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Keyser BM, Leverette R, Wertman J, Shutsky T, McRae R, Szeliga K, Makena P, Jordan K. Evaluation of Cytotoxicity and Oxidative Stress of Whole Aerosol from Vuse Alto ENDS Products. TOXICS 2024; 12:129. [PMID: 38393224 PMCID: PMC10892160 DOI: 10.3390/toxics12020129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Assessment of in vitro cytotoxicity is an important component of tobacco product toxicological evaluations. However, current methods of regulatory testing involve exposing monolayer cell cultures to various preparations of aerosols from cigarettes or other emerging products such as electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS), which are not representative of human exposure. In the present study, a whole aerosol (WA) system was used to expose lung epithelial cultures (2D and 3D) to determine the potential of six Vuse Alto ENDS products that varied in nicotine content (1.8%, 2.4%, and 5%) and flavors (Golden Tobacco, Rich Tobacco, Menthol, and Mixed Berry), along with a marketed ENDS and a marked cigarette comparator to induce cytotoxicity and oxidative stress. The WA from the Vuse Alto ENDS products was not cytotoxic in the NRU and MTT assays, nor did it activate the Nrf2 reporter gene, a marker of oxidative stress. In summary, Vuse Alto ENDS products did not induce cytotoxic or oxidative stress responses in the in vitro models. The WA exposures used in the 3D in vitro models described herein may be better suited than 2D models for the determination of cytotoxicity and other in vitro functional endpoints and represent alternative models for regulatory evaluation of tobacco products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian M. Keyser
- RAI Services Company, Winston-Salem, NC 27106, USA; (R.L.); (J.W.); (K.S.); (P.M.); (K.J.)
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Emma R, Fuochi V, Distefano A, Partsinevelos K, Rust S, Zadjali F, Al Tobi M, Zadjali R, Alharthi Z, Pulvirenti R, Furneri PM, Polosa R, Sun A, Caruso M, Li Volti G. Cytotoxicity, mutagenicity and genotoxicity of electronic cigarettes emission aerosols compared to cigarette smoke: the REPLICA project. Sci Rep 2023; 13:17859. [PMID: 37903810 PMCID: PMC10616076 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-44626-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Concerns have recently increased that the integrity of some scientific research is questionable due to the inability to reproduce the claimed results of some experiments and thereby confirm that the original researcher's conclusions were justified. This phenomenon has been described as 'reproducibility crisis' and affects various fields from medicine to basic applied sciences. In this context, the REPLICA project aims to replicate previously conducted in vitro studies on the toxicity of cigarette smoke and e-cigarette aerosol, sometimes adding experiments or conditions where necessary, in order to verify the robustness and replicability of the data. In this work the REPLICA Team replicated biological and toxicological assessment published by Rudd and colleagues in 2020. As in the original paper, we performed Neutral Red Uptake (NRU) assay for the evaluation of cytotoxicity, Ames test for the evaluation of mutagenesis and In Vitro Micronuclei (IVMN) assay for the evaluation of genotoxicity on cells treated with cigarette smoke or e-cigarette aerosol. The results showed high cytotoxicity, mutagenicity and genotoxicity induced by cigarette smoke, but slight or no cytotoxic, mutagenic and genotoxic effects induced by the e-cigarette aerosol. Although the two studies presented some methodological differences, the findings supported those previously presented by Rudd and colleagues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosalia Emma
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia, 97, 95123, Catania, Italy
- Center of Excellence for the Acceleration of Harm Reduction (CoEHAR), University of Catania, Via S. Sofia, 97, 95123, Catania, Italy
| | - Virginia Fuochi
- Center of Excellence for the Acceleration of Harm Reduction (CoEHAR), University of Catania, Via S. Sofia, 97, 95123, Catania, Italy
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia, 97, 95123, Catania, Italy
| | - Alfio Distefano
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia, 97, 95123, Catania, Italy
| | - Konstantinos Partsinevelos
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia, 97, 95123, Catania, Italy
| | - Sonja Rust
- ECLAT Srl, Spin Off of the University of Catania, Via. S Sofia 89, 95123, Catania, Italy
| | - Fahad Zadjali
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, P.C 123, P.O. Box 35, Khodh, Oman
| | - Mohammed Al Tobi
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, P.C 123, P.O. Box 35, Khodh, Oman
| | - Razan Zadjali
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, P.C 123, P.O. Box 35, Khodh, Oman
| | - Zaina Alharthi
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, P.C 123, P.O. Box 35, Khodh, Oman
| | - Roberta Pulvirenti
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia, 97, 95123, Catania, Italy
| | - Pio Maria Furneri
- Center of Excellence for the Acceleration of Harm Reduction (CoEHAR), University of Catania, Via S. Sofia, 97, 95123, Catania, Italy
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia, 97, 95123, Catania, Italy
| | - Riccardo Polosa
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia, 97, 95123, Catania, Italy
- Center of Excellence for the Acceleration of Harm Reduction (CoEHAR), University of Catania, Via S. Sofia, 97, 95123, Catania, Italy
- ECLAT Srl, Spin Off of the University of Catania, Via. S Sofia 89, 95123, Catania, Italy
| | - Ang Sun
- Department of Biology, College of Science and Technology, Sbarro Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Massimo Caruso
- Center of Excellence for the Acceleration of Harm Reduction (CoEHAR), University of Catania, Via S. Sofia, 97, 95123, Catania, Italy.
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia, 97, 95123, Catania, Italy.
| | - Giovanni Li Volti
- Center of Excellence for the Acceleration of Harm Reduction (CoEHAR), University of Catania, Via S. Sofia, 97, 95123, Catania, Italy
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia, 97, 95123, Catania, Italy
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Miller-Holt J, Behrsing H, Crooks I, Curren R, Demir K, Gafner J, Gillman G, Hollings M, Leverette R, Oldham M, Simms L, Stankowski LF, Thorne D, Wieczorek R, Moore MM. Key challenges for in vitro testing of tobacco products for regulatory applications: Recommendations for dosimetry. Drug Test Anal 2023; 15:1175-1188. [PMID: 35830202 PMCID: PMC9897201 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 07/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The Institute for In Vitro Sciences (IIVS) is sponsoring a series of workshops to develop recommendations for optimal scientific and technical approaches for conducting in vitro assays to assess potential toxicity within and across tobacco and various next-generation products (NGPs) including heated tobacco products (HTPs) and electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDSs). This publication was developed by a working group of the workshop members in conjunction with the sixth workshop in that series entitled "Dosimetry for conducting in vitro evaluations" and focuses on aerosol dosimetry for aerosol exposure to combustible cigarettes, HTP, and ENDS aerosolized tobacco products and summarizes the key challenges as well as documenting areas for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Holger Behrsing
- Institute for In Vitro Sciences, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
| | - Ian Crooks
- Consumer Product Safety, British American Tobacco, Southampton, UK
| | - Rodger Curren
- Institute for In Vitro Sciences, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
| | - Kubilay Demir
- Regulatory Science, JUUL Labs Inc., 1000 F Street NW, Washington D.C. 20004, USA
| | - Jeremie Gafner
- Scientific & Regulatory Affairs, JT International SA, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Gene Gillman
- Regulatory Science, JUUL Labs Inc., 1000 F Street NW, Washington D.C. 20004, USA
| | - Michael Hollings
- Genetic Toxicology, Labcorp Early Development Laboratories Ltd., Harrogate, UK
| | - Robert Leverette
- Scientific & Regulatory Affairs, RAI Services Company, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Michael Oldham
- Regulatory Science, JUUL Labs Inc., 1000 F Street NW, Washington D.C. 20004, USA
| | - Liam Simms
- Group Science and Regulatory Affairs, Imperial Brands, Bristol, UK
| | - Leon F. Stankowski
- Genetic and In Vitro Toxicology, Charles River Laboratories–Skokie, Skokie, Illinois, USA
| | - David Thorne
- Consumer Product Safety, British American Tobacco, Southampton, UK
| | - Roman Wieczorek
- Group Science and Regulatory Affairs, Reemtsma Cigarettenfabriken GmbH, an Imperial Brands PLC Company, Hamburg, Germany
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4
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Zhang J, Doshi U, Wolz RL, Kosachevsky P, Oldham MJ, Gillman IG, Lee KM. Fit-for-purpose characterization of air-liquid-interface (ALI) in vitro exposure systems for e-vapor aerosol. Toxicol In Vitro 2022; 82:105352. [PMID: 35341918 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2022.105352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Air-liquid-interface (ALI) exposure systems deliver aerosol to the apical surface of cells which mimics the in vivo inhalation exposure conditions. It is necessary, however, to quantify the delivered amount of aerosol for ALI-based in vitro toxicity assessment. In this study, we evaluated two commercially available ALI exposure systems, a Vitrocell® Ames 48 (Ames 48) and a Vitrocell® 24/48 (VC 24/48), and the Vitrocell® VC1/7 smoking machine using a cig-a-like cartridge-based e-vapor device with a prototype formulation (containing 4% nicotine by weight). We characterized aerosol particle-size distribution, aerosol mass, and major chemical components (nicotine, propylene glycol, and glycerol) at the generation source and verified the repeatability of the aerosol generation. We determined aerosol delivery at the ALI by gravimetric analysis of mass collected on Cambridge filter pads and analytical quantitation of the buffer medium which showed that both aerosol mass and nicotine to an exposure insert linearly increased up to 400 puffs. The delivered aerosol mass covered a wide range of 0.8-3.4 mg per insert in the Ames 48 with variability (relative standard deviation, RSD) up to 12% and 1.1-6.4 mg per insert in the VC 24/48 with variability up to 15%. The delivered nicotine ranged approximately up to 200 μg per insert in both exposure systems. These results provided operation and aerosol delivery information of these ALI exposure systems for subsequent in vitro testing of e-vapor aerosols.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Zhang
- Altria Client Services LLC, Richmond, VA, United States of America.
| | - U Doshi
- Altria Client Services LLC, Richmond, VA, United States of America
| | - R L Wolz
- Enthalpy Analytical, Richmond, VA, United States of America
| | - P Kosachevsky
- Enthalpy Analytical, Richmond, VA, United States of America
| | - M J Oldham
- Altria Client Services LLC, Richmond, VA, United States of America
| | - I G Gillman
- Enthalpy Analytical, Richmond, VA, United States of America; Enthalpy Analytical, Richmond, VA, United States of America
| | - K M Lee
- Altria Client Services LLC, Richmond, VA, United States of America
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5
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Primavessy D, Metz J, Schnur S, Schneider M, Lehr CM, Hittinger M. Pulmonary in vitro instruments for the replacement of animal experiments. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2021; 168:62-75. [PMID: 34438019 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2021.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Advanced in vitro systems often combine a mechanical-physical instrument with a biological component e.g. cell culture models. For testing of aerosols, it is of advantage to consider aerosol behavior, particle deposition and lung region specific cell lines. Although there are many good reviews on the selection of cell cultures, articles on instruments are rare. This article focuses on the development of in vitro instruments targeting the exposure of aerosols on cell cultures. In this context, guidelines for toxicity investigation are taken into account as the aim of new methods must be the prediction of human relevant data and the replacement of existing animal experiments. We provide an overview on development history of research-based instruments from a pharmaceutical point of view. The standardized commercial devices resulting from the research-based instruments are presented and the future perspectives on pulmonary in vitro devices are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Primavessy
- Department of Drug Delivery, PharmBioTec Research and Development GmbH, Saarbrücken, Germany.
| | - Julia Metz
- Department of Drug Delivery, PharmBioTec Research and Development GmbH, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Sabrina Schnur
- Department of Drug Delivery, PharmBioTec Research and Development GmbH, Saarbrücken, Germany; Department of Pharmacy, Biopharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Marc Schneider
- Department of Pharmacy, Biopharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Claus-Michael Lehr
- Department of Drug Delivery, PharmBioTec Research and Development GmbH, Saarbrücken, Germany; Department of Pharmacy, Biopharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany; Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Marius Hittinger
- Department of Drug Delivery, PharmBioTec Research and Development GmbH, Saarbrücken, Germany; 3RProducts Marius Hittinger, Blieskastel, Germany
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Hatefi Oskuei R, Darvish Alipour Astaneh S, Rasooli I. A conserved region of Acinetobacter trimeric autotransporter adhesion, Ata, provokes suppression of Acinetobacter baumannii virulence. Arch Microbiol 2021; 203:3483-3493. [PMID: 33907866 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-021-02343-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 04/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The Acinetobacter trimeric autotransporter adhesin (Ata) is an important virulence factor. The conserved region from the genomic sequence of a 6777bp/2258 amino acid of Acinetobacter baumannii ATCC®19606™ ata was explored. A 263aa of the C-terminal of Ata (rcAta263) was expressed. The effect of rcAta263 on A. baumannii virulence was studied in a murine model. IgG and IgA were elicited and the mice groups challenged with A. baumannii showed significant survival rates from 66 to 100%. The bacterial loads were determined in the spleens, livers, and lungs of both control and test groups. The adhesion rate of A. baumannii to A549 cells in the presence of serum, cytotoxicity, mutagenicity, and biofilm disruption potential of rcAta263 were determined. Intraperitoneally challenged groups showed a significantly reduced bacterial load in the organs of the immunized mice. Intranasal challenge reduced 4 logs of bacterial CFU/g in the test group. The immunized mice sera reduced adherence of A. baumannii to A549 cells to 80%. No cytotoxic or mutagenic effect was detected. Biofilm disruption was significantly increased in the presence of immunized mice sera. Immunization with the conserved region of Ata significantly combats the virulence of A. baumannii which could be considered as a therapeutic strategy to control A. baumannii infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramin Hatefi Oskuei
- Department of Biology, Shahed University, Tehran-Qom Express way, Tehran, 3319118651, Iran
| | - Shakiba Darvish Alipour Astaneh
- Department of Biotechnology, Semnan University, Central Administration of Semnan University, Campus 1, Semnan, 35131-19111, I. R. of Iran
| | - Iraj Rasooli
- Department of Biology, Shahed University, Tehran-Qom Express way, Tehran, 3319118651, Iran.
- Molecular Microbiology Research Center and Department of Biology, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran.
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7
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An experimental aerosol air-agar interface mouse lymphoma assay methodology. Mutat Res 2020; 856-857:503230. [PMID: 32928375 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2020.503230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
This work investigates a completely novel and experimental concept of exposing L5178Y cells at the air-agar-interface to mainstream cigarette smoke aerosol (Kentucky reference 3R4F). This study highlights the associated challenges of combining a suspension cell line alongside an in vitro aerosol exposure system. To achieve a monolayer, cells were 'seeded' in a concentrated cell super-mix suspension onto an RPMI/agar-matrix -base. The resulting cell suspension media was adsorbed into the agar base leaving the L5178Y cells lightly suspended on the agar surface, approximating a monolayer. Cells were deemed supportable on the agar-matrix, viable and recoverable. Using Vitrocell VC 10 exposure system and the Ames 4 exposure module, L5178Y cells were successfully exposed to a dynamic cigarette smoke aerosol, recovered and assessed for mutant frequencies, using standard assay procedures. Method development included assessment of flowing air conditions, plating efficiency and recovery of L5178Y cells from the agar-matrix surface. Positive controls MMS and B[a]P were successfully incorporated into the agar-matrix and metabolic activation was achieved by S-9 incorporation into the same agar-base-matrix. B[a]P demonstrated metabolic activation and positive response, suggesting a clear cellular interaction with the agar-matrix. Whole smoke exposed cells in the presence of metabolic activation showed a clear dose response and increasing mutant frequencies, well in excess of the controls (air and incubator) and the global evaluation factor following a 2 or 3 day expression period. This experimental concept demonstrates that L5178Y cells can be exposed to cigarette smoke aerosol, using a completely novel and a previously untested approach. Although this work successfully demonstrates the approach is viable and cells can be plated and maintained on an agar-matrix, more optimisation and robustness assessment is required before it can be considered fully adapted and used alongside other whole aerosol methodologies for the assessment of cigarette smoke and other inhaled aerosols.
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Wavreil FD, Heggland SJ. Cinnamon-flavored electronic cigarette liquids and aerosols induce oxidative stress in human osteoblast-like MG-63 cells. Toxicol Rep 2019; 7:23-29. [PMID: 31871899 PMCID: PMC6909334 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2019.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Revised: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
As noncombustible nicotine delivery devices, electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) are the most popular tobacco product among youth. The widespread popularity of e-cigarettes combined with possible health consequences suggest a need to further research health hazards associated with e-cigarette use. Since conventional tobacco use is a risk factor for osteoporosis, this study investigates the impact of nicotine-free, cinnamon-flavored e-cigarette liquid (e-liquid) on bone-forming osteoblasts compared to flavorless e-liquid. Human tumor-derived osteoblast-like MG-63 cells were exposed for 24 h or 48 h to 0.0.4 %, 0.04 %, 0.4 % or 1 % of unvaped e-liquid or 0.0025 %, 0.025 %, 0.25 %, 1 % or 2.5 % of aerosol condensate in addition to a culture medium only control. Changes in cell viability were assessed by MTT assay, and the expression of a key bone protein, collagen type I, was analyzed by immunofluorescence. Production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) was detected by fluorometry to assess oxidative stress. Cell viability decreased in a dose-dependent manner, and ROS production increased, which was most pronounced with cinnamon-flavored e-liquids. There were no detectable changes in collagen type I protein following exposure to any of the aerosol condensates. This study demonstrates osteoblast-like cells are sensitive to both e-liquids and aerosol condensates and suggests the cytotoxicity of cinnamon-flavored e-liquids might be associated with oxidative stress rather than changes in collagen type I protein expression. This in vitro study provides insight into the potential impacts of e-cigarette use on bone cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sara J. Heggland
- Department of Biology, The College of Idaho, 2112 Cleveland Blvd, Caldwell, ID, 83605, USA
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Marescotti D, Mathis C, Belcastro V, Leroy P, Acali S, Martin F, Dulize R, Bornand D, Peric D, Guedj E, Ortega Torres L, Biasioli M, Fuhrimann M, Fernandes E, Frauendorfer F, Gonzalez Suarez I, Sciuscio D, Ivanov NV, Peitsch MC, Hoeng J. Systems toxicology assessment of a representative e-liquid formulation using human primary bronchial epithelial cells. Toxicol Rep 2019; 7:67-80. [PMID: 31886136 PMCID: PMC6921209 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2019.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Revised: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of reduced-risk products aims to provide alternatives to cigarettes that present less risk of harm for adult smokers. Responsible use of flavoring substances in these products may fulfill an important role in product acceptance. While most flavoring substances used in such products are also used by the food industry and are considered safe when ingested, their impact when inhaled may require further assessment. To aid in such an assessment, a three-step approach combining real-time cellular analysis, phenotypic high-content screening assays, and gene expression analysis was developed and tested in normal human bronchial epithelial cells with 28 flavoring substances commonly used in e-liquid formulations, dissolved individually or as a mixture in a base solution composed of propylene glycol, vegetable glycerin, and 0.6% nicotine. By employing this approach, we identified individual flavoring substances that potentially contribute greatly to the overall mixture effect (citronellol and alpha-pinene). By assessing modified mixtures, we showed that, although cytotoxic effects were found when assessed individually, alpha-pinene did not contribute to the overall mixture cytotoxicity. Most of the cytotoxic effect appeared to be attributable to citronellol, with the remaining substances contributing due to synergistic effects. We developed and used different scoring methods (Tox-Score, Phenotypic Score, and Biological Impact Factor/Network Perturbation Amplitude), ultimately enabling a ranking based on cytotoxicity, phenotypic outcome, and molecular network perturbations. This case study highlights the benefits of testing both individual flavoring substances and mixtures for e-liquid flavor assessment and emphasized the importance of data sharing for the benefit of consumer safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Marescotti
- Corresponding author at: PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
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10
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Kim NS, Shin S, Shin GG, Bang OS. Genotoxicity evaluation of a Phragmitis rhizoma extract using a standard battery of in vitro and in vivo assays. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2019; 241:112025. [PMID: 31189082 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2019.112025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Revised: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE A rhizome of Phragmites communis Trinius has been used in traditional medicine to remove a heat, relieve vomiting and fever, nourish body fluids, and treat diseases like cancers. However, the safety of Phragmitis rhizoma has not yet been fully assessed. AIM OF THE STUDY The present study evaluated the genotoxicity of an aqueous extract of Phragmitis rhizoma (AEPR). MATERIALS AND METHODS The genotoxic potential of AEPR was evaluated using both in vitro and in vivo assay systems: a bacterial reverse mutation (AMES) test using auxotrophic mutant strains of Salmonella typhimurium (TA100, TA1535, TA98, TA1537) and Escherichia coli (WP2 uvrA), a chromosomal aberration test using Chinese hamster lung cells, and a micronucleus test using bone marrow cells from male ICR mice subjected to an oral administration of AEPR. All tests were completed in compliance with the OECD guidelines or regional regulatory standards for toxicity study, and Good Laboratory Practice. RESULTS When compared with the negative control, no genotoxic signs related to the AEPR treatment were observed in the AMES test up to 5000 μg/plate of AEPR and in the chromosomal aberration test up to 500 μg/ml of AEPR regardless of metabolic activation. Repeated oral administration of AEPR up to 5000 mg/kg/day for 2 days did not affect the body weight gains or mortalities of the experimental mice and did not induce any significant changes in the frequency of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes. CONCLUSIONS The present study demonstrated that aqueous extract of Phragmitis rhizoma is safe regarding genotoxicity in an experimental model at least under the conditions tested. Further toxicity assessment in a human clinical study should be done to support the safe use of Phragmitis rhizoma by patients and healthcare providers.
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Affiliation(s)
- No Soo Kim
- Clinical Medicine Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, 1672 Yuseong-daero, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34054, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sarah Shin
- Clinical Medicine Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, 1672 Yuseong-daero, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34054, Republic of Korea.
| | - Geon-Gook Shin
- Nonclinical Research Institute, Chemon Inc., 240 Nampyeong-ro, Yangji-myeon, Cheoin-gu, Yongin, 17162, Republic of Korea.
| | - Ok-Sun Bang
- Clinical Medicine Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, 1672 Yuseong-daero, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34054, Republic of Korea.
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11
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Jaccard G, Djoko DT, Korneliou A, Stabbert R, Belushkin M, Esposito M. Mainstream smoke constituents and in vitro toxicity comparative analysis of 3R4F and 1R6F reference cigarettes. Toxicol Rep 2019; 6:222-231. [PMID: 30886823 PMCID: PMC6402302 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2019.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Revised: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
A new Kentucky reference cigarette, 1R6F, has been manufactured to replace the depleting 3R4F reference cigarette. The 3R4F Kentucky reference cigarettes have been widely used as monitor or comparator cigarettes for mainstream smoke analysis and in vitro and in vivo toxicological data of cigarettes and novel tobacco products. Both reference cigarettes were analyzed in the same laboratory during the same period of time with the goal of performing a comparison of 3R4F and 1R6F. On the basis of the results obtained from aerosol chemistry and in vitro assays, we consider that the 1R6F reference cigarette is a suitable replacement for the 3R4F reference cigarette as a comparator/monitor cigarette. Its specific use as a comparator for novel tobacco products was checked on the basis of a comparative test with the Tobacco Heating System 2.2 as an example.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guy Jaccard
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 3, CH-2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
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