1
|
Haida M, El Khalloufi F, Mugani R, Essadki Y, Campos A, Vasconcelos V, Oudra B. Microcystin Contamination in Irrigation Water and Health Risk. Toxins (Basel) 2024; 16:196. [PMID: 38668621 PMCID: PMC11054416 DOI: 10.3390/toxins16040196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2024] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Microcystins (MCs), natural hepatotoxic compounds produced by cyanobacteria, pose significant risks to water quality, ecosystem stability, and the well-being of animals, plants, and humans when present in elevated concentrations. The escalating contamination of irrigation water with MCs presents a growing threat to terrestrial plants. The customary practice of irrigating crops from local water sources, including lakes and ponds hosting cyanobacterial blooms, serves as a primary conduit for transferring these toxins. Due to their high chemical stability and low molecular weight, MCs have the potential to accumulate in various parts of plants, thereby increasing health hazards for consumers of agricultural products, which serve as the foundation of the Earth's food chain. MCs can bioaccumulate, migrate, potentially biodegrade, and pose health hazards to humans within terrestrial food systems. This study highlights that MCs from irrigation water reservoirs can bioaccumulate and come into contact with plants, transferring into the food chain. Additionally, it investigates the natural mechanisms that organisms employ for conjugation and the microbial processes involved in MC degradation. To gain a comprehensive understanding of the role of MCs in the terrestrial food chain and to elucidate the specific health risks associated with consuming crops irrigated with water contaminated with these toxins, further research is necessary.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Haida
- Water, Biodiversity and Climate Change Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences Semlalia, Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakesh 40000, Morocco; (M.H.); (R.M.); (Y.E.); (B.O.)
| | - Fatima El Khalloufi
- Natural Resources Engineering and Environmental Impacts Team, Multidisciplinary Research and Innovation Laboratory, Polydisciplinary Faculty of Khouribga, Sultan Moulay Slimane University of Beni Mellal, B.P, 45, Khouribga 25000, Morocco;
| | - Richard Mugani
- Water, Biodiversity and Climate Change Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences Semlalia, Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakesh 40000, Morocco; (M.H.); (R.M.); (Y.E.); (B.O.)
| | - Yasser Essadki
- Water, Biodiversity and Climate Change Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences Semlalia, Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakesh 40000, Morocco; (M.H.); (R.M.); (Y.E.); (B.O.)
| | - Alexandre Campos
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos, s/n, 4450-208 Porto, Portugal;
| | - Vitor Vasconcelos
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos, s/n, 4450-208 Porto, Portugal;
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Brahim Oudra
- Water, Biodiversity and Climate Change Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences Semlalia, Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakesh 40000, Morocco; (M.H.); (R.M.); (Y.E.); (B.O.)
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Cai DM, Mei FB, Zhang CJ, An SC, Lv RB, Ren GH, Xiao CC, Long L, Huang TR, Deng W. The Abnormal Proliferation of Hepatocytes is Associated with MC-LR and C-Terminal Truncated HBX Synergistic Disturbance of the Redox Balance. J Hepatocell Carcinoma 2022; 9:1229-1246. [PMID: 36505941 PMCID: PMC9733568 DOI: 10.2147/jhc.s389574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Microcystin-LR (MC-LR) and hepatitis B virus (HBV) are associated with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, the concentrations of MC-LR in drinking water and the synergistic effect of MC-LR and HBV on hepatocellular carcinogenesis through their disturbance of redox balance have not been fully elucidated. Methods We measured the MC-LR concentrations in 168 drinking water samples of areas with a high incidence of HCC. The relationships between MC-LR and both redox status and liver diseases in 177 local residents were analyzed. The hepatoma cell line HepG2 transfected with C-terminal truncated hepatitis B virus X gene (Ct-HBX) were treated with MC-LR. Reactive oxygen species (ROS), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione (GSH) and malondialdehyde (MDA) were measured. Cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and apoptosis were assessed with cell activity assays, scratch and transwell assays, and flow cytometry, respectively. The mRNA and protein expression-related redox status genes were analyzed with qPCR and Western blotting. Results The average concentration of MC-LR in well water, river water and reservoir water were 57.55 ng/L, 76.74 ng/L and 132.86 ng/L respectively, and the differences were statistically significant (P < 0.05). The MC-LR levels in drinking water were correlated with liver health status, including hepatitis, clonorchiasis, glutamic pyruvic transaminase abnormalities and hepatitis B surface antigen carriage (all P values < 0.05). The serum MDA increased in subjects who drank reservoir water and were infected with HBV (P < 0.05). In the cell experiment, ROS increased when Ct-HBX-transfected HepG2 cells were treated with MC-LR, followed by a decrease in SOD and GSH and an increase in MDA. MC-LR combined with Ct-HBX promoted the proliferation, migration and invasion of HepG2 cells, upregulated the mRNA and protein expression of MAOA gene, and downregulated UCP2 and GPX1 genes. Conclusion MC-LR and HBV may synergistically affect redox status and play an important role in hepatocarcinoma genesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Mei Cai
- Department of Experimental Research, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fan-Biao Mei
- Department of Experimental Research, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chao-Jun Zhang
- Department of Experimental Research, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, People’s Republic of China
| | - San-Chun An
- Department of Experimental Research, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, People’s Republic of China
| | - Rui-Bo Lv
- Department of Experimental Research, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, People’s Republic of China
| | - Guan-Hua Ren
- Department of Experimental Research, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chan-Chan Xiao
- Department of Experimental Research, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, People’s Republic of China
| | - Long Long
- Department of Experimental Research, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, People’s Republic of China,Guangxi Cancer Molecular Medicine Engineering Research Center, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, People’s Republic of China
| | - Tian-Ren Huang
- Department of Experimental Research, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, People’s Republic of China,Guangxi Cancer Molecular Medicine Engineering Research Center, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wei Deng
- Department of Experimental Research, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, People’s Republic of China,Guangxi Cancer Molecular Medicine Engineering Research Center, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, People’s Republic of China,Correspondence: Wei Deng; Tianren Huang, Department of Experimental Research, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, No. 71, Hedi Road, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, People’s Republic of China, Email ;
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Díez-Quijada L, Medrano-Padial C, Llana-Ruiz-Cabello M, Cătunescu GM, Moyano R, Risalde MA, Cameán AM, Jos Á. Cylindrospermopsin-Microcystin-LR Combinations May Induce Genotoxic and Histopathological Damage in Rats. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:E348. [PMID: 32466519 PMCID: PMC7354441 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12060348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Cylindrospermopsin (CYN) and microcystins (MC) are cyanotoxins that can occur simultaneously in contaminated water and food. CYN/MC-LR mixtures previously investigated in vitro showed an induction of micronucleus (MN) formation only in the presence of the metabolic fraction S9. When this is the case, the European Food Safety Authority recommends a follow up to in vivo testing. Thus, rats were orally exposed to 7.5 + 75, 23.7 + 237, and 75 + 750 μg CYN/MC-LR/kg body weight (b.w.). The MN test in bone marrow was performed, and the standard and modified comet assays were carried out to measure DNA strand breaks or oxidative DNA damage in stomach, liver, and blood cells. The results revealed an increase in MN formation in bone marrow, at all the assayed doses. However, no DNA strand breaks nor oxidative DNA damage were induced, as shown in the comet assays. The histopathological study indicated alterations only in the highest dose group. Liver was the target organ showing fatty degeneration and necrotic hepatocytes in centrilobular areas, as well as a light mononuclear inflammatory periportal infiltrate. Additionally, the stomach had flaking epithelium and mild necrosis of epithelial cells. Therefore, the combined exposure to cyanotoxins may induce genotoxic and histopathological damage in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leticia Díez-Quijada
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sevilla, Profesor García González n2, 41012 Sevilla, Spain; (L.D.-Q.); (C.M.-P.); (M.L.-R.-C.); (Á.J.)
| | - Concepción Medrano-Padial
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sevilla, Profesor García González n2, 41012 Sevilla, Spain; (L.D.-Q.); (C.M.-P.); (M.L.-R.-C.); (Á.J.)
| | - María Llana-Ruiz-Cabello
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sevilla, Profesor García González n2, 41012 Sevilla, Spain; (L.D.-Q.); (C.M.-P.); (M.L.-R.-C.); (Á.J.)
| | - Giorgiana M. Cătunescu
- University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, Calea Mănăștur 3-5, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
| | - Rosario Moyano
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Legal and Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Córdoba, Campus de Rabanales, 14014 Córdoba, Spain;
| | - Maria A. Risalde
- Animal Pathology Department. Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Córdoba, Campus Universitario de Rabanales s/n, 14014 Cordoba, Spain;
- Instituto Maimonides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC)-Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía de Córdoba-Universidad de Córdoba, Avenida Menendez Pidal s/n, 14006 Cordoba, Spain
| | - Ana M. Cameán
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sevilla, Profesor García González n2, 41012 Sevilla, Spain; (L.D.-Q.); (C.M.-P.); (M.L.-R.-C.); (Á.J.)
| | - Ángeles Jos
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sevilla, Profesor García González n2, 41012 Sevilla, Spain; (L.D.-Q.); (C.M.-P.); (M.L.-R.-C.); (Á.J.)
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Ci Y, Zhang Y, Liu Y, Lu S, Cao J, Li H, Zhang J, Huang Z, Zhu X, Gao J, Han M. Myricetin suppresses breast cancer metastasis through down-regulating the activity of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2/9. Phytother Res 2018. [PMID: 29532526 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.6071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Tumour metastasis is the major cause of breast cancer mortality. Myricetin, a natural polyphenol, is found in teas, wines, and berries. The pharmacodynamic action and molecular mechanism of myricetin on breast cancer metastasis remain unknown. Here, we investigated the effect of myricetin on MDA-Mb-231Br cell viability, migration, invasion, and 4T1 mouse lung metastasis mouse models. MMP-2/9 protein expression and ST6GALNAC5 expression were analysed using western blot assays and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, respectively. Cell migration and invasion were detected by wound-healing and Boyden transwell assays. The antimetastatic effect in vivo was evaluated by lung metastasis model. Myricetin significantly decreased the activities of MMP-2/9 and mRNA levels of ST6GALNAC5. In addition, the migration, invasion, and adhesion were effectively inhibited in a concentration-dependent manner. On the other hand, mice treated with myricetin exhibited smaller tumour nodules compared with the vehicle mice, with only 17.78 ± 15.41% after treatment with 50 mg/kg myricetin. In conclusion, myricetin could significantly block invasion of MDA-Mb-231Br cells through suppressing the protein expression of MMP-2/9 and the expression of ST6GALNAC5, as well as lung metastasis in a mouse model, which suggests that myricetin should be developed as a potential therapeutic candidate for breast cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yingqian Ci
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Yubo Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Yanjie Liu
- College of Life Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Shuai Lu
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Jianhua Cao
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Huajun Li
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Zongyu Huang
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Xudong Zhu
- College of Life Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Jin Gao
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Anhui Province Hospital Affiliated to Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Mei Han
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Ma J, Li Y, Duan H, Sivakumar R, Li X. Chronic exposure of nanomolar MC-LR caused oxidative stress and inflammatory responses in HepG2 cells. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 192:305-317. [PMID: 29117589 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.10.158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Revised: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Low dose but long-term exposure of microcystin-LR (MC-LR) could induce human hepatitis and promote liver cancer according to epidemiological investigation results, but the exact mechanism has not been completely elucidated. In the present study, a chronic toxicity test of MC-LR exposure on HepG2 cells at 0.1-30 nM for 83 d was conducted under laboratory conditions. The western blot assay result revealed that MC-LR entered HepG2 cells, even at the concentration of 0.1 nM, after 83 d of exposure, but no cytotoxicity was observed in the HepG2 cells, as determined by the CCK-8 and LDH tests. However, the results of the DCF fluorescence assay showed that the intracellular ROS level in the 30 nM MC-LR-treated cells was significantly higher than that of the control cells, and 5 and 10 nM of MC-LR exposure totally increased the activity of SOD in HepG2 cells. These results indicate that MC-LR exposure at low concentration also induced excessive ROS in HepG2 cells. Additionally, long-term exposure of MC-LR at low concentration remarkably promoted the expression of NF-κB p65, COX-2, iNOS, TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 in the cells, suggesting that long-term MC-LR exposure at low concentration can induce inflammatory reaction to HepG2 cells, which might account for MC-induced human hepatitis. Thus, we hypothesized that the pathogenesis of human hepatitis and hepatocarcinoma caused by MCs might be closely associated with oxidative stress and inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Junguo Ma
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
| | - Hongying Duan
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
| | | | - Xiaoyu Li
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Zhang S, Ma J, Fu Z, Zhang Z, Cao J, Huang L, Li W, Xu P, Cao X. Promotion of breast cancer cells MDA-MB-231 invasion by di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate through matrix metalloproteinase-2/-9 overexpression. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:9742-9749. [PMID: 26850096 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-6158-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 01/21/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) is an estrogenic chemical that is widely used in polyvinyl products. We aimed to determine the mechanisms behind the effects of DEHP on ERα-negative breast cancer cells MDA-MB-231 invasion and matrix metalloproteinases-2/-9 (MMP-2/-9) up-regulation in this study. Transwell assay indicated that DEHP exposure (>50 μg/ml) significantly enhanced the invasion ability of MDA-MB-231 cells. Quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) and western blotting revealed that MMP-2/-9 is overexpressed in mRNA and protein levels after DEHP treatment. Gelatin zymography consistently demonstrated that DEHP exposure also enhances the activity of MMP-2/-9. Immunofluorescence assay showed that DEHP could accelerate NF-kappaB (NF-κB) subunits-p65 translocation into the nucleus, which is confirmed by western blotting assay, suggesting that the ratio of nuclear/cytosolic level of p65 was significantly increased. Furthermore, the invasion and MMP-2/-9 overexpression of MDA-MB-231 cells after DEHP-treated were reversed by the NF-κB chemical inhibitor JSH-23 via drug inhibition assay. This study suggested that DEHP could promote ERα-negative breast cancer cells MDA-MB-231 invasion through activating NF-κB and MMP-2/-9 overexpression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuya Zhang
- Nanjing Maternal and Child Health Institute, Nanjing Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210004, China
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Jiehua Ma
- Department of Reproductive Health, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital Affiliated of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210004, China
| | - Ziyi Fu
- Nanjing Maternal and Child Health Institute, Nanjing Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210004, China
| | - Zhilei Zhang
- Nanjing Maternal and Child Health Institute, Nanjing Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210004, China
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Jian Cao
- Department of Gynecologic Endocrinology, Nanjing Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210004, China
| | - Lei Huang
- The First Clinical Medical College of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Wenqu Li
- The First Clinical Medical College of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Pengfei Xu
- Nanjing Maternal and Child Health Institute, Nanjing Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210004, China.
| | - Xin Cao
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Xu P, Zhang XX, Miao C, Fu Z, Li Z, Zhang G, Zheng M, Liu Y, Yang L, Wang T. Promotion of melanoma cell invasion and tumor metastasis by microcystin-LR via phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/AKT pathway. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2013; 47:8801-8808. [PMID: 23802678 DOI: 10.1021/es4007228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Recently, we have indicated that microcystin-LR, a cyanobacterial toxin produced in eutrophic lakes or reservoirs, can increase invasive ability of melanoma MDA-MB-435 cells; however, the stimulatory effect needs identification by in vivo experiment and the related molecular mechanism is poorly understood. In this study, in vitro and in vivo experiments were conducted to investigate the effect of microcystin-LR on invasion and metastasis of human melanoma cells, and the underlying molecular mechanism was also explored. MDA-MB-435 xenograft model assay showed that oral administration of nude mice with microcystin-LR at 0.001-0.1 mg/kg/d posed no significant effect on tumor weight. Histological examination demonstrated that microcystin-LR could promote lung metastasis, which is confirmed by Matrigel chamber assay suggesting that microcystin-LR treatment at 25 nM can increase the invasiveness of MDA-MB-435 cells. In vitro and in vivo experiments consistently showed that microcystin-LR exposure increased mRNA and protein levels of matrix metalloproteinases (MMP-2/-9) by activating phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3-K)/AKT. Additionally, microcystin-LR treatment at low doses (≤25 nM) decreased lipid phosphatase PTEN expression, and the microcystin-induced invasiveness enhancement and MMP-2/-9 overexpression were reversed by the PI3-K/AKT chemical inhibitor LY294002 and AKT siRNA, indicating that microcystin-LR promotes invasion and metastasis of MDA-MB-435 cells via the PI3-K/AKT pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Xu
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University , Nanjing 210029, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Zhang XX, Fu Z, Zhang Z, Miao C, Xu P, Wang T, Yang L, Cheng S. Microcystin-LR promotes melanoma cell invasion and enhances matrix metalloproteinase-2/-9 expression mediated by NF-κB activation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2012; 46:11319-11326. [PMID: 22992115 DOI: 10.1021/es3024989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to explore the molecular mechanisms behind the stimulation effects of microcystin-LR (a well-known cyanobacterial toxin produced in eutrophic lakes or reservoirs) on cancer cell invasion and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) expression. Boyden chamber assay showed that microcystin-LR exposure (>12.5 nM) evidently enhanced the invasion ability of the melanoma cells (MDA-MB-435). Tumor Metastasis PCR Array demonstrated that 24 h microcystin-LR treatment (25 nM) caused overexpression of eight genes involved in tumor metastasis, including MMP-2, MMP-9, and MMP-13. Quantitative real-time PCR, Western blotting and gelatin zymography consistently demonstrated that mRNA and protein levels of MMP-2/-9 were increased in the cells after microcystin-LR exposure (P < 0.05 each). Immunofluorescence assay and electrophoretic mobility shift assay revealed that microcystin-LR could activate nuclear factor kappaB (NF-κB) by accelerating NF-κB translocation into the nucleus and enhancing NF-κB binding ability. Furthermore, addition of NF-κB inhibitor in culture medium could suppress the invasiveness enhancement and MMP-2/-9 overexpression. This study indicates that microcystin-LR can act as a NF-κB activator to promote MMP-2/-9 expression and melanoma cell invasion, which deserves more environmental health concerns.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xu-Xiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210046, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
NIU W, HE E, WU Q, ZHOU W, ZHANG Y, HUANG B, ZHAO X. Use of fluorescent europium chelates as labels for detection of microcystin-LR in Taihu Lake, China. J RARE EARTH 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/s1002-0721(12)60158-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
|
10
|
Shi P, Zhang XX, Zhang Z, Zhang Y, Wu B, Cheng S, Li A. Chronic exposure to contaminated drinking water stimulates PPAR expression in mice livers. CHEMOSPHERE 2012; 88:407-412. [PMID: 22445956 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.02.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2011] [Revised: 02/10/2012] [Accepted: 02/20/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Mice were fed with source water (SW) and tap water (TW) for 90 d to evaluate hepatotoxicity induced by the drinking water. Histopathologic observation showed no obvious damage to hepatic tissue in the SW and TW groups. However, microarray analysis indicated that the SW and TW exposures affected many metabolic pathways, among which PPAR (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors) signaling was most susceptible. Immunohistochemical staining demonstrated that both PPAR-α and PPAR-γ were significantly increased in the exposure groups compared to control. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay revealed that PPAR-α expression level was increased from 23.37±0.53 ng g(-1) liver weight in control group to 26.60±1.43 ng g(-1) liver weight in SW group and 27.68±1.10 ng g(-1) liver weight in TW group (p<0.05). For PPAR-γ, the expression level was also significantly enhanced from 0.83±0.07 ng g(-1) liver weight in control group to 1.11±0.20 ng g(-1) liver weight in SW group and 1.16±0.07 ng g(-1) liver weight in TW group (p<0.05). The SW and DW posed no obvious hepatotoxicity on mice and PPAR-α/-γ could be used as a novel biomarker to assess public health risk induced by slightly contaminated drinking water.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peng Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210046, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Zhang Z, Zhang XX, Qin W, Xu L, Wang T, Cheng S, Yang L. Effects of microcystin-LR exposure on matrix metalloproteinase-2/-9 expression and cancer cell migration. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2012; 77:88-93. [PMID: 22088328 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2011.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2011] [Revised: 10/21/2011] [Accepted: 10/25/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
This study assessed the effects of microcystin-LR (MC-LR) exposure on matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) expression and cancer cell migration. After male mice were orally administered with different concentrations of MC-LR for 270 d, histopathologic observation revealed an obvious hepatic lymphocyte infiltration or fatty degeneration. Immunohistochemical staining and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay demonstrated that MC-LR treatment (even at 1 nM) caused up-regulated expressions of hepatic MMP-2/-9. Quantitative reverse-transcriptase PCR showed that the exposure to 80 nM MC-LR induced an increase of MMP-2/-9 mRNA levels by 1.0 and 1.9 fold. Breast cancer cells (MDA-MB-435s) were also cultured with MC-LR solutions and a wound healing assay demonstrated that MC-LR posed a time/dose-dependent stimulation effect on migration of the cancer cells. Gelatin electrophoresis and quantitative PCR showed significant increases in cellular MMP-2/-9 expressions after MC-LR exposure. This study indicated that chronic exposure to MC-LR could alter MMP-2/-9 expressions and stimulate cancer cell migration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zongyao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210046, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Zhang Z, Qin W, Cheng S, Xu L, Wang T, Zhang XX, Wu B, Yang L. Assessing the toxicity of ingested Taihu Lake water on mice via hepatic histopathology and matrix metalloproteinase expression. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2011; 20:1047-1056. [PMID: 21365199 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-011-0617-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/21/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Water from Taihu Lake (China) is used as a drinking source. The frequency of contamination in Taihu Lake has increased over the past decade and the bloom-forming cyanobacteria are the dominant species during eutrophication. Cyanobacteria can produce various harmful secondary substances including microcystins capable of endangering human health and ecological safety. This study investigated toxicity of ingested Taihu Lake water on mice via hepatic histopathology and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) expression. Water was sampled from four Taihu Lake locations, Meiliang Bay 2 group (M2), Meiliang Bay 1 group (M1), Lake Center (H) and Xukou Bay (X), along a gradient of decreasing degree of eutrophication. The experimental design consists of five groups of male mice (Mus musculus, ICR): one control and four groups ingesting water from the four sampling sites for 90 days. Compared to control, M1 and M2 mice showed hepatic histopathological changes including swollen, vacuolar degeneration or inflammatory. Immunohistochemical staining demonstrated a higher expression of MMP-2 proteins in M2 group and a lower expression of MMP-9 in M1. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay indicated that MMP-9 concentration was significantly reduced from 0.55 to 0.28 ng/g liver weight in M2 (p < 0.05). Real time PCR revealed a down-regulation of MMP-9 mRNA by 2.2 fold in M1 and an up-regulation of MMP-2 mRNA by 1.73 fold in H. Using this mouse model as a gauge of water toxicity, our results revealed that potential health risks induced by Taihu Lake water might arise from the use of this source water by local resident.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zongyao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Road, Nanjing, 210046, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|