCB led to depolymerization and degradation of tubulin alpha-4A (TUBA4A), which is encoded by a known ALS gene. Importantly, the increase in TBCB and reduction of TUBA4A protein was confirmed in brain cortex tissue of fALS and sALS patients, and led to motor axon defects in an in vivo model. Our discovery of a microRNA-1825/TBCB/TUBA4A pathway reveals a putative pathogenic cascade in both fALS and sALS extending the relevance of TUBA4A to a large proportion of ALS cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anika M Helferich
- Department of Neurology, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Sarah J Brockmann
- Department of Neurology, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Jörg Reinders
- Institute of Functional Genomics, Regensburg University, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | | | - Karlheinz Holzmann
- Genomics-Core Facility, Center for Biomedical Research, Ulm University Hospital, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - David Brenner
- Department of Neurology, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Peter M Andersen
- Department of Neurology, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Neuroscience, Umeå University, 90187, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Susanne Petri
- Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Dietmar R Thal
- Laboratory for Neuropathology, Institute of Pathology, Ulm University, 89081, Ulm, Germany
- Laboratory for Neuropathology, Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, 3000, Louvain, Belgium
- Department of Pathology, UZ Leuven, 3000, Louvain, Belgium
| | - Jens Michaelis
- Institute of Biophysics, Ulm University, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Markus Otto
- Department of Neurology, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Steffen Just
- Molecular Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine II, Ulm University, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Albert C Ludolph
- Department of Neurology, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Karin M Danzer
- Department of Neurology, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Axel Freischmidt
- Department of Neurology, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Jochen H Weishaupt
- Department of Neurology, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany.
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Xu M, Tang H, Rong Q, Zhang Y, Li Y, Zhao L, Ye G, Shi F, Lv C. The Effects of Formaldehyde on Cytochrome P450 Isoform Activity in Rats. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 2017:6525474. [PMID: 28555194 PMCID: PMC5438837 DOI: 10.1155/2017/6525474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Revised: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 02/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Formaldehyde (FA) is an occupational and indoor pollutant. Long-term exposure to FA can irritate the respiratory mucosa, with potential carcinogenic effects on the airways. The effects of acute FA poisoning on the activities of CYP450 isoforms CYP1A2, CYP2C11, CYP2E1, and CYP3A2 were assessed by determining changes in the pharmacokinetic parameters of the probe drugs phenacetin, tolbutamide, chlorzoxazone, and testosterone, respectively. Rats were randomly divided into three groups: control, low FA dose (exposure to 110 ppm for 2 h for 3 days), and high FA dose (exposure to 220 ppm for 2 h for 3 days). A mixture of the four probe drugs was injected into rats and blood samples were taken at a series of time points. Plasma concentrations of the probe drugs were measured by HPLC. The pharmacokinetic parameters t1/2, AUC(0-t), and Cmax of tolbutamide, chlorzoxazone, and testosterone increased significantly in the high dose versus control group (P < 0.05), whereas the CL of chlorzoxazone and testosterone decreased significantly (P < 0.05). However, t1/2, AUC(0-t), and Cmax of phenacetin decreased significantly (P < 0.05), whereas the CL of phenacetin increased significantly (P < 0.05) compared to controls. Thus, acute FA poisoning suppressed the activities of CYP2C11, CYP2E1, and CYP3A2 and induced the activity of CYP1A2 in rats. And the change of CYP450 activity caused by acute FA poisoning may be associated with FA potential carcinogenic effects on the airways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Huaqiao Tang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Qian Rong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Yuanli Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Yinglun Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Ling Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Gang Ye
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Fei Shi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Cheng Lv
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
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Chiarella P, Tranfo G, Pigini D, Carbonari D. Is it possible to use biomonitoring for the quantitative assessment of formaldehyde occupational exposure? Biomark Med 2016; 10:1287-1303. [PMID: 27924628 DOI: 10.2217/bmm-2016-0146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The European classification, labeling and packaging classified formaldehyde as human carcinogen Group 1B and mutagen 2, fostering the re-evaluation of the exposure risk in occupational settings. Although formaldehyde exposure is traditionally measured in air, many efforts were made to identify specific exposure biomarkers: urinary formaldehyde, formic acid and DNA damage indicators. Though used in combination, none of these seems satisfactory. The influence of the metabolism on exogenous formaldehyde levels, the exposure to other xenobiotics, the difference in genetic background and metabolism efficiency, misled the relationship between genotoxicity and exposure data. Nevertheless, the limitation of adverse effects to the local contact sites hampers biomonitoring. Here we discuss the feasibility of formaldehyde biomonitoring and the use of DNA, DNA-protein cross-links and protein adducts as potential biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pieranna Chiarella
- INAIL Research - Department of Occupational & Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology & Hygiene, Via Fontana Candida 1 - 00078 Monte Porzio Catone (RM), Italy
| | - Giovanna Tranfo
- INAIL Research - Department of Occupational & Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology & Hygiene, Via Fontana Candida 1 - 00078 Monte Porzio Catone (RM), Italy
| | - Daniela Pigini
- INAIL Research - Department of Occupational & Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology & Hygiene, Via Fontana Candida 1 - 00078 Monte Porzio Catone (RM), Italy
| | - Damiano Carbonari
- INAIL Research - Department of Occupational & Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology & Hygiene, Via Fontana Candida 1 - 00078 Monte Porzio Catone (RM), Italy
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North M, Gaytán BD, Romero C, De La Rosa VY, Loguinov A, Smith MT, Zhang L, Vulpe CD. Functional Toxicogenomic Profiling Expands Insight into Modulators of Formaldehyde Toxicity in Yeast. Front Genet 2016; 7:200. [PMID: 27909446 PMCID: PMC5112362 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2016.00200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Formaldehyde (FA) is a commercially important chemical with numerous and diverse uses. Accordingly, occupational and environmental exposure to FA is prevalent worldwide. Various adverse effects, including nasopharyngeal, sinonasal, and lymphohematopoietic cancers, have been linked to FA exposure, prompting designation of FA as a human carcinogen by U.S. and international scientific entities. Although the mechanism(s) of FA toxicity have been well studied, additional insight is needed in regard to the genetic requirements for FA tolerance. In this study, a functional toxicogenomics approach was utilized in the model eukaryotic yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae to identify genes and cellular processes modulating the cellular toxicity of FA. Our results demonstrate mutant strains deficient in multiple DNA repair pathways-including homologous recombination, single strand annealing, and postreplication repair-were sensitive to FA, indicating FA may cause various forms of DNA damage in yeast. The SKI complex and its associated factors, which regulate mRNA degradation by the exosome, were also required for FA tolerance, suggesting FA may have unappreciated effects on RNA stability. Furthermore, various strains involved in osmoregulation and stress response were sensitive to FA. Together, our results are generally consistent with FA-mediated damage to both DNA and RNA. Considering DNA repair and RNA degradation pathways are evolutionarily conserved from yeast to humans, mechanisms of FA toxicity identified in yeast may be relevant to human disease and genetic susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew North
- Department of Nutritional Science and Toxicology, University of California Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Brandon D Gaytán
- Department of Nutritional Science and Toxicology, University of California Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Carlos Romero
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Vanessa Y De La Rosa
- Department of Nutritional Science and Toxicology, University of California Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Alex Loguinov
- Department of Nutritional Science and Toxicology, University of California Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Martyn T Smith
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Luoping Zhang
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Chris D Vulpe
- Department of Nutritional Science and Toxicology, University of California Berkeley, CA, USA
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ALS-causing mutations differentially affect PGC-1α expression and function in the brain vs. peripheral tissues. Neurobiol Dis 2016; 97:36-45. [PMID: 27818323 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2016.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Revised: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Monogenetic forms of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) offer an opportunity for unraveling the molecular mechanisms underlying this devastating neurodegenerative disorder. In order to identify a link between ALS-related metabolic changes and neurodegeneration, we investigated whether ALS-causing mutations interfere with the peripheral and brain-specific expression and signaling of the metabolic master regulator PGC (PPAR gamma coactivator)-1α (PGC-1α). METHODS We analyzed the expression of PGC-1α isoforms and target genes in two mouse models of familial ALS and validated the stimulated PGC-1α signaling in primary adipocytes and neurons of these animal models and in iPS derived motoneurons of two ALS patients harboring two different frame-shift FUS/TLS mutations. RESULTS Mutations in SOD1 and FUS/TLS decrease Ppargc1a levels in the CNS whereas in muscle and brown adipose tissue Ppargc1a mRNA levels were increased. Probing the underlying mechanism in neurons, we identified the monocarboxylate lactate as a previously unrecognized potent and selective inducer of the CNS-specific PGC-1α isoforms. Lactate also induced genes like brain-derived neurotrophic factor, transcription factor EB and superoxide dismutase 3 that are down-regulated in PGC-1α deficient neurons. The lactate-induced CNS-specific PGC-1α signaling system is completely silenced in motoneurons derived from induced pluripotent stem cells obtained from two ALS patients harboring two different frame-shift FUS/TLS mutations. CONCLUSION ALS mutations increase the canonical PGC-1α system in the periphery while inhibiting the CNS-specific isoforms. We identify lactate as an inducer of the neuronal PGC-1α system directly linking brain metabolism and neuroprotection. Changes in the PGC-1α system might be involved in the ALS accompanied metabolic changes and in neurodegeneration.
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Lee E, Kim HJ, Lee M, Jin SH, Hong SH, Ahn S, Kim SO, Shin DW, Lee ST, Noh M. Cystathionine metabolic enzymes play a role in the inflammation resolution of human keratinocytes in response to sub-cytotoxic formaldehyde exposure. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2016; 310:185-194. [PMID: 27664576 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2016.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2016] [Revised: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Low-level formaldehyde exposure is inevitable in industrialized countries. Although daily-life formaldehyde exposure level is practically impossible to induce cell death, most of mechanistic studies related to formaldehyde toxicity have been performed in cytotoxic concentrations enough to trigger cell death mechanism. Currently, toxicological mechanisms underlying the sub-cytotoxic exposure to formaldehyde are not clearly elucidated in skin cells. In this study, the genome-scale transcriptional analysis in normal human keratinocytes (NHKs) was performed to investigate cutaneous biological pathways associated with daily life formaldehyde exposure. We selected the 175 upregulated differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and 116 downregulated DEGs in NHKs treated with 200μM formaldehyde. In the Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analysis of the 175 upregulated DEGs, the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) unfolded protein response (UPR) was identified as the most significant GO biological process in the formaldeyde-treated NHKs. Interestingly, the sub-cytotoxic formaldehyde affected NHKs to upregulate two enzymes important in the cellular transsulfuration pathway, cystathionine γ-lyase (CTH) and cystathionine-β-synthase (CBS). In the temporal expression analysis, the upregulation of the pro-inflammatory DEGs such as MMP1 and PTGS2 was detected earlier than that of CTH, CBS and other ER UPR genes. The metabolites of CTH and CBS, l-cystathionine and l-cysteine, attenuated the formaldehyde-induced upregulation of pro-inflammatory DEGs, MMP1, PTGS2, and CXCL8, suggesting that CTH and CBS play a role in the negative feedback regulation of formaldehyde-induced pro-inflammatory responses in NHKs. In this regard, the sub-cytotoxic formaldehyde-induced CBS and CTH may regulate inflammation fate decision to resolution by suppressing the early pro-inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunyoung Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; Natural Products Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyoung-June Kim
- Basic Research and Innovation Division, AmorePacific Corporation R&D Center, Yongin, Gyeounggi-do 17074, Republic of Korea
| | - Moonyoung Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Hee Jin
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; Natural Products Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo Hyun Hong
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; Natural Products Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Seyeon Ahn
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; Natural Products Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Sae On Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; Natural Products Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Wook Shin
- Basic Research and Innovation Division, AmorePacific Corporation R&D Center, Yongin, Gyeounggi-do 17074, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Taek Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Minsoo Noh
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; Natural Products Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.
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Cheah NP, Pennings JL, Vermeulen JP, Godschalk RW, van Schooten FJ, Opperhuizen A. In vitro effects of low-level aldehyde exposures on human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4tx00213j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Aldehydes cause gene expression changes for genes associated with cardiovascular disease. Exposure to aldehydes from tobacco smoke needs to be controlled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuan P. Cheah
- Department of Toxicology
- Maastricht University
- Maastricht
- The Netherlands
- Centre for Health Protection
| | - Jeroen L.A. Pennings
- Centre for Health Protection
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM)
- Bilthoven
- The Netherlands
| | - Jolanda P. Vermeulen
- Centre for Health Protection
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM)
- Bilthoven
- The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Antoon Opperhuizen
- Department of Toxicology
- Maastricht University
- Maastricht
- The Netherlands
- Netherlands Food and Consumer Product Safety Authority (NVWA)
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10
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Yu G, Chen Q, Liu X, Guo C, Du H, Sun Z. Formaldehyde induces bone marrow toxicity in mice by inhibiting peroxiredoxin 2 expression. Mol Med Rep 2014; 10:1915-20. [PMID: 25109304 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2014.2473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2013] [Accepted: 06/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxiredoxin 2 (Prx2), a member of the peroxiredoxin family, regulates numerous cellular processes through intracellular oxidative signal transduction pathways. Formaldehyde (FA)-induced toxic damage involves reactive oxygen species (ROS) that trigger subsequent toxic effects and inflammatory responses. The present study aimed to investigate the role of Prx2 in the development of bone marrow toxicity caused by FA and the mechanism underlying FA toxicity. According to the results of the preliminary investigations, the mice were divided into four groups (n=6 per group). One group was exposed to ambient air and the other three groups were exposed to different concentrations of FA (20, 40, 80 mg/m3) for 15 days in the respective inhalation chambers, for 2 h a day. At the end of the 15-day experimental period, all of the mice were sacrificed and bone marrow cells were obtained. Cell samples were used for the determination of pathology, glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity and myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity and protein expression; as well as for the determination of DNA damage and Prx2 expression. The results revealed an evident pathological change in the FA-treated groups, as compared with the controls. In the FA treatment group GSH-Px activity was decreased, while MPO activity and protein expression were increased. The rate of micronucleus and DNA damage in the FA-treated groups was also increased and was significantly different compared with the control, while the expression of Prx2 was decreased. The present study suggested that at certain concentrations, FA had a toxic effect on bone marrow cells and that changes in the Prx2 expression are involved in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangyan Yu
- Department of Preventative Medicine, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Qiang Chen
- Department of Preventative Medicine, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Xiaomei Liu
- Department of Preventative Medicine, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Caixia Guo
- Department of Hygenic Toxicology, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, P.R. China
| | - Haiying Du
- Department of Preventative Medicine, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Zhiwei Sun
- Department of Preventative Medicine, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
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11
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Bardet G, Achard S, Loret T, Desauziers V, Momas I, Seta N. A model of human nasal epithelial cells adapted for direct and repeated exposure to airborne pollutants. Toxicol Lett 2014; 229:144-9. [PMID: 24960057 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2014.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2014] [Revised: 05/04/2014] [Accepted: 05/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Airway epithelium lining the nasal cavity plays a pivotal role in respiratory tract defense and protection mechanisms. Air pollution induces alterations linked to airway diseases such as asthma. Only very few in vitro studies to date have succeeded in reproducing physiological conditions relevant to cellular type and chronic atmospheric pollution exposure. We therefore, set up an in vitro model of human Airway Epithelial Cells of Nasal origin (hAECN) close to real human cell functionality, specifically adapted to study the biological effects of exposure to indoor gaseous pollution at the environmental level. hAECN were exposed under air-liquid interface, one, two, or three-times at 24 h intervals for 1 h, to air or formaldehyde (200 μg/m(3)), an indoor air gaseous pollutant. All experiments were ended at day 4, when both cellular viability and cytokine production were assessed. Optimal adherence and confluence of cells were obtained 96 h after cell seeding onto collagen IV-precoated insert. Direct and repeated exposure to formaldehyde did not produce any cellular damage or IL-6 production change, although weak lower IL-8 production was observed only after the third exposure. Our model is significantly better than previous ones due to cell type and the repeated exposure protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaëlle Bardet
- Université Paris Descartes, EA 4064, Laboratoire de Santé Publique et Environnement, 4, Avenue de l'Observatoire, 75006 Paris, France; Agence de l'Environnement et de la Maîtrise de l'Energie, Angers, France.
| | - Sophie Achard
- Université Paris Descartes, EA 4064, Laboratoire de Santé Publique et Environnement, 4, Avenue de l'Observatoire, 75006 Paris, France.
| | - Thomas Loret
- Université Paris Descartes, EA 4064, Laboratoire de Santé Publique et Environnement, 4, Avenue de l'Observatoire, 75006 Paris, France.
| | - Valérie Desauziers
- Centre des Matériaux des Mines d'Alès, Ecole des Mines d'Alès, Pau, France.
| | - Isabelle Momas
- Université Paris Descartes, EA 4064, Laboratoire de Santé Publique et Environnement, 4, Avenue de l'Observatoire, 75006 Paris, France.
| | - Nathalie Seta
- Université Paris Descartes, EA 4064, Laboratoire de Santé Publique et Environnement, 4, Avenue de l'Observatoire, 75006 Paris, France; AP-HP, Hôpital Bichat, Biochimie, Paris, France.
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Speit G, Linsenmeyer R, Duong G, Bausinger J. Investigations on potential co-mutagenic effects of formaldehyde. Mutat Res 2013; 760:48-56. [PMID: 24361396 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2013.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2013] [Revised: 11/19/2013] [Accepted: 11/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The genotoxicity and mutagenicity of formaldehyde (FA) has been well-characterized during the last years. Besides its known direct DNA-damaging and mutagenic activity in sufficiently exposed cells, FA at low concentrations might also enhance the mutagenic and carcinogenic effects of other environmental mutagens by interfering with the repair of DNA lesions induced by these mutagens. To further assess potential co-mutagenic effects of FA, we exposed A549 human lung cells to FA in combination with various mutagens and measured the induction and removal of DNA damage by the comet assay and the production of chromosomal mutations by the cytokinesis-block micronucleus assay (CBMN assay). The mutagens tested were ionizing radiation (IR), (±)-anti-B[a]P-7,8-dihydrodiol-9,10-epoxide (BPDE), N-nitroso-N-methylurea (methyl nitrosourea; MNU) and methyl methanesulfonate (MMS). FA (10-75μM) did not enhance the genotoxic and mutagenic activity of these mutagens under the test conditions applied. FA alone and in combination with MNU or MMS did not affect the expression (mRNA level) of the gene of the O(6)-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) in A549 cells. The results of these experiments do not support the assumption that low FA concentrations might interfere with the repair of DNA damage induced by other mutagens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Günter Speit
- Universität Ulm, Institut für Humangenetik, 89069 Ulm, Germany.
| | | | - Giang Duong
- Universität Ulm, Institut für Humangenetik, 89069 Ulm, Germany
| | - Julia Bausinger
- Universität Ulm, Institut für Humangenetik, 89069 Ulm, Germany
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13
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She Y, Li Y, Liu Y, Asai G, Sun S, He J, Pan Z, Cui Y. Formaldehyde induces toxic effects and regulates the expression of damage response genes in BM-MSCs. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2013; 45:1011-20. [PMID: 24077345 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmt105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we assessed the toxic effects of formaldehyde (FA) on mouse bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs). Cytotoxicity was measured by using MTT assay. DNA strand breakage was detected by standard alkaline comet assay and comet assay modified with proteinase K (PK). DNA-protein crosslinks (DPCs) were detected by KCl-SDS precipitation assay. We found that FA at a concentration from 75 to 200 μM inhibited cell survival and induced DPCs over 125 μM. The PK-modified comet assay showed that FA-induced DNA strand breakage was increased in a dose-dependent manner from 75 to 200 μM. On the other hand, standard alkaline comet assay showed that DNA strand breakage was decreased with FA concentration over 125 μM. We confirmed by using Pearson correlation that there was a negative linear correlation between DPCs and survival rate (r = -0.987, P < 0.01) and positive linear relationships between DPCs and (i) sister chromatid exchange and (ii) micronucleus (r = 0.995, P < 0.01; r = 0.968, P < 0.01). DNA damage RT(2) profiler polymerase chain reaction array was used to investigate the changes in the expression of damage response genes. Xpa and Xpc of the nucleotide excision repair pathway and Brca2, Rad51, and Xrcc2 of the homologous recombination pathway were all up-regulated in both 75 and 125 μM FA. However, the same genes were down-regulated with 175 μM FA. The expressions of Chek1 and Hus1, which are involved in cell cycle regulation, were altered in the same manner with 75, 125, and 175 μM FA. These results indicated that Xpa, Xpc, Brca2, Rad51, Xrcc2, Chek1, and Hus1 were essential for the BM-MSCs to counteract the effects of FA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yali She
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
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14
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Kuehner S, Holzmann K, Speit G. Characterization of formaldehyde's genotoxic mode of action by gene expression analysis in TK6 cells. Arch Toxicol 2013; 87:1999-2012. [PMID: 23649840 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-013-1060-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2012] [Accepted: 04/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Gene expression analysis has been established as a tool for the characterization of genotoxic mechanisms of chemical mutagens. It has been suggested that expression analysis is capable of distinguishing compounds that cause DNA damage from those that interfere with mitotic spindle function. Formaldehyde (FA) is known to be a DNA-reactive substance which mainly induces chromosomal damage in cultured mammalian cells. However, there has been concern that FA might also induce leukemia-specific aneuploidies, although recent cytogenetic studies excluded a relevant aneugenic potential of FA. We now investigated whether gene expression profiling can be used as a molecular tool to further characterize FA's genotoxic mode of action and to differentiate between clastogenic and aneugenic activity. TK6 cells were exposed to FA for 4 and 24 h, and changes in gene expression were analyzed using a whole-genome human microarray. Results were compared to the expression profiles of two DNA-damaging clastogens (methyl methanesulfonate and ethyl methanesulfonate) and two aneugens (colcemid and vincristine). The genotoxic activity of FA, MMS and EMS under these conditions was confirmed by comet assay experiments. The gene expression profiles indicated that clastogens and aneugens induce discriminable gene expression patterns. Exposure of TK6 cells to FA led to a discrete gene expression pattern, and all toxicogenomics analyses revealed a closer relationship of FA with clastogens than with aneugens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Kuehner
- Institut für Humangenetik, Universität Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Karlheinz Holzmann
- Microarray-Core Facility, Universitätsklinikum Ulm, Helmholtzstraße 8/1, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Günter Speit
- Institut für Humangenetik, Universität Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany. .,Institut für Humangenetik, Universität Ulm, 89069, Ulm, Germany.
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15
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Cheah NP, Pennings JLA, Vermeulen JP, van Schooten FJ, Opperhuizen A. In vitro effects of aldehydes present in tobacco smoke on gene expression in human lung alveolar epithelial cells. Toxicol In Vitro 2013; 27:1072-81. [PMID: 23416264 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2013.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2012] [Revised: 01/21/2013] [Accepted: 02/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Tobacco smoke consists of thousands of harmful components. A major class of chemicals found in tobacco smoke is formed by aldehydes, in particular formaldehyde, acetaldehyde and acrolein. The present study investigates the gene expression changes in human lung alveolar epithelial cells upon exposure to formaldehyde, acrolein and acetaldehyde at sub-cytotoxic levels. We exposed A549 cells in vitro to aldehydes and non-aldehyde chemicals (nicotine, hydroquinone and 2,5-dimethylfuran) present in tobacco smoke and used microarrays to obtain a global view of the transcriptomic responses. We compared responses of the individual aldehydes with that of the non-aldehydes. We also studied the response of the aldehydes when present in a mixture at relative concentrations as present in cigarette smoke. Formaldehyde gave the strongest response; a total of 66 genes were more than 1.5-fold differentially expressed mostly involved in apoptosis and DNA damage related processes, followed by acetaldehyde (57 genes), hydroquinone (55 genes) and nicotine (8 genes). For acrolein and the mixture only one gene was upregulated involved in oxidative stress. No gene expression effect was found for exposure to 2,5-dimethylfuran. Overall, aldehyde responses are primarily indicative for genotoxicity and oxidative stress. These two toxicity mechanisms are linked to respiratory diseases such as cancer and COPD, respectively. The present findings could be important in providing further understanding of the role of aldehydes emitted from cigarette smoke in the onset of pulmonary diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuan P Cheah
- Department of Toxicology, NUTRIM School for Nutrition, Toxicology & Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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16
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Nielsen GD, Larsen ST, Wolkoff P. Recent trend in risk assessment of formaldehyde exposures from indoor air. Arch Toxicol 2013; 87:73-98. [PMID: 23179754 PMCID: PMC3618407 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-012-0975-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2012] [Accepted: 10/31/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Studies about formaldehyde (FA) published since the guideline of 0.1 mg/m(3) by the World Health Organization (WHO) in 2010 have been evaluated; critical effects were eye and nasal (portal-of-entry) irritation. Also, it was considered to prevent long-term effects, including all types of cancer. The majority of the recent toxicokinetic studies showed no exposure-dependent FA-DNA adducts outside the portal-of-entry area and FA-DNA adducts at distant sites were due to endogenously generated FA. The no-observed-adverse-effect level for sensory irritation was 0.5 ppm and recently reconfirmed in hypo- and hypersensitive individuals. Investigation of the relationship between FA exposure and asthma or other airway effects in children showed no convincing association. In rats, repeated exposures showed no point mutation in the p53 and K-Ras genes at ≤15 ppm neither increased cell proliferation, histopathological changes and changes in gene expression at 0.7 ppm. Repeated controlled exposures (0.5 ppm with peaks at 1 ppm) did not increase micronucleus formation in human buccal cells or nasal tissue (0.7 ppm) or in vivo genotoxicity in peripheral blood lymphocytes (0.7 ppm), but higher occupational exposures were associated with genotoxicity in buccal cells and cultivated peripheral blood lymphocytes. It is still valid that exposures not inducing nasal squamous cell carcinoma in rats will not induce nasopharyngeal cancer or lymphohematopoietic malignancies in humans. Reproductive and developmental toxicity are not considered relevant in the absence of sensory irritation. In conclusion, the WHO guideline has been strengthened.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunnar Damgård Nielsen
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Lersø Parkallé 105, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
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17
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Switalla S, Knebel J, Ritter D, Dasenbrock C, Krug N, Braun A, Sewald K. Determination of genotoxicity by the Comet assay applied to murine precision-cut lung slices. Toxicol In Vitro 2012; 27:798-803. [PMID: 23274917 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2012.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2012] [Revised: 12/10/2012] [Accepted: 12/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Precision-cut lung slices (PCLSs) are an organotypic lung model that is widely used in pharmacological, physiological, and toxicological studies. Genotoxicity testing, as a pivotal part of early risk assessment, is currently established in vivo in various organs including lung, brain, or liver, and in vitro in cell lines or primary cells. The aim of the present study was to provide the three-dimensional organ culture PCLS as a new ex vivo model for determination of genotoxicity using the Comet assay. Murine PCLS were exposed to increasing concentrations of ethyl methane sulfonate 'EMS' (0.03-0.4%) and formalin (0.5-5mM). Tissue was subsequently dissociated, and DNA single-strand breaks were quantified using the Comet assay. Number of viable dissociated lung cells was between 4×10(5) and 6.7×10(5)cells/slice. Even treatment with EMS did not induce toxicity compared to untreated tissue control. As expected, DNA single-strand breaks were increased dose-dependently and significantly after exposure to EMS. Here, tail length rose from 24μm to 75μm. In contrast, formalin resulted in a significant induction of DNA cross-links. The effects induced by EMS and formalin demonstrate the usefulness of PCLS as a new ex vivo lung model for genotoxicity testing in the early risk assessment of airborne substances in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Switalla
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Airway Immunology, Nikolai-Fuchs-Str. 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
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18
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Shi YQ, Chen X, Dai J, Jiang ZF, Li N, Zhang BY, Zhang ZB. Selenium pretreatment attenuates formaldehyde-induced genotoxicity in A549 cell lines. Toxicol Ind Health 2012; 30:901-9. [DOI: 10.1177/0748233712466129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Formaldehyde is a major industrial chemical and has been extensively used in the manufacture of synthetic resins and chemicals. Numerous studies indicate that formaldehyde can induce various genotoxic effects in vitro and in vivo. A recent study indicated that formaldehyde impaired antioxidant cellular defences and enhanced lipid peroxidation. Selenium is an important antioxidant. We hypothesized that reactive oxygen species (ROS) and lipid peroxidation are involved in formaldehyde-induced genotoxicity in human lung cancer cell line, A549 cell line. To test the hypothesis, we investigated the effects of selenium on formaldehyde-induced genotoxicity in A549 cell lines. The results indicated that exposure to formaldehyde showed the induction of DNA–protein cross-links (DPCs). Formaldehyde significantly increased the malondialdehyde levels and decreased the activities of superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase. In addition, the activations of necrosis factor-κB (NF-κB) and activator protein 1 (AP-1) were induced by the formaldehyde treatment. The pretreatment with selenium counteracted the formaldehyde-induced oxidative stress, ameliorated DPCs and attenuated the activation of NF-κB and AP-1 in A549 cell lines. All the results suggested that the pretreatment with selenium attenuated the formaldehyde-induced genotoxicity through its ROS scavenging and anti-DPCs effects in A549 cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Qin Shi
- School of Public Health, Medical College, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xin Chen
- School of Public Health, Medical College, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, People’s Republic of China
| | - Juan Dai
- Wuhan Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Wuhan, Hubei, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhong-Fa Jiang
- Hubei Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Wuhan, Hubei, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ning Li
- Hubei Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Wuhan, Hubei, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ben-Yan Zhang
- School of Public Health, Medical College, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Bing Zhang
- School of Public Health, Medical College, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, People’s Republic of China
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19
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Zhang BY, Shi YQ, Chen X, Dai J, Jiang ZF, Li N, Zhang ZB. Protective effect of curcumin against formaldehyde-induced genotoxicity in A549 Cell Lines. J Appl Toxicol 2012; 33:1468-73. [PMID: 23059809 DOI: 10.1002/jat.2814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2012] [Revised: 07/19/2012] [Accepted: 07/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Formaldehyde is ubiquitous in the environment. It is known to be a genotoxic substance. We hypothesized that reactive oxygen species (ROS) and lipid peroxidation are involved in formaldehyde-induced genotoxicity in human lung cancer cell lines A549. To test this hypothesis, we investigated the effects of antioxidant on formaldehyde-induced genotoxicity in A549 Cell Lines. Formaldehyde exposure caused induction of DNA-protein cross-links (DPCs). Curcumin is an important antioxidant. Formaldehyde significantly increased malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, and decreased superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity. In addition, the activation of NF-κB and AP-1 were induced by formaldehyde treatment. Pretreatment with curcumin counteracted formaldehyde-induced oxidative stress, ameliorated DPCs and attenuated activation of NF-κB and AP-1 in A549 Cell Lines. These results, taken together, suggest that formaldehyde induced genotoxicity through its ROS and lipid peroxidase activity and caused DPCs effects in A549 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben-Yan Zhang
- School of Public Health, Medical College, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430081, Hubei, China
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20
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Kim KH, Jahan SA, Lee JT. Exposure to formaldehyde and its potential human health hazards. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART C, ENVIRONMENTAL CARCINOGENESIS & ECOTOXICOLOGY REVIEWS 2011; 29:277-299. [PMID: 22107164 DOI: 10.1080/10590501.2011.629972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
A widely used chemical, formaldehyde is normally present in both indoor and outdoor air. The rapid growth of formaldehyde-related industries in the past two decades reflects the result of its increased use in building materials and other commercial sectors. Consequently, formaldehyde is encountered almost every day from large segments of society due to its various sources. Many governments and agencies around the world have thus issued a series of standards to regulate its exposure in homes, office buildings, workshops, public places, and food. In light of the deleterious properties of formaldehyde, this article provides an overview of its market, regulation standards, and human health effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki-Hyun Kim
- Department of Environment & Energy, Sejong University, Seoul, Korea.
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21
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Zeller J, Ulrich A, Mueller JU, Riegert C, Neuss S, Bruckner T, Triebig G, Speit G. Is individual nasal sensitivity related to cellular metabolism of formaldehyde and susceptibility towards formaldehyde-induced genotoxicity? Mutat Res 2011; 723:11-17. [PMID: 21497203 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2011.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2011] [Revised: 03/16/2011] [Accepted: 03/21/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Forty-one volunteers (male non-smokers, aged 32 ± 9.6yrs) were tested for susceptibility towards unspecific nasal irritation (sensitivity towards CO(2)) in order to define subgroups of hypersensitive and hyposensitive subjects. Blood samples were taken and the expression (mRNA level) of the GSH-dependent formaldehyde dehydrogenase gene (FDH, identical to alcohol dehydrogenase 5, ADH5; EC 1.2.1.46) was measured in leukocytes by quantitative real-time RT-PCR with TaqMan probes. FDH is the most important enzyme for the metabolic inactivation of FA. Blood samples were exposed to 150μM formaldehyde (FA) for 2h and the induction of DNA-protein crosslinks (DPX) in leukocytes was measured by means of a modification of the alkaline comet assay (i.e., by assessing the reduction of DNA migration induced by γ-radiation). Removal of DPX was determined by the abolition of FA-induced reduction in DNA migration within 4h after the end of the exposure. Furthermore, the induction of sister chromatid exchange (SCE) in cultured lymphocytes was studied after treatment of whole blood cultures with FA (150μM). A correlation analysis was performed for all parameters tested for the whole study group and for hypersensitive and hyposensitive subgroups. The results indicate that despite large differences in CO(2)-sensitivity, the susceptibility towards nasal irritation was not related to the induction of genotoxic effects (DPX, SCE) in peripheral blood or to the protection of blood cells against FA-induced effects (expression of FDH, repair capacity for FA-induced DPX). There was no correlation between CO(2)-sensitivity and the expression of FDH. There was also no close correlation between the various indicators of cellular sensitivity towards FA-induced genotoxic effects and no subgroups were identified with particular mutagen sensitivity towards FA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmin Zeller
- Universität Ulm, Institut für Humangenetik, D - 89069 Ulm, Germany
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22
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Zeller J, Neuss S, Mueller JU, Kühner S, Holzmann K, Högel J, Klingmann C, Bruckner T, Triebig G, Speit G. Assessment of genotoxic effects and changes in gene expression in humans exposed to formaldehyde by inhalation under controlled conditions. Mutagenesis 2011; 26:555-61. [PMID: 21460374 DOI: 10.1093/mutage/ger016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Forty-one volunteers (male non-smokers) were exposed to formaldehyde (FA) vapours for 4 h/day over a period of five working days under strictly controlled conditions. For each exposure day, different exposure concentrations were used in a random order ranging from 0 up to 0.7 p.p.m. At concentrations of 0.3 and 0.4 p.p.m., four peaks of 0.6 or 0.8 p.p.m. for 15 min each were applied. During exposure, subjects had to perform bicycle exercises (∼80 W) four times for 15 min. Blood samples, exfoliated nasal mucosa cells and nasal biopsies were taken before the first and after the last exposure. Nasal epithelial cells were additionally sampled 1, 2 and 3 weeks after the end of the exposure period. The alkaline comet assay, the sister chromatid exchange test and the cytokinesis-block micronucleus test were performed with blood samples. The micronucleus test was also performed with exfoliated nasal mucosa cells. The expression (mRNA level) of the glutathione (GSH)-dependent formaldehyde dehydrogenase (FDH, identical to alcohol dehydrogenase 5; ADH5; EC 1.2.1.46) was measured in blood samples by quantitative real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction with TaqMan probes. DNA microarray analyses using a full-genome human microarray were performed on blood samples and nasal biopsies of selected subgroups with the highest FA exposure at different days. Under the experimental conditions of this study, inhalation of FA did not lead to genotoxic effects in peripheral blood cells and nasal mucosa and had no effect on the expression of the FDH gene. Inhalation of FA did also not cause alterations in the expression of genes in a microarray analysis with nasal biopsies and peripheral blood cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmin Zeller
- Universität Ulm, Institut für Humangenetik, D-89069 Ulm, Germany
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DNA damage induced by endogenous aldehydes: current state of knowledge. Mutat Res 2011; 711:13-27. [PMID: 21419140 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2011.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2010] [Revised: 03/01/2011] [Accepted: 03/03/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
DNA damage plays a major role in various pathophysiological conditions including carcinogenesis, aging, inflammation, diabetes and neurodegenerative diseases. Oxidative stress and cell processes such as lipid peroxidation and glycation induce the formation of highly reactive endogenous aldehydes that react directly with DNA, form aldehyde-derived DNA adducts and lead to DNA damage. In occasion of persistent conditions that influence the formation and accumulation of aldehyde-derived DNA adducts the resulting unrepaired DNA damage causes deregulation of cell homeostasis and thus significantly contributes to disease phenotype. Some of the most highly reactive aldehydes produced endogenously are 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal, malondialdehyde, acrolein, crotonaldehyde and methylglyoxal. The mutagenic and carcinogenic effects associated with the elevated levels of these reactive aldehydes, especially, under conditions of stress, are attributed to their capability of causing directly modification of DNA bases or yielding promutagenic exocyclic adducts. In this review, we discuss the current knowledge on DNA damage induced by endogenously produced reactive aldehydes in relation to the pathophysiology of human diseases.
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