1
|
Cherewyk JE, Blakley BR, Al-Dissi AN. The C-8-S-isomers of ergot alkaloids - a review of biological and analytical aspects. Mycotoxin Res 2024; 40:1-17. [PMID: 37953416 PMCID: PMC10834577 DOI: 10.1007/s12550-023-00507-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
Ergot alkaloids are secondary metabolites that are produced by fungi and contaminate cereal crops and grasses. The ergot alkaloids produced by Claviceps purpurea are the most abundant worldwide. The metabolites exist in two configurations, the C-8-R-isomer (R-epimer) and the C-8-S-isomer (S-epimer). These two configurations can interconvert to one another. Ergot alkaloids cause toxic effects after consumption of ergot-contaminated food and feed at various concentrations. For bioactivity reasons, the C-8-R-isomers have been studied to a greater extent than the C-8-S-isomer since the C-8-S-isomers were considered biologically inactive. However, recent studies suggest the contrary. Analytical assessment of ergot alkaloids now includes the C-8-S-isomers and high concentrations of specific C-8-S-isomers have been identified. The inclusion of the C-8-S-isomer in regulatory standards is reviewed. This review has identified that further research into the C-8-S-isomers of ergot alkaloids is warranted. In addition, the inclusion of the C-8-S-isomers into regulatory recommendations worldwide for food and feed should be implemented. The objectives of this review are to provide an overview of historic and current studies that have assessed the C-8-S-isomers. Specifically, this review will compare the C-8-R-isomers to the C-8-S-isomers with an emphasis on the biological activity and analytical assessment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jensen E Cherewyk
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5B4, Canada.
| | - Barry R Blakley
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5B4, Canada
| | - Ahmad N Al-Dissi
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5B4, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Cherewyk JE, Blakley BR, Al-Dissi AN. Investigation of the relationship between ergocristinine and vascular receptors. Toxicol Rep 2023; 10:604-611. [PMID: 37213815 PMCID: PMC10199403 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2023.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2023] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Ergot alkaloids are secondary metabolites that exist in two configurations, the C-8-R-isomer (R-epimer), and the C-8-S-isomer (S-epimer). Toxic effects of ergot, such as vasoconstriction, have been primarily attributed to the R-epimer bioactivity, as compared to the S-epimer. Recent studies demonstrated potential bioactivity of S-epimers. Therefore, further cost-effective investigations of the S-epimers are needed. The present study investigated the S-epimer - vascular receptor binding relationship. An in silico molecular docking approach, utilizing AutoDock Vina and DockThor, was used to determine if the S-epimer (ergocristinine) binds to vascular receptors and to compare the binding affinity and interactions to the corresponding R-epimer (ergocristine) and a structural analogue (lysergic acid amide). The binding energy (kcal/mol) of ergocristinine was - 9.7 or - 11.0 to the serotonin (5-HT) 2 A receptor and - 8.7 or - 11.4 to the alpha 2 A adrenergic receptor, depending on the software used. A hydrogen bond was formed between ergocristinine and amino acid residues of the 5-HT 2 A and alpha 2 A adrenergic receptor binding sites, with bond lengths of 3.10 Å and 3.28 Å, respectively. Binding affinities and molecular interactions among the ligands to each receptor differed. Different affinities and interactions may relate to differences in the chemical structures. The binding affinities and strong molecular interactions of the S-epimer to vascular receptors may contribute to the observed physiological manifestations that occur after ergot alkaloid exposure. The results of the present study suggest further investigation on the receptor binding of the S-epimers of ergot alkaloids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jensen E. Cherewyk
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5B4 Canada
- Corresponding author.
| | - Barry R. Blakley
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5B4 Canada
| | - Ahmad N. Al-Dissi
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5B4 Canada
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Lammi C, Aiello G, Dellafiora L, Bollati C, Boschin G, Ranaldi G, Ferruzza S, Sambuy Y, Galaverna G, Arnoldi A. Assessment of the Multifunctional Behavior of Lupin Peptide P7 and Its Metabolite Using an Integrated Strategy. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:13179-13188. [PMID: 32223157 PMCID: PMC7997369 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c00130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
LTFPGSAED (P7) is a multifunctional hypocholesterolemic and hypoglycemic lupin peptide. While assessing its angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activity, it was more effective in intestinal Caco-2 cells (IC50 of 13.7 μM) than in renal HK-2 cells (IC50 of 79.6 μM). This discrepancy was explained by the metabolic transformation mediated by intestinal peptidases, which produced two main detected peptides, TFPGSAED and LTFPG. Indeed LTFPG, dynamically generated by intestinal dipeptidyl peptidase IV as well as its parent peptide P7 were linearly absorbed by mature Caco-2 cells. An in silico study demonstrated that the metabolite was a better ligand of the ACE enzyme than P7. These results are in agreement with an in vivo study, previously performed by Aluko et al., which has shown that LTFPG is an effective hypotensive peptide. Our work highlights the dynamic nature of bioactive food peptides that may be modulated by the metabolic activity of intestinal cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Lammi
- Department of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy
- Telephone: +39-0250319912. Fax: +39-0250319372. E-mail:
| | - Gilda Aiello
- Department of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Luca Dellafiora
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Carlotta Bollati
- Department of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Giovanna Boschin
- Department of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Giulia Ranaldi
- Food and Nutrition Research Centre, Council
for Agricultural Research and Economics (CREA), 00178 Rome, Italy
| | - Simonetta Ferruzza
- Food and Nutrition Research Centre, Council
for Agricultural Research and Economics (CREA), 00178 Rome, Italy
| | - Yula Sambuy
- Food and Nutrition Research Centre, Council
for Agricultural Research and Economics (CREA), 00178 Rome, Italy
| | - Gianni Galaverna
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Anna Arnoldi
- Department of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Dellafiora L, Pugliese R, Bollati C, Gelain F, Galaverna G, Arnoldi A, Lammi C. "Bottom-Up" Strategy for the Identification of Novel Soybean Peptides with Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitory Activity. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:2082-2090. [PMID: 31984733 PMCID: PMC7997397 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b07361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Revised: 01/25/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
IAVPTGVA (Soy1) and LPYP are two soybean peptides, which display a multifunctional behavior, showing in vitro hypocholesterolemic and hypoglycemic activities. A preliminary screening of their structures using BIOPEP suggested that they might be potential angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors. Therefore, a bottom-up-aided approach was developed in order to clarify the in vitro hypotensive activity. Soy1 and LPYP dropped the intestinal and renal ACE enzyme activity with IC50 values equal to 14.7 ± 0.28 and 5.0 ± 0.28 μM (Caco-2 cells), and 6.0 ± 0.35 and 6.8 ± 0.20 μM (HK-2 cells), respectively. In parallel, a molecular modeling study suggested their capability to act as competitive inhibitors of this enzyme. Finally, in order to increase both their stability and hypotensive properties, a suitable strategy for the harmless control of their release from a nanomaterial was developed through their encapsulation into the RADA16-assembling peptide.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luca Dellafiora
- Department
of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parma 43124, Italy
| | - Raffaele Pugliese
- Tissue
Engineering Unit, Institute for Stem Cell
Biology, Regenerative Medicine and Innovative Therapies-ISBReMIT,
Fondazione IRCSS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo 71013, Foggia, Italy
| | - Carlotta Bollati
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of
Milan, Milan 20133, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Gelain
- Tissue
Engineering Unit, Institute for Stem Cell
Biology, Regenerative Medicine and Innovative Therapies-ISBReMIT,
Fondazione IRCSS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo 71013, Foggia, Italy
- Center
for Nanomedicine and Tissue Engineering (CNTE), ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan 20162, Italy
| | - Gianni Galaverna
- Department
of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parma 43124, Italy
| | - Anna Arnoldi
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of
Milan, Milan 20133, Italy
| | - Carmen Lammi
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of
Milan, Milan 20133, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
A Structural Study on the Listeria Monocytogenes Internalin A-Human E-cadherin Interaction: A Molecular Tool to Investigate the Effects of Missense Mutations. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12010060. [PMID: 31968631 PMCID: PMC7020427 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12010060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes is a widespread foodborne pathogen of high concern and internalin A is an important virulence factor that mediates cell invasion upon the interaction with the host protein E-cadherin. Nonsense mutations of internalin A are known to reduce virulence. Although missense mutations are largely overlooked, they need to be investigated in respect to their effects in cell invasion processes. This work presented a computational workflow to early characterize internalin A missense mutations. The method reliably estimated the effects of a set of engineered missense mutations in terms of their effects on internalin A–E-cadherin interaction. Then, the effects of mutations of an internalin A variant from a L. monocytogenes isolate were calculated. Mutations showed impairing effects on complex stability providing a mechanistic explanation of the low cells invasion capacity previously observed. Overall, our results provided a rational approach to explain the effects of internalin A missense mutations. Moreover, our findings highlighted that the strength of interaction may not directly relate to the cell invasion capacity reflecting the non-exclusive role of internalin A in determining the virulence of L. monocytogenes. The workflow could be extended to other virulence factors providing a promising platform to support a better molecular understanding of L. monocytogenes epidemiology.
Collapse
|
6
|
Dellafiora L, Oswald IP, Dorne JL, Galaverna G, Battilani P, Dall'Asta C. An in silico structural approach to characterize human and rainbow trout estrogenicity of mycotoxins: Proof of concept study using zearalenone and alternariol. Food Chem 2019; 312:126088. [PMID: 31911350 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.126088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Revised: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The mycotoxins zearalenone and alternariol may contaminate food and feed raising toxicological concerns due to their estrogenicity. Inter-species differences in their toxicokinetics and toxicodynamics may occur depending on evolution of taxa-specific traits. As a proof of principle, this manuscript investigates the comparative toxicodynamics of zearalenone, its metabolites (alpha-zearalenol and beta-zearalenol), and alternariol with regards to estrogenicity in humans and rainbow trout. An in silico structural approach based on docking simulations, pharmacophore modeling and molecular dynamics was applied and computational results were analyzed in comparison with available experimental data. The differences of estrogenicity among species of zearalenone and its metabolites have been structurally explained. Also, the low estrogenicity of alternariol in trout has been characterized here for the first time. This approach can provide a powerful tool for the characterization of interspecies differences in mycotoxin toxicity for a range of protein targets and relevant compounds for the food- and feed-safety area.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luca Dellafiora
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Area Parco delle Scienze 27/A, 43124 Parma, Italy.
| | - Isabelle P Oswald
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRA, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, 31027 Toulouse, France.
| | | | - Gianni Galaverna
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Area Parco delle Scienze 27/A, 43124 Parma, Italy.
| | - Paola Battilani
- Department of Sustainable Crop Production, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Via Emilia Parmense 84, 29122 Piacenza, Italy.
| | - Chiara Dall'Asta
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Area Parco delle Scienze 27/A, 43124 Parma, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Faisal Z, Fliszár-Nyúl E, Dellafiora L, Galaverna G, Dall'Asta C, Lemli B, Kunsági-Máté S, Szente L, Poór M. Cyclodextrins Can Entrap Zearalenone-14-Glucoside: Interaction of the Masked Mycotoxin with Cyclodextrins and Cyclodextrin Bead Polymer. Biomolecules 2019; 9:E354. [PMID: 31405003 PMCID: PMC6724229 DOI: 10.3390/biom9080354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Revised: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Zearalenone (ZEN) is a Fusarium-derived xenoestrogenic mycotoxin. In plants, zearalenone-14-O-β-d-glucoside (Z14G) is the major conjugated metabolite of ZEN, and is a masked mycotoxin. Masked mycotoxins are plant-modified derivatives, which are not routinely screened in food and feed samples. Cyclodextrins (CDs) are cyclic oligosaccharides built up from D-glucopyranose units. CDs can form stable host-guest type complexes with lipophilic molecules (e.g., with some mycotoxins). In this study, the interaction of Z14G with native and chemically modified β- and γ-CDs was examined employing fluorescence spectroscopy and molecular modeling. Furthermore, the removal of Z14G from aqueous solution by insoluble β-CD bead polymer (BBP) was also tested. Our results demonstrate that Z14G forms the most stable complexes with γ-CDs under acidic and neutral conditions (K ≈ 103 L/mol). Among the CDs tested, randomly methylated γ-CD induced the highest increase in the fluorescence of Z14G (7.1-fold) and formed the most stable complexes with the mycotoxin (K = 2 × 103 L/mol). Furthermore, BBP considerably reduced the Z14G content of aqueous solution. Based on these observations, CD technology seems a promising tool to improve the fluorescence analytical detection of Z14G and to discover new mycotoxin binders which can also remove masked mycotoxins (e.g., Z14G).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zelma Faisal
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Pécs, Szigeti út 12, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
- János Szentágothai Research Center, University of Pécs, Ifjúság útja 20, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Eszter Fliszár-Nyúl
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Pécs, Szigeti út 12, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
- János Szentágothai Research Center, University of Pécs, Ifjúság útja 20, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Luca Dellafiora
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Via G.P. 7 Usberti 17/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Gianni Galaverna
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Via G.P. 7 Usberti 17/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Chiara Dall'Asta
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Via G.P. 7 Usberti 17/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Beáta Lemli
- János Szentágothai Research Center, University of Pécs, Ifjúság útja 20, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
- Institute of Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, Medical School, University of Pécs, Szigeti út 12, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Sándor Kunsági-Máté
- János Szentágothai Research Center, University of Pécs, Ifjúság útja 20, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
- Institute of Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, Medical School, University of Pécs, Szigeti út 12, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Lajos Szente
- CycloLab Cyclodextrin Research & Development Laboratory, Ltd., Illatos út 7, H-1097 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Miklós Poór
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Pécs, Szigeti út 12, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary.
- János Szentágothai Research Center, University of Pécs, Ifjúság útja 20, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Dellafiora L, Galaverna G, Cruciani G, Dall'Asta C, Bruni R. On the Mechanism of Action of Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Hypericin: An In Silico Study Pointing to the Relevance of Janus Kinases Inhibition. Molecules 2018; 23:E3058. [PMID: 30467287 PMCID: PMC6321526 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23123058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Revised: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
St. John's Wort (Hypericum perforatum L.) flowers are commonly used in ethnomedical preparations with promising outcomes to treat inflammation both per os and by topical application. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms need to be described toward a rational, evidence-based, and reproducible use. For this purpose, the aptitude of the prominent Hypericum metabolite hypericin was assessed, along with that of its main congeners, to behave as an inhibitor of janus kinase 1, a relevant enzyme in inflammatory response. It was used a molecular modeling approach relying on docking simulations, pharmacophoric modeling, and molecular dynamics to estimate the capability of molecules to interact and persist within the enzyme pocket. Our results highlighted the capability of hypericin, and some of its analogues and metabolites, to behave as ATP-competitive inhibitor providing: (i) a likely mechanistic elucidation of anti-inflammatory activity of H. perforatum extracts containing hypericin and related compounds; and (ii) a rational-based prioritization of H. perforatum components to further characterize their actual effectiveness as anti-inflammatory agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luca Dellafiora
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Area Parco delle Scienze 27/A, 43124 Parma, Italy.
| | - Gianni Galaverna
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Area Parco delle Scienze 27/A, 43124 Parma, Italy.
| | - Gabriele Cruciani
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, via Elce di Sotto, 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy.
| | - Chiara Dall'Asta
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Area Parco delle Scienze 27/A, 43124 Parma, Italy.
| | - Renato Bruni
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Area Parco delle Scienze 27/A, 43124 Parma, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Baines R, Manning L, Soon J. Mycotoxin incidents associated with cereals: lessons learnt and risk reduction strategies. QUALITY ASSURANCE AND SAFETY OF CROPS & FOODS 2018. [DOI: 10.3920/qas2016.1026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R.N. Baines
- School of Agriculture, Royal Agricultural University, Stroud Road, Cirencester, GL7 6JS, United Kingdom
| | - L. Manning
- Department of Food Science and Agri-Food Supply Chain Management, Harper Adams University, Newport, TF10 8NB, United Kingdom
| | - J.M. Soon
- School of Sport and Wellbeing, International Institute of Nutritional Sciences and Applied Food Safety Studies, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, PR1 2HE, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Dellafiora L, Dall'Asta C, Galaverna G. Toxicodynamics of Mycotoxins in the Framework of Food Risk Assessment-An In Silico Perspective. Toxins (Basel) 2018; 10:E52. [PMID: 29360783 PMCID: PMC5848153 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10020052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2017] [Revised: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxins severely threaten the health of humans and animals. For this reason, many countries have enforced regulations and recommendations to reduce the dietary exposure. However, even though regulatory actions must be based on solid scientific knowledge, many aspects of their toxicological activity are still poorly understood. In particular, deepening knowledge on the primal molecular events triggering the toxic stimulus may be relevant to better understand the mechanisms of action of mycotoxins. The present work presents the use of in silico approaches in studying the mycotoxins toxicodynamics, and discusses how they may contribute in widening the background of knowledge. A particular emphasis has been posed on the methods accounting the molecular initiating events of toxic action. In more details, the key concepts and challenges of mycotoxins toxicology have been introduced. Then, topical case studies have been presented and some possible practical implementations of studying mycotoxins toxicodynamics have been discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luca Dellafiora
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy.
| | - Chiara Dall'Asta
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy.
| | - Gianni Galaverna
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Dellafiora L, Galaverna G, Dall'Asta C. An in silico perspective on the toxicodynamic of tetrodotoxin and analogues – A tool for supporting the hazard identification. Toxicon 2017; 138:107-118. [PMID: 28803761 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2017.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Revised: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
|
12
|
Dellafiora L, Ruotolo R, Perotti A, Cirlini M, Galaverna G, Cozzini P, Buschini A, Dall’Asta C. Molecular insights on xenoestrogenic potential of zearalenone-14-glucoside through a mixed in vitro/in silico approach. Food Chem Toxicol 2017; 108:257-266. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2017.07.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
|
13
|
Dellafiora L, Galaverna G, Dall'Asta C. In silico analysis sheds light on the structural basis underlying the ribotoxicity of trichothecenes-A tool for supporting the hazard identification process. Toxicol Lett 2017; 270:80-87. [PMID: 28216416 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2017.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2016] [Revised: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Deoxynivalenol is a food borne mycotoxin belonging to the trichothecenes family that may cause severe injuries in human and animals. The inhibition of protein synthesis via the interaction with the ribosome has been identified as a crucial mechanism underlying toxic action. However, it is not still fully understood how and to what extent compounds belonging to trichothecenes family affect human and animal health. In turn, this scenario causes delay in managing the related health risk. Aimed at supporting the hazard identification process, the in silico analysis may be a straightforward tool to investigate the structure-activity relationship of trichothecenes, finding out molecules of possible concern to carry forth in the risk assessment process. In this framework, this work investigated through a molecular modeling approach the structural basis underlying the interaction with the ribosome under a structure-activity relationship perspective. To identify further forms possibly involved in the total trichothecenes-dependent ribotoxic load, the model was challenged with a set of 16 trichothecene modified forms found in plants, fungi and animals, including also compounds never tested before for the capability to bind and inhibit the ribosome. Among them, only the regiospecific glycosylation in the position 3 of the sesquiterpenoid scaffold (i.e. T-2 toxin-3-glucuronide, α and β isomers of T-2 toxin-3-glucoside and deoxynivalenol-3-glucuronide) was found impairing the interaction with the ribosome, while the other compounds tested (i.e. neosolaniol, nivalenol, fusarenon-X, diacetoxyscirpenol, NT-1 toxin, HT-2 toxin, 19- and 20-hydroxy-T-2 toxin, T-2 toxin triol and tetraol, and 15-deacetyl-T-2 toxin), were found potentially able to inhibit the ribosome. Accordingly, they should be included with high priority in further risk assessment studies in order to better characterize the trichothecenes-related hazard.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luca Dellafiora
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parma, 43124 Italy.
| | - Gianni Galaverna
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parma, 43124 Italy.
| | - Chiara Dall'Asta
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parma, 43124 Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Forthcoming Challenges in Mycotoxins Toxicology Research for Safer Food-A Need for Multi-Omics Approach. Toxins (Basel) 2017; 9:toxins9010018. [PMID: 28054977 PMCID: PMC5308250 DOI: 10.3390/toxins9010018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Revised: 12/29/2016] [Accepted: 01/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The presence of mycotoxins in food represents a severe threat for public health and welfare, and poses relevant research challenges in the food toxicology field. Nowadays, food toxicologists have to provide answers to food-related toxicological issues, but at the same time they should provide the appropriate knowledge in background to effectively support the evidence-based decision-making in food safety. Therefore, keeping in mind that regulatory actions should be based on sound scientific findings, the present opinion addresses the main challenges in providing reliable data for supporting the risk assessment of foodborne mycotoxins.
Collapse
|
15
|
Dellafiora L, Galaverna G, Reverberi M, Dall'Asta C. Degradation of Aflatoxins by Means of Laccases from Trametes versicolor: An In Silico Insight. Toxins (Basel) 2017; 9:toxins9010017. [PMID: 28045427 PMCID: PMC5308249 DOI: 10.3390/toxins9010017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Revised: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 12/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites of fungi that contaminate food and feed, and are involved in a series of foodborne illnesses and disorders in humans and animals. The mitigation of mycotoxin content via enzymatic degradation is a strategy to ensure safer food and feed, and to address the forthcoming issues in view of the global trade and sustainability. Nevertheless, the search for active enzymes is still challenging and time-consuming. The in silico analysis may strongly support the research by providing the evidence-based hierarchization of enzymes for a rational design of more effective experimental trials. The present work dealt with the degradation of aflatoxin B1 and M1 by laccase enzymes from Trametes versicolor. The enzymes–substrate interaction for various enzyme isoforms was investigated through 3D molecular modeling techniques. Structural differences among the isoforms have been pinpointed, which may cause different patterns of interaction between aflatoxin B1 and M1. The possible formation of different products of degradation can be argued accordingly. Moreover, the laccase gamma isoform was identified as the most suitable for protein engineering aimed at ameliorating the substrate specificity. Overall, 3D modeling proved to be an effective analytical tool to assess the enzyme–substrate interaction and provided a solid foothold for supporting the search of degrading enzyme at the early stage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luca Dellafiora
- Department of Food Science, University of Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy.
| | - Gianni Galaverna
- Department of Food Science, University of Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy.
| | - Massimo Reverberi
- Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University, 00185 Rome, Italy.
| | - Chiara Dall'Asta
- Department of Food Science, University of Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Dellafiora L, Galaverna G, Righi F, Cozzini P, Dall'Asta C. Assessing the hydrolytic fate of the masked mycotoxin zearalenone-14-glucoside - A warning light for the need to look at the "maskedome". Food Chem Toxicol 2016; 99:9-16. [PMID: 27856298 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2016.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2016] [Revised: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 11/13/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Masked mycotoxins are plant metabolites of mycotoxins that contaminate food and feed. They pose health concern as the shortage of toxicological data forces the lack of regulation worldwide. The present work investigated the toxicological relevance of the masked mycotoxin zearalenone-14-glucoside. In vitro, it shows a lower toxicity in respect to the parent compound. However, the major risks related to the consumption of masked mycotoxins depend on the possibility to undergo hydrolysis. Therefore, the hydrolysis and further transformation of zearalenone-14-glucoside in bovine blood and blood components (i.e. plasma, serum and serum albumin) were monitored using LC/MS-MS analysis to gain insights on the possible systemic fate. Hydrolysis was observed in all matrices, and both cell-dependent and -independent contributions were pointed out. Moreover, further metabolism was observed in the whole blood as zearalenol isomers were found. Serum albumin was identified among the active components, and the protein-ligand interaction was investigated via computational analysis. The blood has been pointed out as possible district of reversion and further activation of zearalenone-14-glucoside, and a similar fate cannot be excluded for other masked mycotoxins. Therefore, the systemic hydrolysis should be evaluated beside the absorption, bioavailability and bioaccessibility to deeply understand the toxicity of masked mycotoxins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luca Dellafiora
- Department of Food Science, University of Parma, Parma, Italy.
| | | | - Federico Righi
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Pietro Cozzini
- Department of Food Science, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Human serine racemase is allosterically modulated by NADH and reduced nicotinamide derivatives. Biochem J 2016; 473:3505-3516. [PMID: 27493223 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20160566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Serine racemase catalyzes both the synthesis and the degradation of d-serine, an obligatory co-agonist of the glutamatergic NMDA receptors. It is allosterically controlled by adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which increases its activity around 7-fold through a co-operative binding mechanism. Serine racemase has been proposed as a drug target for the treatment of several neuropathologies but, so far, the search has been directed only toward the active site, with the identification of a few, low-affinity inhibitors. Following the recent observation that nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (reduced form) (NADH) inhibits serine racemase, here we show that the inhibition is partial, with an IC50 of 246 ± 63 μM, several-fold higher than NADH intracellular concentrations. At saturating concentrations of NADH, ATP binds with a 2-fold lower affinity and without co-operativity, suggesting ligand competition. NADH also reduces the weak activity of human serine racemase in the absence of ATP, indicating an additional ATP-independent inhibition mechanism. By dissecting the NADH molecule, we discovered that the inhibitory determinant is the N-substituted 1,4-dihydronicotinamide ring. Particularly, the NADH precursor 1,4-dihydronicotinamide mononucleotide exhibited a partial mixed-type inhibition, with a KI of 18 ± 7 μM. Docking simulations suggested that all 1,4-dihydronicotinamide derivatives bind at the interdimeric interface, with the ring positioned in an unoccupied site next to the ATP-binding site. This newly recognized allosteric site might be exploited for the design of high-affinity serine racemase effectors to finely modulate d-serine homeostasis.
Collapse
|
18
|
Dellafiora L, Galaverna G, Dall'Asta C, Cozzini P. Hazard identification of cis/trans-zearalenone through the looking-glass. Food Chem Toxicol 2015; 86:65-71. [PMID: 26391124 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2015.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Revised: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 09/17/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Among the food-related health issues, the presence of contaminants has a prominent role, due to the wide range of exogenous compounds that can occur in food commodities and to their large differences in structure and biological activity. A comprehensive assessment of the related risk is thus actually demanding in terms of time and facilities involved. In this context, the use of computational strategies can be an effective choice for supporting the hazard identification procedure at the early stage. In this work, we focused on the food contaminant zearalenone by comparing the trans and cis isomers, respectively the well-known mycoestrogen and its still largely understudied isomer. We estimated the possible effects exerted by human metabolism on the xenoestrogenicity of cis-ZEN by using a validated in silico strategy based on docking simulations and rescoring procedures. Similarly, the exploitation of the most promising enzymatic detoxifying routes designed for trans-ZEN - which relies on the enzyme lactono hydrolase from Clonostachys rosea - has been assessed for the cis-isomer as well. Our results showed that both isomers can act as functional analogues with respect to xenoestrogenic activity, and several cis-ZEN metabolites with high biological potential have been identified. On the contrary, in spite of the high degree of structural analogy, the cis isomer showed a pattern of interaction with the degrading enzyme in stark contrast with that observed for trans-ZEN. For these reasons, the outcomes presented herein strongly support the inclusion of cis-ZEN in further studies of occurrence, metabolism and bioactivity assessment, and suggest the need for a dedicated handling for the cis isomer in risk assessment studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luca Dellafiora
- Department of Food Science, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, 43124, Parma, Italy
| | - Gianni Galaverna
- Department of Food Science, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, 43124, Parma, Italy
| | - Chiara Dall'Asta
- Department of Food Science, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, 43124, Parma, Italy.
| | - Pietro Cozzini
- Department of Food Science, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, 43124, Parma, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|