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Lee BM, Lee SH, Yamada T, Park S, Wang Y, Kim KB, Kwon S. Read-across approaches: current applications and regulatory acceptance in Korea, Japan, and China. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2022; 85:184-197. [PMID: 34670481 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2021.1992323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this paper was to investigate the current status of read-across approaches in the Republic of Korea, Japan, and China in terms of applications and regulatory acceptance. In the Republic of Korea, over the last 6 years, approximately 8% of safety data records used for chemical registrations were based upon read-across, and a guideline published on the use of read-across results in 2017. In Japan, read-across is generally accepted for screening hazard classification of toxicological endpoints according to the Chemical Substances Control Law (CSCL). In China, read-across data, along with data from other animal alternatives are accepted as a data source for chemical registrations, but could be only considered when testing is not technically feasible. At present, read-across is not widely used for chemical registrations and regulatory acceptance of read-across may differ among countries in Asia. With consideration of the advantages and limitations of read-across, it is expected that read-across may soon gradually be employed in Asian countries. Thus, regulatory agencies need to prepare for this progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byung-Mu Lee
- Division of Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Gyeonggi-Do, Korea
| | - Sang Hee Lee
- Chemicals Registration & Evaluation Team, Risk Assessment Research Division, National Institute of Environmental Research, Ministry of Environment, Incheon, Korea
| | - Takashi Yamada
- Division of Risk Assessment, Center for Biological Safety Research, National Institute of Health Sciences, Kawasaki, Japan
| | | | - Ying Wang
- Procter & Gamble (P&G) Technology (Beijing) Co., Ltd, Beijing, PR China
| | - Kyu-Bong Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Dankook University, Chungnam, Korea
| | - Seok Kwon
- Global Product Stewardship, Research & Development, Singapore Innovation Center, Procter & Gamble (P&G) International Operations, Singapore, Singapore
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Baderna D, Faoro R, Selvestrel G, Troise A, Luciani D, Andres S, Benfenati E. Defining the Human-Biota Thresholds of Toxicological Concern for Organic Chemicals in Freshwater: The Proposed Strategy of the LIFE VERMEER Project Using VEGA Tools. Molecules 2021; 26:1928. [PMID: 33808128 PMCID: PMC8037015 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26071928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Several tons of chemicals are released every year into the environment and it is essential to assess the risk of adverse effects on human health and ecosystems. Risk assessment is expensive and time-consuming and only partial information is available for many compounds. A consolidated approach to overcome this limitation is the Threshold of Toxicological Concern (TTC) for assessment of the potential health impact and, more recently, eco-TTCs for the ecological aspect. The aim is to allow a safe assessment of substances with poor toxicological characterization. Only limited attempts have been made to integrate the human and ecological risk assessment procedures in a "One Health" perspective. We are proposing a strategy to define the Human-Biota TTCs (HB-TTCs) as concentrations of organic chemicals in freshwater preserving both humans and ecological receptors at the same time. Two sets of thresholds were derived: general HB-TTCs as preliminary screening levels for compounds with no eco- and toxicological information, and compound-specific HB-TTCs for chemicals with known hazard assessment, in terms of Predicted No effect Concentration (PNEC) values for freshwater ecosystems and acceptable doses for human health. The proposed strategy is based on freely available public data and tools to characterize and group chemicals according to their toxicological profiles. Five generic HB-TTCs were defined, based on the ecotoxicological profiles reflected by the Verhaar classes, and compound-specific thresholds for more than 400 organic chemicals with complete eco- and toxicological profiles. To complete the strategy, the use of in silico models is proposed to predict the required toxicological properties and suitable models already available on the VEGAHUB platform are listed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Baderna
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Toxicology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Via Mario Negri 2, 20156 Milano, Italy; (R.F.); (G.S.); (D.L.)
| | - Roberta Faoro
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Toxicology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Via Mario Negri 2, 20156 Milano, Italy; (R.F.); (G.S.); (D.L.)
| | - Gianluca Selvestrel
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Toxicology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Via Mario Negri 2, 20156 Milano, Italy; (R.F.); (G.S.); (D.L.)
| | - Adrien Troise
- INERIS Institut National de l’Environnement Industriel et des Risques, Rue Jacques Taffanel, 60550 Verneuil-en-Halatt, France; (A.T.); (S.A.)
| | - Davide Luciani
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Toxicology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Via Mario Negri 2, 20156 Milano, Italy; (R.F.); (G.S.); (D.L.)
| | - Sandrine Andres
- INERIS Institut National de l’Environnement Industriel et des Risques, Rue Jacques Taffanel, 60550 Verneuil-en-Halatt, France; (A.T.); (S.A.)
| | - Emilio Benfenati
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Toxicology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Via Mario Negri 2, 20156 Milano, Italy; (R.F.); (G.S.); (D.L.)
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Hill T, Rooney J, Abedini J, El-Masri H, Wood CE, Corton JC. Gene Expression Thresholds Derived From Short-term Exposures Identify Rat Liver Tumorigens. Toxicol Sci 2020; 177:41-59. [PMID: 32603419 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfaa102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Traditional methods for cancer risk assessment are resource-intensive, retrospective, and not feasible for the vast majority of environmental chemicals. In this study, we investigated whether quantitative genomic data from short-term studies may be used to set protective thresholds for potential tumorigenic effects. We hypothesized that gene expression biomarkers measuring activation of the key early events in established pathways for rodent liver cancer exhibit cross-chemical thresholds for tumorigenesis predictive for liver cancer risk. We defined biomarker thresholds for 6 major liver cancer pathways using training sets of chemicals with short-term genomic data (3-29 days of exposure) from the TG-GATES (n = 77 chemicals) and DrugMatrix (n = 86 chemicals) databases and then tested these thresholds within and between datasets. The 6 pathway biomarkers represented genotoxicity, cytotoxicity, and activation of xenobiotic, steroid, and lipid receptors (aryl hydrocarbon receptor, constitutive activated receptor, estrogen receptor, and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α). Thresholds were calculated as the maximum values derived from exposures without detectable liver tumor outcomes. We identified clear response values that were consistent across training and test sets. Thresholds derived from the TG-GATES training set were highly predictive (97%) in a test set of independent chemicals, whereas thresholds derived from the DrugMatrix study were 96%-97% predictive for the TG-GATES study. Threshold values derived from an abridged gene list (2/biomarker) also exhibited high predictive accuracy (91%-94%). These findings support the idea that early genomic changes can be used to establish threshold estimates or "molecular tipping points" that are predictive of later-life health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Hill
- Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure.,Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE), NHEERL, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711
| | - John Rooney
- Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure.,Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE), NHEERL, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711.,Integrated Laboratory Systems, Morrisville, North Carolina
| | - Jaleh Abedini
- Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure.,Integrated Laboratory Systems, Morrisville, NC
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Johnson MB, Kingston R, Utell MJ, Wells JR, Singal M, Troy WR, Horenziak S, Dalton P, Ahmed FK, Herz RS, Osimitz TG, Prawer S, Yin S. Exploring the science, safety, and benefits of air care products: perspectives from the inaugural air care summit. Inhal Toxicol 2019; 31:12-24. [PMID: 30995882 DOI: 10.1080/08958378.2019.1597221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Seventy-one percent of US households purchase air care products. Air care products span a diverse range of forms, including scented aerosol sprays, pump sprays, diffusers, gels, candles, and plug-ins. These products are used to eliminate indoor malodors and to provide pleasant scent experiences. The use of air care products can lead to significant benefits as studies have shown that indoor malodor can cause adverse effects, negatively impacting quality of life, hygiene, and the monetary value of homes and cars, while disproportionately affecting lower income populations. Additionally, studies have also shown that scent can have positive benefits related to mood, stress reduction, and memory enhancement among others. Despite the positive benefits associated with air care products, negative consumer perceptions regarding the safety of air care products can be a barrier to their use. During the inaugural Air Care Summit, held on 18 May 2018 in the Washington, DC, metropolitan area, multidisciplinary experts including industry stakeholders, academics, and scientific and medical experts were invited to share and assess the existing data related to air care products, focusing on ingredient and product safety and the benefits of malodor removal and scent. At the Summit's completion, a panel of independent experts representing the fields of pulmonary medicine, medical and clinical toxicology, pediatric toxicology, basic science toxicology, occupational dermatology and experimental psychology convened to review the data presented, identify potential knowledge gaps, and suggest future research directions to further assess the safety and benefits of air care products.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rick Kingston
- b SafetyCall International, P.L.L.C. , Minneapolis , MN , USA.,c College of Pharmacy , University of Minnesota , Minneapolis , MN , USA
| | - Mark J Utell
- d Department of Medicine and Environmental Medicine , University of Rochester Medical Center , Rochester , NY , USA.,e Occupational and Environmental Medicine , University of Rochester Medical Center , Rochester , NY , USA
| | - J R Wells
- f Gas and Vapor Team, Exposure Assessment Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division , National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health , Morgantown , WV , USA
| | - Madhuri Singal
- g Inhalation Toxicology , Reckitt Benckiser, LLC , Montvale , NJ , USA
| | | | | | - Pamela Dalton
- i Monell Chemical Senses Center , Philadelphia , PA , USA
| | - Farah K Ahmed
- j Fragrance Creators Association , Washington , DC , USA
| | - Rachel S Herz
- k Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior , Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University , Providence , RI , USA.,l Department of Psychology , Boston College , Boston , MA , USA.,m RSH Enterprises, LLC , Warwick , RI , USA
| | | | - Steven Prawer
- o Associated Skin Care Specialists , Minneapolis , MN , USA.,p Department of Dermatology , University of Minnesota , Minneapolis , MN , USA
| | - Shan Yin
- q Drug and Poison Information Center , Cincinnati Children's Hospital , Cincinnati , OH , USA.,r Department of Pediatrics , University of Cincinnati , Cincinnati , OH , USA
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Baken KA, Sjerps RMA, Schriks M, van Wezel AP. Toxicological risk assessment and prioritization of drinking water relevant contaminants of emerging concern. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2018; 118:293-303. [PMID: 29909348 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2018.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2018] [Revised: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Toxicological risk assessment of contaminants of emerging concern (CEC) in (sources of) drinking water is required to identify potential health risks and prioritize chemicals for abatement or monitoring. In such assessments, concentrations of chemicals in drinking water or sources are compared to either (i) health-based (statutory) drinking water guideline values, (ii) provisional guideline values based on recent toxicity data in absence of drinking water guidelines, or (iii) generic drinking water target values in absence of toxicity data. Here, we performed a toxicological risk assessment for 163 CEC that were selected as relevant for drinking water. This relevance was based on their presence in drinking water and/or groundwater and surface water sources in downstream parts of the Rhine and Meuse, in combination with concentration levels and physicochemical properties. Statutory and provisional drinking water guideline values could be derived from publically available toxicological information for 142 of the CEC. Based on measured concentrations it was concluded that the majority of substances do not occur in concentrations which individually pose an appreciable human health risk. A health concern could however not be excluded for vinylchloride, trichloroethene, bromodichloromethane, aniline, phenol, 2-chlorobenzenamine, mevinphos, 1,4-dioxane, and nitrolotriacetic acid. For part of the selected substances, toxicological risk assessment for drinking water could not be performed since either toxicity data (hazard) or drinking water concentrations (exposure) were lacking. In absence of toxicity data, the Threshold of Toxicological Concern (TTC) approach can be applied for screening level risk assessment. The toxicological information on the selected substances was used to evaluate whether drinking water target values based on existing TTC levels are sufficiently protective for drinking water relevant CEC. Generic drinking water target levels of 37 μg/L for Cramer class I substances and 4 μg/L for Cramer class III substances in drinking water were derived based on these CEC. These levels are in line with previously reported generic drinking water target levels based on original TTC values and are shown to be protective for health effects of the majority of contaminants of emerging concern evaluated in the present study. Since the human health impact of many chemicals appearing in the water cycle has been studied insufficiently, generic drinking water target levels are useful for early warning and prioritization of CEC with unknown toxicity in drinking water and its sources for future monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten A Baken
- KWR Watercycle Research Institute, Groningenhaven 7, 3433 PE Nieuwegein, The Netherlands.
| | - Rosa M A Sjerps
- KWR Watercycle Research Institute, Groningenhaven 7, 3433 PE Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
| | - Merijn Schriks
- KWR Watercycle Research Institute, Groningenhaven 7, 3433 PE Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
| | - Annemarie P van Wezel
- KWR Watercycle Research Institute, Groningenhaven 7, 3433 PE Nieuwegein, The Netherlands; Copernicus Institute of Sustainable Development, Utrecht University, Heidelberglaan 2, 3584 CS Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Chebekoue SF, Krishnan K. Derivation of Occupational Thresholds of Toxicological Concern for Systemically Acting Noncarcinogenic Organic Chemicals. Toxicol Sci 2018; 160:47-56. [PMID: 29036659 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfx155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Many substances in workplace do not have occupational exposure limits. The threshold of toxicological concern (TTC) principle is part of the hierarchy of approaches useful in occupational health risk assessment. The aim of this study was to derive occupational TTCs (OTTCs) reflecting the airborne concentrations below which no significant risk to workers would be anticipated. A reference dataset consisting of the 8-h threshold limit values-Time-Weighted Average for 280 organic substances was compiled. Each substance was classified into low (class I), intermediate (class II), or high (class III) hazard categories as per Cramer rules. For each chemical, n-octanol:water partition coefficient and vapor pressure along with the molecular weight were used to predict the blood:air partition coefficient. The blood:air partition coefficient along with data on water solubility and ventilation rate allowed the prediction of pulmonary retention factor and absorbed dose in workers. For each Cramer class, the distribution of the predicted doses was analyzed to identify the various percentile values corresponding to the OTTC. Accordingly, for Cramer classes I-III, the OTTCs derived in this study correspond to 0.15, 0.0085, and 0.006 mmol/d, respectively, at the 10th percentile level, while these values were 1.5, 0.09 and 0.03 mmol/d at the 25th percentile level. The proposed OTTCs are not meant to replace the traditional occupational exposure limits, but can be used in data-poor situations along with exposure estimates to support screening level risk assessment and prioritization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandrine F Chebekoue
- Département de Santé Environnementale et Santé au Travail, École de Santé Publique de l'Université de Montréal, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Kannan Krishnan
- Département de Santé Environnementale et Santé au Travail, École de Santé Publique de l'Université de Montréal, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H3C 3J7, Canada
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7
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Yang C, Barlow SM, Muldoon Jacobs KL, Vitcheva V, Boobis AR, Felter SP, Arvidson KB, Keller D, Cronin MT, Enoch S, Worth A, Hollnagel HM. Thresholds of Toxicological Concern for cosmetics-related substances: New database, thresholds, and enrichment of chemical space. Food Chem Toxicol 2017; 109:170-193. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2017.08.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Revised: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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8
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Mubiru E, Jacxsens L, Papastergiadis A, Lachat C, Shrestha K, Mozumder NHMR, De Meulenaer B. Exposure assessment of epoxy fatty acids through consumption of specific foods available in Belgium. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2017; 34:1000-1011. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2017.1310399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Edward Mubiru
- nutriFOODchem Unit, Department of Food Safety and Food Quality (Partner in Food2Know), Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Liesbeth Jacxsens
- nutriFOODchem Unit, Department of Food Safety and Food Quality (Partner in Food2Know), Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Antonios Papastergiadis
- nutriFOODchem Unit, Department of Food Safety and Food Quality (Partner in Food2Know), Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Carl Lachat
- nutriFOODchem Unit, Department of Food Safety and Food Quality (Partner in Food2Know), Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kshitij Shrestha
- nutriFOODchem Unit, Department of Food Safety and Food Quality (Partner in Food2Know), Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - N. H. M. Rubel Mozumder
- nutriFOODchem Unit, Department of Food Safety and Food Quality (Partner in Food2Know), Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Bruno De Meulenaer
- nutriFOODchem Unit, Department of Food Safety and Food Quality (Partner in Food2Know), Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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Ciffroy P, Péry ARR, Roth N. Perspectives for integrating human and environmental exposure assessments. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 568:512-521. [PMID: 26672386 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.11.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Revised: 11/17/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Integrated Risk Assessment (IRA) has been defined by the EU FP7 HEROIC Coordination action as "the mutual exploitation of Environmental Risk Assessment for Human Health Risk Assessment and vice versa in order to coherently and more efficiently characterize an overall risk to humans and the environment for better informing the risk analysis process" (Wilks et al., 2015). Since exposure assessment and hazard characterization are the pillars of risk assessment, integrating Environmental Exposure assessment (EEA) and Human Exposure assessment (HEA) is a major component of an IRA framework. EEA and HEA typically pursue different targets, protection goals and timeframe. However, human and wildlife species also share the same environment and they similarly inhale air and ingest water and food through often similar overlapping pathways of exposure. Fate models used in EEA and HEA to predict the chemicals distribution among physical and biological media are essentially based on common properties of chemicals, and internal concentration estimations are largely based on inter-species (i.e. biota-to-human) extrapolations. Also, both EEA and HEA are challenged by increasing scientific complexity and resources constraints. Altogether, these points create the need for a better exploitation of all currently existing data, experimental approaches and modeling tools and it is assumed that a more integrated approach of both EEA and HEA may be part of the solution. Based on the outcome of an Expert Workshop on Extrapolations in Integrated Exposure Assessment organized by the HEROIC project in January 2014, this paper identifies perspectives and recommendations to better harmonize and extrapolate exposure assessment data, models and methods between Human Health and Environmental Risk Assessments to support the further development and promotion of the concept of IRA. Ultimately, these recommendations may feed into guidance showing when and how to apply IRA in the regulatory decision-making process for chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Ciffroy
- Electricité de France (EDF) R&D, National Hydraulic and Environment Laboratory, 6 quai Watier, 78400 Chatou, France
| | - A R R Péry
- AgroParisTech, UMR ECOSYS, 78850 Thiverval-Grignon, France; INRA, UMR ECOSYS, 78850 Thiverval-Grignon, France
| | - N Roth
- Swiss Centre for Applied Human Toxicology (SCAHT) Directorate, Regulatory Toxicology Unit, Missionstrasse 64, 4055 Basel, Switzerland
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11
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Tluczkiewicz I, Kühne R, Ebert RU, Batke M, Schüürmann G, Mangelsdorf I, Escher S. Inhalation TTC values: A new integrative grouping approach considering structural, toxicological and mechanistic features. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2016; 78:8-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2016.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2015] [Revised: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Schüürmann G, Ebert RU, Tluczkiewicz I, Escher SE, Kühne R. Inhalation threshold of toxicological concern (TTC) - Structural alerts discriminate high from low repeated-dose inhalation toxicity. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2016; 88:123-132. [PMID: 26735350 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2015.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Revised: 12/03/2015] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The threshold of toxicological concern (TTC) of a compound represents an exposure value below which the associated human health risk is considered negligible. As such, this approach offers assessing the risk of potential toxicants when little or no toxicological information is available. For the inhalation repeated-dose TTC, the goal was to derive structural alerts that discriminate between high- and low-toxic compounds. A further aim was to identify physicochemical parameters related to the inhalation-specific bioavailability of the compounds, and to explore their use as predictors of high vs low toxicity. 296 compounds with subacute, subchronic and chronic inhalation toxicity NOEC (no-observed effect concentration) values were subdivided into three almost equal-sized high-, medium- and low-toxic (HTox, MTox, LTox) potency classes. Whereas the derived 14 HTox and 7 LTox structural alerts yield an only moderate discrimination between these three groups, the high-toxic vs low-toxic mis-classification is very low: LTox-predicted compounds are not HTox to 97.5%, and HTox-predicted compounds not LTox to 88.6%. The probability of a compound being HTox vs LTox is triggered further by physicochemical properties encoding the tendency to evaporate from blood. The new structural alerts may aid in the predictive inhalation toxicity assessment of compounds as well as in designing low-toxicity chemicals, and provide a rationale for the chemistry underlying the toxicological outcome that can also be used for scoping targeted experimental studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerrit Schüürmann
- UFZ Department of Ecological Chemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Permoserstr. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany; Institute for Organic Chemistry, Technical University Bergakademie Freiberg, Leipziger Str. 29, 09596 Freiberg, Germany.
| | - Ralf-Uwe Ebert
- UFZ Department of Ecological Chemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Permoserstr. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Inga Tluczkiewicz
- Institute for Organic Chemistry, Technical University Bergakademie Freiberg, Leipziger Str. 29, 09596 Freiberg, Germany; Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Nikolai-Fuchs-Str. 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Sylvia E Escher
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Nikolai-Fuchs-Str. 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Ralph Kühne
- UFZ Department of Ecological Chemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Permoserstr. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
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Integrated Approaches to Testing and Assessment. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2016; 856:317-342. [PMID: 27671729 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-33826-2_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In this chapter, we explain how Integrated Approaches to Testing and Assessment (IATA) offer a means of integrating and translating the data generated by toxicity testing methods, thereby serving as flexible and suitable tools for toxicological decision making in the twenty-first century. In addition to traditional in vitro and in vivo testing methods, IATA are increasingly incorporating newly developed in vitro systems and measurement technologies such as high throughput screening and high content imaging. Computational approaches are also being used in IATA development, both as a means of generating data (e.g. QSARs), interpreting data (bioinformatics and chemoinformatics), and as a means of integrating multiple sources of data (e.g. expert systems, bayesian models). Decision analytic methods derived from socioeconomic theory can also play a role in developing flexible and optimal IATA solutions. Some of the challenges involved in the development, validation and implementation of IATA are also discussed.
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Wolf DC, Bachman A, Barrett G, Bellin C, Goodman JI, Jensen E, Moretto A, McMullin T, Pastoor TP, Schoeny R, Slezak B, Wend K, Embry MR. Illustrative case using the RISK21 roadmap and matrix: prioritization for evaluation of chemicals found in drinking water. Crit Rev Toxicol 2015; 46:43-53. [PMID: 26451723 PMCID: PMC4732461 DOI: 10.3109/10408444.2015.1082973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2015] [Revised: 07/08/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The HESI-led RISK21 effort has developed a framework supporting the use of twenty-first century technology in obtaining and using information for chemical risk assessment. This framework represents a problem formulation-based, exposure-driven, tiered data acquisition approach that leads to an informed decision on human health safety to be made when sufficient evidence is available. It provides a transparent and consistent approach to evaluate information in order to maximize the ability of assessments to inform decisions and to optimize the use of resources. To demonstrate the application of the framework's roadmap and matrix, this case study evaluates a large number of chemicals that could be present in drinking water. The focus is to prioritize which of these should be considered for human health risk as individual contaminants. The example evaluates 20 potential drinking water contaminants, using the tiered RISK21 approach in combination with graphical representation of information at each step, using the RISK21 matrix. Utilizing the framework, 11 of the 20 chemicals were assigned low priority based on available exposure data alone, which demonstrated that exposure was extremely low. The remaining nine chemicals were further evaluated, using refined estimates of toxicity based on readily available data, with three deemed high priority for further evaluation. In the present case study, it was determined that the greatest value of additional information would be from improved exposure models and not from additional hazard characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ammie Bachman
- ExxonMobil Biomedical Sciences, Inc. Annandale,
NJ,
USA
| | | | - Cheryl Bellin
- DuPont Haskell Global Centers for Health & Environmental Sciences,
Newark,
DE,
USA
| | - Jay I. Goodman
- Pharmcology & Toxicology, Michigan State University,
East Lansing,
MI,
USA
| | - Elke Jensen
- Department of Biomedical & Clinical Sciences, University of Milan,
Milan,
Italy
| | - Angelo Moretto
- Department of Biomedical & Clinical Sciences, University of Milan,
Milan,
Italy
| | | | | | - Rita Schoeny
- United States Environmental Protection Agency,
Washington, DC,
USA
| | - Brian Slezak
- DuPont Haskell Global Centers for Health & Environmental Sciences,
Newark,
DE,
USA
| | - Korinna Wend
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, UCLA and Orthopaedic Hospital,
Los Angeles,
CA,
USA
- Orthopaedic Hospital Research Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA Los Angeles,
CA,
USA
| | - Michelle R. Embry
- ILSI Health and Environmental Sciences Institute Washington, DC,
USA
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15
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Classification of dermal sensitizers in pharmaceutical manufacturing. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2015; 72:501-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2015.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Revised: 04/26/2015] [Accepted: 05/25/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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16
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Papastergiadis A, Fatouh A, Jacxsens L, Lachat C, Shrestha K, Daelman J, Kolsteren P, Van Langenhove H, De Meulenaer B. Exposure assessment of Malondialdehyde, 4-Hydroxy-2-(E)-Nonenal and 4-Hydroxy-2-(E)-Hexenal through specific foods available in Belgium. Food Chem Toxicol 2014; 73:51-8. [PMID: 25035169 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2014.06.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2014] [Revised: 06/27/2014] [Accepted: 06/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Malondialdehyde (MDA), 4-Hydroxy-2-(E)-Nonenal (HNE) and 4-Hydroxy-2-(E)-Hexenal (HHE) are reactive aldehydes found in foods and are formed due to decomposition of polyunsaturated fatty acid hydroperoxides. In the present study, sixteen food categories were analyzed for the aforementioned aldehydes and in combination with consumption data obtained from a national representative sample of the Belgian population, a quantitative exposure assessment was performed. MDA was detected above the detection limit in 84% of the analyzed samples while HNE and HHE in 63% and 16% of the samples respectively. Consumption of dry nuts, fried snacks, French fries and cured minced meat products were found to contribute the most to the intake of MDA and HNE. Intake of HHE from the foods analyzed was found not to be significant. An evaluation of any potential risk related to the intake of the studied aldehydes through the studied foods was performed by applying the threshold of toxicological concern concept. No risk to human health could be identified related to the consumption of these foods for the vast majority of the consumers, with the only exception of a small proportion (3.8%) of those who consume cured and minced raw meat, that could be at risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonios Papastergiadis
- NutriFOODchem Unit, Department of Food Safety and Food Quality (Partner in Food2Know), Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Amr Fatouh
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ain Shams University, 68 Hdayek Shubra, 11241 Cairo, Egypt
| | - Liesbeth Jacxsens
- NutriFOODchem Unit, Department of Food Safety and Food Quality (Partner in Food2Know), Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Carl Lachat
- NutriFOODchem Unit, Department of Food Safety and Food Quality (Partner in Food2Know), Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium; Nutrition and Child Health Unit, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nationalestraat 155, B-2000 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Kshitij Shrestha
- NutriFOODchem Unit, Department of Food Safety and Food Quality (Partner in Food2Know), Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jeff Daelman
- Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Food Preservation, Department of Food Safety and Food Quality (Partner in Food2Know), Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Patrick Kolsteren
- NutriFOODchem Unit, Department of Food Safety and Food Quality (Partner in Food2Know), Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium; Nutrition and Child Health Unit, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nationalestraat 155, B-2000 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Herman Van Langenhove
- Research Group EnVOC, Department of Sustainable Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Bruno De Meulenaer
- NutriFOODchem Unit, Department of Food Safety and Food Quality (Partner in Food2Know), Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium.
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17
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Feasibility study: refinement of the TTC concept by additional rules based on in silico and experimental data. Arch Toxicol 2014; 89:25-32. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-014-1248-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2013] [Accepted: 04/15/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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18
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Endocrine effects of chemicals: Aspects of hazard identification and human health risk assessment. Toxicol Lett 2013; 223:280-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2013.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2012] [Revised: 02/27/2013] [Accepted: 03/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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19
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Scholz S, Sela E, Blaha L, Braunbeck T, Galay-Burgos M, García-Franco M, Guinea J, Klüver N, Schirmer K, Tanneberger K, Tobor-Kapłon M, Witters H, Belanger S, Benfenati E, Creton S, Cronin MT, Eggen RI, Embry M, Ekman D, Gourmelon A, Halder M, Hardy B, Hartung T, Hubesch B, Jungmann D, Lampi MA, Lee L, Léonard M, Küster E, Lillicrap A, Luckenbach T, Murk AJ, Navas JM, Peijnenburg W, Repetto G, Salinas E, Schüürmann G, Spielmann H, Tollefsen KE, Walter-Rohde S, Whale G, Wheeler JR, Winter MJ. A European perspective on alternatives to animal testing for environmental hazard identification and risk assessment. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2013; 67:506-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2013.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2013] [Revised: 10/02/2013] [Accepted: 10/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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20
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Caiment F, Tsamou M, Jennen D, Kleinjans J. Assessing compound carcinogenicityin vitrousing connectivity mapping. Carcinogenesis 2013; 35:201-7. [DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgt278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
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21
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Brand W, de Jongh CM, van der Linden SC, Mennes W, Puijker LM, van Leeuwen CJ, van Wezel AP, Schriks M, Heringa MB. Trigger values for investigation of hormonal activity in drinking water and its sources using CALUX bioassays. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2013; 55:109-18. [PMID: 23542573 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2013.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2012] [Revised: 01/25/2013] [Accepted: 02/16/2013] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
To screen for hormonal activity in water samples, highly sensitive in vitro CALUX bioassays are available which allow detection of estrogenic (ERα), androgenic (AR), progestagenic (PR), and glucocorticoid (GR) activities. This paper presents trigger values for the ERα, AR, PR, and GR CALUX bioassays for agonistic hormonal activities in (drinking) water, which define a level above which human health risk cannot be waived a priori and additional examination of specific endocrine activity may be warranted. The trigger values are based on 1) acceptable or tolerable daily intake (ADI/TDI) values of specific compounds, 2) pharmacokinetic factors defining their bioavailability, 3) estimations of the bioavailability of unknown compounds with equivalent hormonal activity, 4) relative endocrine potencies, and 5) physiological, and drinking water allocation factors. As a result, trigger values of 3.8ng 17β-estradiol (E2)-equivalents (eq)/L, 11ng dihydrotestosterone (DHT)-eq/L, 21ng dexamethasone (DEX)-eq/L, and 333ng Org2058-eq/L were derived. Benchmark Quotient (BQ) values were derived by dividing hormonal activity in water samples by the derived trigger using the highest concentrations detected in a recent, limited screening of Dutch water samples, and were in the order of (value) AR (0.41)>ERα (0.13)>GR (0.06)>PR (0.04). The application of trigger values derived in the present study can help to judge measured agonistic hormonal activities in water samples using the CALUX bioassays and help to decide whether further examination of specific endocrine activity followed by a subsequent safety evaluation may be warranted, or whether concentrations of such activity are of low priority with respect to health concerns in the human population. For instance, at one specific drinking water production site ERα and AR (but no GR and PR) activities were detected in drinking water, however, these levels are at least a factor 83 smaller than the respective trigger values, and therefore no human health risks are to be expected from hormonal activity in Dutch drinking water from this site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter Brand
- KWR Watercycle Research Institute, Groningenhaven 7, 3433 PE Nieuwegein, The Netherlands.
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22
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Enzmann H, Broich K. Krebs - alles ganz anders? Besonderheiten onkologischer Arzneimittel aus Sicht der Arzneimittelzulassung. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR EVIDENZ FORTBILDUNG UND QUALITAET IM GESUNDHEITSWESEN 2013; 107:120-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.zefq.2013.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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