1
|
Oyanna VO, Clarke JD. Mechanisms of intestinal pharmacokinetic natural product-drug interactions. Drug Metab Rev 2024:1-17. [PMID: 39078118 DOI: 10.1080/03602532.2024.2386597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2024] [Accepted: 07/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/31/2024]
Abstract
The growing co-consumption of botanical natural products with conventional medications has intensified the need to understand potential effects on drug safety and efficacy. This review delves into the intricacies of intestinal pharmacokinetic interactions between botanical natural products and drugs, such as alterations in drug solubility, permeability, transporter activity, and enzyme-mediated metabolism. It emphasizes the importance of understanding how drug solubility, dissolution, and osmolality interplay with botanical constituents in the gastrointestinal tract, potentially altering drug absorption and systemic exposure. Unlike reviews that focus primarily on enzyme and transporter mechanisms, this article highlights the lesser known but equally important mechanisms of interaction. Applying the Biopharmaceutics Drug Disposition Classification System (BDDCS) can serve as a framework for predicting and understanding these interactions. Through a comprehensive examination of specific botanical natural products such as byakkokaninjinto, green tea catechins, goldenseal, spinach extract, and quercetin, we illustrate the diversity of these interactions and their dependence on the physicochemical properties of the drug and the botanical constituents involved. This understanding is vital for healthcare professionals to effectively anticipate and manage potential natural product-drug interactions, ensuring optimal patient therapeutic outcomes. By exploring these emerging mechanisms, we aim to broaden the scope of natural product-drug interaction research and encourage comprehensive studies to better elucidate complex mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Victoria O Oyanna
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, WA State University, Spokane, Washington, USA
| | - John D Clarke
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, WA State University, Spokane, Washington, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Senol Deniz FS, Ekhteiari Salmas R, Emerce E, Sener B, Orhan IE. Cholinesterase Inhibitory and In Silico Toxicity Assessment of Thirty-Four Isoquinoline Alkaloids - Berberine as the Lead Compound. CNS & NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS DRUG TARGETS 2024; 23:773-783. [PMID: 37073143 DOI: 10.2174/1871527322666230417083053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 01/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cholinesterase (ChE) inhibitors used currently in clinics for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD) are the most prescribed drug class with nitrogen-containing chemical formula. Galanthamine, the latest generation anti-ChE drug, contains an isoquinoline structure. OBJECTIVE The aim of the current study was to investigate the inhibitory potential of thirty-four isoquinoline alkaloids, e.g. (-)-adlumidine, β-allocryptopine, berberine, (+)-bicuculline, (-)-bicuculline, (+)-bulbocapnine, (-)-canadine, (±)-chelidimerine, corydaldine, (±)-corydalidzine, (-)-corydalmine, (+)-cularicine, dehydrocavidine, (+)-fumariline, (-)-fumarophycine, (+)-α-hydrastine, (+)-isoboldine, 13-methylcolumbamine, (-)-norjuziphine, norsanguinarine, (-)-ophiocarpine, (-)-ophiocarpine-Noxide, oxocularine, oxosarcocapnine, palmatine, (+)-parfumine, protopine, (+)-reticuline, sanguinarine, (+)-scoulerine, (±)-sibiricine, (±)-sibiricine acetate, (-)-sinactine, and (-)-stylopine isolated from several Fumaria (fumitory) and Corydalis species towards acetyl- (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) by microtiter plate assays. The alkaloids with strong ChE inhibition were proceeded to molecular docking simulations as well as in silico toxicity screening for their mutagenic capacity through VEGA QSAR (AMES test) consensus model and VEGA platform as statistical approaches. The inputs were evaluated in a simplified molecular input-line entry system (SMILES). METHODS ChE inhibition assays indicated that the highest AChE inhibition was caused by berberine (IC50: 0.72 ± 0.04 μg/mL), palmatine (IC50: 6.29 ± 0.61 μg/mL), β-allocryptopine (IC50: 10.62 ± 0.45 μg/mL), (-)-sinactine (IC50: 11.94 ± 0.44 μg/mL), and dehydrocavidine (IC50: 15.01 ± 1.87 μg/mL) as compared to that of galanthamine (IC50: 0.74 ± 0.01 μg/mL), the reference drug with isoquinoline skeleton. Less number of the tested alkaloids exhibited notable BChE inhibition. Among them, berberine (IC50: 7.67 ± 0.36 μg/mL) and (-)-corydalmine (IC50: 7.78 ± 0.38 μg/mL) displayed a stronger inhibition than that of galanthamine (IC50: 12.02 ± 0.25 μg/mL). The mutagenic activity was shown for β-allocryptopine, (+)- and (-)-bicuculline, (±)-corydalidzine, (-)-corydalmine, (+)-cularicine, (-)- fumarophycine, (-)-norjuziphine, (-)-ophiocarpine-N-oxide, (+)-scoulerine, (-)-sinactine, and (-)- stylopine by means of in silico experiments. RESULTS The results obtained by molecular docking simulations of berberine, palmatine, and (-)- corydalmine suggested that the estimated free ligand-binding energies of these compounds inside the binding domains of their targets are reasonable to make them capable of establishing strong polar and nonpolar bonds with the atoms of the active site amino acids. CONCLUSION Our findings revealed that berberine, palmatin, and (-)-corydalmine stand out as the most promising isoquinoline alkaloids in terms of ChE inhibition. Among them, berberine has displayed a robust dual inhibition against both ChEs and could be evaluated further as a lead compound for AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F Sezer Senol Deniz
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gazi University, Ankara 06330, Türkiye
| | | | - Esra Emerce
- Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gazi University, Ankara 06330, Türkiye
| | - Bilge Sener
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gazi University, Ankara 06330, Türkiye
| | - Ilkay Erdogan Orhan
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gazi University, Ankara 06330, Türkiye
- Turkish Academy of Sciences (TÜBA), Vedat Dalokay Street, No. 112, Ankara 06670, Türkiye
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Quiroz-Delfi GO, Rider CV, Ferguson SS, Jarmusch AK, Mueller GA. Non-targeted chemical analysis of consumer botanical products labeled as blue cohosh (Caulophyllum thalictroides), goldenseal (Hydrastis canadensis), or yohimbe bark (Pausinystalia yohimbe) by NMR and MS. Anal Bioanal Chem 2024; 416:175-189. [PMID: 37910202 PMCID: PMC11185429 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-023-05004-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
Consumers have unprecedented access to botanical dietary supplements through online retailers, making it difficult to ensure product quality and authenticity. Therefore, methods to survey and compare chemical compositions across botanical products are needed. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and non-targeted mass spectrometry (MS) were used to chemically analyze commercial products labeled as containing one of three botanicals: blue cohosh, goldenseal, and yohimbe bark. Aqueous and organic phase extracts were prepared and analyzed in tandem with NMR followed by MS. We processed the non-targeted data using multivariate statistics to analyze the compositional similarity across extracts. In each case, there were several product outliers that were identified using principal component analysis (PCA). Evaluation of select known constituents proved useful to contextualize PCA subgroups, which in some cases supported or refuted product authenticity. The NMR and MS data reached similar conclusions independently but were also complementary.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni O Quiroz-Delfi
- Genome Integrity and Structural Biology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Durham, NC, 27709, USA
- Immunity, Inflammation, and Disease Laboratory, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Durham, NC, 27709, USA
- Division of Translational Toxicology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Durham, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Cynthia V Rider
- Division of Translational Toxicology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Durham, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Stephen S Ferguson
- Division of Translational Toxicology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Durham, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Alan K Jarmusch
- Immunity, Inflammation, and Disease Laboratory, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Durham, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Geoffrey A Mueller
- Genome Integrity and Structural Biology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Durham, NC, 27709, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Chen S, Li X, Li Y, He X, Bryant M, Qin X, Li F, Seo JE, Guo X, Mei N, Guo L. The involvement of hepatic cytochrome P450s in the cytotoxicity of lapatinib. Toxicol Sci 2023; 197:69-78. [PMID: 37788138 PMCID: PMC10734604 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfad099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Lapatinib, an oral tyrosine kinase inhibitor used as a first-line treatment for HER2-positive breast cancer, has been reported to be associated with hepatotoxicity; however, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. In this study, we report that lapatinib causes cytotoxicity in multiple types of hepatic cells, including primary human hepatocytes, HepaRG cells, and HepG2 cells. A 24-h treatment with lapatinib induced cell cycle disturbances, apoptosis, and DNA damage, and decreased the protein levels of topoisomerase in HepG2 cells. We investigated the role of cytochrome P450 (CYP)-mediated metabolism in lapatinib-induced cytotoxicity using our previously established HepG2 cell lines, which express each of 14 CYPs (1A1, 1A2, 1B1, 2A6, 2B6, 2C8, 2C9, 2C18, 2C19, 2D6, 2E1, 3A4, 3A5, and 3A7). We demonstrate that lapatinib is metabolized by CYP1A1, 3A4, 3A5, and 3A7. Among these, lapatinib-induced cytotoxicity and DNA damage were attenuated in cells overexpressing CYP3A5 or 3A7. Additionally, we measured the production of three primary metabolites of lapatinib (O-dealkylated lapatinib, N-dealkylated lapatinib, and N-hydroxy lapatinib) in CYP1A1-, 3A4-, 3A5-, and 3A7-overexpressing HepG2 cells. We compared the cytotoxicity of lapatinib and its 3 metabolites in primary human hepatocytes, HepaRG cells, and HepG2 cells and demonstrated that N-dealkylated lapatinib is more toxic than the parent drug and the other metabolites. Taken together, our results indicate that lapatinib-induced cytotoxicity involves multiple mechanisms, such as apoptosis and DNA damage; that N-dealkylated lapatinib is a toxic metabolite contributing to the toxic effect of lapatinib; and that CYP3A5- and 3A7-mediated metabolism plays a role in attenuating the cytotoxicity of lapatinib.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Si Chen
- Division of Biochemical Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research (NCTR), U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Jefferson, Arkansas 72079, USA
| | - Xilin Li
- Division of Genetic and Molecular Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research (NCTR), U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Jefferson, Arkansas 72079, USA
| | - Yuxi Li
- Division of Biochemical Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research (NCTR), U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Jefferson, Arkansas 72079, USA
| | - Xiaobo He
- Office of Scientific Coordination, National Center for Toxicological Research (NCTR), U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Jefferson, Arkansas 72079, USA
| | - Matthew Bryant
- Office of Scientific Coordination, National Center for Toxicological Research (NCTR), U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Jefferson, Arkansas 72079, USA
| | - Xuan Qin
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Feng Li
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Ji-Eun Seo
- Division of Genetic and Molecular Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research (NCTR), U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Jefferson, Arkansas 72079, USA
| | - Xiaoqing Guo
- Division of Genetic and Molecular Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research (NCTR), U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Jefferson, Arkansas 72079, USA
| | - Nan Mei
- Division of Genetic and Molecular Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research (NCTR), U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Jefferson, Arkansas 72079, USA
| | - Lei Guo
- Division of Biochemical Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research (NCTR), U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Jefferson, Arkansas 72079, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Gao Y, Xu X, Zhang X. Targeting different phenotypes of macrophages: A potential strategy for natural products to treat inflammatory bone and joint diseases. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 118:154952. [PMID: 37506402 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2023.154952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Macrophages, a key class of immune cells, have a dual role in inflammatory responses, switching between anti-inflammatory M2 and pro-inflammatory M1 subtypes depending on the specific environment. Greater numbers of M1 macrophages correlate with increased production of inflammatory chemicals, decreased osteogenic potential, and eventually bone and joint disorders. Therefore, reversing M1 macrophages polarization is advantageous for lowering inflammatory factors. To better treat inflammatory bone disorders in the future, it may be helpful to gain insight into the specific mechanisms and natural products that modulate macrophage polarization. OBJECTIVE This review examines the impact of programmed cell death and different cells in the bone microenvironment on macrophage polarization, as well as the effects of natural products on the various phenotypes of macrophages, in order to suggest some possibilities for the treatment of inflammatory osteoarthritic disorders. METHODS Using 'macrophage polarization,' 'M1 macrophage' 'M2 macrophage' 'osteoporosis,' 'osteonecrosis of femoral head,' 'osteolysis,' 'gouty arthritis,' 'collagen-induced arthritis,' 'freund's adjuvant-induced arthritis,' 'adjuvant arthritis,' and 'rheumatoid arthritis' as search terms, the relevant literature was searched using the PubMed, the Cochrane Library and Web of Science databases. RESULTS Targeting macrophages through different signaling pathways has become a key mechanism for the treatment of inflammatory bone and joint diseases, including HIF-1α, NF-κB, AKT/mTOR, JAK1/2-STAT1, NF-κB, JNK, ERK, p-38α/β, p38/MAPK, PI3K/AKT, AMPK, AMPK/Sirt1, STAT TLR4/NF-κB, TLR4/NLRP3, NAMPT pathway, as well as the programmed cell death autophagy, pyroptosis and ERS. CONCLUSION As a result of a search of databases, we have summarized the available experimental and clinical evidence supporting herbal products as potential treatment agents for inflammatory osteoarthropathy. In this paper, we outline the various modulatory effects of natural substances targeting macrophages in various diseases, which may provide insight into drug options and directions for future clinical trials. In spite of this, more mechanistic studies on natural substances, as well as pharmacological, toxicological, and clinical studies are required.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuhe Gao
- Graduate School, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, 24 Heping Road, Xiangfang District, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150040, China
| | - Xilin Xu
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150000, China.
| | - Xiaofeng Zhang
- Teaching and Research Section of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150000, China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Garrett B, Caulfield T, Murdoch B, Brignall M, Kapur AK, Murphy S, Nelson E, Reardon J, Harrison M, Hislop J, Wilson‐Keates BJ, Anthony J, Loewen PS, Musoke RM, Braun J. A taxonomy of risk-associated alternative health practices: A Delphi study. HEALTH & SOCIAL CARE IN THE COMMUNITY 2022; 30:1163-1181. [PMID: 34041822 PMCID: PMC9291966 DOI: 10.1111/hsc.13386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Defining alternative health care and the recording of associated adverse events and harm remains problematic. This Canadian study aimed to establish and classify risk-associated alternative health practices in a Delphi study undertaken with an interdisciplinary panel of 17 health experts in 2020. It provides a new functional definition of alternative health care and an initial taxonomy of risk-associated alternative health care practices. A number of risk-associated practices were identified and categorized into general practices that conflict with biomedical care or largely untested therapies, alternative beliefs systems, physical manipulative alternative therapies, and herbal and nutritional supplements. Some risk significant harms including major physical injuries or even death. The lack of systematic methods for recording adverse events in alternative health care makes establishing the frequency of such events challenging. However, it is important that people engaging with alternative health care understand they are not necessarily risk-free endeavours, and what those risks are.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bernie Garrett
- School of NursingUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverBCCanada
| | - Timothy Caulfield
- Faculty of LawHealth Law InstituteUniversity of AlbertaEdmontonABCanada
| | - Blake Murdoch
- Faculty of LawHealth Law InstituteUniversity of AlbertaEdmontonABCanada
| | | | | | - Susan Murphy
- Department of Physical TherapyFaculty of MedicineUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverBCCanada
| | - Erin Nelson
- Faculty of LawHealth Law InstituteUniversity of AlbertaEdmontonABCanada
| | - Jillian Reardon
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverBCCanada
| | - Mark Harrison
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverBCCanada
- Centre for Health Evaluation and Outcome Sciences (CHEOS)St. Paul’s HospitalVancouverBCCanada
| | - Jonathan Hislop
- Family MedicineUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverBCCanada
| | | | - Joseph Anthony
- Department of Physical TherapyFaculty of MedicineUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverBCCanada
| | - Peter S. Loewen
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverBCCanada
| | - Richard M. Musoke
- School of Population and Public HealthUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverBCCanada
| | - Joan Braun
- Bora Laskin Faculty of LawLakehead UniversityThunder BayONCanada
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Ceravolo IP, Aguiar AC, Adebayo JO, Krettli AU. Studies on Activities and Chemical Characterization of Medicinal Plants in Search for New Antimalarials: A Ten Year Review on Ethnopharmacology. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:734263. [PMID: 34630109 PMCID: PMC8493299 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.734263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria is an endemic disease that affected 229 million people and caused 409 thousand deaths, in 2019. Disease control is based on early diagnosis and specific treatment with antimalarial drugs since no effective vaccines are commercially available to prevent the disease. Drug chemotherapy has a strong historical link to the use of traditional plant infusions and other natural products in various cultures. The research based on such knowledge has yielded two drugs in medicine: the alkaloid quinine from Cinchona species, native in the Amazon highland rain forest in South America, and artemisinin from Artemisia annua, a species from the millenary Chinese medicine. The artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACTs), proven to be highly effective against malaria parasites, and considered as “the last bullet to fight drug-resistant malaria parasites,” have limited use now due to the emergence of multidrug resistance. In addition, the limited number of therapeutic options makes urgent the development of new antimalarial drugs. This review focuses on the antimalarial activities of 90 plant species obtained from a search using Pubmed database with keywords “antimalarials,” “plants” and “natural products.” We selected only papers published in the last 10 years (2011–2020), with a further analysis of those which were tested experimentally in malaria infected mice. Most plant species studied were from the African continent, followed by Asia and South America; their antimalarial activities were evaluated against asexual blood parasites, and only one species was evaluated for transmission blocking activity. Only a few compounds isolated from these plants were active and had their mechanisms of action delineated, thereby limiting the contribution of these medicinal plants as sources of novel antimalarial pharmacophores, which are highly necessary for the development of effective drugs. Nevertheless, the search for bioactive compounds remains as a promising strategy for the development of new antimalarials and the validation of traditional treatments against malaria. One species native in South America, Ampelozyzyphus amazonicus, and is largely used against human malaria in Brazil has a prophylactic effect, interfering with the viability of sporozoites in in vitro and in vivo experiments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Isabela P Ceravolo
- Instituto René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Anna C Aguiar
- Departamento de Biociência, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Santos, Brazil
| | - Joseph O Adebayo
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria
| | - Antoniana U Krettli
- Instituto René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Pharmacokinetics, tissue distribution and plasma protein binding rate of palmatine following intragastric and intravenous administration in rats using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2021; 203:114226. [PMID: 34182412 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2021.114226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 06/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Palmatine is a natural isoquinoline alkaloid widely found in traditional Chinese medicines. In this study, a simple, sensitive and rapid ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) method was developed and validated for the quantification of palmatine in the plasma and tissue samples in rats. Sample preparation involved a simple protein precipitation extraction technique using acetonitrile as the precipitating solvent. Chromatographic separation was accomplished on an ACQUITY UPLC BEH C18 column with a mobile phase of acetonitrile-5 mM ammonium acetate solution (70:30, v/v) at a flow rate of 0.3 mL/min. Coptisine was selected as the internal standard. The protonated analytes were determined with MRM in the positive ion mode. The assay exhibited a linear dynamic range of 1.0-1000 ng/mL for palmatine in each biological matrix and the low limit of quantification was 1.0 ng/mL. Non-compartmental pharmacokinetic parameters indicated that there is a significant difference in the apparent distribution volume and half-life between intragastric and intravenous administration modes. Palmatine could be detected in different tissues and the content in liver and kidney is relatively high, suggesting that liver and kidney might be the targeting organs of palmatine. The plasma protein binding rate test showed that the percent binding of palmatine is medium, and was found to be higher in human than in rats.
Collapse
|
9
|
AlAli M, Alqubaisy M, Aljaafari MN, AlAli AO, Baqais L, Molouki A, Abushelaibi A, Lai KS, Lim SHE. Nutraceuticals: Transformation of Conventional Foods into Health Promoters/Disease Preventers and Safety Considerations. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26092540. [PMID: 33925346 PMCID: PMC8123587 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26092540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Nutraceuticals are essential food constituents that provide nutritional benefits as well as medicinal effects. The benefits of these foods are due to the presence of active compounds such as carotenoids, collagen hydrolysate, and dietary fibers. Nutraceuticals have been found to positively affect cardiovascular and immune system health and have a role in infection and cancer prevention. Nutraceuticals can be categorized into different classes based on their nature and mode of action. In this review, different classifications of nutraceuticals and their potential therapeutic activity, such as anti-cancer, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-lipid activity in disease will be reviewed. Moreover, the different mechanisms of action of these products, applications, and safety upon consumers including current trends and future prospect of nutraceuticals will be included.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mudhi AlAli
- Health Sciences Division, Abu Dhabi Women’s College, Higher Colleges of Technology, Abu Dhabi 41012, United Arab Emirates; (M.A.); (M.A.); (M.N.A.); (A.O.A.); (L.B.); (K.-S.L.)
| | - Maream Alqubaisy
- Health Sciences Division, Abu Dhabi Women’s College, Higher Colleges of Technology, Abu Dhabi 41012, United Arab Emirates; (M.A.); (M.A.); (M.N.A.); (A.O.A.); (L.B.); (K.-S.L.)
| | - Mariam Nasser Aljaafari
- Health Sciences Division, Abu Dhabi Women’s College, Higher Colleges of Technology, Abu Dhabi 41012, United Arab Emirates; (M.A.); (M.A.); (M.N.A.); (A.O.A.); (L.B.); (K.-S.L.)
| | - Asma Obaid AlAli
- Health Sciences Division, Abu Dhabi Women’s College, Higher Colleges of Technology, Abu Dhabi 41012, United Arab Emirates; (M.A.); (M.A.); (M.N.A.); (A.O.A.); (L.B.); (K.-S.L.)
| | - Laila Baqais
- Health Sciences Division, Abu Dhabi Women’s College, Higher Colleges of Technology, Abu Dhabi 41012, United Arab Emirates; (M.A.); (M.A.); (M.N.A.); (A.O.A.); (L.B.); (K.-S.L.)
| | - Aidin Molouki
- Department of Avian Disease Research and Diagnostic, Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Agricultural Research Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj 31585-854, Iran;
| | - Aisha Abushelaibi
- Dubai Colleges, Higher Colleges of Technology, Dubai 16062, United Arab Emirates;
| | - Kok-Song Lai
- Health Sciences Division, Abu Dhabi Women’s College, Higher Colleges of Technology, Abu Dhabi 41012, United Arab Emirates; (M.A.); (M.A.); (M.N.A.); (A.O.A.); (L.B.); (K.-S.L.)
| | - Swee-Hua Erin Lim
- Health Sciences Division, Abu Dhabi Women’s College, Higher Colleges of Technology, Abu Dhabi 41012, United Arab Emirates; (M.A.); (M.A.); (M.N.A.); (A.O.A.); (L.B.); (K.-S.L.)
- Correspondence: or ; Tel.: +971-56-389-3757
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Ibrahim R, Nyska A, Dunnick J, Ramot Y. The toxicologic pathology aspects of selected natural herbal products and related compounds. J Toxicol Pathol 2021; 34:181-211. [PMID: 34290474 PMCID: PMC8280299 DOI: 10.1293/tox.2021-0016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Herbal products have been in use for many years, but they are becoming more and more
popular in recent years, and they are currently in widespread use throughout the world. In
this review article we describe the histopathologic findings found after exposure to 12
dietary herbals in studies conducted in rodent model systems. Clear or some evidence for
carcinogenic activity was seen with 6 herbals, with the liver being the most common organ
affected. The intestine was affected by two herbals (aloe vera nondecolorized extract and
senna), three had no clear evidence for carcinogenic activity and one was cardiotoxic
(Ephedrine and Ephedra in combination with caffeine). Information from these studies can
help to better understand potential target organs for further evaluation from exposure to
various herbal products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruba Ibrahim
- Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel.,Department of Dermatology, Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Abraham Nyska
- Consultant in Toxicologic Pathology, Yehuda HaMaccabi 31, floor 5, Tel Aviv 6200515, Israel.,Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - June Dunnick
- Toxicology Branch, Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Yuval Ramot
- Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel.,Department of Dermatology, Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Yang Y, Vong CT, Zeng S, Gao C, Chen Z, Fu C, Wang S, Zou L, Wang A, Wang Y. Tracking evidences of Coptis chinensis for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease from pharmacological, pharmacokinetic to clinical studies. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 268:113573. [PMID: 33181286 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.113573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Coptis chinensis (C. chinensis, Huanglian in Chinese), a famous traditional herbal medicine used for clearing heat and detoxification since thousands of years ago, is widely and traditionally used for clinical treatment of stomach inflammation, duodenum and digestive tract ulcers alone or through combing with other herbs in compound formulations. AIM OF THE REVIEW Through literature reviews of C. chinensis and berberine (one of the most important bioactive compounds derived from this plant) for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), this review aims to provide beneficial information for further exploration of the potent bioactive constituents from C. chinensis, deep investigation on the molecular mechanisms for the treatment of IBD, as well as further research and development of brand new products from C. chinensis for clinical therapy of IBD. METHODS "C. chinensis" and "IBD" were selected as the main keywords, and various online search engines, such as Google Scholar, PubMed, Web of Science, China National Knowledge Infrastructure database (CNKI) and other publication resources, were used for searching literatures. RESULTS To present, C. chinensis together with other herbs are involved in plenty of Chinese herbal prescriptions for the treatment of IBD, but little research focused on the single therapeutic effects of C. chinensis or extracts from this herb for the treatment of this disease. Berberine, one of important and representative bioactive compound isolated from C. chinensis, was reported to treat IBD effectively at a big arising speed in recent years. However, systematically and comprehensively reviews on the research of C. chinensis and berberine for the treatment of IBD from the aspects of chemical constituents, pharmacological effects, pharmacokinetics as well as clinical studies are seldom accomplished by researchers. Bioactive components from C. chinensis exert therapeutic effects for the treatment of IBD mainly through the inhibition of oxidative stress, antinociception, protection of intestinal mucosal epithelial barrier, regulation of T helper cells, as well as antibacterial activity. Although numerous studies on bioactive compounds from C. chinense have been performed by clinical investigators in recent years, most of them should be performed in a more strict and standard way to ensure the safety and efficacy of these compounds. CONCLUSIONS Berberine is considered as the representative and effective component from C. chinensis, but many other chemical components isolated from C. chinensis also have therapeutic effects for the treatment of IBD, which need deep research and further exploration. To accelerate research and development of C. chinensis and its bioactive components for the treatment of IBD, clinical trials are needed to clarify the effectiveness and safety of these chemical components from C. chinensis, as well as their molecular mechanisms for IBD treatment in vitro and in vivo. It is believed that continuous research and exploration on C. chinensis together with its bioactive compounds will bring great hope to the treatment of IBD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuhan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine and Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China; School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Characteristic Chinese Medicine Resources in Southwest China, Chengdu, 611137, China.
| | - Chi Teng Vong
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine and Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China.
| | - Shan Zeng
- Antibiotics Research and Re-evaluation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Industrial Institute of Antibiotics, Chengdu University, Chengdu, 610052, China.
| | - Caifang Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine and Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China.
| | - Zhejie Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine and Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China.
| | - Chaomei Fu
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Characteristic Chinese Medicine Resources in Southwest China, Chengdu, 611137, China.
| | - Shengpeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine and Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China.
| | - Liang Zou
- Key Laboratory of Coarse Cereal Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chengdu University, Chengdu, 610106, China.
| | - Anqi Wang
- School of Medicine, Chengdu University, Chengdu, 610106, China.
| | - Yitao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine and Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Li X, He X, Chen S, Le Y, Bryant MS, Guo L, Witt KL, Mei N. The genotoxicity potential of luteolin is enhanced by CYP1A1 and CYP1A2 in human lymphoblastoid TK6 cells. Toxicol Lett 2021; 344:58-68. [PMID: 33727136 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2021.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Luteolin (5,7,3',4'-tetrahydroxyflavone) belongs to the flavone subclass of flavonoids. Luteolin and its glycosides are present in many botanical families, including edible plants, fruits, and vegetables. While the beneficial properties of luteolin have been widely studied, fewer studies have investigated its toxicity. In the present study, using human lymphoblastoid TK6 cells and our newly developed TK6-derived cell lines that each stably express a single human cytochrome P450 (CYP1A1, 1A2, 1B1, 2A6, 2B6, 2C8, 2C18, 2C9, 2C19, 2D6, 2E1, 3A4, 3A5, and 3A7), we systematically evaluated luteolin-induced cytotoxicity and genotoxicity, and the role of specific CYPs in the bioactivation of luteolin. Treatments with luteolin for 4-24 h induced cytotoxicity, apoptosis, DNA damage, and chromosome damage in a concentration-dependent manner. Subsequently, we observed that luteolin-induced cytotoxicity and genotoxicity, measured by the high-throughput micronucleus assay, were significantly increased in TK6 cells transduced with CYP1A1 and 1A2. In addition, key apoptosis and DNA damage biomarkers, including cleaved PARP-1, cleaved caspase-3, and phosphorylated histone 2AX (γH2A.X), were all significantly increased in the CYP1A1- and 1A2-expressing cells compared with the empty vector controls. Analysis by LC-MS/MS revealed that TK6 cells biotransformed the majority of luteolin into diosmetin, a less toxic O-methylated flavone, after 24 h; the presence of CYP1A1 and 1A2 partially reversed this process. Altogether, these results indicate that metabolism by CYP1A1 and 1A2 enhanced the toxicity of luteolin in vitro. Our results further support the utility of our TK6 cell system for identification of the specific CYPs responsible for chemical bioactivation and toxicity potential.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xilin Li
- Division of Genetic and Molecular Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR, 72079, USA
| | - Xiaobo He
- Office of Scientific Coordination, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR, 72079, USA
| | - Si Chen
- Division of Biochemical Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR, 72079, USA
| | - Yuan Le
- Division of Genetic and Molecular Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR, 72079, USA
| | - Matthew S Bryant
- Office of Scientific Coordination, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR, 72079, USA
| | - Lei Guo
- Division of Biochemical Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR, 72079, USA
| | - Kristine L Witt
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Nan Mei
- Division of Genetic and Molecular Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR, 72079, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Gupta J, Ahuja A, Gupta R. Green Approaches for Cancer Management: an Effective Tool for Health Care. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 2021; 22:101-114. [PMID: 33463475 DOI: 10.2174/1871520621666210119091826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cancer is one of the leading causes of an increasing number of death incidences in modern society. As the population increases, there is increased thrust for screening newer anticancer (phytoconstituents) agents to manage cancers. Around 35000 herbal phytoconstituents are obtained from plants, animals and marine sources to create awareness of green therapy in managing, reducing, minimizing side effects of modern chemotherapeutics and radiation therapy. The herbal plants are the richest sources of natural remedies and bioactive compounds that promote medicines' alternative systems as a green approach for managing various cancers. The terpenoids, saponins, volatile oils, and flavonoid phytoconstituents are most efficiently used to manage cancer with minimal side effects. OBJECTIVE The objectives of the present study are to investigate the efficacious, potent and safe use of herbal phytoconstituents extracts in the management of cancers and study their mechanism of action through alteration of transcription proteins, blocking G-2/M phase, distortion of tubulin structure, generation of reactive oxygen species, lipid peroxidation, cell cycle arrest, anti-proliferation induced cell apoptosis for target specific cancer treatment. The information was collected from databases such as ScienceDirect, PubMed, Google Scholar, Academia, MedLine, and WoS. METHODS The Literature was surveyed and screened keywords like cancer therapeutics, metastasis, proliferation, cell apoptosis, cell lines, phytoconstituents for cancer management, and related disorders. RESULTS The findings suggested that the crude extracts act as an antioxidant, free radical scavenger, or anti-aging agent exploited in the management of cancers along with treatment of other infectious diseases like ulcers, gout, liver diseases, respiratory tract infection, renal disorders, blood disorders, CVD, anti-inflammatory and several wound infections. CONCLUSION The phytoactive moieties having herbal extracts help improve the compromised immunity status of affected patients and provide measures for scientific studies of newer anticancer agents in herbal industries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jitendra Gupta
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, GLA University, Mathura-281406, Uttar Pradesh. India
| | - Ashima Ahuja
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, GLA University, Mathura-281406, Uttar Pradesh. India
| | - Reena Gupta
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, GLA University, Mathura-281406, Uttar Pradesh. India
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Chen S, Wu Q, Li X, Li D, Mei N, Ning B, Puig M, Ren Z, Tolleson WH, Guo L. Characterization of cytochrome P450s (CYP)-overexpressing HepG2 cells for assessing drug and chemical-induced liver toxicity. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART C, TOXICOLOGY AND CARCINOGENESIS 2021; 39:68-86. [PMID: 33576714 PMCID: PMC7931144 DOI: 10.1080/26896583.2021.1880242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Hepatic metabolism catalyzed by the cytochrome P450 (CYP) superfamily affects liver toxicity associated with exposures to natural compounds and xenobiotic agents. Previously we generated a battery of HepG2-derived stable cell lines that individually express 14 CYPs (1A1, 1A2, 1B1, 2A6, 2B6, 2C8, 2C9, 2C18, 2C19, 2D6, 2E1, 3A4, 3A5, and 3A7). In this study, we comprehensively characterized each cell line for its CYP expression and enzyme activity. Specifically, we measured the mRNA expression, protein expression, and metabolite formation. Using CYP3A4, 2D6, and 2C9-overexpressing cells as representatives, we examined the stability of these cells in long-term cultures for up to 10 passages. The results showed that CYPs can be stably overexpressed for up to 10 cell culture passages without losing their activities. The robustness of responses to stimuli among the cells at different passages was also investigated in CYP3A4-overexpressing cells and the response to amiodarone and dronedarone showed no difference between the cells at the passage 2 and 10. Moreover, the mRNA expression level of most CYPs was higher in CYP-overexpressing HepG2 cells than that in HepaRG cells and primary human hepatocytes. This study confirmed the stability of CYP-overexpressing HepG2 cell lines and provided useful information for a broader use of these cells in pharmacologic and toxicologic research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Si Chen
- Division of Biochemical Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research/U.S. FDA, Jefferson, Arkansas, USA
| | - Qiangen Wu
- Division of Biochemical Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research/U.S. FDA, Jefferson, Arkansas, USA
| | - Xilin Li
- Division of Genetic and Molecular Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research/U.S. FDA, Jefferson, Arkansas, USA
| | - Dongying Li
- Division of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, National Center for Toxicological Research/U.S. FDA, Jefferson, Arkansas, USA
| | - Nan Mei
- Division of Genetic and Molecular Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research/U.S. FDA, Jefferson, Arkansas, USA
| | - Baitang Ning
- Division of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, National Center for Toxicological Research/U.S. FDA, Jefferson, Arkansas, USA
| | - Montserrat Puig
- Division of Biotechnology Review and Research III, Office of Biotechnology Products, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research/U.S. FDA, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Zhen Ren
- Division of Biochemical Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research/U.S. FDA, Jefferson, Arkansas, USA
| | - William H. Tolleson
- Division of Biochemical Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research/U.S. FDA, Jefferson, Arkansas, USA
| | - Lei Guo
- Division of Biochemical Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research/U.S. FDA, Jefferson, Arkansas, USA
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Ramesh G, Das S, Bola Sadashiva SR. Berberine, a natural alkaloid sensitizes human hepatocarcinoma to ionizing radiation by blocking autophagy and cell cycle arrest resulting in senescence. J Pharm Pharmacol 2020; 72:1893-1908. [PMID: 32815562 DOI: 10.1111/jphp.13354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the radiosensitizing potential of Berberine and the underlying mechanism in human hepatocarcinoma (HepG2) cells. METHODS HepG2 cells were challenged with X-rays in combination with Berberine treatment and several in vitro assays were performed. Alteration in cell viability was determined by MTT assay. Changes in intracellular ROS levels, mitochondrial membrane potential/mass, intracellular acidic vesicular organelles as well as cell cycle arrest and apoptotic cell death were analysed by flow cytometry. Induction of autophagy was assessed by staining the cells with Monodansylcadaverine/Lysotracker red dyes and immunoblotting for LC3I/II and p62 proteins. Phase-contrast/fluorescence microscopy was employed to study mitotic catastrophe and senescence. Cellular senescence was confirmed by immunoblotting for p21 levels and ELISA for Interleukin-6. KEY FINDINGS X-rays + Berberine had a synergistic effect in reducing cell proliferation accompanied by a robust G2/M arrest. Berberine-mediated radiosensitization was associated with elevated levels of LC3II and p62 suggesting blocked autophagy that was followed by mitotic catastrophe and senescence. Treatment of cells with X-rays + Berberine resulted in increased oxidative stress, hyperpolarized mitochondria with increased mitochondrial mass and reduced ATP levels. CONCLUSIONS The study expands the understanding of the pharmacological properties of Berberine and its applicability as a radiosensitizer towards treating liver cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gautham Ramesh
- Department of Biotechnology, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Shubhankar Das
- Department of Radiation Biology & Toxicology, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Satish Rao Bola Sadashiva
- Department of Radiation Biology & Toxicology, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Mandal SK, Maji AK, Mishra SK, Ishfaq PM, Devkota HP, Silva AS, Das N. Goldenseal (Hydrastis canadensis L.) and its active constituents: A critical review of their efficacy and toxicological issues. Pharmacol Res 2020; 160:105085. [PMID: 32683037 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.105085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2020] [Revised: 07/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Goldenseal (Hydrastis canadensis L.) is a medicinal plant widely used in various traditional systems of medicine and as a food supplement. It has been traditionally used by Native Americans as a coloring agent and as medicinal remedy for common diseases and conditions like wounds, digestive disorders, ulcers, skin and eye ailments, and cancer. Over the years, goldenseal has become a popular food supplement in the USA and other regions. The rhizome of this plant has been used for the treatment of a variety of diseases including, gastrointestinal disorders, ulcers, muscular debility, nervous prostration, constipation, skin and eye infections, cancer, among others. Berberine is one of the most bioactive alkaloid that has been identified in different parts of goldenseal. The goldenseal extract containing berberine showed numerous therapeutic effects such as antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, hypolipidemic, hypoglycemic, antioxidant, neuroprotective (anti-Alzheimer's disease), cardioprotective, and gastrointestinal protective. Various research finding suggest the health promoting effects of goldenseal components and their extracts. However, few studies have also suggested the possible neurotoxic, hepatotoxic and phototoxic activities of goldenseal extract and its alkaloids. Thus, large randomized, double-blind clinical studies need to be conducted on goldenseal supplements and their main alkaloids to provide more evidence on the mechanisms responsible for the pharmaceutical activity, clinical efficacy and safety of these products. Thus, it is very important to review the scientific information about goldenseal to understand about the current scenario.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sudip Kumar Mandal
- Dr. B. C. Roy College of Pharmacy and AHS, Durgapur, 713206, West Bengal, India
| | | | - Siddhartha Kumar Mishra
- Cancer Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, School of Biological Sciences, Dr. Harisingh Gour Central University, Sagar, 470003, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Pir Mohammad Ishfaq
- Cancer Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, School of Biological Sciences, Dr. Harisingh Gour Central University, Sagar, 470003, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Hari Prasad Devkota
- Department of Instrumental Analysis, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Kumamoto, 862-0973, Japan; Program for Leading Graduate Schools, Health Life Sciences: Interdisciplinary and Glocal Oriented (HIGO) Program, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Kumamoto, 862-0973, Japan
| | - Ana Sanches Silva
- National Institute for Agricultural and Veterinary Research (INIAV), I.P., Rua dos Lagidos, Lugar da Madalena, Vairão, Vila do Conde, 4485-655, Portugal; Center for Study in Animal Science (CECA), ICETA, University of Oporto, Oporto, 4051-401, Portugal
| | - Niranjan Das
- Department of Chemistry, Iswar Chandra Vidyasagar College, Belonia, 799155, Tripura, India.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Chen S, Wu Q, Li X, Li D, Fan M, Ren Z, Bryant M, Mei N, Ning B, Guo L. The role of hepatic cytochrome P450s in the cytotoxicity of sertraline. Arch Toxicol 2020; 94:2401-2411. [PMID: 32372212 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-020-02753-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Sertraline, an antidepressant, is commonly used to manage mental health symptoms related to depression, anxiety disorders, and obsessive-compulsive disorder. The use of sertraline has been associated with rare but severe hepatotoxicity. Previous research demonstrated that mitochondrial dysfunction, apoptosis, and endoplasmic reticulum stress were involved in sertraline-associated cytotoxicity. In this study, we reported that after a 24-h treatment in HepG2 cells, sertraline caused cytotoxicity, suppressed topoisomerase I and IIα, and damaged DNA in a concentration-dependent manner. We also investigated the role of cytochrome P450 (CYP)-mediated metabolism in sertraline-induced toxicity using our previously established HepG2 cell lines individually expressing 14 CYPs (1A1, 1A2, 1B1, 2A6, 2B6, 2C8, 2C9, 2C18, 2C19, 2D6, 2E1, 3A4, 3A5, and 3A7). We demonstrated that CYP2D6, 2C19, 2B6, and 2C9 metabolize sertraline, and sertraline-induced cytotoxicity was significantly decreased in the cells expressing these CYPs. Western blot analysis demonstrated that the induction of ɣH2A.X (a hallmark of DNA damage) and topoisomerase inhibition were partially reversed in CYP2D6-, 2C19-, 2B6-, and 2C9-overexpressing HepG2 cells. These data indicate that DNA damage and topoisomerase inhibition are involved in sertraline-induced cytotoxicity and that CYPs-mediated metabolism plays a role in decreasing the toxicity of sertraline.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Si Chen
- Divisions of Biochemical Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research (NCTR)/U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Jefferson, AR, 72079, USA.
| | - Qiangen Wu
- Divisions of Biochemical Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research (NCTR)/U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Jefferson, AR, 72079, USA
| | - Xilin Li
- Genetic and Molecular Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research (NCTR)/U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Jefferson, AR, 72079, USA
| | - Dongying Li
- Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, HFT-110, National Center for Toxicological Research (NCTR)/U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), 3900 NCTR Road, Jefferson, AR, 72079, USA
| | - Michelle Fan
- Life Health and Medical Sciences, Brown University, Providence, RI, 02912, USA
| | - Zhen Ren
- Divisions of Biochemical Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research (NCTR)/U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Jefferson, AR, 72079, USA
| | - Matthew Bryant
- Divisions of Biochemical Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research (NCTR)/U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Jefferson, AR, 72079, USA
| | - Nan Mei
- Genetic and Molecular Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research (NCTR)/U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Jefferson, AR, 72079, USA
| | - Baitang Ning
- Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, HFT-110, National Center for Toxicological Research (NCTR)/U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), 3900 NCTR Road, Jefferson, AR, 72079, USA
| | - Lei Guo
- Divisions of Biochemical Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research (NCTR)/U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Jefferson, AR, 72079, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Palmatine: A review of its pharmacology, toxicity and pharmacokinetics. Biochimie 2019; 162:176-184. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2019.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
|
19
|
Waidyanatha S, Mutlu E, Gibbs S, Stiffler B, Andre J, Burback B, Rider CV. Systemic exposure to Ginkgo biloba extract in male F344/NCrl rats: Relevance to humans. Food Chem Toxicol 2019; 131:110586. [PMID: 31202939 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2019.110586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Ginkgo biloba extract (GBE) is a popular botanical dietary supplement used worldwide and the safety of use is a public health concern. While GBE is a complex mixture, the terpene trilactones and flavonol glycosides are believed to elicit the pharmacological and/or toxicological effects of GBE. In a National Toxicology Program (NTP) 2-year rodent bioassay with GBE, hepatotoxicity was observed in rodents (≥100 mg/kg in rats, ≥ 200 mg/kg in mice). Subsequently, questions arose about whether or not the GBE used in NTP studies was representative of other GBE products and how rodent doses are related to human doses. To address these, we generated systemic exposure data for terpene trilactones in male rats following oral administration of 30, 100, and 300 mg/kg GBE test article from the 2-year bioassay. Dose-normalized Cmax and AUC∞ for terpene trilactones from the current study were within 5-fold of published rodent studies using a standardized GBE preparation. Comparison of our rat systemic exposure data at 100 mg/kg GBE to published human data following ingestion of 240 mg GBE-containing product showed that the rat/human exposure multiple was 3-22, for terpene trilactones. These data demonstrate the relevance of NTP rodent toxicity data to humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Suramya Waidyanatha
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA.
| | - Esra Mutlu
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Cynthia V Rider
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Liang X, Wu Q, Luan S, Yin Z, He C, Yin L, Zou Y, Yuan Z, Li L, Song X, He M, Lv C, Zhang W. A comprehensive review of topoisomerase inhibitors as anticancer agents in the past decade. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 171:129-168. [PMID: 30917303 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.03.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Revised: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The topoisomerase enzymes play an important role in DNA metabolism, and searching for enzyme inhibitors is an important target in the search for new anticancer drugs. Discovery of new anticancer chemotherapeutical capable of inhibiting topoisomerase enzymes is highlighted in anticancer research. Therefore, biologists, organic chemists and medicinal chemists all around the world have been identifying, designing, synthesizing and evaluating a variety of novel bioactive molecules targeting topoisomerase. This review summarizes types of topoisomerase inhibitors in the past decade, and divides them into nine classes by structural characteristics, including N-heterocycles compounds, quinone derivatives, flavonoids derivatives, coumarin derivatives, lignan derivatives, polyphenol derivatives, diterpenes derivatives, fatty acids derivatives, and metal complexes. Then we discussed the application prospect and development of these anticancer compounds, as well as concluded parts of their structural-activity relationships. We believe this review would be invaluable in helping to further search potential topoisomerase inhibition as antitumor agent in clinical usage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxia Liang
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, PR China.
| | - Qiang Wu
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, PR China
| | - Shangxian Luan
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, PR China
| | - Zhongqiong Yin
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, PR China
| | - Changliang He
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, PR China
| | - Lizi Yin
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, PR China
| | - Yuanfeng Zou
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, PR China
| | - Zhixiang Yuan
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, PR China
| | - Lixia Li
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, PR China
| | - Xu Song
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, PR China
| | - Min He
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, PR China
| | - Cheng Lv
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, PR China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Finding the bad actor: Challenges in identifying toxic constituents in botanical dietary supplements. Food Chem Toxicol 2018; 124:431-438. [PMID: 30582954 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.12.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Revised: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Botanical-derived dietary supplements have widespread use in the general population. The complex and variable nature of botanical ingredients and reports of adverse responses have led to concern for negative human health impacts following consumption of these products. Toxicity testing of the vast number of available products, formulations, and combinations is not feasible due to the time and resource intensive nature of comprehensive testing. Methods are needed to assess the safety of a large number of products via more efficient frameworks. Identification of toxicologically-active constituents is one approach being used, with many advantages toward product regulation. Bioassay-guided fractionation (BGF) is the leading approach used to identify biologically-active constituents. Most BGF studies with botanicals focus on identifying pharmacologically-active constituents for drug discovery or botanical efficacy research. Here, we explore BGF in a toxicological context, drawing from both efficacy and poisonous plant research. Limitations of BGF, including loss of mixture activity and bias toward abundant constituents, and recent advancements in the field (e.g., biochemometrics) are discussed from a toxicological perspective. Identification of active constituents will allow better monitoring of market products for known toxicologically-active constituents, as well as surveying human exposure, two important steps to ensuring the safety of botanical dietary supplements.
Collapse
|
22
|
Rider CV, Walker N, Waidyanatha S. Getting to the Root of the Matter: Challenges and Recommendations for Assessing the Safety of Botanical Dietary Supplements. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2018; 104:429-431. [PMID: 29745419 PMCID: PMC6113061 DOI: 10.1002/cpt.1088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Revised: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The National Toxicology Program's (NTP) mission is "to evaluate agents of public health concern, by developing and applying the tools of modern toxicology and molecular biology." Botanical dietary supplements (BDS) represent agents of public health concern due to widespread exposure to high doses, a lack of safety data for most products, variable quality, and reports of adverse events. This commentary will address lessons learned in NTP testing activities with BDS and recommendations for moving forward.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia V. Rider
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Nigel Walker
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Suramya Waidyanatha
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Waidyanatha S, Ryan K, Roe AL, Jia W, Paine MF, Ferguson S, Gurley BJ, Welch K, Chow MSS, Devito M, Rider C. Follow that botanical: Challenges and recommendations for assessing absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion of botanical dietary supplements. Food Chem Toxicol 2018; 121:194-202. [PMID: 30170118 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.08.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Revised: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Botanical dietary supplements are complex mixtures containing one or more botanical ingredient(s), each containing numerous constituents potentially responsible for its purported biological activity. Absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) data are critical to understand the safety of botanical dietary supplements, including their potential for pharmacokinetic botanical-drug or botanical-botanical interactions. However, ADME data for botanical dietary supplements are rarely available and frequently inadequate to characterize their fate in vivo. Based on an assessment of the current status of botanical dietary supplements ADME research, the following key areas are identified that require robust data for human safety assessment: 1) phytochemical characterization including contaminant analysis and botanical authentication; 2) in vitro and/or in vivo data for identifying potential botanical-botanical or botanical-drug interactions and active/marker constituents; 3) robust ADME study design to include systemic exposure data on active/marker constituents using traditional or novel analytical chemistry and statistical approaches such as poly-pharmacokinetics; and 4) investigation of human relevance. A case study with Ginkgo biloba extract is used to highlight the challenges and proposed approaches in using ADME data for human safety assessment of botanical dietary supplements.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Suramya Waidyanatha
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA.
| | - Kristen Ryan
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Amy L Roe
- The Procter & Gamble Company, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Wei Jia
- University of Hawaii, Manoa, HI, USA
| | - Mary F Paine
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Washington State University, Spokane, WA, USA
| | - Stephen Ferguson
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Bill J Gurley
- University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Kevin Welch
- United States Department of Agriculture, Logan, UT, USA
| | - Moses S S Chow
- Western University of Health Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Pomona, CA, USA
| | - Michael Devito
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Cynthia Rider
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Abstract
Herbal supplements are used extensively worldwide without much awareness regarding their safety and efficacy. Extensive research to determine the safety, utility, and level of research support for commonly used herbs has culminated in an easily accessible summary chart for NP providers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rosanne Pruitt
- Rosanne Pruitt is a professor and a primary care family NP practicing in the Sullivan Center for Nursing and Wellness at Clemson University School of Nursing, Clemson, S.C. Ashley Lemanski is a BSN honor graduate from Clemson University School of Nursing, Clemson, S.C. Adam Carroll is a BSN honor graduate from Clemson University School of Nursing, Clemson, S.C
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Chen S, Ren Z, Yu D, Ning B, Guo L. DNA damage-induced apoptosis and mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway contribute to the toxicity of dronedarone in hepatic cells. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2018; 59:278-289. [PMID: 29399883 PMCID: PMC7941192 DOI: 10.1002/em.22173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Revised: 10/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Dronedarone, an antiarrhythmic drug, has been marketed as an alternative to amiodarone. The use of dronedarone has been associated with severe liver injury; however, the mechanisms remain unclear. In this study, the possible mechanisms of dronedarone induced liver toxicity were characterized in HepG2 cells. Dronedarone decreased cells viability and induced apoptosis and DNA damage in a concentration- and time-dependent manner. Pretreatment of the HepG2 cells with apoptosis inhibitors (caspase-3, -8, and -9) or the necrosis inhibitor (Necrox-5), partially, but significantly, reduced the release of lactate dehydrogenase. Dronedarone caused the release of cytochrome c from mitochondria to cytosol, a prominent feature of apoptosis. In addition, the activation of caspase-2 was involved in dronedarone induced DNA damage and the activation of JNK and p38 signaling pathways. Inhibition of JNK and p38 by specific inhibitors attenuated dronedarone-induced cell death, apoptosis, and DNA damage. Additionally, suppression of caspase-2 decreased the activities of JNK and p38. Dronedarone triggered DNA damage was regulated by downregulation of topoisomerase IIα at both transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels. Taken together, our data show that DNA damage, apoptosis, and the activation of JNK and p38 contribute to dronedarone-induced cytotoxicity. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 59:278-289, 2018. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Si Chen
- Division of Biochemical Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research/U.S. FDA, Jefferson, Arkansas 72079
- Correspondence to: Si Chen, Division of Biochemical Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research (NCTR), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Jefferson, AR 72079. or Lei Guo, Division of Biochemical Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research/U.S. FDA, Jefferson, Arkansas 72079.
| | - Zhen Ren
- Division of Biochemical Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research/U.S. FDA, Jefferson, Arkansas 72079
| | - Dianke Yu
- Division of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, National Center for Toxicological Research/U.S. FDA, Jefferson, Arkansas 72079
- School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Baitang Ning
- Division of Systems Biology, National Center for Toxicological Research/U.S. FDA, Jefferson, Arkansas 72079
| | - Lei Guo
- Division of Biochemical Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research/U.S. FDA, Jefferson, Arkansas 72079
- Correspondence to: Si Chen, Division of Biochemical Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research (NCTR), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Jefferson, AR 72079. or Lei Guo, Division of Biochemical Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research/U.S. FDA, Jefferson, Arkansas 72079.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
The role of hepatic cytochrome P450s in the cytotoxicity of dronedarone. Arch Toxicol 2018; 92:1969-1981. [PMID: 29616291 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-018-2196-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Dronedarone is used to treat patients with cardiac arrhythmias and has been reported to be associated with liver injury. Our previous mechanistic work demonstrated that DNA damage-induced apoptosis contributes to the cytotoxicity of dronedarone. In this study, we examined further the underlying mechanisms and found that after a 24-h treatment of HepG2 cells, dronedarone caused cytotoxicity, G1-phase cell cycle arrest, suppression of topoisomerase II, and DNA damage in a concentration-dependent manner. We also investigated the role of cytochrome P450s (CYPs)-mediated metabolism in the dronedarone-induced toxicity using our previously established HepG2 cell lines expressing individually 14 human CYPs (1A1, 1A2, 1B1, 2A6, 2B6, 2C8, 2C9, 2C18, 2C19, 2D6, 2E1, 3A4, 3A5, and 3A7). We demonstrated that CYP3A4, 3A5, and 2D6 were the major enzymes that metabolize dronedarone, and that CYP3A7, 2E1, 2C19, 2C18, 1A1, and 2B6 also metabolize dronedarone, but to a lesser extent. Our data showed that the cytotoxicity of dronedarone was decreased in CYP3A4-, 3A5-, or 2D6-overexpressing cells compared to the control HepG2 cells, indicating that the parent dronedarone has higher potency than the metabolites to induce cytotoxicity in these cells. In contrast, cytotoxicity was increased in CYP1A1-overexpressing cells, demonstrating that CYP1A1 exerts an opposite effect in dronedarone's toxicity, comparing to CYP3A4, 3A5, or 2D6. We also studied the involvement of topoisomerase II in dronedarone-induced toxicity, and demonstrated that the overexpression of topoisomerase II caused an increase in cell viability and a decrease in γ-H2A.X induction, suggesting that suppression of topoisomerase II may be one of the mechanisms involved in dronedarone-induced liver toxicity.
Collapse
|
27
|
Joshi BD, Srivastava A, Tandon P, Jain S, Ayala AP. A combined experimental (IR, Raman and UV-Vis) and quantum chemical study of canadine. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2018; 191:249-258. [PMID: 29040931 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2017.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Revised: 09/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Plant based natural products cover a major sector of the medicinal field, as such focus on plant research has been increased all over the world. As an attempt to aid that research, we have performed structural and spectroscopic analysis of a natural product, an alkaloid: canadine. Both ab initio Hartree-Fock (HF) and density functional theory (DFT) employing B3LYP using 6-311++G(d,p) basis set were used for the calculations. The calculated vibrational frequencies were scaled and compared with the experimental infrared and Raman spectra. The complete vibrational assignments were made using potential energy distribution. The structure-activity relation has also been interpreted by mapping electrostatic potential surface and evaluating the reactivity descriptors, which are valuable information for quality control of medicines and drug-receptor interactions. Natural bond orbital analysis has also been performed to understand the stability and hyperconjugative interactions of the molecule. Furthermore, UV-Vis spectra have been recorded in an ethanol solvent (EtOH) and the electronic property has been analyzed employing TD-DFT for both gaseous and solvent phase. The HOMO and LUMO calculation with their energy gap show that charge transfer occurs within the molecule. Additionally, the nonlinear optical properties of the title compound have been interpreted that predicts it's the best candidate for the NLO materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bhawani Datt Joshi
- Department of Physics, Siddhanath Sc. Campus, Tribhuvan University, 10406, Nepal; Departamento de Fisica, Universidate Federal do Ceará, C. P. 6030, 60.455-900, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil.
| | - Anubha Srivastava
- Department of Physics, University of Lucknow, University Road, Lucknow 226 007, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Poonam Tandon
- Department of Physics, University of Lucknow, University Road, Lucknow 226 007, Uttar Pradesh, India.
| | - Sudha Jain
- Department of Chemistry, University of Lucknow, University Road, Lucknow 226007, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - A P Ayala
- Departamento de Fisica, Universidate Federal do Ceará, C. P. 6030, 60.455-900, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Ren Z, Chen S, Ning B, Guo L. Use of Liver-Derived Cell Lines for the Study of Drug-Induced Liver Injury. METHODS IN PHARMACOLOGY AND TOXICOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7677-5_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
|
29
|
Zhang MY, Yu YY, Wang SF, Zhang Q, Wu HW, Wei JY, Yang W, Li SY, Yang HJ. Cardiotoxicity evaluation of nine alkaloids from Rhizoma Coptis. Hum Exp Toxicol 2017; 37:185-195. [PMID: 29233041 DOI: 10.1177/0960327117695633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Alkaloids derived from Rhizoma Coptis (RC) has been widely applied to clinical treatments in China. However, the toxicity of RC and the alkaloids from RC remained controversial. The research is designed to clarify the cardiotoxic compounds found in RC. METHODS In this study, the real-time cellular analysis cardio system and the high-content analysis were applied to monitor the function of cardiomyocytes (CMs) in the treatment of nine alkaloids in RC. Luciferase-coupled adenosine triphosphate (ATP) assay was used to detect cell viability. RESULTS The results showed that berberine, palmatine, berbamine, and oxyberberine were cardiotoxic, which resulted in arrhythmia and cardiac arrest on CMs in a time- and dose-dependent manner. Meanwhile, berbamine and oxyberberine caused shrinkage and detachment on CMs at 10 μM. Cytotoxicity was induced by these two compounds with decline in cell index and ATP depletion. Cardiotoxicity or cytotoxicity was not observed in the other five alkaloids within 10 μM. CONCLUSION For the first time, the cardiotoxicity of the nine alkaloids was evaluated to clarify the cardiotoxic components in RC. Furthermore, the experimental evidences were provided to support the safety of drug application.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Y Zhang
- 1 Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,2 Post-Doctoral Research Center, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Y Y Yu
- 3 School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - S F Wang
- 3 School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Q Zhang
- 3 School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - H W Wu
- 1 Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - J Y Wei
- 1 Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - W Yang
- 4 ACEA Biosciences incorporated, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - S Y Li
- 5 Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - H J Yang
- 1 Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Hao DC, He CN, Shen J, Xiao PG. Anticancer Chemodiversity of Ranunculaceae Medicinal Plants: Molecular Mechanisms and Functions. Curr Genomics 2016; 18:39-59. [PMID: 28503089 PMCID: PMC5321773 DOI: 10.2174/1389202917666160803151752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Revised: 11/15/2015] [Accepted: 11/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The buttercup family, Ranunculaceae, comprising more than 2,200 species in at least 62 genera, mostly herbs, has long been used in folk medicine and worldwide ethnomedicine since the beginning of human civilization. Various medicinal phytometabolites have been found in Ranunculaceae plants, many of which, such as alkaloids, terpenoids, saponins, and polysaccharides, have shown anti-cancer activities in vitro and in vivo. Most concerns have been raised for two epiphany molecules, the monoterpene thymoquinone and the isoquinoline alkaloid berberine. At least 17 genera have been enriched with anti-cancer phytometabolites. Some Ranunculaceae phytometabolites induce the cell cycle arrest and apoptosis of cancer cells or enhance immune activities, while others inhibit the proliferation, invasion, angiogenesis, and metastasis, or reverse the multi-drug resistance of cancer cells thereby regulating all known hallmarks of cancer. These phytometabolites could exert their anti-cancer activities via multiple signaling pathways. In addition, absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion/toxicity properties and structure/activity relationships of some phytometabolites have been revealed assisting in the early drug discovery and development pipelines. However, a comprehensive review of the molecular mechanisms and functions of Ranunculaceae anti-cancer phytometabolites is lacking. Here, we summarize the recent progress of the anti-cancer chemo- and pharmacological diversity of Ranunculaceae medicinal plants, focusing on the emerging molecular machineries and functions of anti-cancer phytometabolites. Gene expression profiling and relevant omics platforms (e.g. genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics) could reveal differential effects of phytometabolites on the phenotypically heterogeneous cancer cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Da-Cheng Hao
- 1Biotechnology Institute, School of Environment and Chemical Engineering, Dalian Jiaotong University, Dalian 116028, China; 2Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Chun-Nian He
- 1Biotechnology Institute, School of Environment and Chemical Engineering, Dalian Jiaotong University, Dalian 116028, China; 2Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jie Shen
- 1Biotechnology Institute, School of Environment and Chemical Engineering, Dalian Jiaotong University, Dalian 116028, China; 2Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Pei-Gen Xiao
- 1Biotechnology Institute, School of Environment and Chemical Engineering, Dalian Jiaotong University, Dalian 116028, China; 2Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Mining chemodiversity from biodiversity: pharmacophylogeny of medicinal plants of Ranunculaceae. Chin J Nat Med 2016; 13:507-20. [PMID: 26233841 DOI: 10.1016/s1875-5364(15)30045-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
This paper reports a pharmacophylogenetic study of a medicinal plant family, Ranunculaceae, investigating the correlations between their phylogeny, chemical constituents, and pharmaceutical properties. Phytochemical, ethnopharmacological, and pharmacological data were integrated in the context of the systematics and molecular phylogeny of the Ranunculaceae. The chemical components of this family included several representative metabolic groups: benzylisoquinoline alkaloids, ranunculin, triterpenoid saponin, and diterpene alkaloids, among others. Ranunculin and magnoflorine were found to coexist in some genera. The pharmacophylogenetic analysis, integrated with therapeutic information, agreed with the taxonomy proposed previously, in which the family Ranunculaceae was divided into five sub-families: Ranunculoideae, Thalictroideae, Coptidoideae, Hydrastidoideae, and Glaucidioideae. It was plausible to organize the sub-family Ranunculoideae into ten tribes. The chemical constituents and therapeutic efficacy of each taxonomic group were reviewed, revealing the underlying connections between phylogeny, chemical diversity, and clinical use, which should facilitate the conservation and sustainable utilization of the pharmaceutical resources derived from the Ranunculaceae.
Collapse
|
32
|
Ginkgo biloba leaf extract induces DNA damage by inhibiting topoisomerase II activity in human hepatic cells. Sci Rep 2015; 5:14633. [PMID: 26419945 PMCID: PMC4588569 DOI: 10.1038/srep14633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2015] [Accepted: 09/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Ginkgo biloba leaf extract has been shown to increase the incidence in liver tumors in mice in a 2-year bioassay conducted by the National Toxicology Program. In this study, the DNA damaging effects of Ginkgo biloba leaf extract and many of its constituents were evaluated in human hepatic HepG2 cells and the underlying mechanism was determined. A molecular docking study revealed that quercetin, a flavonoid constituent of Ginkgo biloba, showed a higher potential to interact with topoisomerase II (Topo II) than did the other Ginkgo biloba constituents; this in silico prediction was confirmed by using a biochemical assay to study Topo II enzyme inhibition. Moreover, as measured by the Comet assay and the induction of γ-H2A.X, quercetin, followed by keampferol and isorhamnetin, appeared to be the most potent DNA damage inducer in HepG2 cells. In Topo II knockdown cells, DNA damage triggered by Ginkgo biloba leaf extract or quercetin was dramatically decreased, indicating that DNA damage is directly associated with Topo II. DNA damage was also observed when cells were treated with commercially available Ginkgo biloba extract product. Our findings suggest that Ginkgo biloba leaf extract- and quercetin-induced in vitro genotoxicity may be the result of Topo II inhibition.
Collapse
|
33
|
Chen S, Dobrovolsky VN, Liu F, Wu Y, Zhang Z, Mei N, Guo L. The role of autophagy in usnic acid-induced toxicity in hepatic cells. Toxicol Sci 2014; 142:33-44. [PMID: 25078063 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfu154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of usnic acid and usnic acid-containing products is associated with acute liver failure; however, mechanistic studies of hepatotoxicity caused by usnic acid are limited. In this study, we investigated and characterized the possible mechanisms, especially the role of autophagy in usnic acid's toxicity in human HepG2 cells. Usnic acid caused apoptosis as demonstrated by an increased caspase-3/7 activity and an increased subdiploid nucleus formation. Usnic acid-induced autophagy as demonstrated by the conversion of LC3B-I to LC3B-II, degradation of P62, and an increased number of puncta. Inhibition of autophagy by treating cells with autophagy inhibitors (3-methyladenine or chloroquine) or by small interfering RNA against Atg7 aggravated usnic acid-induced apoptosis and decreased cell viability, indicating that autophagy plays a protective role against usnic acid-induced toxicity. Moreover, usnic acid activated the MAPK signaling pathway. Usnic acid-elicited apoptosis was enhanced and autophagy was decreased when JNK was suppressed by a specific inhibitor. Additionally, inhibition of autophagy decreased the activity of JNK. Taken together, our results suggest that usnic acid perturbs various interrelated signaling pathways and that autophagy induction is a defensive mechanism against usnic acid-induced cytotoxicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Si Chen
- Division of Biochemical Toxicology
| | | | - Fang Liu
- Division of Neurotoxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research/U.S. FDA, Jefferson, Arkansas 72079
| | | | | | - Nan Mei
- Division of Genetic and Molecular Toxicology
| | - Lei Guo
- Division of Biochemical Toxicology
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Chen S, Xuan J, Couch L, Iyer A, Wu Y, Li QZ, Guo L. Sertraline induces endoplasmic reticulum stress in hepatic cells. Toxicology 2014; 322:78-88. [PMID: 24865413 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2014.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2014] [Revised: 05/08/2014] [Accepted: 05/16/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Sertraline is used for the treatment of depression, and is also used for the treatment of panic, obsessive-compulsive, and post-traumatic stress disorders. Previously, we have demonstrated that sertraline caused hepatic cytotoxicity, with mitochondrial dysfunction and apoptosis being underlying mechanisms. In this study, we used microarray and other biochemical and molecular analyses to identify endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress as a novel molecular mechanism. HepG2 cells were exposed to sertraline and subjected to whole genome gene expression microarray analysis. Pathway analysis revealed that ER stress is among the significantly affected biological changes. We confirmed the increased expression of ER stress makers by real-time PCR and Western blots. The expression of typical ER stress markers such as PERK, IRE1α, and CHOP was significantly increased. To study better ER stress-mediated drug-induced liver toxicity; we established in vitro systems for monitoring ER stress quantitatively and efficiently, using Gaussia luciferase (Gluc) and secreted alkaline phosphatase (SEAP) as ER stress reporters. These in vitro systems were validated using well-known ER stress inducers. In these two reporter assays, sertraline inhibited the secretion of Gluc and SEAP. Moreover, we demonstrated that sertraline-induced apoptosis was coupled to ER stress and that the apoptotic effect was attenuated by 4-phenylbutyrate, a potent ER stress inhibitor. In addition, we showed that the MAP4K4-JNK signaling pathway contributed to the process of sertraline-induced ER stress. In summary, we demonstrated that ER stress is a mechanism of sertraline-induced liver toxicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Si Chen
- Division of Biochemical Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. FDA, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA
| | - Jiekun Xuan
- Division of Biochemical Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. FDA, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA
| | - Letha Couch
- Division of Biochemical Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. FDA, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA
| | - Advait Iyer
- Division of Biochemical Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. FDA, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA; Biological Sciences, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA
| | - Yuanfeng Wu
- Division of Biochemical Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. FDA, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA
| | - Quan-Zhen Li
- Department of Immunology and Internal Medicine, Microarray Core Facility, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Lei Guo
- Division of Biochemical Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. FDA, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Abstract
Liver injury resulting from exposure to drugs and chemicals is a major health problem. Autophagy is an important factor in a wide range of diseases, such as cancer, liver disease, muscular disorder, neurodegeneration, pathogen infection, and aging, and emerging evidence indicates that autophagy makes a substantial contribution to the pathogenesis of drug- and chemical-induced liver toxicity. In this review, we summarize current knowledge on autophagy triggered by toxicants/toxins, the protective role of autophagy in liver toxicity, and the underlying molecular mechanisms. We also highlight experimental approaches for studying autophagy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Si Chen
- Division of Biochemical Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research/US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Jefferson, AR, USA
| | - William B Melchior
- Division of Biochemical Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research/US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Jefferson, AR, USA
| | - Yuanfeng Wu
- Division of Biochemical Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research/US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Jefferson, AR, USA
| | - Lei Guo
- Division of Biochemical Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research/US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Jefferson, AR, USA
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Chen S, Melchior WB, Guo L. Endoplasmic reticulum stress in drug- and environmental toxicant-induced liver toxicity. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART C, ENVIRONMENTAL CARCINOGENESIS & ECOTOXICOLOGY REVIEWS 2014; 32:83-104. [PMID: 24598041 PMCID: PMC5736308 DOI: 10.1080/10590501.2014.881648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Liver injury resulting from exposure to drugs and environmental chemicals is a major health problem. Endoplasmic reticulum stress (ER stress) is considered to be an important factor in a wide range of diseases, such as cancer, neurological and cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and inflammatory diseases. The role of ER stress in drug-induced and environmental toxicant-induced liver toxicity has been underestimated in the past; emerging evidence indicates that ER stress makes a substantial contribution to the pathogenesis of drug-induced liver toxicity. In this review, we summarize current knowledge on drugs and environmental toxicants that trigger ER stress in liver and on the underlying molecular mechanisms. We also discuss experimental approaches for ER stress studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Si Chen
- a Division of Biochemical Toxicology , National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. FDA , Jefferson , Arkansas , USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Chen S, Xuan J, Wan L, Lin H, Couch L, Mei N, Dobrovolsky VN, Guo L. Sertraline, an antidepressant, induces apoptosis in hepatic cells through the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway. Toxicol Sci 2013; 137:404-15. [PMID: 24194395 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kft254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Sertraline is generally used for the treatment of depression and is also approved for the treatment of panic, obsessive-compulsive, and posttraumatic stress disorders. Previously, using rat primary hepatocytes and isolated mitochondria, we demonstrated that sertraline caused hepatic cytotoxicity and mitochondrial impairment. In the current study, we investigated and characterized molecular mechanisms of sertraline toxicity in human hepatoma HepG2 cells. Sertraline decreased cell viability and induced apoptosis in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Sertraline activated the intrinsic checkpoint protein caspase-9 and caused the release of cytochrome c from mitochondria to cytosol; this process was Bcl-2 family dependent because antiapoptotic Bcl-2 family proteins were decreased. Pretreatment of the HepG2 cells with caspase-3, caspase-8, and caspase-9 inhibitors partially but significantly reduced the release of lactate dehydrogenase, indicating that sertraline-induced apoptosis is mediated by both intrinsic and extrinsic apoptotic pathways. Moreover, sertraline markedly increased the expression of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and the phosphorylation of JNK, extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK1/2), and p38. In sertraline-treated cells, the induction of apoptosis and cell death was shown to be the result of activation of JNK, but not ERK1/2 or p38 in the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway. Furthermore, silencing MAP4K4, the upstream kinase of JNK, attenuated both apoptosis and cell death caused by sertraline. Taken together, our findings suggest that sertraline induced apoptosis in HepG2 cells at least partially via activation of the TNF-MAP4K4-JNK cascade signaling pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Si Chen
- * Division of Biochemical Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. FDA, Jefferson, AR 72079
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|