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Li J, Liu S, Jia C, Li J, Zhang Z, Chen J, Cao Y, Ma C. Pharmacokinetic study of iptacopan and its two acyl glucuronide metabolites in monkey plasma by liquid chromatography combined with electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. Biomed Chromatogr 2024:e6002. [PMID: 39228060 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.6002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2024] [Revised: 08/10/2024] [Accepted: 08/23/2024] [Indexed: 09/05/2024]
Abstract
In this study, a simple and sensitive liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometric method was developed and validated for the determination of iptacopan and two acyl glucuronidation metabolites in monkey plasma. The plasma sample was precipitated with acetonitrile and then separated on an Acquity UPLC BEH C18 column (2.1 × 100 mm, 1.7 μm) using 0.1% formic acid and 5 mM ammonium acetate in water and acetonitrile as the mobile phase. The mass spectrometry (MS) detection was performed in positive multiple reactions monitoring (MRM) mode with precursor-to-production transitions. The developed assay was validated over the range of 1-2000 ng/mL for three analytes with correlation coefficient (r) more than 0.99. The validation parameters including accuracy, precision, carryover effect, matrix effect, recovery, and stability were all within the acceptable limits. The validated method has been applied to investigate the pharmacokinetics of iptacopan and its two acyl glucuronidation metabolites in monkey plasma. After intravenous administration, iptacopan showed low clearance (2.75 mL/min/kg) in monkey plasma. After oral administration, the bioavailability was 55.43%. The exposure (AUC0-t) of direct acyl glucuronide (AG) of iptacopan accounts for 9.73% of the iptacopan plasma exposure. The AUC0-t of AG of dealkylated metabolite of iptacopan was present at a lower level, accounting for 0.5% of the iptacopan plasma exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingchu Li
- Shanghai TCM-integrated Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shanshan Liu
- Shanghai TCM-integrated Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chenglin Jia
- Shanghai TCM-integrated Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiacheng Li
- Shanghai TCM-integrated Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhihui Zhang
- Shanghai TCM-integrated Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian Chen
- Shanghai TCM-integrated Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yongbin Cao
- Shanghai TCM-integrated Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chao Ma
- Shanghai TCM-integrated Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Chen ZQ, Yang RJ, Zhu CW, Li Y, Yan R, Wan JB. Chemical Isotope Labeling and Dual-Filtering Strategy for Comprehensive Profiling of Urinary Glucuronide Conjugates. Anal Chem 2024; 96:13576-13587. [PMID: 39102235 PMCID: PMC11339728 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.4c02339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2024] [Revised: 07/26/2024] [Accepted: 07/29/2024] [Indexed: 08/06/2024]
Abstract
Glucuronidation, a crucial process in phase II metabolism, plays a vital role in the detoxification and elimination of endogenous substances and xenobiotics. A comprehensive and confident profiling of glucuronate-conjugated metabolites is imperative to understanding their roles in physiological and pathological processes. In this study, a chemical isotope labeling and dual-filtering strategy was developed for global profiling of glucuronide metabolites in biological samples. N,N-Dimethyl ethylenediamine (DMED-d0) and its deuterated counterpart DMED-d6 were used to label carboxylic acids through an amidation reaction. First, carboxyl-containing compounds were extracted based on a characteristic mass difference (Δm/z, 6.037 Da) observed in MS between light- and heavy-labeled metabolites (filter I). Subsequently, within the pool of carboxyl-containing compounds, glucuronides were identified using two pairs of diagnostic ions (m/z 247.1294/253.1665 and 229.1188/235.1559 for DMED-d0/DMED-d6-labeled glucuronides) originating from the fragmentation of the derivatized glucuronic acid group in MS/MS (filter II). Compared with non-derivatization, DEMD labeling significantly enhanced the detection sensitivity of glucuronides, as evidenced by a 3- to 55-fold decrease in limits of detection for representative standards. The strategy was applied to profiling glucuronide metabolites in urine samples from colorectal cancer (CRC) patients. A total of 685 features were screened as potential glucuronides, among which 181 were annotated, mainly including glucuronides derived from lipids, organic oxygen, and phenylpropanoids. Enzymatic biosynthesis was employed to accurately identify unknown glucuronides without standards, demonstrating the reliability of the dual-filtering strategy. Our strategy exhibits great potential for profiling the glucuronide metabolome with high coverage and confidence to reveal changes in CRC and other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Qiang Chen
- State
Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University
of Macau, Taipa Macao SAR, China
| | - Ru-Jie Yang
- State
Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University
of Macau, Taipa Macao SAR, China
| | - Chao-Wei Zhu
- Shenzhen
People’s Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518000, China
| | - Yang Li
- Shenzhen
People’s Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518000, China
| | - Ru Yan
- State
Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University
of Macau, Taipa Macao SAR, China
| | - Jian-Bo Wan
- State
Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University
of Macau, Taipa Macao SAR, China
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Lin J, Liu H, Huang X, Deng Y. Toxicological effects of Honokiol on zebrafish and its underlying mechanism. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2024; 38:e23789. [PMID: 39097765 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.23789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Revised: 06/25/2024] [Accepted: 07/18/2024] [Indexed: 08/05/2024]
Abstract
The compound Honokiol, derived from the bark of Magnolia officinalis, possesses the ability to induce apoptosis and inhibit cellular damage caused by reactive oxygen species. The objective of this study was to investigate the toxicological and histopathological effects of Honokiol on zebrafish (Danio rerio) through conducting a semistatic acute toxicity test involving immersion in an Honokiol-containing solution. The results showed that the toxic effects of Honokiol on zebrafish were primarily manifested in the liver and gills. When exposed to 0.6 mg/L of Honokiol, it could lead to liver hemorrhage as well as swelling and necrosis of gill tissues, and high concentrations of Honokiol could trigger inflammatory responses. Additionally, research found that Honokiol could induce apoptosis in liver and gill tissues through the P53 pathway and possessed the ability to enhance antioxidation. The present findings significantly contribute to a more profound understanding of the toxic impact of Honokiol and its underlying mechanism, thereby providing a valuable reference for the future safe utilization of Honokiol and related pharmaceutical advancements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jue Lin
- Fisheries Research Institute, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Hongli Liu
- Department of Aquaculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiaoli Huang
- Department of Aquaculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yongqiang Deng
- Fisheries Research Institute, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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Munch M, Mair BA, Adi M, Rotstein BH. Photocatalyzed radiosynthesis of 11C-phenylacetic acids. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2024; 67:211-216. [PMID: 37941130 DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.4073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
Fast and straightforward incorporation of radionuclides into pharmaceutically relevant molecules is one of the main barriers to preclinical and clinical tracer research. Late-stage direct incorporation of cyclotron-produced [11C]CO2 to afford carbon-11-labeled radiopharmaceuticals has the potential to provide ready-to-inject positron emission tomography agents in less than an hour. The present work describes photocatalyzed carboxylation of alkylbenzene derivatives to afford 11C-phenylacetic acids. Reaction conditions and scope are investigated followed by application of this methodology to the preparative radiosynthesis of [11C]fenoprofen, a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Munch
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Braeden A Mair
- University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Myriam Adi
- University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Benjamin H Rotstein
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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Li W, Vazvaei-Smith F, Dear G, Boer J, Cuyckens F, Fraier D, Liang Y, Lu D, Mangus H, Moliner P, Pedersen ML, Romeo AA, Spracklin DK, Wagner DS, Winter S, Xu XS. Metabolite Bioanalysis in Drug Development: Recommendations from the IQ Consortium Metabolite Bioanalysis Working Group. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2024; 115:939-953. [PMID: 38073140 DOI: 10.1002/cpt.3144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
The intent of this perspective is to share the recommendations of the International Consortium for Innovation and Quality in Pharmaceutical Development Metabolite Bioanalysis Working Group on the fit-for-purpose metabolite bioanalysis in support of drug development and registration. This report summarizes the considerations for the trigger, timing, and rigor of bioanalysis in the various assessments to address unique challenges due to metabolites, with respect to efficacy and safety, which may arise during drug development from investigational new drug (IND) enabling studies, and phase I, phase II, and phase III clinical trials to regulatory submission. The recommended approaches ensure that important drug metabolites are identified in a timely manner and properly characterized for efficient drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenkui Li
- Pharmacokinetic Sciences, Novartis Biomedical Research, East Hanover, New Jersey, USA
| | - Faye Vazvaei-Smith
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, Metabolism and Bioanalytics, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Gordon Dear
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, GSK, Ware, UK
| | - Jason Boer
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Incyte Corporation, Wilmington, Delaware, USA
| | - Filip Cuyckens
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Janssen R & D, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Daniela Fraier
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Yuexia Liang
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, Metabolism and Bioanalytics, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ding Lu
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Heidi Mangus
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Agios Pharmaceuticals Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Patricia Moliner
- Enzymology and Metabolism, Department of Translational Medicine and Early Development, Sanofi, Montpellier, Occitanie, France
| | - Mette Lund Pedersen
- DMPK, Research and Early Development, CVRM, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Andrea A Romeo
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Douglas K Spracklin
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Metabolism, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut, USA
| | - David S Wagner
- Drug Metabolism and Disposition, AbbVie, North Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Serge Winter
- Pharmacokinetic Sciences, Novartis Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Xiaohui Sophia Xu
- Clinical Bioanalysis, Translation Medicine, Daiichi Sankyo, Inc., Basking Ridge, New Jersey, USA
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Dai J, Chen T, Meng R, Jardi F, Kourula S, Pham L, De Jonghe S, De Smedt A, Frisk AL, Xie J. Species differences in small intestinal exposure-related epithelial vacuolation in rats and dogs treated with a heteroaryldihydropyrimidine molecule. J Appl Toxicol 2024; 44:400-414. [PMID: 37814191 DOI: 10.1002/jat.4550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
Small intestinal epithelial vacuolation induced by a heteroaryldihydropyrimidine compound (HAP-1) was observed in rats but not in dogs at termination in screening toxicity studies, despite the plasma exposure being higher in dogs. To understand the species differences, investigational studies with multiple time points following single dose (SD) and 7-day repeated dose (RD) were conducted in both species at doses resulting in comparable plasma exposures. In rats, epithelial vacuolation in the duodenum and jejunum were observed at all time points. In dogs, transient vacuolation was noted at 8 h post-SD (SD_8h) and 4 h post-RD (RD_4 h), but not at termination (RD_24 h). Special stains demonstrated lipid accumulation within enterocytes in both species and intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies in rats. Transmission electron microscopy identified these inclusion bodies as endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membranous structures. Transcriptomic analysis on jejunal mucosa at SD_8 h and RD_24 h revealed perturbations of lipid metabolism-related genes at SD_8 h in both species, but not at RD_24 h in dogs. ER stress-related gene changes at both time points were observed in rats only. Despite comparable HAP-1 plasma exposures, the duodenum and jejunum tissue concentrations of HAP-1 and acyl glucuronide metabolite were >5- and >30-fold higher in rats than in dogs, respectively. In vitro, similar cytotoxicity was observed in rat and dog duodenal organoids treated with HAP-1. In conclusion, HAP-1-induced intestinal epithelial vacuolation was related to lipid metabolism dysregulation in both species and ER-related injuries in rats only. The species differences were likely related to the difference in intestinal exposure to HAP-1 and its reactive metabolite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jieyu Dai
- Preclinical Sciences and Translational Safety (PSTS), Janssen R&D, Shanghai, China
| | - Tao Chen
- Preclinical Sciences and Translational Safety (PSTS), Janssen R&D, Shanghai, China
| | - Ryan Meng
- Preclinical Sciences and Translational Safety (PSTS), Janssen R&D, Shanghai, China
| | | | | | - Ly Pham
- PSTS, Janssen Pharmaceuticals Inc., Spring House, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | | | | | - Jianxun Xie
- Preclinical Sciences and Translational Safety (PSTS), Janssen R&D, Shanghai, China
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Thomson P, Fragkas N, Kafu LM, Aithal GP, Lucena MI, Terracciano L, Meng X, Pirmohamed M, Brees D, Kullak‐Ublick GA, Odermatt A, Hammond T, Kammüller M, Naisbitt DJ. Patients with naproxen-induced liver injury display T-cell memory responses toward an oxidative (S)-O-desmethyl naproxen metabolite but not the acyl glucuronide. Allergy 2024; 79:200-214. [PMID: 37515456 PMCID: PMC10952231 DOI: 10.1111/all.15830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exposure to nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as ibuprofen (IBU) and naproxen (NAP) is associated with idiosyncratic drug-induced liver injury (DILI). Carboxylate bioactivation into reactive metabolites (e.g., acyl glucuronides, AG) and resulting T-cell activation is hypothesized as causal for this adverse event. However, conclusive evidence supporting this is lacking. METHODS In this work, we identify CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell hepatic infiltration in a biopsy from an IBU DILI patient. Lymphocyte transformation test and IFN-γ ELIspot, conducted on peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of patients with NAP-DILI, were used to explore drug-specific T-cell activation. T-cell clones (TCC) were generated and tested for drug specificity, phenotype/function, and pathways of T-cell activation. Cells were exposed to NAP, its oxidative metabolite 6-O-desmethyl NAP (DM-NAP), its AG or synthesized NAP-AG human-serum albumin adducts (NAP-AG adduct). RESULTS CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells from patients expressing a range of different Vβ receptors were stimulated to proliferate and secrete IFN-γ and IL-22 when exposed to DM-NAP, but not NAP, NAP-AG or the NAP-AG adduct. Activation of the CD4+ TCC was HLA-DQ-restricted and dependent on antigen presenting cells (APC); most TCC were activated with DM-NAP-pulsed APC, while fixation of APC blocked the T-cell response. Cross-reactivity was not observed with structurally-related drugs. CONCLUSION Our results confirm hepatic T-cell infiltrations in NSAID-induced DILI, and show a T-cell memory response toward DM-NAP indicating an immune-mediated basis for the adverse event. Whilst bioactivation at the carboxylate group is widely hypothesized to be pathogenic for NSAID associated DILI, we found no evidence of this with NAP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Thomson
- Molecular& Clinical PharmacologyUniversity of LiverpoolLiverpoolUK
| | - Nik Fragkas
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical ResearchBaselSwitzerland
| | - Laila M. Kafu
- Molecular& Clinical PharmacologyUniversity of LiverpoolLiverpoolUK
| | - Guruprasad P. Aithal
- NIHR Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre and Nottingham Digestive Diseases Centre, Translational Medical Sciences, West Block, Queen's Medical CentreUniversity of NottinghamNottinghamUK
| | - M. Isabel Lucena
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Aparato Digestivo y Servicio de Farmacología Clínica, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga‐IBIMA, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la VictoriaUniversidad de Málaga, CIBERehdMalagaSpain
| | | | - Xiaoli Meng
- Molecular& Clinical PharmacologyUniversity of LiverpoolLiverpoolUK
| | - Munir Pirmohamed
- Molecular& Clinical PharmacologyUniversity of LiverpoolLiverpoolUK
| | | | - Gerd A. Kullak‐Ublick
- University Hospital ZurichUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
- Novartis Global Drug DevelopmentBaselSwitzerland
| | - Alex Odermatt
- Division of Molecular & Systems Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of BaselBaselSwitzerland
| | - Thomas Hammond
- Division of Molecular & Systems Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of BaselBaselSwitzerland
- Oncology Safety, Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences R&DCambridgeUK
| | | | - Dean J. Naisbitt
- Molecular& Clinical PharmacologyUniversity of LiverpoolLiverpoolUK
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Ren Q, Fan Y, Yang L, Shan M, Shi W, Qian H. An updated patent review of GPR40/ FFAR1 modulators (2020 - present). Expert Opin Ther Pat 2023; 33:565-577. [PMID: 37947382 DOI: 10.1080/13543776.2023.2272649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Free fatty acid receptor 1 (FFAR1) is a potential therapeutic target for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) because it could clinically stimulate insulin release in a glucose-dependent manner without inducing hypoglycemia. In both the pharmaceutical industry and academic community, FFAR1 agonists have attracted considerable attention. AREAS COVERED The review presents a patent overview of FFAR1 modulators in 2020-2023, along with chemical structures, the biological activities and therapeutic applications of the representative compounds. Our patent survey used the major electronic databases, namely SciFinder, and Web of Science and Innojoy. EXPERT OPINION Although FFAR1 agonists exhibit outstanding advantages, they are also associated with significant challenges. At present, reducing the molecular weight and overall lipophilicity and developing tissue-specific FFAR1 agonists may be the strategies for alleviating hepatotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Ren
- Center of Drug Discovery, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Yiqing Fan
- Center of Drug Discovery, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Lixin Yang
- Center of Drug Discovery, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Mayu Shan
- Center of Drug Discovery, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Wei Shi
- Center of Drug Discovery, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Hai Qian
- Center of Drug Discovery, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, PR China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Disease, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, PR China
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He C, Mao Y, Wan H. Preclinical evaluation of chemically reactive metabolites and mitigation of bioactivation in drug discovery. Drug Discov Today 2023; 28:103621. [PMID: 37201781 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2023.103621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The formation of reactive metabolites (RMs) is thought to be one of the pathogeneses for some idiosyncratic adverse drug reactions (IADRs) which are considered one of the leading causes of some drug attritions and/or recalls. Minimizing or eliminating the formation of RMs via chemical modification is a useful tactic to reduce the risk of IADRs and time-dependent inhibition (TDI) of cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYPs). The RMs should be carefully handled before making a go-no-go decision. Herein, we highlight the role of RMs in the occurrence of IADRs and CYP TDI, the risk of structural alerts, the approaches of RM assessment at the discovery stage and strategies to minimize or eliminate RM liability. Finally, some considerations for developing a RM-positive drug candidate are suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyong He
- Department of DMPK/Tox, Shanghai Hengrui Pharmaceutical, No. 279 Wenjing Road, Shanghai 200245, China.
| | - Yuchang Mao
- Department of DMPK/Tox, Shanghai Hengrui Pharmaceutical, No. 279 Wenjing Road, Shanghai 200245, China
| | - Hong Wan
- Department of DMPK/Bioanalysis, Shanghai Medicilon, No. 585 Chuanda Road, Shanghai 201299, China.
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Mitra K. Acyl Glucuronide and Coenzyme A Thioester Metabolites of Carboxylic Acid-Containing Drug Molecules: Layering Chemistry with Reactive Metabolism and Toxicology. Chem Res Toxicol 2022; 35:1777-1788. [PMID: 36200746 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.2c00188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Glucuronidation and CoA (coenzyme A) conjugation are common pathways for the elimination of carboxylic acid-containing drug molecules. In some instances, these biotransformations have been associated with toxicity (such as idiosyncratic hepatic injury, renal impairment, hemolytic anemia, gastrointestinal inflammation, and bladder cancer) attributed to, in part, the propensity of acyl glucuronides and acyl CoA thioesters to covalently modify biological macromolecules such as proteins and DNA. It is to be noted that, while acyl glucuronidation and CoA conjugation are indeed implicated in adverse effects, there are many safe drugs in the market that are cleared by these reactive pathways. It is therefore important that new molecular entities with carboxylic acid groups are evaluated for toxicity in a manner that is not unreasonably risk-averse. In the absence of truly predictable methods, therefore, the general approach is to apply a set of end points to generate a weight-of-evidence evaluation. In practice, the focus is to identify structural liabilities and provide structure-activity recommendations early in the program, at a stage where an attempt to improve reactive metabolism does not deoptimize other critical drug-quality criteria. This review will present a high-level overview of the chemistry of glucuronidation and CoA conjugation and provide a discussion of the possible mechanisms of adverse effects that have been associated with these pathways, as well as how such potential hazards are addressed while delivering a new chemical entity for clinical evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaushik Mitra
- Discovery, Product Development & Supply, Preclinical Sciences & Translational Safety, Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Springhouse, Pennsylvania 19477, United States
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Chen YL, Skende E, Wetie AGN, Wang PLQ. Investigation of Human in vivo Metabolism of SEP-227900 Using the Samples from a Randomized First-in-Human Study by LC-UV/HRMS and NMR. Drug Metab Lett 2022; 15:38-50. [PMID: 35236276 DOI: 10.2174/1872312815666220302161959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore the human in vivo metabolism of SEP-227900 (4H-furo[3, 2-b]pyrrole-carboxylic acid, m.w 151.03), a D-amino-acid oxidase (DAAO) inhibitor by using plasma and urine samples from first-in-human study. METHODS The human plasma and urine samples were from a single dose cohort that consisted of 9 healthy male volunteers each received 80-mg dose of SEP-227900 orally. The pooled pre-dose urine and the pooled 0-24 h urine sample were created across 9 subjects by equal volume. Plasma samples were pooled by equal volume across 9 subjects to obtain 0-12 h plasma for metabolite searching, and also pooled by timepoints across 9 subjects to obtain 0.5-, 5-, and 12-h plasma for semi-quantitation. The plasma was de-proteinized by acetonitrile (1:3 v/v plasma-acetonitrile) then the supernatant was dried down, reconstituted and injected for LC-HRMS/UV analysis. The urine sample was just simply centrifuged before analysis. LC-HRMS/UV was utilized to search predictable and unknown metabolites and estimate their relative abundances. Accurate mass measurement by Orbitrap-MS and MS/MS were used for metabolite identification. Chromatographic separation was achieved on a MACMOD AQ C8 column (250 × 4.6 mm, 5-µm) with a gradient mobile phase (A: 10 mM NH4Ac; B: acetonitrile; flowrate: 0.700 ml/min) for a total run-time of 65 min. The definite position in the molecule for the glucuronidation metabolism was characterized by detected migration phenomenon, methylation with diazomethane (CH2N2), and NMR. RESULTS Unchanged parent drug and four metabolite peaks were detected in humans: M1 was a mono-oxidative metabolite of SEP-227900; M2 was a glucuronide conjugate of SEP-227900; M3 was a glycine conjugate of SEP-227900; and M4 was a glycine conjugate of M1. The specific position of the oxidation in M1 solely based on the mass spectral (MS and MS/MS) data was not identified. However, for the major metabolite M2, the acyl glucuronidation was unambiguously determined through multiple pieces of experimental evidence such as the observation of a migration pattern, mono-methylation by diazomethane, and NMR measurement. This determination is of significance related to the safety evaluation of an investigational new drug development. The glycine conjugate of SEP-227900, i.e. M3 was found to be the most abundant metabolite in human urine (approximately 3-fold higher level as the glucuronide level). All together (mainly glycine-conjugate and glucuronide), it resulted in greater than 80% of the dosed amount in urine excretion (a separate measurement showed 23% of the dosed amount in urine excretion as the glucuronide). CONCLUSION Four metabolites were found in humans: SEP-227900-glycine conjugate, SEP227900-glucuronide, mono-oxidative metabolite and its consequent glycine conjugate. The glucuronide metabolite was identified as the acyl glucuronide. Greater than 80% of the dosed amount of SEP-227900 was excreted in urine mainly in the forms of glycine- and glucuronide- conjugates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Luan Chen
- Bioanalytical Sciences, Sunovion Pharmaceuticals Inc., 84 Waterford Drive, Marlborough, MA
| | - Estela Skende
- Bioanalytical Sciences, Sunovion Pharmaceuticals Inc., 84 Waterford Drive, Marlborough, MA
| | | | - Peter Li-Quan Wang
- WuXi AppTec (Xenobiotic Laboratory), 6 Cedarbrook Drive, Cranbury, NJ 08512
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12
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Chen YC, Wu HY, Chang CW, Liao PC. Post-Deconvolution MS/MS Spectra Extraction with Data-Independent Acquisition for Comprehensive Profiling of Urinary Glucuronide-Conjugated Metabolome. Anal Chem 2022; 94:2740-2748. [PMID: 35119834 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c03557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Conjugation reactions are of critical significance in human metabolism. Identification of these conjugated metabolites is still challenging. Here, we propose a strategy, post-deconvolution MS/MS spectra extraction with data-independent acquisition (PDMS2E-DIA), to comprehensively profile the glucuronide-conjugated metabolome. PDMS2E-DIA enables the identification of conjugated and unconjugated metabolite pairs through neutral loss filtering combined with a significant change in abundance after the deconjugation reaction. Purified DIA MS/MS spectra were constructed by extracting MS/MS fragments shared between spectra derived from conjugated and unconjugated metabolites. The feasibility of this approach was first demonstrated by the identification of two glucuronide-conjugated metabolite standards spiked in urine samples. For human urine samples, 479 features were structurally annotated as potential glucuronide-conjugated metabolites, resulting in the identification of 211 metabolites. Fragment peaks derived from interferents were found to be removed by PDMS2E-DIA, which increased about 6 times the number of identified urine metabolites compared with those calculated from raw DIA deconvoluted MS/MS spectra. This approach was found to have great potential for identifying glucuronide-conjugated metabolites, as well as other kinds of chemical conjugations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Chih Chen
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Yi Wu
- Instrumentation Center, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Wei Chang
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Pao-Chi Liao
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
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13
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Maculewicz J, Kowalska D, Świacka K, Toński M, Stepnowski P, Białk-Bielińska A, Dołżonek J. Transformation products of pharmaceuticals in the environment: Their fate, (eco)toxicity and bioaccumulation potential. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 802:149916. [PMID: 34525754 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 08/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Nowadays, a huge scientific attention is being paid to the chemicals of emerging concern, which may pose a significant risk to the human and whole ecosystems. Among them, residues of pharmaceuticals are a widely investigated group of chemicals. In recent years it has been repeatedly demonstrated that pharmaceuticals are present in the environment and that some of them can be toxic to organisms as well as accumulate in their tissues. However, even though the knowledge of the presence, fate and possible threats posed by the parent forms of pharmaceuticals is quite extensive, their transformation products (TPs) have been disregarded for long time. Since last few years, this aspect has gained more scientific attention and recently published papers proved their common presence in the environment. Also the interest in terms of their toxicity, bioconcentration and stability in the environment has increased. Therefore, the aim of our paper was to revise and assess the current state of knowledge on the fate and effects resulting from the presence of the pharmaceuticals' transformation drugs in the environment. This review discusses the metabolites of compounds belonging to six major pharmaceutical groups: SSRIs, anticancer drugs, antibiotics, antihistamines, NSAIDs and opioids, additionally discussing other individual compounds for which literature data exist. The data presented in this paper prove that some TPs may be as harmful as their native forms, however for many groups of drugs this data is still insufficient to assess the risk posed by their presence in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Maculewicz
- Department of Environmental Analysis, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Dorota Kowalska
- Department of Environmental Analysis, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland.
| | - Klaudia Świacka
- Department of Experimental Ecology of Marine Organisms, Institute of Oceanography, University of Gdańsk, Av. Pilsudskiego 46, 81-378 Gdynia, Poland
| | - Michał Toński
- Department of Environmental Analysis, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Piotr Stepnowski
- Department of Environmental Analysis, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Anna Białk-Bielińska
- Department of Environmental Analysis, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Joanna Dołżonek
- Department of Environmental Analysis, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland
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14
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Deng H, Leigh C, Yang Y, Jin Z, Sun G, Zhang L, Feng X, Moshos K, White B. Acyl Glucuronide of Oxidized Lenabasum (JBT‐101) as Human Major Metabolite: Identification, Large‐Scale Synthesis, and Activity Characterization. ChemistrySelect 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202103050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hongfeng Deng
- Corbus Pharmaceuticals Inc. Norwood MA 02062 United States
| | - Clifton Leigh
- Corbus Pharmaceuticals Inc. Norwood MA 02062 United States
| | - Yun Yang
- WuXi AppTec (Tianjin) Co., Ltd Tianjin 300457 P. R. China
| | - Zhuang Jin
- Corbus Pharmaceuticals Inc. Norwood MA 02062 United States
| | - Gang Sun
- Corbus Pharmaceuticals Inc. Norwood MA 02062 United States
| | - Lipeng Zhang
- WuXi AppTec (Tianjin) Co., Ltd Tianjin 300457 P. R. China
| | - Xiao Feng
- Corbus Pharmaceuticals Inc. Norwood MA 02062 United States
| | - Kristos Moshos
- Corbus Pharmaceuticals Inc. Norwood MA 02062 United States
| | - Barbara White
- Corbus Pharmaceuticals Inc. Norwood MA 02062 United States
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15
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Shibazaki C, Mashita O, Takahashi K, Nakamura S, Mashino T, Ohe T. Development of a Fluorescent-Labeled Trapping Reagent to Detect Reactive Acyl Glucuronides. Chem Res Toxicol 2021; 34:2343-2352. [PMID: 34705453 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.1c00236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Acyl glucuronides are common metabolites of carboxylic acid-containing compounds. Since acyl glucuronides sometimes show high reactivity, they are considered to be involved in drug toxicity. Therefore, it is important to evaluate the risk posed by acyl glucuronides in the development of safe drugs; however, there are no suitable evaluation methods for the early stages of drug discovery. We aimed to develop a trapping reagent that detects reactive acyl glucuronides to assess their risk. We designed a diamine-structured trapping reagent, Dap-Dan, and compared its trapping ability with the reported one that has an amino group, and results showed that Dap-Dan showed higher accuracy. In the trapping assay with 17 medicines containing a carboxylic acid, Dap-Dan trapped acyl glucuronides that had a higher risk of toxicity. In conclusion, Dap-Dan can be useful for evaluating the risk of reactive acyl glucuronides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chikako Shibazaki
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, 1-5-30 Shibakoen, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-8512, Japan
| | - Okishi Mashita
- Laboratory for Safety Assessment and ADME, Pharmaceuticals Research Center, Asahi Kasei Pharma Corporation, 632-1 Mifuku, Izunokuni, Shizuoka 410-2321, Japan
| | - Kyoko Takahashi
- Department of Chemistry, Nippon Medical School, 1-7-1 Kyonan-cho, Musashino-shi, Tokyo 180-0023, Japan
| | - Shigeo Nakamura
- Department of Chemistry, Nippon Medical School, 1-7-1 Kyonan-cho, Musashino-shi, Tokyo 180-0023, Japan
| | - Tadahiko Mashino
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, 1-5-30 Shibakoen, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-8512, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Ohe
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, 1-5-30 Shibakoen, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-8512, Japan
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16
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Schleiff MA, Crosby S, Blue M, Schleiff BM, Boysen G, Miller GP. CYP2C9 and 3A4 play opposing roles in bioactivation and detoxification of diphenylamine NSAIDs. Biochem Pharmacol 2021; 194:114824. [PMID: 34748821 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2021.114824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Diphenylamine NSAIDs are taken frequently for chronic pain conditions, yet their use may potentiate hepatotoxicity risks through poorly characterized metabolic mechanisms. Our previous work revealed that seven marketed or withdrawn diphenylamine NSAIDs undergo bioactivation into quinone-species metabolites, whose reaction specificities depended on halogenation and the type of acidic group on the diphenylamine. Herein, we identified cytochromes P450 responsible for those bioactivations, determined reaction specificities, and estimated relative contributions of enzymes to overall hepatic bioactivations and detoxifications. A qualitative activity screen revealed CYP2C8, 2C9, 2C19, and 3A4 played roles in drug bioactivation. Subsequent steady-state studies with recombinant CYPs recapitulated the importance of halogenation and acidic group type on bioactivations but importantly, showed patterns unique to each CYP. CYP2C9, 2C19 and 3A4 bioactivated all NSAIDs with CYP2C9 dominating all possible bioactivation pathways. For each CYP, specificities for overall oxidative metabolism were not impacted significantly by differences in NSAID structures but the values themselves differed among the enzymes such that CYP2C9 and 3A4 were more efficient than others. When considering hepatic CYP abundance, CYP2C9 almost exclusively accounted for diphenylamine NSAID bioactivations, whereas CYP3A4 provided a critical counterbalance favoring their overall detoxification. Preference for either outcome would depend on molecular structures favoring metabolism by the CYPs as well as the influence of clinical factors altering their expression and/or activity. While focused on NSAIDs, these findings have broader implications on bioactivation risks given the expansion of the diphenylamine scaffold to other drug classes such as targeted cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Alexandra Schleiff
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, United States
| | - Samantha Crosby
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, United States
| | - Madison Blue
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, United States
| | - Benjamin Mark Schleiff
- Independent Researcher, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, United States
| | - Gunnar Boysen
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, United States
| | - Grover Paul Miller
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, United States.
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17
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Laleu B, Akao Y, Ochida A, Duffy S, Lucantoni L, Shackleford DM, Chen G, Katneni K, Chiu FCK, White KL, Chen X, Sturm A, Dechering KJ, Crespo B, Sanz LM, Wang B, Wittlin S, Charman SA, Avery VM, Cho N, Kamaura M. Discovery and Structure-Activity Relationships of Quinazolinone-2-carboxamide Derivatives as Novel Orally Efficacious Antimalarials. J Med Chem 2021; 64:12582-12602. [PMID: 34437804 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c00441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A phenotypic high-throughput screen allowed discovery of quinazolinone-2-carboxamide derivatives as a novel antimalarial scaffold. Structure-activity relationship studies led to identification of a potent inhibitor 19f, 95-fold more potent than the original hit compound, active against laboratory-resistant strains of malaria. Profiling of 19f suggested a fast in vitro killing profile. In vivo activity in a murine model of human malaria in a dose-dependent manner constitutes a concomitant benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoît Laleu
- Medicines for Malaria Venture, ICC, Route de Pré-Bois 20, 1215 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Yuichiro Akao
- Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Atsuko Ochida
- Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Sandra Duffy
- Discovery Biology, Griffith University, Brisbane Innovation Park, Don Young Road, Nathan 4111, Queensland, Australia
| | - Leonardo Lucantoni
- Discovery Biology, Griffith University, Brisbane Innovation Park, Don Young Road, Nathan 4111, Queensland, Australia
| | - David M Shackleford
- Centre for Drug Candidate Optimisation, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Gong Chen
- Centre for Drug Candidate Optimisation, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Kasiram Katneni
- Centre for Drug Candidate Optimisation, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Francis C K Chiu
- Centre for Drug Candidate Optimisation, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Karen L White
- Centre for Drug Candidate Optimisation, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Xue Chen
- WuXi AppTec (Wuhan) Company Ltd., 666 Gaoxin Avenue, Donghu New Technology Development Area, Wuhan 430075, China
| | - Angelika Sturm
- TropIQ Health Sciences, Transistorweg 5-C02, 6534 AT Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Koen J Dechering
- TropIQ Health Sciences, Transistorweg 5-C02, 6534 AT Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Benigno Crespo
- Global Health, GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Tres Cantos, 28760, Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura M Sanz
- Global Health, GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Tres Cantos, 28760, Madrid, Spain
| | - Binglin Wang
- WuXi AppTec (Wuhan) Company Ltd., 666 Gaoxin Avenue, Donghu New Technology Development Area, Wuhan 430075, China
| | - Sergio Wittlin
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, 4002 Basel, Switzerland.,University of Basel, 4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Susan A Charman
- Centre for Drug Candidate Optimisation, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Vicky M Avery
- Discovery Biology, Griffith University, Brisbane Innovation Park, Don Young Road, Nathan 4111, Queensland, Australia
| | - Nobuo Cho
- Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Masahiro Kamaura
- Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
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18
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Uehara S, Higuchi Y, Yoneda N, Yamazaki H, Suemizu H. UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A4-mediated N2-glucuronidation is the major metabolic pathway of lamotrigine in chimeric NOG-TKm30 mice with humanised-livers. Xenobiotica 2021; 51:1146-1154. [PMID: 34423713 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2021.1972492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Lamotrigine is a phenyltriazine anticonvulsant used to treat epilepsy and bipolar disorder, with species-dependent metabolic profiles. In this study, we investigated the metabolism of lamotrigine in chimeric NOG-TKm30 mice transplanted with human hepatocytes (humanised-liver mice).Substantial lamotrigine N2-glucuronidation activities were observed in the liver microsomes from humanised-liver mice, humans, marmosets, and rabbits, compared to those from monkeys, minipigs, guinea pigs, rats, and mice. Lamotrigine N2-glucuronidation activities in the liver microsomes from humanised-liver mice were dose-dependently inhibited by hecogenin, a specific inhibitor of the human UGT1A4.The major metabolite in the hepatocytes from humanised-liver mice and humans was lamotrigine N2-glucuronide, whereas that in mouse hepatocytes was lamotrigine N2-oxide. After a single oral dose of lamotrigine (10 mg/kg), the plasma levels of N2-glucuronide, N5-glucuronide, and N2-methyl were higher in humanised-liver mice compared to that in NOG-TKm30 mice. Lamotrigine N2-glucuronide was the most abundant metabolite in the urine in humanised-liver mice, similar to that reported in humans; whereas, lamotrigine N2-oxide was predominantly excreted in the urine in NOG-TKm30 mouse.These results suggest that humanised-liver mice may be a suitable animal model for studying the UGT1A4 mediated-lamotrigine metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shotaro Uehara
- Central Institute for Experimental Animals, Kawasaki, Japan
| | | | - Nao Yoneda
- Central Institute for Experimental Animals, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Yamazaki
- Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Japan
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19
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Effects of p-Cresol on Oxidative Stress, Glutathione Depletion, and Necrosis in HepaRG Cells: Comparisons to Other Uremic Toxins and the Role of p-Cresol Glucuronide Formation. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13060857. [PMID: 34207666 PMCID: PMC8228354 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13060857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The toxicological effects of p-cresol have primarily been attributed to its metabolism products; however, very little human data are available in the key organ (i.e., liver) responsible for the generation of these metabolites. Experiments were conducted in HepaRG cells utilizing the following markers of cellular toxicity: 2′-7′-dichlorofluorescein (DCF; oxidative stress) formation, total cellular glutathione (GSH) concentration, and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH; cellular necrosis) release. Concentrations of p-cresol, p-cresol sulfate, and p-cresol glucuronide were determined using validated assays. p-Cresol exposure resulted in concentration- and time-dependent changes in DCF (EC50 = 0.64 ± 0.37 mM at 24 h of exposure) formation, GSH (EC50 = 1.00 ± 0.07 mM) concentration, and LDH (EC50 = 0.85 ± 0.14 mM) release at toxicologically relevant conditions. p-Cresol was also relatively more toxic than 3-carboxy-4-methyl-5-propyl-2-furanpropanoic acid, indole-3-acetic acid, indoxyl sulfate, kynurenic acid, and hippuric acid on all markers. Although the exogenous administration of p-cresol sulfate and p-cresol glucuronide generated high intracellular concentrations of these metabolites, both metabolites were less toxic compared to p-cresol at equal-molar conditions. Moreover, p-cresol glucuronide was the predominant metabolite generated in situ from p-cresol exposure. Selective attenuation of glucuronidation (without affecting p-cresol sulfate formation, while increasing p-cresol accumulation) using independent chemical inhibitors (i.e., 0.75 mM l-borneol, 75 µM amentoflavone, or 100 µM diclofenac) consistently resulted in further increases in LDH release associated with p-cresol exposure (by 28.3 ± 5.3%, 30.0 ± 8.2% or 27.3 ± 6.8%, respectively, compared to p-cresol treatment). These novel data indicated that p-cresol was a relatively potent toxicant, and that glucuronidation was unlikely to be associated with the manifestation of its toxic effects in HepaRG cells.
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20
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Abass K, Pelkonen O, Rautio A. Chloro-s-triazines-toxicokinetic, Toxicodynamic, Human Exposure, and Regulatory Considerations. Curr Drug Metab 2021; 22:645-656. [PMID: 34218777 PMCID: PMC8811613 DOI: 10.2174/1389200222666210701164945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Chloro-s-triazines-atrazine, cyanazine, propazine, simazine, and terbuthylazine-are structurally similar herbicides, differing only in specific s-triazine4-and 6-N alkyl substituents. It is generally regarded that their toxicokinetics, such as, metabolic pathways, biological effects and toxicities, also share more similar features than the differences. Consequently, it is useful to compare their characteristics to potentially find useful structure-activity relationships or other similarities or differences regarding different active compounds, their metabolites, and biological effects including toxic outcomes. The ultimate goal of these exercises is to apply the summarized knowledge-as far as it is possible regarding a patchy and often inadequate database-to cross the in vitro-in vivo and animal-human borders and integrate the available data to enhance toxicological risk assessment for the benefit of humans and ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khaled Abass
- Address correspondence to this author at the Faculty of Medicine, Arctic Health, University of Oulu, FI-90014 Oulu, Finland; E-mails: ,
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21
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Khojasteh SC, Driscoll JP, Jackson KD, Miller GP, Mitra K, Rietjens IMCM, Zhang D. Novel advances in biotransformation and bioactivation research-2019 year in review .. Drug Metab Rev 2020; 52:333-365. [PMID: 32645275 PMCID: PMC10805366 DOI: 10.1080/03602532.2020.1772281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Biotransformation is one of the main mechanisms used by the body to eliminate drugs. As drug molecules become more complicated, the involvement of drug metabolizing enzymes increases beyond those that are typically studied, such as the cytochrome P450 enzymes. In this review, we try to capture the many outstanding articles that were published in the past year in the field of biotransformation (see Table 1). We have divided the articles into two categories of (1) metabolites and drug metabolizing enzymes, and (2) bioactivation and safety. This annual review is the fifth of its kind since 2016 (Baillie et al. 2016; Khojasteh et al. 2017, 2018, 2019). This effort in itself also continues to evolve. We have followed the same format we used in previous years in terms of the selection of articles and the authoring of each section. I am pleased of the continued support of Rietjens, Miller, Zhang, Driscoll and Mitra to this review. We would like to welcome Klarissa D. Jackson as a new author for this year's issue. We strive to maintain a balance of authors from academic and industry settings. We would be pleased to hear your opinions of our commentary, and we extend an invitation to anyone who would like to contribute to a future edition of this review. Cyrus Khojasteh, on behalf of the authors.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Cyrus Khojasteh
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - James P Driscoll
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, MyoKardia, Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Klarissa D Jackson
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Grover P Miller
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Kaushik Mitra
- Department of Safety Assessment and Laboratory Animal Resources, Merck Research Laboratories (MRL), Merck & Co., Inc, West Point, PA, USA
| | | | - Donglu Zhang
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
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22
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Wang J, Bwayi M, Florke Gee RR, Chen T. PXR-mediated idiosyncratic drug-induced liver injury: mechanistic insights and targeting approaches. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2020; 16:711-722. [PMID: 32500752 PMCID: PMC7429329 DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2020.1779701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The human liver is the center for drug metabolism and detoxification and is, therefore, constantly exposed to toxic chemicals. The loss of liver function as a result of this exposure is referred to as drug-induced liver injury (DILI). The pregnane X receptor (PXR) is the primary regulator of the hepatic drug-clearance system, which plays a critical role in mediating idiosyncratic DILI. AREAS COVERED This review is focused on common mechanisms of PXR-mediated DILI and on in vitro and in vivo models developed to predict and assess DILI. It also provides an update on the development of PXR antagonists that may manage PXR-mediated DILI. EXPERT OPINION DILI can be caused by many factors, and PXR is clearly linked to DILI. Although emerging data illustrate how PXR mediates DILI and how PXR activity can be modulated, many questions concerning the development of effective PXR modulators remain. Future research should be focused on determining the mechanisms regulating PXR functions in different cellular contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingheng Wang
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Monicah Bwayi
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Rebecca R. Florke Gee
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Taosheng Chen
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
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23
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Li K, Ma S, Miao L, Fan S, Pan B, Zhang W, Su W, Xiong Y, Gu Z, Guo L, Sai Y. Absorption, Metabolism and Excretion of Surufatinib in Rats and Humans. Curr Drug Metab 2020; 21:357-367. [PMID: 32407271 DOI: 10.2174/1389200221666200514131721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Background:
Surufatinib is a potent small-molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitor and exhibited significant
efficacy in the treatment of neuroendocrine tumors in clinical trials.
Objective:
The absorption, metabolism and excretion of surufatinib were investigated in rats and human volunteers
following a single oral dose of [14C] surufatinib.
Methods:
The radioactivity was measured in plasma, urine, feces and bile by liquid scintillation counting, and the
metabolites were characterized by liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry.
Results:
Surufatinib was orally absorbed similarly in rats and human volunteers, with the median Tmax of 4 hours
post-dose. The estimated t1/2 appeared longer in humans than in rats (mean t1/2: 3.12 hour for male rats, 6.48 hours for
female rats and 23.3 hours for male human volunteers). The excretion of surufatinib was almost complete in rats and
human volunteers in the studies, with the total radioactivity recovery of >90% of the dose. Similarly, in rats and
humans, fecal excretion predominated (approximately 87% of the dose recovered in feces and only 5% in urine). The
parent drug was the major radioactive component detected in the plasma extracts of rats and humans, and no single
circulating metabolite accounted for >10% of the total radioactivity. Unchanged drug was a minor radioactive
component in the excreta of rats and humans.
Conclusion:
Fecal excretion was the predominant way for the elimination of surufatinib and its metabolites in rats
and humans. No disproportionate circulating metabolite was observed in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Li
- Hutchison MediPharma Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | - Sheng Ma
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Liyan Miao
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | | | - Bin Pan
- Hutchison MediPharma Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | | | - Weiguo Su
- Hutchison MediPharma Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | - Yating Xiong
- Jiangsu Value Pharmaceutical Services Co., Ltd., Nanjing, China
| | - Zheming Gu
- Jiangsu Value Pharmaceutical Services Co., Ltd., Nanjing, China
| | | | - Yang Sai
- Hutchison MediPharma Ltd., Shanghai, China
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24
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Acyl glucuronide reactivity in perspective. Drug Discov Today 2020; 25:1639-1650. [PMID: 32681884 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2020.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Acyl glucuronidation is a common metabolic fate for acidic drugs and their metabolites and, because these metabolites are reactive, they have been linked to adverse drug reactions (ADRs) and drug withdrawals. However, alternative routes of metabolism leading to reactive metabolites (e.g., oxidations and acyl-CoA thioesters) mean that unambiguous proof that acyl glucuronides are toxic is lacking. Here, we review the synthesis and reactivity of these metabolites, and describe the use of molecular modelling and in vitro and in vivo reactivity assessment of acyl glucuronide reactivity. Based on the emerging structure-dependent differences in reactivity and protein adduction methods for risk assessment for acyl glucuronide-forming acid drugs or drug candidates in drug discovery/development are suggested.
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25
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Hernandez-Jerez AF, Adriaanse P, Aldrich AP, Berny P, Duquesne S, Gimsing AL, Millet M, Pelkonen O, Pieper S, Tiktak A, Topping CJ, Tzoulaki I, Widenfalk A, Wolterink G, Kuhl T, Friel A, Istace F, Kardassi D, Lythgo C, Serafimova R, Coja T. Scientific Opinion on the setting of health-based reference values for metabolites of the active substance terbuthylazine. EFSA J 2020; 17:e05712. [PMID: 32626335 PMCID: PMC7009062 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2019.5712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The EFSA Panel on Plant Protection Products and their Residues was requested to establish health‐based reference values for groundwater metabolites (LM2, LM3, LM4, LM5 and LM6) of the active substance terbuthylazine based on the available evidence, unless the evidence was considered insufficient to do so. The request was accepted under the explicit circumstance that the reassessment would be made according to a different methodology than the routine methodology currently applied for the assessment of metabolites in groundwater. While for metabolites LM2, LM4 and LM5, it was concluded that the reference values for terbuthylazine are applicable, substance‐specific reference values could not be derived for metabolites LM3 and LM6. The applied threshold of toxicological concern (TTC) approach has shown that metabolites LM3 and LM6 are of potential concern for consumer health, since at least one representative groundwater leaching scenario results in exposure above the relevant threshold. Moreover, other sources of exposure to LM3 and LM6 could not be excluded with certainty. It is therefore recommended to address the specific toxicities of metabolites LM3 and LM6.
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26
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Jiang W, Dai T, Xie S, Ding L, Huang L, Dai R. Roles of diclofenac and its metabolites in immune activation associated with acute hepatotoxicity in TgCYP3A4/hPXR-humanized mice. Int Immunopharmacol 2020; 86:106723. [PMID: 32615451 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.106723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Revised: 05/31/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Diclofenac (DCF) is a widely used nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug, but it comes with a high risk of drug-induced liver injury (DILI). Despite the quinone-imine adduct pathways, the immunotoxicity is recently considered as another factor for DILI. However, such immune responses are still elusive. In the present study, investigation of the immune response in the acute hepatotoxicity model of TgCYP3A4/hPXR-humanized mice was conducted by administration of DCF and DCF metabolites, respectively. In a single dose intraperitoneal injection of 80 mg/kg DCF, the pharmacokinetic results showed the major DCF metabolites, including 4'-hydroxy-diclofenac (4'-OH-DCF), 5-hydroxy-diclofenac (5-OH-DCF) and diclofenac glucuronide (DCF-G) were generated after DCF treatment. Not only DCF, but those DCF metabolites could also directly cause different degrees of acute liver injury as significantly increased the serum ALT levels in a short time period in the TgCYP3A4/hPXR-humanized mice. Furthermore, the three DCF metabolites could directly stimulate the significant elevation of serum immune-related factors in varying degrees. Transcriptome analysis revealed the differentially expressed genes in the liver of DCF-G treated mice were mostly involved with the "immune system process" and "cell death" and related to "IL-17 signaling pathway" and "TNF-α signaling pathway", but 5-OH-DCF had little effect on the expressions of those genes. These results indicate that the metabolite DCF-G plays an important role in the activation of the hepatic immune system, which might be involved in the pathogenesis of DCF-induced acute liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weifan Jiang
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Tianming Dai
- Guangzhou Institute of Traumatic Surgery, Guangzhou Red Cross Hospital, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510220, China
| | - Shuilin Xie
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Lan Ding
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
| | - Lizhen Huang
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Renke Dai
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China.
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27
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Selvaraj S, Oh JH, Borlak J. An adverse outcome pathway for immune-mediated and allergic hepatitis: a case study with the NSAID diclofenac. Arch Toxicol 2020; 94:2733-2748. [PMID: 32372211 PMCID: PMC7395045 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-020-02767-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Many drugs have the potential to cause drug-induced liver injury (DILI); however, underlying mechanisms are diverse. The concept of adverse outcome pathways (AOPs) has become instrumental for risk assessment of drug class effects. We report AOPs specific for immune-mediated and drug hypersensitivity/allergic hepatitis by considering genomic, histo- and clinical pathology data of mice and dogs treated with diclofenac. The findings are relevant for other NSAIDs and drugs undergoing iminoquinone and quinone reactive metabolite formation. We define reactive metabolites catalyzed by CYP monooxygenase and myeloperoxidases of neutrophils and Kupffer cells as well as acyl glucuronides produced by uridine diphosphoglucuronosyl transferase as molecular initiating events (MIE). The reactive metabolites bind to proteins and act as neo-antigen and involve antigen-presenting cells to elicit B- and T-cell responses. Given the diverse immune systems between mice and dogs, six different key events (KEs) at the cellular and up to four KEs at the organ level are defined with mechanistic plausibility for the onset and progression of liver inflammation. With mice, cellular stress response, interferon gamma-, adipocytokine- and chemokine signaling provided a rationale for the AOP of immune-mediated hepatitis. With dogs, an erroneous programming of the innate and adaptive immune response resulted in mast cell activation; their infiltration into liver parenchyma and the shift to M2-polarized Kupffer cells signify allergic hepatitis and the occurrence of granulomas of the liver. Taken together, diclofenac induces divergent immune responses among two important preclinical animal species, and the injury pattern seen among clinical cases confirms the relevance of the developed AOP for immune-mediated hepatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saravanakumar Selvaraj
- Centre for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Hannover Medical School, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Jung-Hwa Oh
- Centre for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Hannover Medical School, 30625, Hannover, Germany.,Department of Predictive Toxicology, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Gajeong-ro, Yuseong, Daejeon, 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Jürgen Borlak
- Centre for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Hannover Medical School, 30625, Hannover, Germany.
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28
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Pusalkar S, Zhou X, Li Y, Cohen L, Yang JJ, Balani SK, Xia C, Shyu WC, Lu C, Venkatakrishnan K, Chowdhury SK. Biotransformation Pathways and Metabolite Profiles of Oral [ 14C]Alisertib (MLN8237), an Investigational Aurora A Kinase Inhibitor, in Patients with Advanced Solid Tumors. Drug Metab Dispos 2020; 48:217-229. [PMID: 31911485 PMCID: PMC11022938 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.119.087338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Alisertib (MLN8237) is an investigational, orally available, selective aurora A kinase inhibitor in clinical development for the treatment of solid tumors and hematologic malignancies. This metabolic profiling analysis was conducted as part of a broader phase 1 study evaluating mass balance, pharmacokinetics, metabolism, and routes of excretion of alisertib following a single 35-mg dose of [14C]alisertib oral solution (∼80 μCi) in three patients with advanced malignancies. On average, 87.8% and 2.7% of the administered dose was recovered in feces and urine, respectively, for a total recovery of 90.5% by 14 days postdose. Unchanged [14C]alisertib was the predominant drug-related component in plasma, followed by O-desmethyl alisertib (M2), and alisertib acyl glucuronide (M1), which were present at 47.8%, 34.6%, and 12.0% of total plasma radioactivity. In urine, of the 2.7% of the dose excreted, unchanged [14C]alisertib was a negligible component (trace), with M1 (0.84% of dose) and glucuronide conjugate of hydroxy alisertib (M9; 0.66% of dose) representing the primary drug-related components in urine. Hydroxy alisertib (M3; 20.8% of the dose administered) and unchanged [14C]alisertib (26.3% of the dose administered) were the major drug-related components in feces. In vitro, oxidative metabolism of alisertib was primarily mediated by CYP3A. The acyl glucuronidation of alisertib was primarily mediated by uridine 5'-diphospho-glucuronosyltransferase 1A1, 1A3, and 1A8 and was stable in 0.1 M phosphate buffer and in plasma and urine. Further in vitro evaluation of alisertib and its metabolites M1 and M2 for cytochrome P450-based drug-drug interaction (DDI) showed minimal potential for perpetrating DDI with coadministered drugs. Overall, renal elimination played an insignificant role in the disposition of alisertib, and metabolites resulting from phase 1 oxidative pathways contributed to >58% of the alisertib dose recovered in urine and feces over 192 hours postdose. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: This study describes the primary clearance pathways of alisertib and illustrates the value of timely conduct of human absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion studies in providing guidance to the clinical pharmacology development program for oncology drugs, for which a careful understanding of sources of exposure variability is crucial to inform risk management for drug-drug interactions given the generally limited therapeutic window for anticancer drugs and polypharmacy that is common in cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeepraj Pusalkar
- Millennium Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, a wholly owned subsidiary of Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Xiaofei Zhou
- Millennium Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, a wholly owned subsidiary of Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuexian Li
- Millennium Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, a wholly owned subsidiary of Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Lawrence Cohen
- Millennium Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, a wholly owned subsidiary of Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jun Johnny Yang
- Millennium Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, a wholly owned subsidiary of Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Suresh K Balani
- Millennium Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, a wholly owned subsidiary of Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Cindy Xia
- Millennium Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, a wholly owned subsidiary of Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Wen Chyi Shyu
- Millennium Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, a wholly owned subsidiary of Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Chuang Lu
- Millennium Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, a wholly owned subsidiary of Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Karthik Venkatakrishnan
- Millennium Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, a wholly owned subsidiary of Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Swapan K Chowdhury
- Millennium Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, a wholly owned subsidiary of Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Tokyo, Japan
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29
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Jiao W, Zhao X, Wu G, Zhang X, Wu H, Cui Y. Bioactivation of lumiracoxib in human liver microsomes: Formation of GSH‐ and amino adducts through acyl glucuronide. Drug Test Anal 2020; 12:827-835. [PMID: 32043805 DOI: 10.1002/dta.2777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2020] [Revised: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Weijie Jiao
- Department of PharmacyHenan Province Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Zhengzhou Henan Province China
| | - Xu Zhao
- Department of PharmacyHenan Province Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Zhengzhou Henan Province China
| | - Guiyue Wu
- Department of PharmacyHenan Province Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Zhengzhou Henan Province China
| | - Xiangyun Zhang
- Department of PharmacyHenan Province Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Zhengzhou Henan Province China
| | - Hong Wu
- Laboratory of Cell ImagingHenan University of Chinese Medicine Zhengzhou Henan Province China
| | - Yinglin Cui
- Henan Province Hospital of Traditional Chinese MedicineThe Second Clinical Medical College of Henan University of Chinese Medicine Zhengzhou Henan Province China
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30
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Zhou D, Xu Y, Wang Y, Li J, Gui C, Zhang H. Interaction of Organic Anion Transporter 3-Mediated Uptake of Steviol Acyl Glucuronide, a Major Metabolite of Rebaudioside A, with Selected Drugs. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:1579-1587. [PMID: 31760750 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b05808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Organic anion transporter 3 (OAT3) plays a critical role in the renal excretion of many xenobiotics. Because steviol acyl glucuronide (SVAG), an OAT3 substrate, is the major circulating metabolite after oral ingestion of steviol glycosides and is excreted into the urine, inhibition of OAT3 activity may alter pharmacokinetic profiles of SVAG. The present study showed that drugs such as probenecid and glimepiride displayed potent inhibition toward the OAT3-mediated SVAG transport, with IC50 values of 4.9 and 0.8 μM, respectively. No species differences were observed. Probenecid and glimepiride could significantly elevate plasma concentrations of SVAG after oral administration of rebaudioside A, with significant increases in plasma maximum (Cmax) and area under the plasma time-concentration curve values. The inhibitory effect on the OAT3-mediated SVAG transport exemplified a unique case between drugs and the metabolite of a food additive. Our data suggest that caution should be exercised when giving steviol glycoside products to human subjects with compromised renal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Zhou
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Soochow University , Suzhou 215006 , China
| | - Yunting Xu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Soochow University , Suzhou 215006 , China
| | - Yedong Wang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Soochow University , Suzhou 215006 , China
| | - Jiajun Li
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Soochow University , Suzhou 215006 , China
| | - Chunshan Gui
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Soochow University , Suzhou 215006 , China
| | - Hongjian Zhang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Soochow University , Suzhou 215006 , China
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31
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Bradshaw PR, Richards SE, Wilson ID, Stachulski AV, Lindon JC, Athersuch TJ. Kinetic modelling of acyl glucuronide and glucoside reactivity and development of structure–property relationships. Org Biomol Chem 2020; 18:1389-1401. [DOI: 10.1039/c9ob02008j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Detailed kinetic and transition structure modelling to rationalise the differences in reactivity observed between the acyl glucuronide and glucoside metabolites of a series of phenylacetic acid analogues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter R. Bradshaw
- Department of Metabolism
- Digestion and Reproduction
- Faculty of Medicine
- Imperial College London
- London
| | - Selena E. Richards
- Department of Chemistry
- Khalifa University of Science and Technology
- Abu Dhabi
- United Arab Emirates
| | - Ian D. Wilson
- Department of Metabolism
- Digestion and Reproduction
- Faculty of Medicine
- Imperial College London
- London
| | - Andrew V. Stachulski
- Department of Chemistry
- The Robert Robinson Laboratories
- University of Liverpool
- Liverpool L69 7ZD
- UK
| | - John C. Lindon
- Department of Metabolism
- Digestion and Reproduction
- Faculty of Medicine
- Imperial College London
- London
| | - Toby J. Athersuch
- Department of Metabolism
- Digestion and Reproduction
- Faculty of Medicine
- Imperial College London
- London
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32
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Lang SQ, Lang WH, Yu HY, Wang L. Metabolic activation of TM5441 in vitro and in vivo: Formation of reactive metabolites and human enzymes involved. Eur J Pharm Sci 2019; 143:105195. [PMID: 31852629 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2019.105195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2019] [Revised: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
TM5441, a furan-containing drug, is an inhibitor of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), which can induce intrinsic apoptosis of human cancer cell lines. The aim of this study was to identify the reactive metabolites of TM5441 and to reveal the bioactivation pathways that are associated with its hepatotoxicity. The reactive metabolites were trapped by using glutathione (GSH) or N-acetyl-lysine (NAL) in rat, dog, and human liver microsomal incubation system after exposure to TM5441. Two metabolic activation pathways were disclosed. The first bioactivation pathway was dominated by Cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYP450s); TM5441 was metabolized into cis-2-butene-1,4-dial derivative dependent on NADPH, which can be trapped in the liver microsomal incubations fortified with GSH or NAL as trapping agents. Five metabolites (M1, M2, M9, M12 and M13) associated with GSH and three metabolites (M4, M7 and M14) associated with NAL were identified by liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry. The second bioactivation pathway was catalyzed by UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs); TM5441 was conjugated with glucuronide to form acyl-glucuronide (M10), which further reacted with GSH, resulting in the identification of a TM5441-S-acyl-GSH adduct (M11) in liver microsomal incubations fortified with uridine-5'-diphosphoglucuronidc acid (UDPGA) and GSH. M9, M10, M11, M12 and M13 were also detected in bile samples of rats given TM5441. Compared with rat, dog would display closer bioactivation profiles to human. The CYP450 enzyme responsible for the bioactivation of TM5441 was mainly identified as CYP3A4, using human recombinant CYP450 enzymes and specific inhibitory studies. The UGT enzymes responsible for the bioactivation of TM5441 mainly involved UGT2B7, 1A1 and 1A4. These results facilitate the understanding of the bioactivation of TM5441 and potential toxicological implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su-Qin Lang
- Department of Outpatient, Weifang People's Hospital, Weifang 261041, Shandong Province, China
| | - Wen-Hua Lang
- Department of Spine surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261031, Shandong Province, China
| | - Hai-Yan Yu
- Department of Radiology, Weifang People's Hospital, Weifang 261041, Shandong Province, China
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Jining No.1 People's Hospital, Jining 272011, Shandong Province, China.
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33
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Shang J, Tschirret-Guth R, Cancilla M, Samuel K, Chen Q, Chobanian HR, Thomas A, Tong W, Josien H, Buevich AV, Mitra K. Bioactivation of GPR40 Agonist MK-8666: Formation of Protein Adducts in Vitro from Reactive Acyl Glucuronide and Acyl CoA Thioester. Chem Res Toxicol 2019; 33:191-201. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.9b00226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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34
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Patel SR. Bioanalytical challenges and strategies for accurately measuring acyl glucuronide metabolites in biological fluids. Biomed Chromatogr 2019; 34:e4640. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.4640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Revised: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shefali R. Patel
- Drug metabolism and pharmacokinetics, Discovery Sciences, Janssen Research and Development Springhouse PA
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35
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PON1 increases cellular DNA damage by lactone substrates. Arch Toxicol 2019; 93:2035-2043. [PMID: 31209508 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-019-02475-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Paraoxonase 1 (PON1) is a high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-associated enzyme that by hydrolysing exogenous and endogenous substrates can provide protection against substrate induced toxicity. To investigate the extent to which PON1 provides protection against lactone induced DNA damage, DNA damage was measured in HepG2 cells using the neutral Comet assay following lactone treatment in the presence and absence of exogenous recombinant PON1 (rPON1). Low dose lactones (10 mM) caused little or no damage while high doses (100 mM) induced DNA damage in the following order of potency: α-angelica lactone > γ-butyrolactone ~ γ-hexalactone > γ-heptalactone ~ γ-octaclactone ~ γ-furanone ~ γ-valerolactone > γ-decalactone. Co-incubation of 100 mM lactone with rPON1, resulted in almost all cells showing extensive DNA damage, particularly with those lactones that decreased rPON1 activity by > 25%. In contrast, with the lactones that are poor rPON1 subtrates (γ-decalactone and γ-furanone), rPON1 did not increase DNA damage. DNA damage induced by a 1 h co-treatment with 10 mM α-angelica lactone and rPON1 was reduced when cells when incubated for a further 4 h in fresh medium suggesting break formation was due to induced DNA damage rather than apoptosis. Preincubation (1-6 h) of α-angelica lactone with rPON1 in the absence of cells, decreased cellular DNA damage by around 40% in comparison to cells treated without preincubation. These results suggest that in addition to its well-recognised detoxification effects, PON1 can increase genotoxicity potentially by hydrolysing certain lactones to reactive intermediates that increase DNA damage via the formation of DNA adducts.
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36
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Paludetto M, Puisset F, Chatelut E, Arellano C. Identifying the reactive metabolites of tyrosine kinase inhibitors in a comprehensive approach: Implications for drug‐drug interactions and hepatotoxicity. Med Res Rev 2019; 39:2105-2152. [DOI: 10.1002/med.21577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Revised: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Marie‐Noëlle Paludetto
- Centre de Recherches en Cancérologie de Toulouse, INSERMUMR1037Université de Toulouse Toulouse Cedex 1 France
- Faculté de PharmacieUniversité Paul Sabatier Toulouse France
- Département PharmacieInstitut Claudius Regaud, IUCT‐O Toulouse France
| | - Florent Puisset
- Centre de Recherches en Cancérologie de Toulouse, INSERMUMR1037Université de Toulouse Toulouse Cedex 1 France
- Faculté de PharmacieUniversité Paul Sabatier Toulouse France
- Département PharmacieInstitut Claudius Regaud, IUCT‐O Toulouse France
| | - Etienne Chatelut
- Centre de Recherches en Cancérologie de Toulouse, INSERMUMR1037Université de Toulouse Toulouse Cedex 1 France
- Faculté de PharmacieUniversité Paul Sabatier Toulouse France
| | - Cécile Arellano
- Centre de Recherches en Cancérologie de Toulouse, INSERMUMR1037Université de Toulouse Toulouse Cedex 1 France
- Faculté de PharmacieUniversité Paul Sabatier Toulouse France
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37
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Munkhaugen J, Vethe NT, Fagerland MW, Dammen T, Perk J, Gjertsen E, Otterstad JE, Gullestad L, Bergan S, Husebye E. Statin-associated muscle symptoms in coronary patients: design of a randomized study. SCAND CARDIOVASC J 2019; 53:162-168. [DOI: 10.1080/14017431.2019.1612085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- John Munkhaugen
- Department of Medicine, Drammen Hospital, Vestre Viken Trust, Drammen, Norway
- Department of Behavioural Science in Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Nils Tore Vethe
- Department of Pharmacology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Morten Wang Fagerland
- Oslo Centre for Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Research Support Services, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Toril Dammen
- Department of Behavioural Science in Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Joep Perk
- Institute of Health and Caring Sciences, Linneus University, Kalmar, Sweden
| | - Erik Gjertsen
- Department of Medicine, Drammen Hospital, Vestre Viken Trust, Drammen, Norway
| | | | - Lars Gullestad
- Department of Cardiology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Stein Bergan
- Department of Pharmacology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Einar Husebye
- Department of Medicine, Drammen Hospital, Vestre Viken Trust, Drammen, Norway
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Maia MA, Sousa E. BACE-1 and γ-Secretase as Therapeutic Targets for Alzheimer's Disease. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2019; 12:ph12010041. [PMID: 30893882 PMCID: PMC6469197 DOI: 10.3390/ph12010041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Revised: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a growing global health concern with a massive impact on affected individuals and society. Despite the considerable advances achieved in the understanding of AD pathogenesis, researchers have not been successful in fully identifying the mechanisms involved in disease progression. The amyloid hypothesis, currently the prevalent theory for AD, defends the deposition of β-amyloid protein (Aβ) aggregates as the trigger of a series of events leading to neuronal dysfunction and dementia. Hence, several research and development (R&D) programs have been led by the pharmaceutical industry in an effort to discover effective and safety anti-amyloid agents as disease modifying agents for AD. Among 19 drug candidates identified in the AD pipeline, nine have their mechanism of action centered in the activity of β or γ-secretase proteases, covering almost 50% of the identified agents. These drug candidates must fulfill the general rigid prerequisites for a drug aimed for central nervous system (CNS) penetration and selectivity toward different aspartyl proteases. This review presents the classes of γ-secretase and beta-site APP cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE-1) inhibitors under development, highlighting their structure-activity relationship, among other physical-chemistry aspects important for the successful development of new anti-AD pharmacological agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel A Maia
- Laboratory of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Emília Sousa
- Laboratory of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal.
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Qiang Y, Zhang X. Pharmacokinetics of TAK‐875 and its toxic metabolite TAK‐875‐ acylglucuronide in rat plasma by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Biomed Chromatogr 2018; 33:e4441. [PMID: 30456906 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.4441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Revised: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yongzai Qiang
- Department of PharmacyThe Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University Hohot Inner Mongolia China
| | - Xiaohui Zhang
- Department of PharmacyThe Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University Hohot Inner Mongolia China
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40
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Shehu AI, Ma X. Pregnane X receptor in drug-induced liver injury: Friend or foe? LIVER RESEARCH 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livres.2018.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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41
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Tugcu G, Sipahi H. QSPR modelling of in vitro degradation half-life of acyl glucuronides. Xenobiotica 2018; 49:1007-1014. [DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2018.1527049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gulcin Tugcu
- Department of Toxicology, Yeditepe University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Hande Sipahi
- Department of Toxicology, Yeditepe University, Istanbul, Turkey
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Toropov AA, Toropova AP. Use of the index of ideality of correlation to improve predictive potential for biochemical endpoints. Toxicol Mech Methods 2018; 29:43-52. [PMID: 30064284 DOI: 10.1080/15376516.2018.1506851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The CORAL software is a tool to build up quantitative structure-property/activity relationships (QSPRs/QSARs). The project of updated version of the CORAL software is discussed in terms of practical applications for building up various models. The updating is the possibility to improve the predictive potential of models using the so-called Index of Ideality of Correlation (IIC) as a criterion of the predictive potential for QSPR/QSAR models. Efficacy of the IIC is examined with three examples of building up QSARs: (i) models for anticancer activity; (ii) models for mutagenicity; and (iii) models for toxicity of psychotropic drugs. The validation of these models has been carried out with several splits into the training, invisible training, calibration, and validation sets. The ability of IIC to be an indicator of predictive potential of QSAR models is confirmed. The updated version of the CORAL software (CORALSEA-2017, http://www.insilico.eu/coral ) is available on the Internet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey A Toropov
- a Department of Environmental Health Science, Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Toxicology , Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS , Milano , Italy
| | - Alla P Toropova
- a Department of Environmental Health Science, Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Toxicology , Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS , Milano , Italy
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He C, Wan H. Drug metabolism and metabolite safety assessment in drug discovery and development. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2018; 14:1071-1085. [DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2018.1519546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chunyong He
- Department of DMPK/Tox, Shanghai Hengrui Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Hong Wan
- Department of DMPK/Tox, Shanghai Hengrui Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Shanghai, P. R. China
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Li JQ, Li J, Wang JF, Zhang SH, He D, Yong RS, She SY. In vitro and in vivo metabolic profiles of fasiglifam using ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography combined with Q-Exactive Orbitrap tandem mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2018; 32:1387-1395. [PMID: 29790616 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2018] [Revised: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Fasiglifam is an orally available and selective partial agonist of hGPR40 receptor, which was unexpectedly terminated at phase III clinical trials due to its severe hepatotoxicity. To fully understand the mechanism of action of fasiglifam, it is necessary to investigate its in vitro and in vivo metabolic profiles. METHODS For in vitro metabolism, fasiglifam was incubated with rat or human liver microsomes in the presence of β-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate tetrasodium salt, glutathione (GSH) and uridine diphosphate glucuronic acid trisodium salt for 60 min. For in vivo metabolism, fasiglifam was orally administered to rats at a single dose of 20 mg/kg and the bile was collected. In vitro and in vivo samples were analyzed by the developed ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography combined with Q-Exactive Orbitrap tandem mass spectrometry. The structures of metabolites were proposed according to their accurate masses and fragment ions. RESULTS A total of eight metabolites, including an acyl-GSH adduct, were detected and identified. M1 (acylglucuronide) and M5 (carboxylic acid derivative) were the major metabolites of fasiglifam. Metabolic pathways of fasiglifam involved oxygenation, oxidative dealkylation, dehydrogenation, glucuronidation and GSH conjugation. Fasiglifam may undergo metabolic bioactivation via acylglucuronide. CONCLUSIONS Oxidative dealkylation and glucuronidation were the predominant metabolic pathways of fasiglifam in vitro and in vivo. Metabolic bioactivation via acylglucuronide may be the perpetrator of its hepatotoxicity. Our findings would be helpful in understanding the disposition of fasiglifam as well as its hepatotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Qi Li
- Sichuan Academy of Medical Science and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, 610072, China
- University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, School of Medicine, Chengdu, 610054, China
- Sichuan Key Laboratory for Individualized Drug Therapy, Chengdu, 610072, China
| | - Jie Li
- University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, School of Medicine, Chengdu, 610054, China
| | - Jia-Feng Wang
- University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, School of Medicine, Chengdu, 610054, China
| | - Shu-Han Zhang
- University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, School of Medicine, Chengdu, 610054, China
| | - Dan He
- University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, School of Medicine, Chengdu, 610054, China
| | - Rong-Sheng Yong
- Sichuan Academy of Medical Science and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, 610072, China
- University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, School of Medicine, Chengdu, 610054, China
- Sichuan Key Laboratory for Individualized Drug Therapy, Chengdu, 610072, China
| | - Shu-Ya She
- Sichuan Academy of Medical Science and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, 610072, China
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Khojasteh SC, Miller GP, Mitra K, Rietjens IMCM. Biotransformation and bioactivation reactions - 2017 literature highlights *. Drug Metab Rev 2018; 50:221-255. [PMID: 29954222 DOI: 10.1080/03602532.2018.1473875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
This annual review is the third one to highlight recent advances in the study and assessment of biotransformations and bioactivations ( Table 1 ). We followed the same format as the previous years with selection and authoring each section (see Baillie et al. 2016 ; Khojasteh et al. 2017 ). We acknowledge that many universities no longer train students in mechanistic biotransformation studies reflecting a decline in the investment for those efforts by public funded granting institutions. We hope this work serves as a resource to appreciate the knowledge gained each year to understand and hopefully anticipate toxicological outcomes dependent on biotransformations and bioactivations. This effort itself also continues to evolve. I am pleased that Drs. Rietjens and Miller have again contributed to this annual review. We would like to welcome Kaushik Mitra as an author for this year's issue, and we thank Deepak Dalvie for his contributions to last year's edition. We have intentionally maintained a balance of authors such that two come from an academic setting and two come from industry. As always, please drop us a note if you find this review helpful. We would be pleased to hear your opinions of our commentary, and we extend an invitation to anyone who would like to contribute to a future edition of this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Cyrus Khojasteh
- a Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics , Genentech, Inc , South San Francisco , CA , USA
| | - Grover P Miller
- b Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences , Little Rock , AR , USA
| | - Kaushik Mitra
- c Department of Safety Assessment and Laboratory Animal Resources , Merck Research Laboratories (MRL), Merck & Co., Inc , West Point , PA , USA
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Baba A, Yamada K, Satoh T, Watanabe K, Yoshioka T. Chemo-Enzymatic Synthesis, Structural and Stereochemical Characterization, and Intrinsic Degradation Kinetics of Diastereomers of 1-β- O-Acyl Glucuronides Derived from Racemic 2-{4-[(2-Methylprop-2-en-1-yl)amino]phenyl}propanoic Acid. ACS OMEGA 2018; 3:4932-4940. [PMID: 31458709 PMCID: PMC6641924 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.8b00443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Alminoprofen, (RS)-2-{4-[(2-methylprop-2-en-1-yl)amino]phenyl}propanoic acid (ALP) 1, is a racemic drug categorized as a 2-arylpropanoic acid-class nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug. Pharmacokinetic studies of 1 in patients have revealed that the corresponding acyl glucuronide 5 is a major urinary metabolite, but little is known about the structure and stereochemistry of 5. The present work describes the synthesis of a diastereomeric mixture of 1-β-O-acyl glucuronides (2RS)-5 from 1 and methyl 2,3,4-tri-O-acetyl-1-bromo-1-deoxy-α-d-glucopyranuronate 2 using our chemo-enzymatic method that has complete specificity for the β-configuration. The structure of (2RS)-5 was characterized by 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy and high-resolution mass spectrometry as well as by complete hydrolysis by β-glucuronidase. The absolute stereochemistry of (2RS)-5 was determined by comparison with (2R)-5 synthesized alternatively from (2R)-1 and 2. Compound (2R)-1 was prepared in two steps starting from chiral (R)-2-(4-nitrophenyl)propanoic acid (2R)-6. Chiral resolution of (2RS)-1 was achieved using a chiral high-performance liquid chromatography column, and its stereochemistry was determined by comparison with (2R)-1. The intrinsic degradation rate constant of (2R)-5 was 0.405 ± 0.002 h-1, which is approximately twice that of (2S)-5 (the k value was 0.226 ± 0.002 h-1) under physiological conditions (pH 7.40, 37 °C).
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Baba
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry and Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University
of Science, 7-15-4-1
Maeda, Teine, Sapporo, Hokkaido 006-8585, Japan
| | - Koki Yamada
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry and Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University
of Science, 7-15-4-1
Maeda, Teine, Sapporo, Hokkaido 006-8585, Japan
| | - Takashi Satoh
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry and Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University
of Science, 7-15-4-1
Maeda, Teine, Sapporo, Hokkaido 006-8585, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Watanabe
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry and Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University
of Science, 7-15-4-1
Maeda, Teine, Sapporo, Hokkaido 006-8585, Japan
| | - Tadao Yoshioka
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry and Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University
of Science, 7-15-4-1
Maeda, Teine, Sapporo, Hokkaido 006-8585, Japan
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Raschi E, Parisotto M, Forcesi E, La Placa M, Marchesini G, De Ponti F, Poluzzi E. Adverse events with sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 inhibitors: A global analysis of international spontaneous reporting systems. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2017; 27:1098-1107. [PMID: 29174026 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2017.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Revised: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS We assessed post-marketing safety of sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 inhibitors (SGLT2-Is) by analyzing adverse events (AEs) reported in international pharmacovigilance databases. METHODS AND RESULTS Eudravigilance, WHO-Vigibase (as of Feb 25, 2017) and the FDA Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS, from 2004 to 2016 second quarter) were queried to extract AEs recording SGLT2-Is as suspect. Disproportionality analyses (case/non-case method) were performed in FAERS by calculating the reporting odds ratios (RORs) from System Organ Classes (SOCs) to Preferred Terms (PTs) (precise clinical entities). Potential signals were defined by statistically-significant ROR (lower limit of the 95% confidence interval - LL95%CI - >1) undetected by literature analysis (as of December 2016). SGLT2-Is were recorded in 7972, 19,775, 11,137 reports (Eudravigilance, WHO-Vigibase and FAERS, respectively); in FAERS, statistically significant ROR emerged for the following SOCs: "infections and infestations" (N = 2162; LL95%CI = 3.25), "metabolism and nutrition disorders" (2278; 1.36), "renal and urinary disorders" (1665; 2.31), "reproductive system and breast disorders" (471; 4.85), "skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders" (1136; 1.52). Skin toxicity emerged as potential signal (e.g., rash, photosensitivity, urticaria as PTs), both for SGLT2-Is as a class and as individual drugs. Severe adverse skin events (81 reports, 7% of the skin cases) mainly occurred in females aged 18-65 using SGLT2-Is as single antidiabetic regimen. CONCLUSION Among antidiabetics, SGLT2-Is are associated with higher reporting of infections, metabolism, renal and reproductive AEs, corroborating clinical trial evidence. Their large reporting patterns and the unexpected signal of skin toxicity justify active vigilance by clinicians and "real-time" monitoring by pharmacovigilance experts.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Raschi
- Pharmacology Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - M Parisotto
- Pharmacology Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - E Forcesi
- Pharmacology Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - M La Placa
- Dermatology Division, Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - G Marchesini
- Unit of Metabolic Diseases & Clinical Dietetics, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - F De Ponti
- Pharmacology Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - E Poluzzi
- Pharmacology Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
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