1
|
Ueyama-Toba Y, Tong Y, Yokota J, Murai K, Hikita H, Eguchi H, Takehara T, Mizuguchi H. Development of a hepatic differentiation method in 2D culture from primary human hepatocyte-derived organoids for pharmaceutical research. iScience 2024; 27:110778. [PMID: 39280628 PMCID: PMC11401167 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.110778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2024] [Accepted: 08/16/2024] [Indexed: 09/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Human liver organoids derived from primary human hepatocytes (PHHs) are expected to be a hepatocyte source for preclinical in vitro studies of drug metabolism and disposition. Because hepatic functions of these organoids remain low, it is necessary to enhance the hepatic functions. Here, we develop a novel method for two dimensional (2D)-cultured hepatic differentiation from PHH-derived organoids by screening several compounds, cytokines, and growth factors. Hepatic gene expressions in the hepatocyte-like cells differentiated from PHH-derived organoids (Org-HEPs) were greatly increased, compared to those in PHH-derived organoids. The metabolic activities of cytochrome P450 (CYP) 1A2, CYP2C8, CYP2C19, CYP2E1, and CYP3A4 were at levels comparable to those in PHHs. The cell viability of Org-HEPs treated with hepatotoxic drugs was almost the same as that of PHHs. Thus, PHH-derived organoids could be differentiated into highly functional hepatocytes in 2D culture. Thus, Org-HEPs will be useful for pharmaceutical research, including hepatotoxicity tests.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yukiko Ueyama-Toba
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Laboratory of Functional Organoid for Drug Discovery, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Osaka 567-0085, Japan
- Integrated Frontier Research for Medical Science Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yanran Tong
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Laboratory of Functional Organoid for Drug Discovery, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Osaka 567-0085, Japan
| | - Jumpei Yokota
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Laboratory of Functional Organoid for Drug Discovery, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Osaka 567-0085, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Murai
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka 567-0085, Japan
| | - Hayato Hikita
- Integrated Frontier Research for Medical Science Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka 567-0085, Japan
| | - Hidetoshi Eguchi
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka 567-0085, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Takehara
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka 567-0085, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Mizuguchi
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Laboratory of Functional Organoid for Drug Discovery, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Osaka 567-0085, Japan
- Integrated Frontier Research for Medical Science Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Global Center for Medical Engineering and Informatics, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Center for Infectious Disease Education and Research, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zhang X, Geng Q, Lin L, Zhang L, Shi C, Liu B, Yan L, Cao Z, Li L, Lu P, Tan Y, He X, Zhao N, Li L, Lu C. Insights gained into the injury mechanism of drug and herb induced liver injury in the hepatic microenvironment. Toxicology 2024; 507:153900. [PMID: 39079402 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2024.153900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2024] [Revised: 07/25/2024] [Accepted: 07/26/2024] [Indexed: 08/17/2024]
Abstract
Drug-Induced Liver Injury (DILI) and herb Induced Liver Injury (HILI) continues to pose a substantial challenge in both clinical practice and drug development, representing a grave threat to patient well-being. This comprehensive review introduces a novel perspective on DILI and HILI by thoroughly exploring the intricate microenvironment of the liver. The dynamic interplay among hepatocytes, sinusoidal endothelial cells, Kupffer cells, hepatic stellate cells, cholangiocytes, and the intricate vascular network assumes a central role in drug metabolism and detoxification. Significantly, this microenvironment is emerging as a critical determinant of susceptibility to DILI and HILI. The review delves into the multifaceted interactions within the liver microenvironment, providing valuable insights into the complex mechanisms that underlie DILI and HILI. Furthermore, we discuss potential strategies for mitigating drug-induced liver injury by targeting these influential factors, emphasizing their clinical relevance. By highlighting recent advances and future prospects, our aim is to shed light on the promising avenue of leveraging the liver microenvironment for the prevention and mitigation of DILI and HILI. This deeper understanding is crucial for advancing clinical practices and ensuring patient safety in the realm of DILI and HILI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomeng Zhang
- Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qi Geng
- Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lin Lin
- Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lulu Zhang
- Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Changqi Shi
- Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Bin Liu
- Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lan Yan
- Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhiwen Cao
- Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Li Li
- Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Peipei Lu
- Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yong Tan
- Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaojuan He
- Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ning Zhao
- Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Li Li
- Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Cheng Lu
- Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Chen S, Li X, Wu Q, Li Y, Puig M, Moulin F, Choudhuri S, Gingrich J, Guo L. Investigation of cannabidiol-induced cytotoxicity in human hepatic cells. Toxicology 2024; 506:153884. [PMID: 39004336 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2024.153884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2024] [Revised: 06/23/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
Cannabidiol (CBD) is one of the primary cannabinoids present in extracts of the plant Cannabis sativa L. A CBD-based drug, Epidiolex, has been approved by the U.S. FDA for the treatment of seizures in childhood-onset epileptic disorders. Although CBD-associated liver toxicity has been reported in clinical studies, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. In this study, we demonstrated that CBD causes cytotoxicity in primary human hepatocytes and hepatic HepG2 cells. A 24-h CBD treatment induced cell cycle disturbances, cellular apoptosis, and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in HepG2 cells. A potent ER stress inhibitor, 4-phenylbutyrate, markedly attenuated CBD-induced apoptosis and cell death. Additionally, we investigated the role of cytochrome P450 (CYP)-mediated metabolism in CBD-induced cytotoxicity using HepG2 cell lines engineered to express 14 individual CYPs. We identified CYP2C9, 2C19, 2D6, 2C18, and 3A5 as participants in CBD metabolism. Notably, cells overexpressing CYP2C9, 2C19, and 2C18 produced 7-hydroxy-CBD, while cells overexpressing CYP2C9, 2C19, 2D6, and 2C18 generated 7-carboxy-CBD. Furthermore, CBD-induced cytotoxicity was significantly attenuated in the cells expressing CYP2D6. Taken together, these data suggest that cell cycle disturbances, apoptosis, and ER stress are associated with CBD-induced cytotoxicity, and CYP2D6-mediated metabolism plays a critical role in decreasing the cytotoxicity of CBD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Si Chen
- Division of Biochemical Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research (NCTR), U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Jefferson, AR 72079, USA.
| | - Xilin Li
- Division of Genetic and Molecular Toxicology, NCTR, U.S. FDA, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA
| | - Qiangen Wu
- Division of Biochemical Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research (NCTR), U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Jefferson, AR 72079, USA
| | - Yuxi Li
- Division of Biochemical Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research (NCTR), U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Jefferson, AR 72079, USA
| | - Montserrat Puig
- Division of Biotechnology Review and Research III, Office of Biotechnology Products, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. FDA, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Frederic Moulin
- Division of Hepatology and Nutrition, Office of New Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. FDA, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Supratim Choudhuri
- Division of Food Ingredients, Office of Food Additive Safety, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. FDA, College Park, MD 20740, USA
| | - Jeremy Gingrich
- Division of Food Ingredients, Office of Food Additive Safety, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. FDA, College Park, MD 20740, USA
| | - Lei Guo
- Division of Biochemical Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research (NCTR), U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Jefferson, AR 72079, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Iori S, D'Onofrio C, Laham-Karam N, Mushimiyimana I, Lucatello L, Montanucci L, Lopparelli RM, Bonsembiante F, Capolongo F, Pauletto M, Dacasto M, Giantin M. Generation and characterization of cytochrome P450 3A74 CRISPR/Cas9 knockout bovine foetal hepatocyte cell line (BFH12). Biochem Pharmacol 2024; 224:116231. [PMID: 38648904 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2024.116231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
In human, the cytochrome P450 3A (CYP3A) subfamily of drug-metabolizing enzymes (DMEs) is responsible for a significant number of phase I reactions, with the CYP3A4 isoform superintending the hepatic and intestinal metabolism of diverse endobiotic and xenobiotic compounds. The CYP3A4-dependent bioactivation of chemicals may result in hepatotoxicity and trigger carcinogenesis. In cattle, four CYP3A genes (CYP3A74, CYP3A76, CYP3A28 and CYP3A24) have been identified. Despite cattle being daily exposed to xenobiotics (e.g., mycotoxins, food additives, drugs and pesticides), the existing knowledge about the contribution of CYP3A in bovine hepatic metabolism is still incomplete. Nowadays, CRISPR/Cas9 mediated knockout (KO) is a valuable method to generate in vivo and in vitro models for studying the metabolism of xenobiotics. In the present study, we successfully performed CRISPR/Cas9-mediated KO of bovine CYP3A74, human CYP3A4-like, in a bovine foetal hepatocyte cell line (BFH12). After clonal expansion and selection, CYP3A74 ablation was confirmed at the DNA, mRNA, and protein level. The subsequent characterization of the CYP3A74 KO clone highlighted significant transcriptomic changes (RNA-sequencing) associated with the regulation of cell cycle and proliferation, immune and inflammatory response, as well as metabolic processes. Overall, this study successfully developed a new CYP3A74 KO in vitro model by using CRISPR/Cas9 technology, which represents a novel resource for xenobiotic metabolism studies in cattle. Furthermore, the transcriptomic analysis suggests a key role of CYP3A74 in bovine hepatocyte cell cycle regulation and metabolic homeostasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Iori
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, Viale dell'Università 16, Legnaro, 35020 Padua, Italy
| | - Caterina D'Onofrio
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, Viale dell'Università 16, Legnaro, 35020 Padua, Italy
| | - Nihay Laham-Karam
- University of Eastern Finland, A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, Neulaniementie 2, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Isidore Mushimiyimana
- University of Eastern Finland, A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, Neulaniementie 2, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Lorena Lucatello
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, Viale dell'Università 16, Legnaro, 35020 Padua, Italy
| | - Ludovica Montanucci
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas Health Science Center, 6431 Fannin Street, Houston, TX, OH 44106, USA
| | - Rosa Maria Lopparelli
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, Viale dell'Università 16, Legnaro, 35020 Padua, Italy
| | - Federico Bonsembiante
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padua, Viale dell'Università 16, Legnaro, 35020 Padua, Italy
| | - Francesca Capolongo
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, Viale dell'Università 16, Legnaro, 35020 Padua, Italy
| | - Marianna Pauletto
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, Viale dell'Università 16, Legnaro, 35020 Padua, Italy
| | - Mauro Dacasto
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, Viale dell'Università 16, Legnaro, 35020 Padua, Italy
| | - Mery Giantin
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, Viale dell'Università 16, Legnaro, 35020 Padua, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Chen S, Li X, Li Y, He X, Bryant M, Qin X, Li F, Seo JE, Guo X, Mei N, Guo L. The involvement of hepatic cytochrome P450s in the cytotoxicity of lapatinib. Toxicol Sci 2023; 197:69-78. [PMID: 37788138 PMCID: PMC10734604 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfad099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Lapatinib, an oral tyrosine kinase inhibitor used as a first-line treatment for HER2-positive breast cancer, has been reported to be associated with hepatotoxicity; however, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. In this study, we report that lapatinib causes cytotoxicity in multiple types of hepatic cells, including primary human hepatocytes, HepaRG cells, and HepG2 cells. A 24-h treatment with lapatinib induced cell cycle disturbances, apoptosis, and DNA damage, and decreased the protein levels of topoisomerase in HepG2 cells. We investigated the role of cytochrome P450 (CYP)-mediated metabolism in lapatinib-induced cytotoxicity using our previously established HepG2 cell lines, which express each of 14 CYPs (1A1, 1A2, 1B1, 2A6, 2B6, 2C8, 2C9, 2C18, 2C19, 2D6, 2E1, 3A4, 3A5, and 3A7). We demonstrate that lapatinib is metabolized by CYP1A1, 3A4, 3A5, and 3A7. Among these, lapatinib-induced cytotoxicity and DNA damage were attenuated in cells overexpressing CYP3A5 or 3A7. Additionally, we measured the production of three primary metabolites of lapatinib (O-dealkylated lapatinib, N-dealkylated lapatinib, and N-hydroxy lapatinib) in CYP1A1-, 3A4-, 3A5-, and 3A7-overexpressing HepG2 cells. We compared the cytotoxicity of lapatinib and its 3 metabolites in primary human hepatocytes, HepaRG cells, and HepG2 cells and demonstrated that N-dealkylated lapatinib is more toxic than the parent drug and the other metabolites. Taken together, our results indicate that lapatinib-induced cytotoxicity involves multiple mechanisms, such as apoptosis and DNA damage; that N-dealkylated lapatinib is a toxic metabolite contributing to the toxic effect of lapatinib; and that CYP3A5- and 3A7-mediated metabolism plays a role in attenuating the cytotoxicity of lapatinib.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Si Chen
- Division of Biochemical Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research (NCTR), U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Jefferson, Arkansas 72079, USA
| | - Xilin Li
- Division of Genetic and Molecular Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research (NCTR), U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Jefferson, Arkansas 72079, USA
| | - Yuxi Li
- Division of Biochemical Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research (NCTR), U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Jefferson, Arkansas 72079, USA
| | - Xiaobo He
- Office of Scientific Coordination, National Center for Toxicological Research (NCTR), U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Jefferson, Arkansas 72079, USA
| | - Matthew Bryant
- Office of Scientific Coordination, National Center for Toxicological Research (NCTR), U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Jefferson, Arkansas 72079, USA
| | - Xuan Qin
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Feng Li
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Ji-Eun Seo
- Division of Genetic and Molecular Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research (NCTR), U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Jefferson, Arkansas 72079, USA
| | - Xiaoqing Guo
- Division of Genetic and Molecular Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research (NCTR), U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Jefferson, Arkansas 72079, USA
| | - Nan Mei
- Division of Genetic and Molecular Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research (NCTR), U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Jefferson, Arkansas 72079, USA
| | - Lei Guo
- Division of Biochemical Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research (NCTR), U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Jefferson, Arkansas 72079, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Kukal S, Thakran S, Kanojia N, Yadav S, Mishra MK, Guin D, Singh P, Kukreti R. Genic-intergenic polymorphisms of CYP1A genes and their clinical impact. Gene 2023; 857:147171. [PMID: 36623673 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2023.147171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The humancytochrome P450 1A (CYP1A) subfamily genes, CYP1A1 and CYP1A2, encoding monooxygenases are critically involved in biotransformation of key endogenous substrates (estradiol, arachidonic acid, cholesterol) and exogenous compounds (smoke constituents, carcinogens, caffeine, therapeutic drugs). This suggests their significant involvement in multiple biological pathways with a primary role of maintaining endogenous homeostasis and xenobiotic detoxification. Large interindividual variability exist in CYP1A gene expression and/or catalytic activity of the enzyme, which is primarily due to the existence of polymorphic alleles which encode them. These polymorphisms (mainly single nucleotide polymorphisms, SNPs) have been extensively studied as susceptibility factors in a spectrum of clinical phenotypes. An in-depth understanding of the effects of polymorphic CYP1A genes on the differential metabolic activity and the resulting biological pathways is needed to explain the clinical implications of CYP1A polymorphisms. The present review is intended to provide an integrated understanding of CYP1A metabolic activity with unique substrate specificity and their involvement in physiological and pathophysiological roles. The article further emphasizes on the impact of widely studied CYP1A1 and CYP1A2 SNPs and their complex interaction with non-genetic factors like smoking and caffeine intake on multiple clinical phenotypes. Finally, we attempted to discuss the alterations in metabolism/physiology concerning the polymorphic CYP1A genes, which may underlie the reported clinical associations. This knowledge may provide insights into the disease pathogenesis, risk stratification, response to therapy and potential drug targets for individuals with certain CYP1A genotypes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samiksha Kukal
- Genomics and Molecular Medicine Unit, Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (IGIB), Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Delhi 110007, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Sarita Thakran
- Genomics and Molecular Medicine Unit, Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (IGIB), Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Delhi 110007, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Neha Kanojia
- Genomics and Molecular Medicine Unit, Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (IGIB), Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Delhi 110007, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Saroj Yadav
- Genomics and Molecular Medicine Unit, Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (IGIB), Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Delhi 110007, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Manish Kumar Mishra
- Genomics and Molecular Medicine Unit, Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (IGIB), Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Delhi 110007, India; Department of Biotechnology, Delhi Technological University, Shahbad Daulatpur, Main Bawana Road, Delhi 110042, India
| | - Debleena Guin
- Genomics and Molecular Medicine Unit, Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (IGIB), Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Delhi 110007, India; Department of Biotechnology, Delhi Technological University, Shahbad Daulatpur, Main Bawana Road, Delhi 110042, India
| | - Pooja Singh
- Genomics and Molecular Medicine Unit, Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (IGIB), Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Delhi 110007, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Ritushree Kukreti
- Genomics and Molecular Medicine Unit, Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (IGIB), Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Delhi 110007, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Huang YL, De Gregorio C, Silva V, Elorza ÁA, Léniz P, Aliaga-Tobar V, Maracaja-Coutinho V, Budini M, Ezquer F, Ezquer M. Administration of Secretome Derived from Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells Induces Hepatoprotective Effects in Models of Idiosyncratic Drug-Induced Liver Injury Caused by Amiodarone or Tamoxifen. Cells 2023; 12:cells12040636. [PMID: 36831304 PMCID: PMC9954258 DOI: 10.3390/cells12040636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is one of the leading causes of acute liver injury. While many factors may contribute to the susceptibility to DILI, obese patients with hepatic steatosis are particularly prone to suffer DILI. The secretome derived from mesenchymal stem cell has been shown to have hepatoprotective effects in diverse in vitro and in vivo models. In this study, we evaluate whether MSC secretome could improve DILI mediated by amiodarone (AMI) or tamoxifen (TMX). Hepatic HepG2 and HepaRG cells were incubated with AMI or TMX, alone or with the secretome of MSCs obtained from human adipose tissue. These studies demonstrate that coincubation of AMI or TMX with MSC secretome increases cell viability, prevents the activation of apoptosis pathways, and stimulates the expression of priming phase genes, leading to higher proliferation rates. As proof of concept, in a C57BL/6 mouse model of hepatic steatosis and chronic exposure to AMI, the MSC secretome was administered endovenously. In this study, liver injury was significantly attenuated, with a decrease in cell infiltration and stimulation of the regenerative response. The present results indicate that MSC secretome administration has the potential to be an adjunctive cell-free therapy to prevent liver failure derived from DILI caused by TMX or AMI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Lin Huang
- Centro de Medicina Regenerativa, Instituto de Ciencias e Innovación en Medicina, Facultad de Medicina, Clínica Alemana-Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago 7610658, Chile
| | - Cristian De Gregorio
- Centro de Medicina Regenerativa, Instituto de Ciencias e Innovación en Medicina, Facultad de Medicina, Clínica Alemana-Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago 7610658, Chile
| | - Verónica Silva
- Centro de Medicina Regenerativa, Instituto de Ciencias e Innovación en Medicina, Facultad de Medicina, Clínica Alemana-Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago 7610658, Chile
| | - Álvaro A. Elorza
- Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina y Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago 7610658, Chile
| | - Patricio Léniz
- Unidad de Cirugía Plástica, Reparadora y Estética, Clínica Alemana, Santiago 7610658, Chile
| | - Víctor Aliaga-Tobar
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 7610658, Chile
- Centro de Modelamiento Molecular, Biofísica y Bioinformática (CM2B2), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 7610658, Chile
- Laboratorio de Bioingeniería, Instituto de Ciencias de la Ingeniería, Universidad de O’Higgins, Rancagua 7610658, Chile
| | - Vinicius Maracaja-Coutinho
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 7610658, Chile
- Centro de Modelamiento Molecular, Biofísica y Bioinformática (CM2B2), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 7610658, Chile
| | - Mauricio Budini
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Odontológicas, Facultad de Odontología, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 7610658, Chile
| | - Fernando Ezquer
- Centro de Medicina Regenerativa, Instituto de Ciencias e Innovación en Medicina, Facultad de Medicina, Clínica Alemana-Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago 7610658, Chile
- Correspondence: (F.E.); (M.E.); Tel.: +56-990-699-272 (F.E.); +56-976-629-880 (M.E.)
| | - Marcelo Ezquer
- Centro de Medicina Regenerativa, Instituto de Ciencias e Innovación en Medicina, Facultad de Medicina, Clínica Alemana-Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago 7610658, Chile
- Correspondence: (F.E.); (M.E.); Tel.: +56-990-699-272 (F.E.); +56-976-629-880 (M.E.)
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Hügl B, Horlitz M, Fischer K, Kreutz R. Clinical significance of the rivaroxaban-dronedarone interaction: insights from physiologically based pharmacokinetic modelling. EUROPEAN HEART JOURNAL OPEN 2023; 3:oead004. [PMID: 36820238 PMCID: PMC9938521 DOI: 10.1093/ehjopen/oead004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Patients with atrial fibrillation may require rhythm control therapy in addition to anticoagulation therapy for the prevention of stroke. Since 2012, the European Society of Cardiology and European Heart Rhythm Association guidelines have recommended non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants, including rivaroxaban, for the prevention of stroke in patients with atrial fibrillation. During the same period, these guidelines have also recommended dronedarone or amiodarone as second-line rhythm control agents in certain patients with atrial fibrillation and no contraindications. Amiodarone and dronedarone both strongly inhibit P-glycoprotein, while dronedarone is a moderate and amiodarone a weak inhibitor of cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4). Based on these data and evidence from physiologically based pharmacokinetic modelling, amiodarone and dronedarone are expected to have similar effects on rivaroxaban exposure resulting from P-glycoprotein and CYP3A4 inhibition. However, the rivaroxaban label recommends against the concomitant use of dronedarone, but not amiodarone, citing a lack of evidence on the concomitant use of rivaroxaban and dronedarone as the reason for the different recommendations. In this report, we discuss evidence from clinical studies and physiologically based pharmacokinetic modelling on the potential for increased rivaroxaban exposure resulting from drug-drug interaction between rivaroxaban and dronedarone or amiodarone. The current evidence supports the same clinical status and concomitant use of either amiodarone or dronedarone with rivaroxaban, which could be considered in future recommendations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Marc Horlitz
- Klinik für Kardiologie, Elektrophysiologie und Rhythmologie, Krankenhaus Porz am Rhein, Universität Witten/Herdecke, Köln, Germany
| | - Kerstin Fischer
- Bayer AG, Research & Development, Pharmaceuticals Therapeutic Opportunity Expansion, Berlin, Germany
| | - Reinhold Kreutz
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Charité University Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Ren Z, Chen S, Qin X, Li F, Guo L. Study of the roles of cytochrome P450 (CYPs) in the metabolism and cytotoxicity of perhexiline. Arch Toxicol 2022; 96:3219-3231. [PMID: 36083301 PMCID: PMC10395006 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-022-03369-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Perhexiline is a prophylactic antianginal agent developed in the 1970s. Although, therapeutically, it remained a success, the concerns of its severe adverse effects including hepatotoxicity caused the restricted use of the drug, and eventually its withdrawal from the market in multiple countries. In the clinical setting, cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2D6 is considered as a possible risk factor for the adverse effects of perhexiline. However, the role of CYP-mediated metabolism in the toxicity of perhexiline, particularly in the intact cells, remains unclear. Using our previously established HepG2 cell lines that individually express 14 CYPs (1A1, 1A2, 1B1, 2A6, 2B6, 2C8, 2C9, 2C18, 2C19, 2D6, 2E1, 3A4, 3A5, and 3A7) and human liver microsomes, we identified that CYP2D6 plays a major role in the hydroxylation of perhexiline. We also determined that CYP1A2, 2C19, and 3A4 contribute to the metabolism of perhexiline. The toxic effect of perhexiline was reduced significantly in CYP2D6-overexpressing HepG2 cells, in comparison to the control cells. In contrast, overexpression of CYP1A2, 2C19, and 3A4 did not show a significant protective effect against the toxicity of perhexiline. Pre-incubation with quinidine, a well-recognized CYP2D6 inhibitor, significantly attenuated the protective effect in CYP2D6-overexpressing HepG2 cells. Furthermore, perhexiline-induced mitochondrial damage, apoptosis, and ER stress were also attenuated in CYP2D6-overexpressing HepG2 cells. These findings suggest that CYP2D6-mediated metabolism protects the cells from perhexiline-induced cytotoxicity and support the clinical observation that CYP2D6 poor metabolizers may have higher risk for perhexiline-induced hepatotoxicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Ren
- Division of Biochemical Toxicology, HFT-110, National Center for Toxicological Research (NCTR), U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), 3900 NCTR Road, Jefferson, AR, 72079, USA
| | - Si Chen
- Division of Biochemical Toxicology, HFT-110, National Center for Toxicological Research (NCTR), U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), 3900 NCTR Road, Jefferson, AR, 72079, USA
| | - Xuan Qin
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Center for Drug Discovery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX77030, USA
| | - Feng Li
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Center for Drug Discovery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX77030, USA
| | - Lei Guo
- Division of Biochemical Toxicology, HFT-110, National Center for Toxicological Research (NCTR), U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), 3900 NCTR Road, Jefferson, AR, 72079, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Hammour MM, Othman A, Aspera-Werz R, Braun B, Weis-Klemm M, Wagner S, Nadalin S, Histing T, Ruoß M, Nüssler AK. Optimisation of the HepaRG cell line model for drug toxicity studies using two different cultivation conditions: advantages and limitations. Arch Toxicol 2022; 96:2511-2521. [PMID: 35748891 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-022-03329-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The HepaRG cell line represents a successful model for hepatotoxicity studies. These cells are of human origin and are differentiated in vitro into mature and functional hepatocyte-like cells. The objective of this research was to compare two different culture protocols, Sison-Young et al. 2017 (hereinafter referred as Sison) and Gripon et al. 2002 (hereinafter referred as Biopredic) for HepaRG cells in order to optimise this model for drug metabolism and toxicity testing studies. HepaRG cells obtained from the same batch were cultured according to the described protocols. Using both protocols, differentiated HepaRG cells retained their drug metabolic capacity (major phase I/II enzymes) and transporters, as well as their morphological characteristics. Morphologically, HepaRG cells cultured after the Biopredic protocol formed more apical membranes and small ductular-like structures, than those cultivated using the Sison protocol. Also, the efflux activity of multidrug resistance protein 1 (MDR1) and multidrug resistance-associated protein 1 (MRP1) as well as the activity of uridine-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) and glutathione S-transferase (GST) were significantly reduced in HepaRG cultured using the Sison protocol. Applying well-established drug cocktails to measure cytochrome P450 (CYPs) activity, we found that production of the corresponding metabolites was hampered in Sison-cultured HepaRG cells, indicating that the activity of CYP1A2, CYP2C9, CYP3A4, CYP2B6 and CYP2C19 was significantly reduced. Moreover, HepaRG sensitivity to well-known drugs, namely diclofenac, amiodarone, imipramine and paracetamol, revealed some differences between the two culture protocols. Furthermore, the HepaRG cells can be maintained with higher viability and sufficient CYPs activity and expression (i.e. CYP3A4, CYP1A2 and CYP2B6) as well as liver-specific functions, using Biopredic compared with the Sison culture protocol. These maintained liver-specific functions might be dependent on the prolongation of the culture conditions in the case of the Biopredic protocol. In conclusion, based on the metabolic activity of HepaRG cells using the standard protocol from Biopredic, we believe that this protocol is optimal for investigating drug metabolism and pharmacokinetic screening studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Majd Hammour
- Department of Traumatology, Siegfried Weller Institute, BG Klinik Tübingen, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Amnah Othman
- Department of Traumatology, Siegfried Weller Institute, BG Klinik Tübingen, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Romina Aspera-Werz
- Department of Traumatology, Siegfried Weller Institute, BG Klinik Tübingen, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Bianca Braun
- Department of Traumatology, Siegfried Weller Institute, BG Klinik Tübingen, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Michaela Weis-Klemm
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplant Surgery, University Hospital Tübingen, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Silvia Wagner
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplant Surgery, University Hospital Tübingen, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Silvio Nadalin
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplant Surgery, University Hospital Tübingen, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Tina Histing
- Department of Traumatology, Siegfried Weller Institute, BG Klinik Tübingen, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Marc Ruoß
- Department of Traumatology, Siegfried Weller Institute, BG Klinik Tübingen, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Andreas K Nüssler
- Department of Traumatology, Siegfried Weller Institute, BG Klinik Tübingen, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72076, Tübingen, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Jiang Z, Zhao C, Li X, Yi W, Yan R. Liver failure caused by intravenous amiodarone and effective intervention measures: A case report. J Clin Pharm Ther 2022; 47:1293-1296. [PMID: 35322453 DOI: 10.1111/jcpt.13647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
WHAT IS KNOWN AND OBJECTIVE We present a case of intravenous amiodarone-induced liver injury, pharmacy monitoring and its therapy. CASE SUMMARY A 76-year-old male patient developed acute liver injury 24 h after starting intravenous amiodarone. His liver enzymes improved after discontinuing amiodarone and anti-inflammatory liver therapy, which used reduced glutathione, magnesium isoglycyrrhizinate and ademetionine1,4-butanedisulfonate for injection. WHAT IS NEW AND CONCLUSION Amiodarone is a highly effective antiarrhythmic agent for the treatment and prevention of atrial and ventricular arrhythmias. Acute liver damage after intravenous amiodarone is rare but potentially harmful. Amiodarone loading should be adapted to the necessity of an immediate effect of the drug, and liver function should be monitored closely in critically ill patients. Timely stopped suspected drug and anti-inflammatory liver therapy may reduce the occurrence of drug-induced diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhouqian Jiang
- Department of Pharmacy, Hezhou People's Hospital, Hezhou, China
| | - Chengfei Zhao
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy and Medical Technology, Putian University, Putian, China.,Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Laboratory Medicine in University of Fujian Province, Putian University, Putian, China
| | - Xiaoyun Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Hezhou People's Hospital, Hezhou, China
| | - Wenyan Yi
- Department of Pharmacy, Hezhou People's Hospital, Hezhou, China
| | - Ruqing Yan
- Department of Pharmacy, Hezhou People's Hospital, Hezhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Didem Kara I, Cakir A, Ozaslan M, Halil Kili I, Tepe B, Akdogan E, Kazaz C. Anticancer Agents from Xanthium strumarium Fruits Against C6 Glioma Cells. INT J PHARMACOL 2022. [DOI: 10.3923/ijp.2022.437.454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
|
13
|
Cell-Permeable Succinate Rescues Mitochondrial Respiration in Cellular Models of Amiodarone Toxicity. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222111786. [PMID: 34769217 PMCID: PMC8583998 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Amiodarone is a potent antiarrhythmic drug and displays substantial liver toxicity in humans. It has previously been demonstrated that amiodarone and its metabolite (desethylamiodarone, DEA) can inhibit mitochondrial function, particularly complexes I (CI) and II (CII) of the electron transport system in various animal tissues and cell types. The present study, performed in human peripheral blood cells, and one liver-derived human cell line, is primarily aimed at assessing the concentration-dependent effects of these drugs on mitochondrial function (respiration and cellular ATP levels). Furthermore, we explore the efficacy of a novel cell-permeable succinate prodrug in alleviating the drug-induced acute mitochondrial dysfunction. Amiodarone and DEA elicit a concentration-dependent impairment of mitochondrial respiration in both intact and permeabilized platelets via the inhibition of both CI- and CII-supported respiration. The inhibitory effect seen in human platelets is also confirmed in mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and HepG2 cells. Additionally, amiodarone elicits a severe concentration-dependent ATP depletion in PBMCs, which cannot be explained solely by mitochondrial inhibition. The succinate prodrug NV118 alleviates the respiratory deficit in platelets and HepG2 cells acutely exposed to amiodarone. In conclusion, amiodarone severely inhibits metabolism in primary human mitochondria, which can be counteracted by increasing mitochondrial function using intracellular delivery of succinate.
Collapse
|
14
|
Deguchi S, Shintani T, Harada K, Okamoto T, Takemura A, Hirata K, Ito K, Takayama K, Mizuguchi H. In Vitro Model for a Drug Assessment of Cytochrome P450 Family 3 Subfamily A Member 4 Substrates Using Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells and Genome Editing Technology. Hepatol Commun 2021; 5:1385-1399. [PMID: 34430783 PMCID: PMC8369939 DOI: 10.1002/hep4.1729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
In drug development, a system for predicting drug metabolism and drug-induced toxicity is necessary to ensure drug safety. Cytochrome P450 family 3 subfamily A member 4 (CYP3A4) is an important drug-metabolizing enzyme expressed in the liver and small intestine, and predicting CYP3A4-mediated drug metabolism and drug-induced toxicity is essential. We previously developed procedures to differentiate human induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells into hepatocyte-like cells (HLCs) or intestinal epithelial-like cells (IECs) with a fetal phenotype as well as a highly efficient genome editing technology that could enhance the homologous recombination efficiency at any locus, including CYP3A4. By using human iPS cells and our genome editing technology, we generated CYP3A4-knockout (KO) iPS cell-derived HLCs and IECs for the evaluation of CYP3A4-mediated drug metabolism and drug-induced toxicity. CYP3A4 deficiency did not affect pluripotency and hepatic and intestinal differentiation capacities, and CYP3A4 activity was entirely eradicated by CYP3A4 KO. Off-target effects (e.g., inhibition of bile acid excretion) were hardly observed in CYP3A4-KO cells but were observed in CYP3A4 inhibitor-treated (e.g., ketoconazole) cells. To evaluate whether drug-induced hepatotoxicity and enterotoxicity could be predicted using our model, we exposed CYP3A4-KO HLCs and IECs to acetaminophen, amiodarone, desipramine, leflunomide, tacrine, and tolcapone and confirmed that these cells could predict CYP3A4-mediated toxicity. Finally, we examined whether the therapeutic effects of an anti-hepatitis C virus (HCV) drug metabolized by CYP3A4 would be predicted using our model. CYP3A4-KO HLCs were treated with asunaprevir (antiviral drug metabolized by CYP3A4) after HCV infection, and the anti-viral effect was indeed strengthened by CYP3A4 KO. Conclusion: We succeeded in generating a novel evaluation system for prediction of CYP3A4-mediated drug metabolism and drug-induced toxicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sayaka Deguchi
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyGraduate School of Pharmaceutical SciencesOsaka UniversityOsakaJapan
| | - Tomohiro Shintani
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyGraduate School of Pharmaceutical SciencesOsaka UniversityOsakaJapan
| | - Kazuo Harada
- Laboratory of Applied Environmental BiologyGraduate School of Pharmaceutical SciencesOsaka UniversityOsakaJapan
| | - Toru Okamoto
- Institute for Advanced Co-creation Studies, Research Institute for Microbial DiseasesOsaka UniversityOsakaJapan
| | - Akinori Takemura
- Laboratory of BiopharmaceuticsGraduate School of Pharmaceutical SciencesChiba UniversityChibaJapan
| | - Kazumasa Hirata
- Laboratory of Applied Environmental BiologyGraduate School of Pharmaceutical SciencesOsaka UniversityOsakaJapan
| | - Kousei Ito
- Laboratory of BiopharmaceuticsGraduate School of Pharmaceutical SciencesChiba UniversityChibaJapan
| | - Kazuo Takayama
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyGraduate School of Pharmaceutical SciencesOsaka UniversityOsakaJapan.,Center for Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell Research and ApplicationKyoto UniversityKyotoJapan
| | - Hiroyuki Mizuguchi
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyGraduate School of Pharmaceutical SciencesOsaka UniversityOsakaJapan.,Laboratory of Hepatocyte RegulationNational Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and NutritionOsakaJapan.,Global Center for Medical Engineering and InformaticsOsaka UniversityOsakaJapan.,Integrated Frontier Research for Medical Science Division of the Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research InitiativesOsaka UniversityOsakaJapan
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Qosa H, Ribeiro AJS, Hartman NR, Volpe DA. Characterization of a commercially available line of iPSC hepatocytes as models of hepatocyte function and toxicity for regulatory purposes. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2021; 110:107083. [PMID: 34098110 DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2021.107083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
It has recently become possible to produce hepatocytes from human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC-heps), which may offer some advantages over primary human hepatocytes (Prim-heps) in the regulatory environment. The aim of this research was to assess similarities and differences between commercially available iPSC-heps and Prim-heps in preliminary assays of drug metabolism, hepatotoxicity, and drug transport. Hepatocytes were either cultured in collagen-coated 96-well plates (Prim-heps and 2d-iPSC-heps) or in ultra-low adhesion plates as spheroids (3d-iPSC-heps). 3d-iPSC-heps were used to enhance physiological cell-cell contacts, which is essential to maintain the phenotype of mature hepatocytes. Cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A4, CYP1A2, and CYP2B6 activity levels were evaluated using fluorescent assays. Phase II metabolism was assessed by HPLC measurement of formation of glucuronides and sulfates of 4-methylumbelliferone, 1-naphthol, and estradiol. The toxicity of acetaminophen, amiodarone, aspirin, clozapine, tacrine, tamoxifen, and troglitazone was monitored using a luminescent cell viability assay. Canaliculi formation was monitored by following the fluorescence of 5,6-carboxy-2',7'-dichlorofluorescein diacetate. All culture models showed similar levels of basal CYP3A4, CYP1A2 and CYP2B6 activity. However, while Prim-heps showed a vigorous response to CYP inducing agents, 2d-iPSC-heps showed no response and 3d-iPSC-heps displayed an inconclusive response. 2d-iPSC-heps showed reduced, yet appreciable, glucuronide and sulfate formation compared to Prim-heps. All culture models showed similar activity in tests of hepatotoxicity, with Prim-heps generally being more sensitive. All models formed canaliculi capable of transporting carboxy-2',7'-dichlorofluorescein. The iPSC-heps appear to be useful for toxicity and transport studies, but metabolic activity is not optimum, and metabolism studies would benefit from a more mature model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hisham Qosa
- United States Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Office of Translational Sciences, Office of Clinical Pharmacology, Division of Applied Regulatory Science, 10903 New Hampshire Ave, Silver Spring, MD 20993-0002, United States of America
| | - Alexandre J S Ribeiro
- United States Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Office of Translational Sciences, Office of Clinical Pharmacology, Division of Applied Regulatory Science, 10903 New Hampshire Ave, Silver Spring, MD 20993-0002, United States of America
| | - Neil R Hartman
- United States Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Office of Translational Sciences, Office of Clinical Pharmacology, Division of Applied Regulatory Science, 10903 New Hampshire Ave, Silver Spring, MD 20993-0002, United States of America
| | - Donna A Volpe
- United States Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Office of Translational Sciences, Office of Clinical Pharmacology, Division of Applied Regulatory Science, 10903 New Hampshire Ave, Silver Spring, MD 20993-0002, United States of America.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Skaria T, Bachli E, Schoedon G. Transcriptional Regulation of Drug Metabolizing CYP Enzymes by Proinflammatory Wnt5A Signaling in Human Coronary Artery Endothelial Cells. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:619588. [PMID: 34079452 PMCID: PMC8165381 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.619588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Downregulation of drug metabolizing enzymes and transporters by proinflammatory mediators in hepatocytes, enterocytes and renal tubular epithelium is an established mechanism affecting pharmacokinetics. Emerging evidences indicate that vascular endothelial cell expression of drug metabolizing enzymes and transporters may regulate pharmacokinetic pathways in heart to modulate local drug bioavailability and toxicity. However, whether inflammation regulates pharmacokinetic pathways in human cardiac vascular endothelial cells remains largely unknown. The lipid modified protein Wnt5A is emerging as a critical mediator of proinflammatory responses and disease severity in sepsis, hypertension and COVID-19. In the present study, we employed transcriptome profiling and gene ontology analyses to investigate the regulation of expression of drug metabolizing enzymes and transporters by Wnt5A in human coronary artery endothelial cells. Our study shows for the first time that Wnt5A induces the gene expression of CYP1A1 and CYP1B1 enzymes involved in phase I metabolism of a broad spectrum of drugs including chloroquine (the controversial drug for COVID-19) that is known to cause toxicity in myocardium. Further, the upregulation of CYP1A1 and CYP1B1 expression is preserved even during inflammatory crosstalk between Wnt5A and the prototypic proinflammatory IL-1β in human coronary artery endothelial cells. These findings stimulate further studies to test the critical roles of vascular endothelial cell CYP1A1 and CYP1B1, and the potential of vascular-targeted therapy with CYP1A1/CYP1B1 inhibitors in modulating myocardial pharmacokinetics in Wnt5A-associated inflammatory and cardiovascular diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tom Skaria
- Inflammation Research Unit, Division of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.,School of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology Calicut, Kerala, India
| | - Esther Bachli
- Department of Medicine, Uster Hospital, Uster, Switzerland
| | - Gabriele Schoedon
- Inflammation Research Unit, Division of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Chen S, Wu Q, Li X, Li D, Mei N, Ning B, Puig M, Ren Z, Tolleson WH, Guo L. Characterization of cytochrome P450s (CYP)-overexpressing HepG2 cells for assessing drug and chemical-induced liver toxicity. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART C, TOXICOLOGY AND CARCINOGENESIS 2021; 39:68-86. [PMID: 33576714 PMCID: PMC7931144 DOI: 10.1080/26896583.2021.1880242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Hepatic metabolism catalyzed by the cytochrome P450 (CYP) superfamily affects liver toxicity associated with exposures to natural compounds and xenobiotic agents. Previously we generated a battery of HepG2-derived stable cell lines that individually express 14 CYPs (1A1, 1A2, 1B1, 2A6, 2B6, 2C8, 2C9, 2C18, 2C19, 2D6, 2E1, 3A4, 3A5, and 3A7). In this study, we comprehensively characterized each cell line for its CYP expression and enzyme activity. Specifically, we measured the mRNA expression, protein expression, and metabolite formation. Using CYP3A4, 2D6, and 2C9-overexpressing cells as representatives, we examined the stability of these cells in long-term cultures for up to 10 passages. The results showed that CYPs can be stably overexpressed for up to 10 cell culture passages without losing their activities. The robustness of responses to stimuli among the cells at different passages was also investigated in CYP3A4-overexpressing cells and the response to amiodarone and dronedarone showed no difference between the cells at the passage 2 and 10. Moreover, the mRNA expression level of most CYPs was higher in CYP-overexpressing HepG2 cells than that in HepaRG cells and primary human hepatocytes. This study confirmed the stability of CYP-overexpressing HepG2 cell lines and provided useful information for a broader use of these cells in pharmacologic and toxicologic research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Si Chen
- Division of Biochemical Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research/U.S. FDA, Jefferson, Arkansas, USA
| | - Qiangen Wu
- Division of Biochemical Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research/U.S. FDA, Jefferson, Arkansas, USA
| | - Xilin Li
- Division of Genetic and Molecular Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research/U.S. FDA, Jefferson, Arkansas, USA
| | - Dongying Li
- Division of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, National Center for Toxicological Research/U.S. FDA, Jefferson, Arkansas, USA
| | - Nan Mei
- Division of Genetic and Molecular Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research/U.S. FDA, Jefferson, Arkansas, USA
| | - Baitang Ning
- Division of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, National Center for Toxicological Research/U.S. FDA, Jefferson, Arkansas, USA
| | - Montserrat Puig
- Division of Biotechnology Review and Research III, Office of Biotechnology Products, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research/U.S. FDA, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Zhen Ren
- Division of Biochemical Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research/U.S. FDA, Jefferson, Arkansas, USA
| | - William H. Tolleson
- Division of Biochemical Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research/U.S. FDA, Jefferson, Arkansas, USA
| | - Lei Guo
- Division of Biochemical Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research/U.S. FDA, Jefferson, Arkansas, USA
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
A mechanism of perhexiline's cytotoxicity in hepatic cells involves endoplasmic reticulum stress and p38 signaling pathway. Chem Biol Interact 2020; 334:109353. [PMID: 33309543 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2020.109353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Perhexiline is a coronary vasodilator for angina treatment that was first developed in the 1960s. Perhexiline enjoyed worldwide success before reports of severe side effects, such as hepatotoxicity and neurotoxicity, caused its withdrawal from most of the markets. The underlying mechanism of the cytotoxicity of perhexiline, however, is not yet well understood. Here we demonstrated that perhexiline induced cellular damage in primary human hepatocytes, HepaRG cells and HepG2 cells. Analysis of gene and protein expression levels of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress markers showed that perhexiline caused ER stress in primary human hepatocytes and HepG2 cells. The splicing of XBP1 mRNA, a hallmark of ER stress, was observed upon perhexiline treatment. Using Gluc-Fluc-HepG2 cell line, we demonstrated that protein secretion was impaired upon perhexiline treatment, suggesting functional deficits in ER. Inhibition of ER stress using ER inhibitor 4-PBA or salubrinal attenuated the cytotoxicity of perhexiline. Directly knocking down ATF4 using siRNA also partially rescued HepG2 cells upon perhexiline exposure. In addition, inhibition of ER stress using either inhibitors or siRNA transfection attenuated perhexiline-induced increase in caspase 3/7 activity, indicating that ER stress contributed to perhexiline-induced apoptosis. Moreover, perhexiline treatment resulted in activation of p38 and JNK signaling pathways, two branches of MAPK cascade. Pre-treating HepG2 cells with p38 inhibitor SB239063 attenuated perhexiline-induced apoptosis and cell death. The inhibitor also prevented the activation of CHOP and ATF4. Overall, our study demonstrated that ER stress is one important mechanism underlying the hepatotoxicity of perhexiline, and p38 signaling pathway contributes to this process. Our finding shed light on the role of both ER stress and p38 signaling pathway in drug-induced liver injury.
Collapse
|
19
|
Pedro L, Rudewicz PJ. Analysis of Live Single Cells by Confocal Microscopy and High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry to Study Drug Uptake, Metabolism, and Drug-Induced Phospholipidosis. Anal Chem 2020; 92:16005-16015. [PMID: 33280372 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c03534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The analysis of large numbers of cells from a population results in information that does not reflect differences in cell phenotypes. Individual variations in cellular drug uptake, metabolism, and response to drug treatment may have profound effects on cellular survival and lead to the development of certain disease states, drug persistence, and resistance. Herein, we present a method that combines live cell confocal microscopy imaging with high-resolution mass spectrometry to achieve absolute cell quantification of the drug amiodarone (AMIO) and its major metabolite, N-desethylamiodarone (NDEA), in single liver cells (HepG2 and HepaRG cells). The method uses a prototype system that integrates a confocal microscope with an XYZ stage robot to image and automatically sample selected cells from a sample compartment, which is kept under growth conditions, with nanospray tips. Besides obtaining the distributions of AMIO and NDEA cell concentrations across a population of individual cells, as well as variabilities in drug metabolism, the effect of these on phospholipidosis and cell morphology was studied. The method was suited to identify subpopulations of cells that metabolized less drug and to correlate cell drug concentrations with cell phospholipid content, cell volume, sphericity, and other cell phenotypic features. Using principal component analysis (PCA), the treated cells could be clearly distinguished from vehicle control cells (0 μM AMIO) and HepaRG cells from HepG2 cells. The potential of using multidimensional and multimodal information collected from single cells to build predictive models for cell classification is demonstrated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liliana Pedro
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Emeryville, California 94608, United States
| | - Patrick J Rudewicz
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Emeryville, California 94608, United States
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Yamazoe Y, Tohkin M. Development of template systems for ligand interactions of CYP3A5 and CYP3A7 and their distinctions from CYP3A4 template. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2020; 38:100357. [PMID: 33866277 DOI: 10.1016/j.dmpk.2020.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 08/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Starting from established CYP3A4 Template (DMPK. 2019, and 2020), CYP3A5 and CYP3A7 Templates have been constructed to be reliable tools for verification of their distinct catalytic properties. A distinct occupancy was observed on CYP3A4-selective ligands, but not on the non-selective ligands, in simulation experiments. These ligands often invade into Bay-1 region during the migration from Entrance to Site of oxidation in simulation experiments. These results offered an idea of the distinct localization of Bay-1 residue on CYP3A5 Template, in which the Bay-1 residue stayed closely to Template border. The idea also accounted for the higher oxidation rates of CYP3A5, than of CYP3A4, of noscapine and schisantherin E through their enhanced sitting-stabilization. Typical CYP3A7 substrates such as zonisamide and retinoic acids took their placements without occupying a left side region of Template for their metabolisms. In turn, the occupancies of the left-side region were inevitably observed among poor ligands of CYP3A7. Altered extent of IJK-Interaction or localization of a specific residue at the left-side would thus explain distinct catalytic properties of CYP3A7 on Template. These data suggest the alteration of each one of Template region, from CYP3A4 Template, led to the distinct catalytic properties of CYP3A5 and CYP3A7 forms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yasushi Yamazoe
- Division of Drug Metabolism and Molecular Toxicology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aramaki-Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8578, Japan; Division of Risk Assessment, National Institute of Health Sciences, Tonomachi 3-25-26, Kawasaki-ku, Kanagawa, 210-9501, Japan.
| | - Masahiro Tohkin
- Regulatory Science, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, 3-1, Tanabe-dori, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, 467-8603, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Affiliation(s)
- Sangeetha Nithiyanandam
- School of Bio Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sabina Evan Prince
- School of Bio Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
van der Mark VA, Adam AAA, Chang JC, Oude Elferink RP, Chamuleau RAFM, Hoekstra R. Overexpression of the constitutive androstane receptor and shaken 3D-culturing increase biotransformation and oxidative phosphorylation and sensitivity to mitochondrial amiodarone toxicity of HepaRG cells. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2020; 399:115055. [PMID: 32428594 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2020.115055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The liver cell line HepaRG is one of the preferred sources of human hepatocytes for in vitro applications. However, mitochondrial energy metabolism is relatively low, which affects hepatic functionality and sensitivity to hepatotoxins. Culturing in a bioartificial liver (BAL) system with high oxygen, medium perfusion, low substrate stiffness, and 3D conformation increases HepaRG functionality and mitochondrial activity compared to conventional monolayer culturing. In addition, drug metabolism has been improved by overexpression of the constitutive androstane receptor (CAR), a regulator of drug and energy metabolism in the new HepaRG-CAR line. Here, we investigated the effect of BAL culturing on the HepaRG-CAR line by applying a simple and downscaled BAL culture procedure based on shaking 3D cultures, named Bal-in-a-dish (BALIAD). We compared monolayer and BALIAD cultures of HepaRG and HepaRG-CAR cells. CAR overexpression and BALIAD culturing synergistically or additively increased transcript levels of CAR and three of the seven tested CAR target genes in biotransformation. Additionally, Cytochrome P450 3A4 activity was 35-fold increased. The mitochondrial energy metabolism was enhanced; lactate production and glucose consumption switched into lactate elimination and glucose production. BALIAD culturing alone reduced glycogen content and increased oxygen consumption and mitochondrial content. Both CAR overexpression and BALIAD culturing decreased mitochondrial superoxide levels. HepaRG-CAR BALIADs were most sensitive to mitochondrial toxicity induced by the hepatotoxin amiodarone, as indicated by oxygen consumption and mitochondrial superoxide accumulation. These data show that BALIAD culturing of HepaRG-CAR cells induces high mitochondrial energy metabolism and xenobiotic metabolism, increasing its potential for drug toxicity studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vincent A van der Mark
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, AG&M, Meibergdreef 69-71, 1105 BK, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Aziza A A Adam
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, AG&M, Meibergdreef 69-71, 1105 BK, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Jung-Chin Chang
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, AG&M, Meibergdreef 69-71, 1105 BK, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Ronald P Oude Elferink
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, AG&M, Meibergdreef 69-71, 1105 BK, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Robert A F M Chamuleau
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, AG&M, Meibergdreef 69-71, 1105 BK, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Ruurdtje Hoekstra
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, AG&M, Meibergdreef 69-71, 1105 BK, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Li X, Chen S, Guo X, Wu Q, Seo JE, Guo L, Manjanatha MG, Zhou T, Witt KL, Mei N. Development and Application of TK6-derived Cells Expressing Human Cytochrome P450s for Genotoxicity Testing. Toxicol Sci 2020; 175:251-265. [PMID: 32159784 PMCID: PMC7334878 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfaa035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolism plays a key role in chemical genotoxicity; however, most mammalian cells used for in vitro genotoxicity testing lack effective metabolizing enzymes. We recently developed a battery of TK6-derived cell lines that individually overexpress 1 of 8 cytochrome P450s (CYP1A1, 1A2, 1B1, 2A6, 2B6, 2C9, 2C19, and 3A4) using a lentiviral expression system. The increased expression and metabolic function of each individual CYP in each established cell line were confirmed using real-time PCR, Western blotting, and mass spectrometry analysis; the parental TK6 cells and empty vector (EV) transduced cells had negligible CYP levels. Subsequently, we evaluated these cell lines using 2 prototypical polyaromatic hydrocarbon mutagens, 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA) and benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P), that require metabolic activation to exert their genotoxicity. DMBA-induced cytotoxicity, phosphorylation of histone H2A.X, and micronucleus formation were significantly increased in TK6 cells with CYP1A1, 1B1, 2B6, and 2C19 expression as compared with EV controls. B[a]P significantly increased cytotoxicity, DNA damage, and chromosomal damage in TK6 cells overexpressing CYP1A1 and 1B1 when compared with EV controls. B[a]P also induced micronucleus formation in TK6 cells expressing CYP1A2. These results suggest that our CYP-expressing TK6 cell system can be used to detect the genotoxicity of compounds requiring metabolic transformation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xilin Li
- Division of Genetic and Molecular Toxicology
| | - Si Chen
- Division of Biochemical Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, Arkansas 72079
| | | | - Qiangen Wu
- Division of Biochemical Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, Arkansas 72079
| | - Ji-Eun Seo
- Division of Genetic and Molecular Toxicology
| | - Lei Guo
- Division of Biochemical Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, Arkansas 72079
| | | | - Tong Zhou
- Center for Veterinary Medicine, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Rockville, Maryland 20855
| | - Kristine L Witt
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709
| | - Nan Mei
- Division of Genetic and Molecular Toxicology
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Chen S, Wu Q, Li X, Li D, Fan M, Ren Z, Bryant M, Mei N, Ning B, Guo L. The role of hepatic cytochrome P450s in the cytotoxicity of sertraline. Arch Toxicol 2020; 94:2401-2411. [PMID: 32372212 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-020-02753-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Sertraline, an antidepressant, is commonly used to manage mental health symptoms related to depression, anxiety disorders, and obsessive-compulsive disorder. The use of sertraline has been associated with rare but severe hepatotoxicity. Previous research demonstrated that mitochondrial dysfunction, apoptosis, and endoplasmic reticulum stress were involved in sertraline-associated cytotoxicity. In this study, we reported that after a 24-h treatment in HepG2 cells, sertraline caused cytotoxicity, suppressed topoisomerase I and IIα, and damaged DNA in a concentration-dependent manner. We also investigated the role of cytochrome P450 (CYP)-mediated metabolism in sertraline-induced toxicity using our previously established HepG2 cell lines individually expressing 14 CYPs (1A1, 1A2, 1B1, 2A6, 2B6, 2C8, 2C9, 2C18, 2C19, 2D6, 2E1, 3A4, 3A5, and 3A7). We demonstrated that CYP2D6, 2C19, 2B6, and 2C9 metabolize sertraline, and sertraline-induced cytotoxicity was significantly decreased in the cells expressing these CYPs. Western blot analysis demonstrated that the induction of ɣH2A.X (a hallmark of DNA damage) and topoisomerase inhibition were partially reversed in CYP2D6-, 2C19-, 2B6-, and 2C9-overexpressing HepG2 cells. These data indicate that DNA damage and topoisomerase inhibition are involved in sertraline-induced cytotoxicity and that CYPs-mediated metabolism plays a role in decreasing the toxicity of sertraline.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Si Chen
- Divisions of Biochemical Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research (NCTR)/U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Jefferson, AR, 72079, USA.
| | - Qiangen Wu
- Divisions of Biochemical Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research (NCTR)/U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Jefferson, AR, 72079, USA
| | - Xilin Li
- Genetic and Molecular Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research (NCTR)/U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Jefferson, AR, 72079, USA
| | - Dongying Li
- Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, HFT-110, National Center for Toxicological Research (NCTR)/U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), 3900 NCTR Road, Jefferson, AR, 72079, USA
| | - Michelle Fan
- Life Health and Medical Sciences, Brown University, Providence, RI, 02912, USA
| | - Zhen Ren
- Divisions of Biochemical Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research (NCTR)/U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Jefferson, AR, 72079, USA
| | - Matthew Bryant
- Divisions of Biochemical Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research (NCTR)/U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Jefferson, AR, 72079, USA
| | - Nan Mei
- Genetic and Molecular Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research (NCTR)/U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Jefferson, AR, 72079, USA
| | - Baitang Ning
- Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, HFT-110, National Center for Toxicological Research (NCTR)/U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), 3900 NCTR Road, Jefferson, AR, 72079, USA
| | - Lei Guo
- Divisions of Biochemical Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research (NCTR)/U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Jefferson, AR, 72079, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Emerging club drugs: 5-(2-aminopropyl)benzofuran (5-APB) is more toxic than its isomer 6-(2-aminopropyl)benzofuran (6-APB) in hepatocyte cellular models. Arch Toxicol 2019; 94:609-629. [PMID: 31838565 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-019-02638-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
New phenylethylamine derivatives are among the most commonly abused new psychoactive substances. They are synthesized and marketed in lieu of classical amphetaminic stimulants, with no previous safety testing. Our study aimed to determine the in vitro hepatotoxicity of two benzofurans [6-(2-aminopropyl)benzofuran (6-APB) and 5-(2-aminopropyl)benzofuran (5-APB)] that have been misused as 'legal highs'. Cellular viability was assessed through the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) reduction assay, following 24-h drug exposure of human hepatoma HepaRG cells (EC50 2.62 mM 5-APB; 6.02 mM 6-APB), HepG2 cells (EC50 3.79 mM 5-APB; 8.18 mM 6-APB) and primary rat hepatocytes (EC50 964 μM 5-APB; 1.94 mM 6-APB). Co-incubation of primary hepatocytes, the most sensitive in vitro model, with CYP450 inhibitors revealed a role of metabolism, in particular by CYP3A4, in the toxic effects of both benzofurans. Also, 6-APB and 5-APB concentration-dependently enhanced oxidative stress (significantly increased reactive species and oxidized glutathione, and decreased reduced glutathione levels) and unsettled mitochondrial homeostasis, with disruption of mitochondrial membrane potential and decline of intracellular ATP. Evaluation of cell death mechanisms showed increased caspase-8, -9, and -3 activation, and nuclear morphological changes consistent with apoptosis; at concentrations higher than 2 mM, however, necrosis prevailed. Concentration-dependent formation of acidic vesicular organelles typical of autophagy was also observed for both drugs. Overall, 5-APB displayed higher hepatotoxicity than its 6-isomer. Our findings provide new insights into the potential hepatotoxicity of these so-called 'safe drugs' and highlight the putative risks associated with their use as psychostimulants.
Collapse
|
26
|
Bulutoglu B, Mert S, Rey-Bedón C, Deng SL, Yarmush ML, Usta OB. Rapid maturation of the hepatic cell line Huh7 via CDK inhibition for PXR dependent CYP450 metabolism and induction. Sci Rep 2019; 9:15848. [PMID: 31676845 PMCID: PMC6825149 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-52174-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
CYP3A4, a cytochrome P450 enzyme regulated by the nuclear receptor PXR, is involved in most of the drug metabolizing pathways. Studying the regulation/induction of CYP3A4 and PXR is critical in toxicology and drug-drug interaction (DDI) studies. Primary human hepatocytes constitute the preferred in vitro platform for drug development efforts. However, they are expensive, scarce and heterogeneous. Hepatic cell lines, such as Huh7, could provide a cost-effective alternative, however, they express negligible amounts of CYP450s and PXR. In this study, we show that dinaciclib, a potent cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor, significantly increases the basal CYP3A4 and PXR levels in 24 hours. We also demonstrated that matured Huh7s can be used for drug induction studies, where CYP3A4, CYP1A2, CYP2C9, and CYP2C19 inductions were achieved following rifampicin treatment. More importantly, through a direct demonstration using amiodarone and rifampicin as model drugs, we showed that matured Huh7s present a suitable platform for DDI studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Beyza Bulutoglu
- Center for Engineering in Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School and Shriners Hospitals for Children, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Safak Mert
- Center for Engineering in Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School and Shriners Hospitals for Children, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Camilo Rey-Bedón
- Center for Engineering in Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School and Shriners Hospitals for Children, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Sarah L Deng
- Center for Engineering in Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School and Shriners Hospitals for Children, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Martin L Yarmush
- Center for Engineering in Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School and Shriners Hospitals for Children, Boston, MA, 02114, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA.
| | - O Berk Usta
- Center for Engineering in Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School and Shriners Hospitals for Children, Boston, MA, 02114, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
|
28
|
Comparison of three human liver cell lines for in vitro drug-induced liver injury assessment: Huh7, HepaRG, and stem cell-derived hepatocytes. Mol Cell Toxicol 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s13273-019-0031-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
29
|
Neag MA, Muntean DM, Nacu A, Catinean A, Farcas A, Vesa S, Bocsan C, Vlase L, Buzoianu AD. Influence of concomitant medication on plasma concentration of amiodarone in patients with atrial fibrillation - a pilot study. Med Pharm Rep 2019; 92:129-133. [PMID: 31086839 PMCID: PMC6510352 DOI: 10.15386/mpr-1130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Revised: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Although amiodarone is a drug with many side effects, it is one of the most commonly used drugs in the treatment and prophylaxis of supraventricular and ventricular arrhythmias. Aim The purpose of this pilot study was to evaluate plasma concentrations of amiodarone in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) and to identify possible drug-drug interactions between amiodarone and concomitant medications. Method A prospective observational study was conducted in 27 consecutive patients treated with amiodarone from May to July 2017 in a Clinical University Hospital. The patients included met our inclusion criteria. HPLC-UV was the device used to determine the plasma concentration of amiodarone. Results Only 51.8% of the patients had amiodarone plasma concentration within therapeutic interval (500–2500 ng/ml). The drugs associated to amiodarone in the therapeutic plan were diuretics, beta blockers, statins, antiplatelets, fluoroquinolones, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. We observed a statistically significant difference between the plasmatic concentrations of amiodarone in patients treated with furosemide vs. patients concomitantly treated with other drugs. Interactions between other mentioned drugs and amiodarone were not registered. We can report an underuse of amiodarone for more than 50% of the patients. Also, we found a significant interaction between furosemide and amiodarone, most likely through the interaction with MDR. Conclusion Furosemide may influence the pharmacokinetics of P-gp-interfering drugs. However, the relevance of these findings needs to be confirmed and further research is needed to characterize the interaction between amiodarone and furosemide.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Adriana Neag
- Pharmacology, Toxicology and Clinical Pharmacology Department, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Dana Maria Muntean
- Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics Department, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Alexandra Nacu
- Pharmacology, Toxicology and Clinical Pharmacology Department, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Adrian Catinean
- Internal Medicine Department, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Anca Farcas
- Internal Medicine Department, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Stefan Vesa
- Pharmacology, Toxicology and Clinical Pharmacology Department, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Corina Bocsan
- Pharmacology, Toxicology and Clinical Pharmacology Department, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Laurian Vlase
- Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics Department, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Anca Dana Buzoianu
- Pharmacology, Toxicology and Clinical Pharmacology Department, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
The role of hepatic cytochrome P450s in the cytotoxicity of dronedarone. Arch Toxicol 2018; 92:1969-1981. [PMID: 29616291 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-018-2196-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Dronedarone is used to treat patients with cardiac arrhythmias and has been reported to be associated with liver injury. Our previous mechanistic work demonstrated that DNA damage-induced apoptosis contributes to the cytotoxicity of dronedarone. In this study, we examined further the underlying mechanisms and found that after a 24-h treatment of HepG2 cells, dronedarone caused cytotoxicity, G1-phase cell cycle arrest, suppression of topoisomerase II, and DNA damage in a concentration-dependent manner. We also investigated the role of cytochrome P450s (CYPs)-mediated metabolism in the dronedarone-induced toxicity using our previously established HepG2 cell lines expressing individually 14 human CYPs (1A1, 1A2, 1B1, 2A6, 2B6, 2C8, 2C9, 2C18, 2C19, 2D6, 2E1, 3A4, 3A5, and 3A7). We demonstrated that CYP3A4, 3A5, and 2D6 were the major enzymes that metabolize dronedarone, and that CYP3A7, 2E1, 2C19, 2C18, 1A1, and 2B6 also metabolize dronedarone, but to a lesser extent. Our data showed that the cytotoxicity of dronedarone was decreased in CYP3A4-, 3A5-, or 2D6-overexpressing cells compared to the control HepG2 cells, indicating that the parent dronedarone has higher potency than the metabolites to induce cytotoxicity in these cells. In contrast, cytotoxicity was increased in CYP1A1-overexpressing cells, demonstrating that CYP1A1 exerts an opposite effect in dronedarone's toxicity, comparing to CYP3A4, 3A5, or 2D6. We also studied the involvement of topoisomerase II in dronedarone-induced toxicity, and demonstrated that the overexpression of topoisomerase II caused an increase in cell viability and a decrease in γ-H2A.X induction, suggesting that suppression of topoisomerase II may be one of the mechanisms involved in dronedarone-induced liver toxicity.
Collapse
|
31
|
Ren Z, Chen S, Ning B, Guo L. Use of Liver-Derived Cell Lines for the Study of Drug-Induced Liver Injury. METHODS IN PHARMACOLOGY AND TOXICOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7677-5_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
|
32
|
Lin YN, Chen CJ, Chang HY, Cheng WK, Lee YR, Chen JJ, Lim YP. Oleanolic Acid-Mediated Inhibition of Pregnane X Receptor and Constitutive Androstane Receptor Attenuates Rifampin-Isoniazid Cytotoxicity. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2017; 65:8606-8616. [PMID: 28945086 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b02696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Interactions between transcriptional inducers of cytochrome P450 (CYP450) and pharmacological agents might decrease drug efficacy and induce side effects. Such interactions could be prevented using an antagonist of the pregnane X receptor (PXR) and constitutive androstane receptor (CAR). Here, we aimed to determine the antagonistic effect of oleanolic acid (OA) on PXR and CAR. OA attenuated the promoter activities, expressions, and enzyme catalytic activities of CYP3A4 and CYP2B6 mediated by rifampin (RIF) and CITCO. Moreover, OA displayed species specificity for rodent PXR. Interaction of coregulators with PXR and transcriptional complexes on the CYP3A4 promoter was disrupted by OA. Additionally, OA reversed the cytotoxic effects of isoniazid induced by RIF. These data demonstrate that OA inhibited the transactivation of PXR and CAR, reduced the expression and function of CYP3A4 and CYP2B6, and may therefore serve as an effective agent for reducing probability adverse interactions between transcriptional inducers of CYP450 and therapeutic drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yen-Ning Lin
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, China Medical University , Taichung 40402, Taiwan
| | - Chao-Jung Chen
- Proteomics Core Laboratory, Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital , Taichung 40402, Taiwan
- School of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University , Taichung 40402, Taiwan
| | - Hsiao-Yun Chang
- Department of Biotechnology, Asia University , Taichung 41354, Taiwan
| | - Wai-Kok Cheng
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, China Medical University , Taichung 40402, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Ray Lee
- Translational Medicine Research Center, Chia-Yi Christian Hospital , Chiayi 60002, Taiwan
| | - Jih-Jung Chen
- Faculty of Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, National Yang Ming University , Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yun-Ping Lim
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, China Medical University , Taichung 40402, Taiwan
- Department of Internal Medicine, China Medical University Hospital , Taichung 40402, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital , Taichung 40402, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Yang X, Zhao W, Wang Z, Huang Y, Lee SM, Tao Z, Wang R. Toxicity of hemimethyl-substituted cucurbit[7]uril. Food Chem Toxicol 2017; 108:510-518. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2017.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Revised: 01/02/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
|
34
|
Effect of ketoconazole on the transport and metabolism of drugs in the human liver cell model. Russ Chem Bull 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s11172-017-1713-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
|
35
|
Evaluation of transcriptomic signature as a valuable tool to study drug-induced cholestasis in primary human hepatocytes. Arch Toxicol 2017; 91:2879-2893. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-017-1930-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
|
36
|
Silva Santos LF, Stolfo A, Calloni C, Salvador M. Catechin and epicatechin reduce mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress induced by amiodarone in human lung fibroblasts. J Arrhythm 2016; 33:220-225. [PMID: 28607618 PMCID: PMC5459414 DOI: 10.1016/j.joa.2016.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Revised: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Amiodarone (AMD) and its metabolite N-desethylamiodarone can cause some adverse effects, which include pulmonary toxicity. Some studies suggest that mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress may play a role in these adverse effects. Catechin and epicatechin are recognized as important phenolic compounds with the ability to decrease oxidative stress. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the potential of catechin and epicatechin to modulate mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative damage caused by AMD in human lung fibroblast cells (MRC-5). Methods Mitochondrial dysfunction was assessed through the activity of mitochondrial complex I and ATP biosynthesis. Cell viability was evaluated using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay. Superoxide dismutase and catalase activity were measured spectrophotometrically at 480 and 240 nm, respectively. Lipid and protein oxidative levels were determined by thiobarbituric reactive substances and protein carbonyl assays, respectively. Nitric oxide (NO) levels were evaluated using the Griess reaction method. Results AMD was able to inhibit the activity of mitochondrial complex I and ATP biosynthesis in MRC-5 cells. Lipid and protein oxidative markers increased along with cell death, while superoxide dismutase and catalase activities and NO production decreased with AMD treatment. Both catechin and epicatechin circumvented mitochondrial dysfunction, thereby restoring the activity of mitochondrial complex I and ATP biosynthesis. Furthermore, the phenolic compounds were able to restore the imbalance in superoxide dismutase and catalase activities as well as the decrease in NO levels induced by AMD. Protein and lipid oxidative damage and cell death were reduced by catechin and epicatechin in AMD-treated cells. Conclusions Catechin and epicatechin reduced mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress caused by AMD in MRC-5 cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luciana Fernandes Silva Santos
- Laboratório de Estresse Oxidativo e Antioxidantes, Instituto de Biotecnologia, Universidade de Caxias do Sul, RS 95070-560, Brazil
| | - Adriana Stolfo
- Laboratório de Estresse Oxidativo e Antioxidantes, Instituto de Biotecnologia, Universidade de Caxias do Sul, RS 95070-560, Brazil
| | - Caroline Calloni
- Laboratório de Estresse Oxidativo e Antioxidantes, Instituto de Biotecnologia, Universidade de Caxias do Sul, RS 95070-560, Brazil
| | - Mirian Salvador
- Laboratório de Estresse Oxidativo e Antioxidantes, Instituto de Biotecnologia, Universidade de Caxias do Sul, RS 95070-560, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|