1
|
Xu S, Hong L, Wu T, Liu X, Ding Z, Liu L, Shao Q, Zheng Y, Xing B. Insight into saffron associated microbiota from different origins and explore the endophytes for enhancement of bioactive compounds. Food Chem 2024; 456:140006. [PMID: 38870814 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.140006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2024] [Revised: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
Crocus sativus L. is a perennial crop for its valuable active compounds. Plant-associated microbes impact on the quality and efficacy of medicinal herbs by promoting bioactive components accumulation. However, how microbes influence the accumulation of bioactive components in saffron have not been well studied. Here, the microbiome in C. sativus derived from 3 core production areas were deciphered by 16S rDNA sequencing and the relationship between endophytes and bioactive ingredients were further investigated. The main results are as follows: (1) Both Comamonadaceae and Burkholderiaceae were positively correlated with the content of bioactive components in the stigmas. (2) The synthesis of crocin was positively correlated with Xanthomonadaceae, negatively correlated with Lachnospiraceae and Prevotellaceae. Therefore, further investigation is required to determine whether Xanthomonadaceae plays an unknown function in the synthesis of crocin. These findings provide guidelines for disentangling the function of endophytes in the production of bioactive ingredients and thus for microbe-mediated breeding.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sirui Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou 311300, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Resources Protection and Innovation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Liang Hong
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou 311300, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Resources Protection and Innovation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Tong Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou 311300, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Resources Protection and Innovation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Xinting Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou 311300, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Resources Protection and Innovation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Zihan Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou 311300, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Resources Protection and Innovation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Li Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou 311300, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Resources Protection and Innovation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Qingsong Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou 311300, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Resources Protection and Innovation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Ying Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou 311300, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Resources Protection and Innovation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou 311300, China.
| | - Bingcong Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou 311300, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Resources Protection and Innovation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou 311300, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Xiang J, Wei L, Zheng T, Wu J, Cheng J. ADP-ribosylation factor 1 (ARF1) protein interacts with elicitor PvNLP7 from Plasmopara viticola to mediate PvNLP7-triggered immunity. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 347:112194. [PMID: 39009307 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2024.112194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Revised: 06/06/2024] [Accepted: 07/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024]
Abstract
Revealing the effector-host molecular interactions is crucial for understanding the host immunity against Plasmopara viticola and devising innovative disease management strategies. As a pathogenic oomycete causing grapevine downy mildew, Plasmopara viticola employs various effectors to manipulate the defense systems of host plants. One of these P. viticola derived effectors is necrosis- and ethylene-inducing peptide 1 (Nep1) -like protein (PvNLP7), which has been known to elicit cell death and immune responses in plants. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain obscure, prompting the focus of this study. Through yeast two-hybrid screening, we have identified the Vitis rotundifolia ADP-ribosylation factor (VrARF1) as a host interactor of PvNLP7. This interaction is corroborated through bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) and co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP) assays. Heterologous expression of VrARF1 in Nicotiana benthamiana verifies its accumulation in both the cytoplasm and nucleus, and induction of cell death. Moreover, the VrARF1 gene is strongly induced during early P. viticola infection and upon PvNLP7 transient expression. Overexpression of the VrARF1 gene in grapevine and N. benthamiana enhances resistance to P. viticola and Phytophthora capsici, respectively, via induction of defense related genes PR1 and PR2. Conversely, virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) of NbARF1 in N. benthamiana, homologous to VrARF1, markedly attenuates PvNLP7-triggered cell death and reduces the expression of four PTI marker genes (PTI5, Acre31, WRKY7 and Cyp71D20) and two defense related genes (PR1 and PR2), rendering plants transiently transformed with PvNLP7 more susceptible to oomycete P. capsici. These findings highlight the role of ARF1 in mediating PvNLP7-induced immunity and indicate its potential as a target for engineering disease-resistant transgenic plants against oomycete pathogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Xiang
- Institute of Horticulture, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Lingzhu Wei
- Institute of Horticulture, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Ting Zheng
- Institute of Horticulture, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Jiang Wu
- Institute of Horticulture, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Jianhui Cheng
- Institute of Horticulture, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Huang WRH, Braam C, Kretschmer C, Villanueva SL, Liu H, Ferik F, van der Burgh AM, Wu J, Zhang L, Nürnberger T, Wang Y, Seidl MF, Evangelisti E, Stuttmann J, Joosten MHAJ. Receptor-like cytoplasmic kinases of different subfamilies differentially regulate SOBIR1/BAK1-mediated immune responses in Nicotiana benthamiana. Nat Commun 2024; 15:4339. [PMID: 38773116 PMCID: PMC11109355 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-48313-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Cell-surface receptors form the front line of plant immunity. The leucine-rich repeat (LRR)-receptor-like kinases SOBIR1 and BAK1 are required for the functionality of the tomato LRR-receptor-like protein Cf-4, which detects the secreted effector Avr4 of the pathogenic fungus Fulvia fulva. Here, we show that the kinase domains of SOBIR1 and BAK1 directly phosphorylate each other and that residues Thr522 and Tyr469 of the kinase domain of Nicotiana benthamiana SOBIR1 are required for its kinase activity and for interacting with signalling partners, respectively. By knocking out multiple genes belonging to different receptor-like cytoplasmic kinase (RLCK)-VII subfamilies in N. benthamiana:Cf-4, we show that members of RLCK-VII-6, -7, and -8 differentially regulate the Avr4/Cf-4-triggered biphasic burst of reactive oxygen species. In addition, members of RLCK-VII-7 play an essential role in resistance against the oomycete pathogen Phytophthora palmivora. Our study provides molecular evidence for the specific roles of RLCKs downstream of SOBIR1/BAK1-containing immune complexes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wen R H Huang
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom.
| | - Ciska Braam
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Carola Kretschmer
- Institute for Biology, Department of Plant Genetics, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120, Halle, Germany
| | - Sergio Landeo Villanueva
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Huan Liu
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Filiz Ferik
- Institute for Biology, Department of Plant Genetics, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120, Halle, Germany
| | - Aranka M van der Burgh
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Teaching and Learning Centre, Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 4, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jinbin Wu
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Lisha Zhang
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Centre for Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 32, D-72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Thorsten Nürnberger
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Centre for Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 32, D-72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Yulu Wang
- Laboratory of Biomanufacturing and Food Engineering, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Michael F Seidl
- Theoretical Biology & Bioinformatics, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, 3584 CH, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Edouard Evangelisti
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Université Côte d'Azur, INRAE UMR 1355, CNRS UMR 7254, Institut Sophia Agrobiotech (ISA), 06903, Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Johannes Stuttmann
- Institute for Biology, Department of Plant Genetics, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120, Halle, Germany
- Aix Marseille University, CEA, CNRS, BIAM, UMR7265, LEMiRE (Microbial Ecology of the Rhizosphere), 13115, Saint‑Paul lez Durance, France
| | - Matthieu H A J Joosten
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Baran B, Ölmez F, Çapa B, Dikilitas M. Defense Pathways of Wheat Plants Inoculated with Zymoseptoria tritici under NaCl Stress Conditions: An Overview. Life (Basel) 2024; 14:648. [PMID: 38792668 PMCID: PMC11122936 DOI: 10.3390/life14050648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Revised: 04/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Due to being sessile, plants develop a broad range of defense pathways when they face abiotic or biotic stress factors. Although plants are subjected to more than one type of stress at a time in nature, the combined effects of either multiple stresses of one kind (abiotic or biotic) or more kinds (abiotic and biotic) have now been realized in agricultural lands due to increases in global warming and environmental pollution, along with population increases. Soil-borne pathogens, or pathogens infecting aerial parts, can have devastating effects on plants when combined with other stressors. Obtaining yields or crops from sensitive or moderately resistant plants could be impossible, and it could be very difficult from resistant plants. The mechanisms of combined stress in many plants have previously been studied and elucidated. Recent studies proposed new defense pathways and mechanisms through signaling cascades. In light of these mechanisms, it is now time to develop appropriate strategies for crop protection under multiple stress conditions. This may involve using disease-resistant or stress-tolerant plant varieties, implementing proper irrigation and drainage practices, and improving soil quality. However, generation of both stress-tolerant and disease-resistant crop plants is of crucial importance. The establishment of a database and understanding of the defense mechanisms under combined stress conditions would be meaningful for the development of resistant and tolerant plants. It is clear that leaf pathogens show great tolerance to salinity stress and result in pathogenicity in crop plants. We noticed that regulation of the stomata through biochemical applications and some effort with the upregulation of the minor gene expressions indirectly involved with the defense mechanisms could be a great way to increase the defense metabolites without interfering with quality parameters. In this review, we selected wheat as a model plant and Zymoseptoria tritici as a model leaf pathogen to evaluate the defense mechanisms under saline conditions through physiological, biochemical, and molecular pathways and suggested various ways to generate tolerant and resistant cereal plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Behzat Baran
- Plant Protection Research Institute, Sur, Diyarbakır 21110, Türkiye;
| | - Fatih Ölmez
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Sivas University of Science and Technology, Sivas 58010, Türkiye;
| | - Beritan Çapa
- Department of Plant Protection Şanliurfa, Faculty of Agriculture, Harran University, Sanliurfa 63000, Türkiye;
| | - Murat Dikilitas
- Department of Plant Protection Şanliurfa, Faculty of Agriculture, Harran University, Sanliurfa 63000, Türkiye;
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Huang WRH, Joosten MHAJ. Immune signaling: receptor-like proteins make the difference. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024:S1360-1385(24)00068-2. [PMID: 38594153 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2024.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
To resist biotic attacks, plants have evolved a sophisticated, receptor-based immune system. Cell-surface immune receptors, which are either receptor-like kinases (RLKs) or receptor-like proteins (RLPs), form the front line of the plant defense machinery. RLPs lack a cytoplasmic kinase domain for downstream immune signaling, and leucine-rich repeat (LRR)-containing RLPs constitutively associate with the RLK SOBIR1. The RLP/SOBIR1 complex was proposed to be the bimolecular equivalent of genuine RLKs. However, it appears that the molecular mechanisms by which RLP/SOBIR1 complexes and RLKs mount immunity show some striking differences. Here, we summarize the differences between RLP/SOBIR1 and RLK signaling, focusing on the way these receptors recruit the BAK1 co-receptor and elaborating on the negative crosstalk taking place between the two signaling networks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wen R H Huang
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Matthieu H A J Joosten
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708PB Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Zhi P, Gao R, Chen W, Chang C. Wheat Transcriptional Corepressor TaTPR1 Suppresses Susceptibility Genes TaDND1/2 and Potentiates Post-Penetration Resistance against Blumeria graminis forma specialis tritici. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1695. [PMID: 38338970 PMCID: PMC10855895 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25031695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 01/27/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The obligate biotrophic fungal pathogen Blumeria graminis forma specialis tritici (B.g. tritici) is the causal agent of wheat powdery mildew disease. The TOPLESS-related 1 (TPR1) corepressor regulates plant immunity, but its role in regulating wheat resistance against powdery mildew remains to be disclosed. Herein, TaTPR1 was identified as a positive regulator of wheat post-penetration resistance against powdery mildew disease. The transient overexpression of TaTPR1.1 or TaTPR1.2 confers wheat post-penetration resistance powdery mildew, while the silencing of TaTPR1.1 and TaTPR1.2 results in an enhanced wheat susceptibility to B.g. tritici. Furthermore, Defense no Death 1 (TaDND1) and Defense no Death 2 (TaDND2) were identified as wheat susceptibility (S) genes facilitating a B.g. tritici infection. The overexpression of TaDND1 and TaDND2 leads to an enhanced wheat susceptibility to B.g. tritici, while the silencing of wheat TaDND1 and TaDND2 leads to a compromised susceptibility to powdery mildew. In addition, we demonstrated that the expression of TaDND1 and TaDND2 is negatively regulated by the wheat transcriptional corepressor TaTPR1. Collectively, these results implicate that TaTPR1 positively regulates wheat post-penetration resistance against powdery mildew probably via suppressing the S genes TaDND1 and TaDND2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Cheng Chang
- College of Life Sciences, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Lee HK, Santiago J. Structural insights of cell wall integrity signaling during development and immunity. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 76:102455. [PMID: 37739866 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2023.102455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 08/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
A communication system between plant cells and their surrounding cell wall is required to coordinate development, immunity, and the integration of environmental cues. This communication network is facilitated by a large pool of membrane- and cell-wall-anchored proteins that can potentially interact with the matrix or its fragments, promoting cell wall patterning or eliciting cellular responses that may lead to changes in the architecture and chemistry of the wall. A mechanistic understanding of how these receptors and cell wall proteins recognize and interact with cell wall epitopes would be key to a better understanding of all plant processes that require cell wall remodeling such as expansion, morphogenesis, and defense responses. This review focuses on the latest developments in structurally and biochemically characterized receptors and protein complexes implicated in reading and regulating cell wall integrity and immunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Kyung Lee
- The Plant Signaling Mechanisms Laboratory, Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Julia Santiago
- The Plant Signaling Mechanisms Laboratory, Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Chandan RK, Kumar R, Kabyashree K, Yadav SK, Roy M, Swain DM, Jha G. A prophage tail-like protein facilitates the endophytic growth of Burkholderia gladioli and mounting immunity in tomato. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023; 240:1202-1218. [PMID: 37559429 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
A prophage tail-like protein (Bg_9562) of Burkholderia gladioli strain NGJ1 possesses broad-spectrum antifungal activity, and it is required for the bacterial ability to forage over fungi. Here, we analyzed whether heterologous overexpression of Bg_9562 or exogenous treatment with purified protein can impart disease tolerance in tomato. The physiological relevance of Bg_9562 during endophytic growth of NGJ1 was also investigated. Bg_9562 overexpressing lines demonstrate fungal and bacterial disease tolerance. They exhibit enhanced expression of defense genes and activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases. Treatment with Bg_9562 protein induces defense responses and imparts immunity in wild-type tomato. The defense-inducing ability lies within 18-51 aa region of Bg_9562 and is due to sequence homology with the bacterial flagellin epitope. Interaction studies suggest that Bg_9562 is perceived by FLAGELLIN-SENSING 2 homologs in tomato. The silencing of SlSERK3s (BAK1 homologs) prevents Bg_9562-triggered immunity. Moreover, type III secretion system-dependent translocation of Bg_9562 into host apoplast is important for elicitation of immune responses during colonization of NGJ1. Our study emphasizes that Bg_9562 is important for the endophytic growth of B. gladioli, while the plant perceives it as an indirect indicator of the presence of bacteria to mount immune responses. The findings have practical implications for controlling plant diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ravindra Kumar Chandan
- Plant-Microbe Interactions Lab, National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Rahul Kumar
- Plant-Microbe Interactions Lab, National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Kristi Kabyashree
- Plant-Microbe Interactions Lab, National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Sunil Kumar Yadav
- Plant-Microbe Interactions Lab, National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Mandira Roy
- Plant-Microbe Interactions Lab, National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Durga Madhab Swain
- Plant-Microbe Interactions Lab, National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Gopaljee Jha
- Plant-Microbe Interactions Lab, National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Shu LJ, Kahlon PS, Ranf S. The power of patterns: new insights into pattern-triggered immunity. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023; 240:960-967. [PMID: 37525301 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
The plant immune system features numerous immune receptors localized on the cell surface to monitor the apoplastic space for danger signals from a broad range of plant colonizers. Recent discoveries shed light on the enormous complexity of molecular signals sensed by these receptors, how they are generated and removed to maintain cellular homeostasis and immunocompetence, and how they are shaped by host-imposed evolutionary constraints. Fine-tuning receptor sensing mechanisms at the molecular, cellular and physiological level is critical for maintaining a robust but adaptive host barrier to commensal, pathogenic, and symbiotic colonizers alike. These receptors are at the core of any plant-colonizer interaction and hold great potential for engineering disease resistance and harnessing beneficial microbiota to keep crops healthy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lin-Jie Shu
- Chair of Phytopathology, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, 85354, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Parvinderdeep S Kahlon
- Chair of Phytopathology, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, 85354, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - Stefanie Ranf
- Chair of Phytopathology, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, 85354, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Kim SJ, Bhandari DD, Sokoloski R, Brandizzi F. Immune activation during Pseudomonas infection causes local cell wall remodeling and alters AGP accumulation. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 116:541-557. [PMID: 37496362 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
The plant cell boundary generally comprises constituents of the primary and secondary cell wall (CW) that are deposited sequentially during development. Although it is known that the CW acts as a barrier against phytopathogens and undergoes modifications to limit their invasion, the extent, sequence, and requirements of the pathogen-induced modifications of the CW components are still largely unknown, especially at the level of the polysaccharide fraction. To address this significant knowledge gap, we adopted the compatible Pseudomonas syringae-Arabidopsis thaliana system. We found that, despite systemic signaling actuation, Pseudomonas infection leads only to local CW modifications. Furthermore, by utilizing a combination of CW and immune signaling-deficient mutants infected with virulent or non-virulent bacteria, we demonstrated that the pathogen-induced changes in CW polysaccharides depend on the combination of pathogen virulence and the host's ability to mount an immune response. This results in a pathogen-driven accumulation of CW hexoses, such as galactose, and an immune signaling-dependent increase in CW pentoses, mainly arabinose, and xylose. Our analyses of CW changes during disease progression also revealed a distinct spatiotemporal pattern of arabinogalactan protein (AGP) deposition and significant modifications of rhamnogalacturonan sidechains. Furthermore, genetic analyses demonstrated a critical role of AGPs, specifically of the Arabinoxylan Pectin Arabinogalactan Protein1, in limiting pathogen growth. Collectively, our results provide evidence for the actuation of significant remodeling of CW polysaccharides in a compatible host-pathogen interaction, and, by identifying AGPs as critical elements of the CW in plant defense, they pinpoint opportunities to improve plants against diverse pathogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Jin Kim
- Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Deepak D Bhandari
- Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Rylee Sokoloski
- Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Federica Brandizzi
- Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Liu S, Xiao M, Fang A, Tian B, Yu Y, Bi C, Ma D, Yang Y. LysM Proteins TaCEBiP and TaLYK5 are Involved in Immune Responses Mediated by Chitin Coreceptor TaCERK1 in Wheat. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:13535-13545. [PMID: 37665660 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c02686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
Plant lysin motif (LysM) ectodomain receptors interact with pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and have critical functions in plant-microbe interactions. In this study, 65 LysM family genes were identified using the recent version of the reference sequence of bread wheat (Triticum aestivum), in which 23, 16, 20, and 6 members belonged to LysM-containing receptor-like kinases (LYKs), LysM-containing receptor-like proteins (LYPs), extracellular LysM proteins (LysMes), and intracellular nonsecretory LysM proteins (LysMns), respectively. The study found that TaCEBiP, TaLYK5, and TaCERK1 were highly responsive to PAMP elicitors and phytopathogens, with TaCEBiP and TaLYK5 binding directly to chitin. TaCERK1 acted as a coreceptor with TaCEBiP and TaLYK5 at the plasma membrane. Overexpression of TaCEBiP, TaLYK5, and TaCERK1 in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves exhibited enhanced resistance to Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. Subsequently, knocking down TaCEBiP, TaLYK5, and TaCERK1 genes with barley stripe mosaic virus-VIGS compromised the wheat defense response to an avirulent strain of Puccinia striiformis. The study concluded that wheat has two synergistic chitin perception systems for detecting pathogen elicitors, with the activated CERK1 intracellular kinase domain leading to signaling transduction. This research provides valuable insights into the functional roles and regulatory mechanisms of wheat LysM members under biotic stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Saifei Liu
- College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Muye Xiao
- College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Anfei Fang
- College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Binnian Tian
- College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Yang Yu
- College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Chaowei Bi
- College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Dongfang Ma
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain Industry/College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei 434025, China
| | - Yuheng Yang
- College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Iakovidis M, Chung EH, Saile SC, Sauberzweig E, El Kasmi F. The emerging frontier of plant immunity's core hubs. FEBS J 2023; 290:3311-3335. [PMID: 35668694 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The ever-growing world population, increasingly frequent extreme weather events and conditions, emergence of novel devastating crop pathogens and the social strive for quality food products represent a huge challenge for current and future agricultural production systems. To address these challenges and find realistic solutions, it is becoming more important by the day to understand the complex interactions between plants and the environment, mainly the associated organisms, but in particular pathogens. In the past several years, research in the fields of plant pathology and plant-microbe interactions has enabled tremendous progress in understanding how certain receptor-based plant innate immune systems function to successfully prevent infections and diseases. In this review, we highlight and discuss some of these new ground-breaking discoveries and point out strategies of how pathogens counteract the function of important core convergence hubs of the plant immune system. For practical reasons, we specifically place emphasis on potential applications that can be detracted by such discoveries and what challenges the future of agriculture has to face, but also how these challenges could be tackled.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michail Iakovidis
- Horticultural Genetics and Biotechnology Department, Mediterranean Agricultural Institute of Chania, Greece
| | - Eui-Hwan Chung
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences & Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Svenja C Saile
- Centre for Plant Molecular Biology, University of Tübingen, Germany
| | - Elke Sauberzweig
- Centre for Plant Molecular Biology, University of Tübingen, Germany
| | - Farid El Kasmi
- Centre for Plant Molecular Biology, University of Tübingen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Li M, Yang Z, Liu J, Chang C. Wheat Susceptibility Genes TaCAMTA2 and TaCAMTA3 Negatively Regulate Post-Penetration Resistance against Blumeria graminis forma specialis tritici. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10224. [PMID: 37373370 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241210224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Blumeria graminis forma specialis tritici (B.g. tritici) is the airborne fungal pathogen that causes powdery mildew disease on hexaploid bread wheat. Calmodulin-binding transcription activators (CAMTAs) regulate plant responses to environments, but their potential functions in the regulation of wheat-B.g. tritici interaction remain unknown. In this study, the wheat CAMTA transcription factors TaCAMTA2 and TaCAMTA3 were identified as suppressors of wheat post-penetration resistance against powdery mildew. Transient overexpression of TaCAMTA2 and TaCAMTA3 enhanced the post-penetration susceptibility of wheat to B.g. tritici, while knockdown of TaCAMTA2 and TaCAMTA3 expression using transient- or virus-induced gene silencing compromised wheat post-penetration susceptibility to B.g. tritici. In addition, TaSARD1 and TaEDS1 were characterized as positive regulators of wheat post-penetration resistance against powdery mildew. Overexpressing TaSARD1 and TaEDS1 confers wheat post-penetration resistance against B.g. tritici, while silencing TaSARD1 and TaEDS1 enhances wheat post-penetration susceptibility to B.g. tritici. Importantly, we showed that expressions of TaSARD1 and TaEDS1 were potentiated by silencing of TaCAMTA2 and TaCAMTA3. Collectively, these results implicated that the Susceptibility genes TaCAMTA2 and TaCAMTA3 contribute to the wheat-B.g. tritici compatibility might via negative regulation of TaSARD1 and TaEDS1 expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mengmeng Li
- College of Life Sciences, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Zige Yang
- College of Life Sciences, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Jiao Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Cheng Chang
- College of Life Sciences, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Zhao L, Wang HJ, Martins PD, van Dongen JT, Bolger AM, Schmidt RR, Jing HC, Mueller-Roeber B, Schippers JHM. The Arabidopsis thaliana onset of leaf death 12 mutation in the lectin receptor kinase P2K2 results in an autoimmune phenotype. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 23:294. [PMID: 37264342 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-023-04300-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plant immunity relies on the perception of immunogenic signals by cell-surface and intracellular receptors and subsequent activation of defense responses like programmed cell death. Under certain circumstances, the fine-tuned innate immune system of plants results in the activation of autoimmune responses that cause constitutive defense responses and spontaneous cell death in the absence of pathogens. RESULTS Here, we characterized the onset of leaf death 12 (old12) mutant that was identified in the Arabidopsis accession Landsberg erecta. The old12 mutant is characterized by a growth defect, spontaneous cell death, plant-defense gene activation, and early senescence. In addition, the old12 phenotype is temperature reversible, thereby exhibiting all characteristics of an autoimmune mutant. Mapping the mutated locus revealed that the old12 phenotype is caused by a mutation in the Lectin Receptor Kinase P2-TYPE PURINERGIC RECEPTOR 2 (P2K2) gene. Interestingly, the P2K2 allele from Landsberg erecta is conserved among Brassicaceae. P2K2 has been implicated in pathogen tolerance and sensing extracellular ATP. The constitutive activation of defense responses in old12 results in improved resistance against Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000. CONCLUSION We demonstrate that old12 is an auto-immune mutant and that allelic variation of P2K2 contributes to diversity in Arabidopsis immune responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liming Zhao
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Straße 24-25, Haus 20, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
- Beijng Academy, Beijing, 100028, China
| | - Hao-Jie Wang
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK) Gatersleben, 06466, Seeland, Germany
- Institute of Biology I, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen University, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Patricia Dalcin Martins
- Institute of Biology I, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen University, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Joost T van Dongen
- Institute of Biology I, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen University, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Anthony M Bolger
- Institute of Biology I, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen University, 52074, Aachen, Germany
- IBG-4: Bioinformatik,Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425, Jülich, Germany
| | - Romy R Schmidt
- Institute of Biology I, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen University, 52074, Aachen, Germany
- Plant Biotechnology Group, Faculty of Biology, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstrasse 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
- Center for Biotechnology, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstrasse 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Hai-Chun Jing
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Bernd Mueller-Roeber
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Straße 24-25, Haus 20, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
- Center of Plant Systems Biology and Biotechnology (CPSBB), Ruski 139 Blvd, Plovdiv, 4000, Bulgaria
| | - Jos H M Schippers
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK) Gatersleben, 06466, Seeland, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Dallacorte LV, Bosse MA, Capelin D, Paladini MV, Cattani F, Remor MB, Donizetti de Lima J, Perboni AT, Marchese JA. Economic versus technical efficiency in using ASM combined with fungicides to elicit wheat varieties with different disease susceptibilities. Heliyon 2023; 9:e17012. [PMID: 37484364 PMCID: PMC10361120 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e17012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the positive results of using elicitors to induce resistance against plant diseases, some factors have inhibited the popularization of their use in agriculture. There is an energetic cost related to the elicitors' induced response which can cause undesired effects on growth under low-pressure disease conditions. Elicitors can create phytotoxicity and show high variation in their efficiency between different genotypes within the same crop; in addition, the positive results related to the induced resistance may not repeat in field treatments, adding to the possibility that they are not economically viable. Thus, we carried out two experiments to investigate the technical and economic efficiency of acibenzolar-S-methyl (ASM) and its association with fungicides in the control of leaf diseases of susceptible and resistant wheat varieties, and as how it reflects on the photosynthetic and production performance of wheat. This study showed the limitations of incorporating ASM into foliar fungal disease control in economic terms. However, it was evident that ASM effectively induced plant resistance against Leaf Rust and Powdery Mildew in the field and can be considered a sustainable option for wheat cultivation. Even though its association with chemical control was not the best economic strategy the use of ASM is a tool that can be incorporated into wheat cultivation to minimize the emergence of fungicide-resistant pathogens due to the diversification of modes of action employed and reduce the toxic residue deposition to the environment and human health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Marco Antonio Bosse
- Agronomy Department, Federal University of Technology – Paraná, Pato Branco, PR, Brazil
| | - Diogo Capelin
- Agronomy Department, Federal University of Technology – Paraná, Pato Branco, PR, Brazil
| | - Marcos Vily Paladini
- Agronomy Department, Federal University of Technology – Paraná, Pato Branco, PR, Brazil
| | - Felipe Cattani
- Agronomy Department, Federal University of Technology – Paraná, Pato Branco, PR, Brazil
| | | | | | - Anelise Tessari Perboni
- Bioprocess and Biotechnology Engineering Department, Federal University of Technology – Paraná, Dois Vizinhos, PR, Brazil
| | - José Abramo Marchese
- Agronomy Department, Federal University of Technology – Paraná, Pato Branco, PR, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Mesarich CH, Barnes I, Bradley EL, de la Rosa S, de Wit PJGM, Guo Y, Griffiths SA, Hamelin RC, Joosten MHAJ, Lu M, McCarthy HM, Schol CR, Stergiopoulos I, Tarallo M, Zaccaron AZ, Bradshaw RE. Beyond the genomes of Fulvia fulva (syn. Cladosporium fulvum) and Dothistroma septosporum: New insights into how these fungal pathogens interact with their host plants. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2023; 24:474-494. [PMID: 36790136 PMCID: PMC10098069 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Fulvia fulva and Dothistroma septosporum are closely related apoplastic pathogens with similar lifestyles but different hosts: F. fulva is a pathogen of tomato, whilst D. septosporum is a pathogen of pine trees. In 2012, the first genome sequences of these pathogens were published, with F. fulva and D. septosporum having highly fragmented and near-complete assemblies, respectively. Since then, significant advances have been made in unravelling their genome architectures. For instance, the genome of F. fulva has now been assembled into 14 chromosomes, 13 of which have synteny with the 14 chromosomes of D. septosporum, suggesting these pathogens are even more closely related than originally thought. Considerable advances have also been made in the identification and functional characterization of virulence factors (e.g., effector proteins and secondary metabolites) from these pathogens, thereby providing new insights into how they promote host colonization or activate plant defence responses. For example, it has now been established that effector proteins from both F. fulva and D. septosporum interact with cell-surface immune receptors and co-receptors to activate the plant immune system. Progress has also been made in understanding how F. fulva and D. septosporum have evolved with their host plants, whilst intensive research into pandemics of Dothistroma needle blight in the Northern Hemisphere has shed light on the origins, migration, and genetic diversity of the global D. septosporum population. In this review, we specifically summarize advances made in our understanding of the F. fulva-tomato and D. septosporum-pine pathosystems over the last 10 years.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carl H. Mesarich
- Laboratory of Molecular Plant Pathology, School of Agriculture and EnvironmentMassey UniversityPalmerston NorthNew Zealand
- Bioprotection AotearoaMassey UniversityPalmerston NorthNew Zealand
| | - Irene Barnes
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology InstituteUniversity of PretoriaPretoriaSouth Africa
| | - Ellie L. Bradley
- Laboratory of Molecular Plant Pathology, School of Agriculture and EnvironmentMassey UniversityPalmerston NorthNew Zealand
| | - Silvia de la Rosa
- Laboratory of Molecular Plant Pathology, School of Agriculture and EnvironmentMassey UniversityPalmerston NorthNew Zealand
| | | | - Yanan Guo
- Bioprotection AotearoaMassey UniversityPalmerston NorthNew Zealand
- Laboratory of Molecular Plant Pathology, School of Natural SciencesMassey UniversityPalmerston NorthNew Zealand
| | | | - Richard C. Hamelin
- Department of Forest and Conservation SciencesUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverBritish ColumbiaCanada
- Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des SystèmesUniversité LavalQuébec CityQuébecCanada
| | | | - Mengmeng Lu
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of CalgaryCalgaryAlbertaCanada
| | - Hannah M. McCarthy
- Laboratory of Molecular Plant Pathology, School of Natural SciencesMassey UniversityPalmerston NorthNew Zealand
| | - Christiaan R. Schol
- Laboratory of PhytopathologyWageningen UniversityWageningenNetherlands
- Plant BreedingWageningen University & ResearchWageningenNetherlands
| | | | - Mariana Tarallo
- Laboratory of Molecular Plant Pathology, School of Natural SciencesMassey UniversityPalmerston NorthNew Zealand
| | - Alex Z. Zaccaron
- Department of Plant PathologyUniversity of California DavisDavisCaliforniaUSA
| | - Rosie E. Bradshaw
- Bioprotection AotearoaMassey UniversityPalmerston NorthNew Zealand
- Laboratory of Molecular Plant Pathology, School of Natural SciencesMassey UniversityPalmerston NorthNew Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Bhar A, Chakraborty A, Roy A. The captivating role of calcium in plant-microbe interaction. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1138252. [PMID: 36938033 PMCID: PMC10020633 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1138252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Plant immune response is fascinating due to the complete absence of a humoral system. The adaptive immune response in plants relies on the intracellular orchestration of signalling molecules or intermediates associated with transcriptional reprogramming. Plant disease response phenomena largely depend on pathogen recognition, signal perception, and intracellular signal transduction. The pathogens possess specific pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMP) or microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMP), which are first identified by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) of host plants for successful infection. After successful pathogen recognition, the defence response is initiated within plants. The first line of non-specific defence response is called PAMP-triggered immunity (PTI), followed by the specific robust signalling is called effector-triggered immunity (ETI). Calcium plays a crucial role in both PTI and ETI. The biphasic induction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is inevitable in any plant-microbe interaction. Calcium ions play crucial roles in the initial oxidative burst and ROS induction. Different pathogens can induce calcium accumulation in the cytosol ([Ca2+]Cyt), called calcium signatures. These calcium signatures further control the diverse defence-responsive proteins in the intracellular milieu. These calcium signatures then activate calcium-dependent protein kinases (CDPKs), calcium calmodulins (CaMs), calcineurin B-like proteins (CBLs), etc., to impart intricate defence signalling within the cell. Decoding this calcium ionic map is imperative to unveil any plant microbe interplay and modulate defence-responsive pathways. Hence, the present review is unique in developing concepts of calcium signature in plants and their subsequent decoding mechanism. This review also intends to articulate early sensing of calcium oscillation, signalling events, and comprehensive mechanistic roles of calcium within plants during pathogenic ingression. This will accumulate and summarize the exciting roles of calcium ions in plant immunity and provide the foundation for future research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anirban Bhar
- Post Graduate Department of Botany, Ramakrishna Mission Vivekananda Centenary College, Kolkata, India
| | - Amrita Chakraborty
- Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Amit Roy
- Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Li F, Chen X, Yang R, Zhang K, Shan W, Joosten MHAJ, Du Y. Potato protein tyrosine phosphatase StPTP1a is activated by StMKK1 to negatively regulate plant immunity. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2023; 21:646-661. [PMID: 36519513 PMCID: PMC9946141 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.13979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Phytophthora infestans causes severe losses in potato production. The MAPK kinase StMKK1 was previously found to negatively regulate potato immunity to P. infestans. Our results showed that StMKK1 interacts with a protein tyrosine phosphatase, referred to as StPTP1a, and StMKK1 directly phosphorylates StPTP1a at residues Ser-99, Tyr-223 and Thr-290. StPTP1a is a functional phosphatase and the phosphorylation of StPTP1a at these three residues enhances its stability and catalytic activity. StPTP1a negatively regulates potato immunity and represses SA-related gene expression. Furthermore, StPTP1a interacts with, and dephosphorylates, the StMKK1 downstream signalling targets StMPK4 and -7 at their Tyr-203 residue resulting in the repression of salicylic acid (SA)-related immunity. Silencing of NbPTP1a + NbMPK4 or NbPTP1a + NbMPK7 abolished the plant immunity to P. infestans caused by NbPTP1a silencing, indicating that PTP1a functions upstream of NbMPK4 and NbMPK7. StMKK1 requires StPTP1a to negatively regulate SA-related immunity and StPTP1a is phosphorylated and stabilized during immune activation to promote the de-phosphorylation of StMPK4 and -7. Our results reveal that potato StMKK1 activates and stabilizes the tyrosine phosphatase StPTP1a that in its turn de-phosphorylates StMPK4 and -7, thereby repressing plant SA-related immunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fangfang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of HorticultureNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingShaanxiChina
| | - Xiaokang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of HorticultureNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingShaanxiChina
| | - Ruixin Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of HorticultureNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingShaanxiChina
| | - Kun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of HorticultureNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingShaanxiChina
| | - Weixing Shan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of AgronomyNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingShaanxiChina
| | | | - Yu Du
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of HorticultureNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingShaanxiChina
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Caarls L, Bassetti N, Verbaarschot P, Mumm R, van Loon JJA, Schranz ME, Fatouros NE. Hypersensitive-like response in Brassica plants is specifically induced by molecules from egg-associated secretions of cabbage white butterflies. Front Ecol Evol 2023. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2022.1070859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Plants perceive and respond to herbivore insect eggs. Upon egg deposition on leaves, a strong hypersensitive response (HR)-like cell death can be activated leading to egg desiccation and/or dropping. In Brassica spp., including many crops, the HR-like mechanism against eggs of cabbage white butterflies (Pieris spp.) is poorly understood. Using two Brassica species, the crop B. rapa and its wild relative B. nigra, we studied the cellular and molecular plant response to Pieris brassicae eggs and characterized potential insect egg-associated molecular patterns (EAMPs) inducing HR-like cell death. We found that eggs of P. brassicae induced typical hallmarks of early immune responses, such as callose deposition, production of reactive oxygen species and cell death in B. nigra and B. rapa leaf tissue, also in plants that did not express HR-like cell death. However, elevated levels of ethylene production and upregulation of salicylic acid-responsive genes were only detected in a B. nigra accession expressing HR-like cell death. Eggs and egg wash from P. brassicae contains compounds that induced such responses, but the eggs of the generalist moth Mamestra brassicae did not. Furthermore, wash made from hatched Pieris eggs, egg glue, and accessory reproductive glands (ARG) that produce this glue, induced HR-like cell death, whereas washes from unfertilized eggs dissected from the ovaries or removal of the glue from eggs resulted in no or a reduced response. This suggests that there is one or multiple egg associated molecular pattern (EAMP) located in the egg glue a that teresponse in B. nigra is specific to Pieris species. Lastly, our results indicate that the EAMP is neither lipidic nor proteinaceous. Our study expands the knowledge on the mechanism of Brassica-Pieris-egg interaction and is a step closer toward identification of EAMPs in Pieris egg glue and corresponding receptor(s) in Brassica.
Collapse
|
20
|
Yu H, Sun E, Mao X, Chen Z, Xu T, Zuo L, Jiang D, Cao Y, Zuo C. Evolutionary and functional analysis reveals the crucial roles of receptor-like proteins in resistance to Valsa canker in Rosaceae. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2023; 74:162-177. [PMID: 36255986 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erac417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Rosaceae is an economically important plant family that can be affected by a multitude of pathogenic microbes, some of which can cause dramatic losses in production. As a type of pattern-recognition receptor, receptor-like proteins (RLPs) are considered vital regulators of plant immunity. Based on genome-wide identification, bioinformatic analysis, and functional determination, we investigated the evolutionary characteristics of RLPs, and specifically those that regulate Valsa canker, a devastating fungal disease affecting apple and pear production. A total of 3028 RLPs from the genomes of 19 species, including nine Rosaceae, were divided into 24 subfamilies. Five subfamilies and seven co-expression modules were found to be involved in the responses to Valsa canker signals of the resistant pear rootstock Pyrus betulifolia 'Duli-G03'. Fourteen RLPs were subsequently screened as candidate genes for regulation of resistance. Among these, PbeRP23 (Chr13.g24394) and PbeRP27 (Chr16.g31400) were identified as key resistance genes that rapidly enhance the resistance of 'Duli-G03' and strongly initiate immune responses, and hence they have potential for further functional exploration and breeding applications for resistance to Valsa canker. In addition, as a consequence of this work we have established optimal methods for the classification and screening of disease-resistant RLPs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongqiang Yu
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730070, China
| | - E Sun
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730070, China
| | - Xia Mao
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730070, China
| | - Zhongjian Chen
- Agro-Biological Gene Research Center, Guangdong Academy of Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Tong Xu
- Chengdu Life Baseline Technology Co, Ltd, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Longgang Zuo
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730070, China
| | - Daji Jiang
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730070, China
| | - Yanan Cao
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730070, China
| | - Cunwu Zuo
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730070, China
- State Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science, Lanzhou 730070, China
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Tan X, Xie H, Yu J, Wang Y, Xu J, Xu P, Ma B. Host genetic determinants drive compartment-specific assembly of tea plant microbiomes. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2022; 20:2174-2186. [PMID: 35876474 PMCID: PMC9616527 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.13897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 07/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Diverse host factors drive microbial variation in plant-associated environments, whereas their genetic mechanisms remain largely unexplored. To address this, we coupled the analyses of plant genetics and microbiomes in this study. Using 100 tea plant (Camellia sinensis) cultivars, the microbiomes of rhizosphere, root endosphere and phyllosphere showed clear compartment-specific assembly, whereas the subpopulation differentiation of tea cultivars exhibited small effects on microbial variation in each compartment. Through microbiome genome-wide association studies, we examined the interactions between tea genetic loci and microbial variation. Notably, genes related to the cell wall and carbon catabolism were heavily linked to root endosphere microbial composition, whereas genes related to the metabolism of metal ions and small organic molecules were overrepresented in association with rhizosphere microbial composition. Moreover, a set of tea genetic variants, including the cytoskeleton-related formin homology interacting protein 1 gene, were strongly associated with the β-diversity of phyllosphere microbiomes, implying their interactions with the overall structure of microbial communities. Our results create a catalogue of tea genetic determinants interacting with microbiomes and reveal the compartment-specific microbiome assembly driven by host genetics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiangfeng Tan
- Institute of Soil and Water Resources and Environmental Science, College of Environmental and Resource SciencesZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural, Resources and EnvironmentZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
- ZJU‐Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation CenterZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Hengtong Xie
- Institution of Tea ScienceZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Jingwen Yu
- ZJU‐Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation CenterZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Yuefei Wang
- Institution of Tea ScienceZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Jianming Xu
- Institute of Soil and Water Resources and Environmental Science, College of Environmental and Resource SciencesZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural, Resources and EnvironmentZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Ping Xu
- Institution of Tea ScienceZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Bin Ma
- Institute of Soil and Water Resources and Environmental Science, College of Environmental and Resource SciencesZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural, Resources and EnvironmentZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
- ZJU‐Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation CenterZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Gao C, Tang D, Wang W. The Role of Ubiquitination in Plant Immunity: Fine-Tuning Immune Signaling and Beyond. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 63:1405-1413. [PMID: 35859340 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcac105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Ubiquitination is an essential posttranslational modification and plays a crucial role in regulating plant immunity by modulating protein activity, stability, abundance and interaction. Recently, major breakthroughs have been made in understanding the mechanisms associated with the regulation of immune signaling by ubiquitination. In this mini review, we highlight the recent advances in the role of ubiquitination in fine-tuning the resistance activated by plant pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) and intracellular nucleotide-binding site and leucine-rich repeat domain receptors (NLRs). We also discuss current understanding of the positive regulation of plant immunity by ubiquitination, including the modification of immune negative regulators and of the guardee proteins monitored by NLRs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chenyang Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Control of Fujian-Taiwan Crop Pests, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Plant Immunity Center, College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Ministerial and Provincial Joint Innovation Centre for Safety Production of Cross-Strait Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Dingzhong Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Control of Fujian-Taiwan Crop Pests, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Plant Immunity Center, College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Ministerial and Provincial Joint Innovation Centre for Safety Production of Cross-Strait Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Control of Fujian-Taiwan Crop Pests, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Plant Immunity Center, College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Ministerial and Provincial Joint Innovation Centre for Safety Production of Cross-Strait Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
The Banana MaWRKY18, MaWRKY45, MaWRKY60 and MaWRKY70 Genes Encode Functional Transcription Factors and Display Differential Expression in Response to Defense Phytohormones. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13101891. [PMID: 36292777 PMCID: PMC9602068 DOI: 10.3390/genes13101891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
WRKY transcription factors (TFs) play key roles in plant defense responses through phytohormone signaling pathways. However, their functions in tropical fruit crops, especially in banana, remain largely unknown. Several WRKY genes from the model plants rice (OsWRKY45) and Arabidopsis (AtWRKY18, AtWRKY60, AtWRKY70) have shown to be attractive TFs for engineering disease resistance. In this study, we isolated four banana cDNAs (MaWRKY18, MaWRKY45, MaWRKY60, and MaWRKY70) with homology to these rice and ArabidopsisWRKY genes. The MaWRKY cDNAs were isolated from the wild banana Musa acuminata ssp. malaccensis, which is resistant to several diseases of this crop and is a progenitor of most banana cultivars. The deduced amino acid sequences of the four MaWRKY cDNAs revealed the presence of the conserved WRKY domain of ~60 amino acids and a zinc-finger motif at the N-terminus. Based on the number of WRKY repeats and the structure of the zinc-finger motif, MaWRKY18 and MaWRKY60 belong to group II of WRKY TFs, while MaWRKY45 and MaWRKY70 are members of group III. Their corresponding proteins were located in the nuclei of onion epidermal cells and were shown to be functional TFs in yeast cells. Moreover, expression analyses revealed that the majority of these MaWRKY genes were upregulated by salicylic acid (SA) or methyl jasmonate (MeJA) phytohormones, although the expression levels were relatively higher with MeJA treatment. The fact that most of these banana WRKY genes were upregulated by SA or MeJA, which are involved in systemic acquired resistance (SAR) or induced systemic resistance (ISR), respectively, make them interesting candidates for bioengineering broad-spectrum resistance in this crop.
Collapse
|
24
|
Sun Y, Wang Y, Zhang X, Chen Z, Xia Y, Wang L, Sun Y, Zhang M, Xiao Y, Han Z, Wang Y, Chai J. Plant receptor-like protein activation by a microbial glycoside hydrolase. Nature 2022; 610:335-342. [PMID: 36131021 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-05214-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Plants rely on cell-surface-localized pattern recognition receptors to detect pathogen- or host-derived danger signals and trigger an immune response1-6. Receptor-like proteins (RLPs) with a leucine-rich repeat (LRR) ectodomain constitute a subgroup of pattern recognition receptors and play a critical role in plant immunity1-3. Mechanisms underlying ligand recognition and activation of LRR-RLPs remain elusive. Here we report a crystal structure of the LRR-RLP RXEG1 from Nicotiana benthamiana that recognizes XEG1 xyloglucanase from the pathogen Phytophthora sojae. The structure reveals that specific XEG1 recognition is predominantly mediated by an amino-terminal and a carboxy-terminal loop-out region (RXEG1(ID)) of RXEG1. The two loops bind to the active-site groove of XEG1, inhibiting its enzymatic activity and suppressing Phytophthora infection of N. benthamiana. Binding of XEG1 promotes association of RXEG1(LRR) with the LRR-type co-receptor BAK1 through RXEG1(ID) and the last four conserved LRRs to trigger RXEG1-mediated immune responses. Comparison of the structures of apo-RXEG1(LRR), XEG1-RXEG1(LRR) and XEG1-BAK1-RXEG1(LRR) shows that binding of XEG1 induces conformational changes in the N-terminal region of RXEG1(ID) and enhances structural flexibility of the BAK1-associating regions of RXEG1(LRR). These changes allow fold switching of RXEG1(ID) for recruitment of BAK1(LRR). Our data reveal a conserved mechanism of ligand-induced heterodimerization of an LRR-RLP with BAK1 and suggest a dual function for the LRR-RLP in plant immunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yue Sun
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China. .,The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Xiaoxiao Zhang
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhaodan Chen
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.,The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yeqiang Xia
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.,The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.,The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yujing Sun
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.,The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Mingmei Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.,The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yu Xiao
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhifu Han
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
| | - Yuanchao Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China. .,The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Jijie Chai
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China. .,Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany. .,Institute of Biochemistry, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany. .,Cluster of Excellence in Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Düsseldorf, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Borhan MH, Van de Wouw AP, Larkan NJ. Molecular Interactions Between Leptosphaeria maculans and Brassica Species. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2022; 60:237-257. [PMID: 35576591 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-phyto-021621-120602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Canola is an important oilseed crop, providing food, feed, and fuel around the world. However, blackleg disease, caused by the ascomycete Leptosphaeria maculans, causes significant yield losses annually. With the recent advances in genomic technologies, the understanding of the Brassica napus-L. maculans interaction has rapidly increased, with numerous Avr and R genes cloned, setting this system up as a model organism for studying plant-pathogen associations. Although the B. napus-L. maculans interaction follows Flor's gene-for-gene hypothesis for qualitative resistance, it also puts some unique spins on the interaction. This review discusses the current status of the host-pathogen interaction and highlights some of the future gaps that need addressing moving forward.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Hossein Borhan
- Saskatoon Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada;
| | | | - Nicholas J Larkan
- Saskatoon Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada;
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Sun X, Fang X, Wang D, Jones DA, Ma L. Transcriptome Analysis of Fusarium–Tomato Interaction Based on an Updated Genome Annotation of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici Identifies Novel Effector Candidates That Suppress or Induce Cell Death in Nicotiana benthamiana. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8070672. [PMID: 35887429 PMCID: PMC9316272 DOI: 10.3390/jof8070672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici (Fol) causes vascular wilt disease in tomato. Upon colonization of the host, Fol secretes many small effector proteins into the xylem sap to facilitate infection. Besides known SIX (secreted in xylem) proteins, the identity of additional effectors that contribute to Fol pathogenicity remains largely unexplored. We performed a deep RNA-sequencing analysis of Fol race 2-infected tomato, used the sequence data to annotate a published genome assembly generated via PacBio SMRT sequencing of the Fol race 2 reference strain Fol4287, and analysed the resulting transcriptome to identify Fol effector candidates among the newly annotated genes. We examined the Fol-infection expression profiles of all 13 SIX genes present in Fol race 2 and identified 27 new candidate effector genes that were likewise significantly upregulated upon Fol infection. Using Agrobacterium-mediated transformation, we tested the ability of 22 of the new candidate effector genes to suppress or induce cell death in leaves of Nicotiana benthamiana. One effector candidate designated Fol-EC19, encoding a secreted guanyl-specific ribonuclease, was found to trigger cell death and two effector candidates designated Fol-EC14 and Fol-EC20, encoding a glucanase and a secreted trypsin, respectively, were identified that can suppress Bax-mediated cell death. Remarkably, Fol-EC14 and Fol-EC20 were also found to suppress I-2/Avr2- and I/Avr1-mediated cell death. Using the yeast secretion trap screening system, we showed that these three biologically-active effector candidates each contain a functional signal peptide for protein secretion. Our findings provide a basis for further understanding the virulence functions of Fol effectors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xizhe Sun
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China; (X.S.); (D.W.)
- Division of Plant Science, Research School of Biology, the Australian National University, Canberra 2601, Australia
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Molecular Pathology, College of Life Science, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China
| | - Xiangling Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-Ecosystems, Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730020, China;
| | - Dongmei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China; (X.S.); (D.W.)
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Molecular Pathology, College of Life Science, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China
| | - David A. Jones
- Division of Plant Science, Research School of Biology, the Australian National University, Canberra 2601, Australia
- Correspondence: (D.A.J.); (L.M.)
| | - Lisong Ma
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China; (X.S.); (D.W.)
- Division of Plant Science, Research School of Biology, the Australian National University, Canberra 2601, Australia
- College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China
- Correspondence: (D.A.J.); (L.M.)
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Zheng Q, Bertran A, Brand A, van Schaik CC, van de Ruitenbeek SJS, Smant G, Goverse A, Sterken MG. Comparative Transcriptome Analysis Reveals the Specific Activation of Defense Pathways Against Globodera pallida in Gpa2 Resistant Potato Roots. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:909593. [PMID: 35783958 PMCID: PMC9248836 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.909593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Cyst nematodes are considered a dominant threat to yield for a wide range of major food crops. Current control strategies are mainly dependent on crop rotation and the use of resistant cultivars. Various crops exhibit single dominant resistance (R) genes that are able to activate effective host-specific resistance to certain cyst nematode species and/or populations. An example is the potato R gene Gpa2, which confers resistance against the potato cyst nematode (PCN), Globodera pallida population D383. Activation of Gpa2 results in a delayed resistance response, which is characterized by a layer of necrotic cells formed around the developing nematode feeding structure. However, knowledge about the Gpa2-induced defense pathways is still lacking. Here, we uncover the transcriptional changes and gene expression network induced upon Gpa2 activation in potato roots infected with G. pallida. To this end, in vitro-grown Gpa2-resistant potato roots were infected with the avirulent population D383 and virulent population Rookmaker. Infected root segments were harvested at 3 and 6 dpi and sent for RNA sequencing. Comparative transcriptomics revealed a total of 1,743 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) upon nematode infection, of which 559 DEGs were specifically regulated in response to D383 infection. D383-specific DEGs associated with Gpa2-mediated defense mainly relates to calcium-binding activity, salicylic acid (SA) biosynthesis, and systemic acquired resistance (SAR). These data reveal that cyst nematode resistance in potato roots depends on conserved downstream signaling pathways involved in plant immunity, which are also known to contribute to R genes-mediated resistance against other pathogens with different lifestyles.
Collapse
|
28
|
Kotsaridis K, Tsakiri D, Sarris PF. Understanding enemy's weapons to an effective prevention: common virulence effects across microbial phytopathogens kingdoms. Crit Rev Microbiol 2022:1-15. [PMID: 35709325 DOI: 10.1080/1040841x.2022.2083939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Plant-pathogens interaction is an ongoing confrontation leading to the emergence of new diseases. The majority of the invading microorganisms inject effector proteins into the host cell, to bypass the sophisticated defense system of the host. However, the effectors could also have other specialized functions, which can disrupt various biological pathways of the host cell. Pathogens can enrich their effectors arsenal to increase infection success or expand their host range. This usually is accomplished by the horizontal gene transfer. Nowadays, the development of specialized software that can predict proteins structure, has changed the experimental designing in effectors' function research. Different effectors of distinct plant pathogens tend to fold alike and have the same function and focussed structural studies on microbial effectors can help to uncover their catalytic/functional activities, while the structural similarity can enable cataloguing the great number of pathogens' effectors. In this review, we collectively present phytopathogens' effectors with known enzymatic functions and proteins structure, originated from all the kingdoms of microbial plant pathogens. Presentation of their common domains and motifs is also included. We believe that the in-depth understanding of the enemy's weapons will help the development of new strategies to prevent newly emerging or re-emerging plant pathogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Panagiotis F Sarris
- Department of Biology, University of Crete, Crete, Greece.,Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, Crete, Greece.,Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Molecular plant immunity against biotrophic, hemibiotrophic, and necrotrophic fungi. Essays Biochem 2022; 66:581-593. [PMID: 35587147 PMCID: PMC9528087 DOI: 10.1042/ebc20210073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Pathogenic fungi use diverse infection strategies to obtain nutrients from plants. Biotrophic fungi feed only on living plant tissue, whereas necrotrophic fungi kill host cells to extract nutrients. To prevent disease, plants need to distinguish between pathogens with different life cycles, as a successful defense against a biotroph, which often involves programmed cell-death around the site of infection, is not an appropriate response to some necrotrophs. Plants utilize a vast collection of extracellular and intracellular receptors to detect the signatures of pathogen attack. In turn, pathogens are under strong selection to mask or avoid certain receptor responses while enhancing or manipulating other receptor responses to promote virulence. In this review, we focus on the plant receptors involved in resistance responses to fungal pathogens and highlight, with examples, how the infection strategy of fungal pathogens can determine if recognition responses are effective at preventing disease.
Collapse
|
30
|
Indirect recognition of pathogen effectors by NLRs. Essays Biochem 2022; 66:485-500. [PMID: 35535995 DOI: 10.1042/ebc20210097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
To perceive pathogen threats, plants utilize both plasma membrane-localized and intracellular receptors. Nucleotide-binding domain leucine-rich repeat containing (NLR) proteins are key receptors that can recognize pathogen-derived intracellularly delivered effectors and activate downstream defense. Exciting recent findings have propelled our understanding of the various recognition and activation mechanisms of plant NLRs. Some NLRs directly bind to effectors, but others can perceive effector-induced changes on targeted host proteins (guardees), or non-functional host protein mimics (decoys). Such guarding strategies are thought to afford the host more durable resistance to quick-evolving and diverse pathogens. Here, we review classic and recent examples of indirect effector recognition by NLRs and discuss strategies for the discovery and study of new NLR-decoy/guardee systems. We also provide a perspective on how executor NLRs and helper NLRs (hNLRs) provide recognition for a wider range of effectors through sensor NLRs and how this can be considered an expanded form of indirect recognition. Furthermore, we summarize recent structural findings on NLR activation and resistosome formation upon indirect recognition. Finally, we discuss existing and potential applications that harness NLR indirect recognition for plant disease resistance and crop resilience.
Collapse
|
31
|
Ngou BPM, Ding P, Jones JDG. Thirty years of resistance: Zig-zag through the plant immune system. THE PLANT CELL 2022; 34:1447-1478. [PMID: 35167697 PMCID: PMC9048904 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koac041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 266] [Impact Index Per Article: 133.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the plant immune system is crucial for using genetics to protect crops from diseases. Plants resist pathogens via a two-tiered innate immune detection-and-response system. The first plant Resistance (R) gene was cloned in 1992 . Since then, many cell-surface pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) have been identified, and R genes that encode intracellular nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat receptors (NLRs) have been cloned. Here, we provide a list of characterized PRRs and NLRs. In addition to immune receptors, many components of immune signaling networks were discovered over the last 30 years. We review the signaling pathways, physiological responses, and molecular regulation of both PRR- and NLR-mediated immunity. Recent studies have reinforced the importance of interactions between the two immune systems. We provide an overview of interactions between PRR- and NLR-mediated immunity, highlighting challenges and perspectives for future research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Pingtao Ding
- Author for correspondence: (B.P.M.N.); (P.D.); (J.J.)
| | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Xu G, Moeder W, Yoshioka K, Shan L. A tale of many families: calcium channels in plant immunity. THE PLANT CELL 2022; 34:1551-1567. [PMID: 35134212 PMCID: PMC9048905 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koac033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Plants launch a concerted immune response to dampen potential infections upon sensing microbial pathogen and insect invasions. The transient and rapid elevation of the cytosolic calcium concentration [Ca2+]cyt is among the essential early cellular responses in plant immunity. The free Ca2+ concentration in the apoplast is far higher than that in the resting cytoplasm. Thus, the precise regulation of calcium channel activities upon infection is the key for an immediate and dynamic Ca2+ influx to trigger downstream signaling. Specific Ca2+ signatures in different branches of the plant immune system vary in timing, amplitude, duration, kinetics, and sources of Ca2+. Recent breakthroughs in the studies of diverse groups of classical calcium channels highlight the instrumental role of Ca2+ homeostasis in plant immunity and cell survival. Additionally, the identification of some immune receptors as noncanonical Ca2+-permeable channels opens a new view of how immune receptors initiate cell death and signaling. This review aims to provide an overview of different Ca2+-conducting channels in plant immunity and highlight their molecular and genetic mode-of-actions in facilitating immune signaling. We also discuss the regulatory mechanisms that control the stability and activity of these channels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guangyuan Xu
- MOA Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Wolfgang Moeder
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3B2
| | - Keiko Yoshioka
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3B2
- Center for the Analysis of Genome Evolution and Function (CAGEF), University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3B2
| | - Libo Shan
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Berka M, Kopecká R, Berková V, Brzobohatý B, Černý M. Regulation of heat shock proteins 70 and their role in plant immunity. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:1894-1909. [PMID: 35022724 PMCID: PMC8982422 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Heat shock proteins 70 (HSP70s) are steadily gaining more attention in the field of plant biotic interactions. Though their regulation and activity in plants are much less well characterized than are those of their counterparts in mammals, accumulating evidence indicates that the role of HSP70-mediated defense mechanisms in plant cells is indispensable. In this review, we summarize current knowledge of HSP70 post-translational control in plants. We comment on the phytohormonal regulation of HSP70 expression and protein abundance, and identify a prominent role for cytokinin in HSP70 control. We outline HSP70s' subcellular localizations, chaperone activity, and chaperone-mediated protein degradation. We focus on the role of HSP70s in plant pathogen-associated molecular pattern-triggered immunity and effector-triggered immunity, and discuss the contribution of different HSP70 subfamilies to plant defense against pathogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miroslav Berka
- Department of Molecular Biology and Radiobiology, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, CZ-61300 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Romana Kopecká
- Department of Molecular Biology and Radiobiology, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, CZ-61300 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Veronika Berková
- Department of Molecular Biology and Radiobiology, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, CZ-61300 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Břetislav Brzobohatý
- Department of Molecular Biology and Radiobiology, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, CZ-61300 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Černý
- Department of Molecular Biology and Radiobiology, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, CZ-61300 Brno, Czech Republic
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Genome-Wide Analysis of the LRR-RLP Gene Family in a Wild Banana (Musa acuminata ssp. malaccensis) Uncovers Multiple Fusarium Wilt Resistance Gene Candidates. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13040638. [PMID: 35456444 PMCID: PMC9025879 DOI: 10.3390/genes13040638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Banana is the most popular fruit in the world, with a relevant role in food security for more than 400 million people. However, fungal diseases cause substantial losses every year. A better understanding of the banana immune system should facilitate the development of new disease-resistant cultivars. In this study, we performed a genome-wide analysis of the leucine-rich repeat receptor-like protein (LRR-RLP) disease resistance gene family in a wild banana. We identified 78 LRR-RLP genes in the banana genome. Remarkably, seven MaLRR-RLPs formed a gene cluster in the distal part of chromosome 10, where resistance to Fusarium wilt caused by Foc race 1 has been previously mapped. Hence, we proposed these seven MaLRR-RLPs as resistance gene candidates (RGCs) for Fusarium wilt. We also identified seven other banana RGCs based on their close phylogenetic relationships with known LRR-RLP proteins. Moreover, phylogenetic analysis of the banana, rice, and Arabidopsis LRR-RLP families revealed five major phylogenetic clades shared by these plant species. Finally, transcriptomic analysis of the MaLRR-RLP gene family in plants treated with Foc race 1 or Foc TR4 showed the expression of several members of this family, and some of them were upregulated in response to these Foc races. Our study provides novel insights into the structure, distribution, evolution, and expression of the LRR-RLP gene family in bananas as well as valuable RGCs that will facilitate the identification of disease resistance genes for the genetic improvement of this crop.
Collapse
|
35
|
Bassetti N, Caarls L, Bukovinszkine'Kiss G, El-Soda M, van Veen J, Bouwmeester K, Zwaan BJ, Schranz ME, Bonnema G, Fatouros NE. Genetic analysis reveals three novel QTLs underpinning a butterfly egg-induced hypersensitive response-like cell death in Brassica rapa. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 22:140. [PMID: 35331150 PMCID: PMC8944062 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-022-03522-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cabbage white butterflies (Pieris spp.) can be severe pests of Brassica crops such as Chinese cabbage, Pak choi (Brassica rapa) or cabbages (B. oleracea). Eggs of Pieris spp. can induce a hypersensitive response-like (HR-like) cell death which reduces egg survival in the wild black mustard (B. nigra). Unravelling the genetic basis of this egg-killing trait in Brassica crops could improve crop resistance to herbivory, reducing major crop losses and pesticides use. Here we investigated the genetic architecture of a HR-like cell death induced by P. brassicae eggs in B. rapa. RESULTS A germplasm screening of 56 B. rapa accessions, representing the genetic and geographical diversity of a B. rapa core collection, showed phenotypic variation for cell death. An image-based phenotyping protocol was developed to accurately measure size of HR-like cell death and was then used to identify two accessions that consistently showed weak (R-o-18) or strong cell death response (L58). Screening of 160 RILs derived from these two accessions resulted in three novel QTLs for Pieris brassicae-induced cell death on chromosomes A02 (Pbc1), A03 (Pbc2), and A06 (Pbc3). The three QTLs Pbc1-3 contain cell surface receptors, intracellular receptors and other genes involved in plant immunity processes, such as ROS accumulation and cell death formation. Synteny analysis with A. thaliana suggested that Pbc1 and Pbc2 are novel QTLs associated with this trait, while Pbc3 also contains an ortholog of LecRK-I.1, a gene of A. thaliana previously associated with cell death induced by a P. brassicae egg extract. CONCLUSIONS This study provides the first genomic regions associated with the Pieris egg-induced HR-like cell death in a Brassica crop species. It is a step closer towards unravelling the genetic basis of an egg-killing crop resistance trait, paving the way for breeders to further fine-map and validate candidate genes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Niccolò Bassetti
- Biosystematics Group, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Lotte Caarls
- Biosystematics Group, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Laboratory of Plant Breeding, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Gabriella Bukovinszkine'Kiss
- Biosystematics Group, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Laboratory of Genetics, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Mohamed El-Soda
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Jeroen van Veen
- Biosystematics Group, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Klaas Bouwmeester
- Biosystematics Group, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Bas J Zwaan
- Laboratory of Genetics, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - M Eric Schranz
- Biosystematics Group, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Guusje Bonnema
- Laboratory of Plant Breeding, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Nina E Fatouros
- Biosystematics Group, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Jain M, Cai L, Black I, Azadi P, Carlson RW, Jones KM, Gabriel DW. ' Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus'-Encoded BCP Peroxiredoxin Suppresses Lipopolysaccharide-Mediated Defense Signaling and Nitrosative Stress In Planta. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2022; 35:257-273. [PMID: 34931906 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-09-21-0230-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The lipopolysaccharides (LPS) of gram-negative bacteria trigger a nitrosative and oxidative burst in both animals and plants during pathogen invasion. Liberibacter crescens strain BT-1 is a surrogate for functional genomic studies of the uncultured pathogenic 'Candidatus Liberibacter' spp. that are associated with severe diseases such as citrus greening and potato zebra chip. Structural determination of L. crescens LPS revealed the presence of a very long chain fatty acid modification. L. crescens LPS pretreatment suppressed growth of Xanthomonas perforans on nonhost tobacco (Nicotiana benthamiana) and X. citri subsp. citri on host orange (Citrus sinensis), confirming bioactivity of L. crescens LPS in activation of systemic acquired resistance (SAR). L. crescens LPS elicited a rapid burst of nitric oxide (NO) in suspension cultured tobacco cells. Pharmacological inhibitor assays confirmed that arginine-utilizing NO synthase (NOS) activity was the primary source of NO generation elicited by L. crescens LPS. LPS treatment also resulted in biological markers of NO-mediated SAR activation, including an increase in the glutathione pool, callose deposition, and activation of the salicylic acid and azelaic acid (AzA) signaling networks. Transient expression of 'Ca. L. asiaticus' bacterioferritin comigratory protein (BCP) peroxiredoxin in tobacco compromised AzA signaling, a prerequisite for LPS-triggered SAR. Western blot analyses revealed that 'Ca. L. asiaticus' BCP peroxiredoxin prevented peroxynitrite-mediated tyrosine nitration in tobacco. 'Ca. L. asiaticus' BCP peroxiredoxin (i) attenuates NO-mediated SAR signaling and (ii) scavenges peroxynitrite radicals, which would facilitate repetitive cycles of 'Ca. L. asiaticus' acquisition and transmission by fecund psyllids throughout the limited flush period in citrus.[Formula: see text] Copyright © 2022 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mukesh Jain
- Plant Pathology Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, U.S.A
| | - Lulu Cai
- Plant Pathology Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, U.S.A
| | - Ian Black
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, U.S.A
| | - Parastoo Azadi
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, U.S.A
| | - Russell W Carlson
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, U.S.A
| | - Kathryn M Jones
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, U.S.A
| | - Dean W Gabriel
- Plant Pathology Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, U.S.A
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Xu K, Jourquin J, Njo MF, Nguyen L, Beeckman T, Fernandez AI. The Phloem Intercalated With Xylem-Correlated 3 Receptor-Like Kinase Constitutively Interacts With Brassinosteroid Insensitive 1-Associated Receptor Kinase 1 and Is Involved in Vascular Development in Arabidopsis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 12:706633. [PMID: 35087541 PMCID: PMC8786740 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.706633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Leucine-rich repeat receptor-like kinases (LRR-RLKs) play fundamental roles in cell-to-cell and plant-environment communication. LRR-RLKs can function as receptors perceiving endogenous or external ligands, or as coreceptors, which stabilize the complex, and enhance transduction of the intracellular signal. The LRR-RLK BAK1 is a coreceptor for different developmental and immunity pathways. In this article, we identified PXY-CORRELATED 3 (PXC3) as a BAK1-interacting LRR-RLK, which was previously reported to be transcribed in vascular tissues co-expressed with PHLOEM INTERCALATED WITH XYLEM (PXY), the receptor of the TDIF/CLE41 peptide. Characterization of pxc3 loss-of-function mutants revealed reduced hypocotyl stele width and vascular cells compared to wild type, indicating that PXC3 plays a role in the vascular development in Arabidopsis. Furthermore, our data suggest that PXC3 might function as a positive regulator of the CLE41/TDIF-TDR/PXY signaling pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ke Xu
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Joris Jourquin
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Maria Fransiska Njo
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Long Nguyen
- Screening Core, VIB, Ghent, Belgium
- Centre for Bioassay Development and Screening (C-BIOS), Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Tom Beeckman
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ana Ibis Fernandez
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Sertedakis M, Kotsaridis K, Tsakiri D, Mermigka G, Dominguez‐Ferreras A, Ntoukakis V, Sarris P. Expression of putative effectors of different Xylella fastidiosa strains triggers cell death-like responses in various Nicotiana model plants. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2022; 23:148-156. [PMID: 34628713 PMCID: PMC8659589 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The wide host range of Xylella fastidiosa (Xf) indicates the existence of yet uncharacterized virulence mechanisms that help pathogens to overcome host defences. Various bioinformatics tools combined with prediction of the functions of putative virulence proteins are valuable approaches to study microbial pathogenicity. We collected a number of putative effectors from three Xf strains belonging to different subspecies: Temecula-1 (subsp. fastidiosa), CoDiRO (subsp. pauca), and Ann-1 (subsp. sandyi). We designed an in planta Agrobacterium-based expression system that drives the expressed proteins to the cell apoplast, in order to investigate their ability to activate defence in Nicotiana model plants. Multiple Xf proteins differentially elicited cell death-like phenotypes in different Nicotiana species. These proteins are members of different enzymatic groups: (a) hydrolases/hydrolase inhibitors, (b) serine proteases, and (c) metal transferases. We also classified the Xf proteins according to their sequential and structural similarities via the I-TASSER online tool. Interestingly, we identified similar proteins that were able to differentially elicit cell death in different cultivars of the same species. Our findings provide a basis for further studies on the mechanisms that underlie both defence activation in Xf resistant hosts and pathogen adaptation in susceptible hosts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Konstantinos Kotsaridis
- Department of BiologyUniversity of CreteHeraklionGreece
- Institute of Molecular Biology and BiotechnologyFoundation for Research and Technology‐HellasHeraklionGreece
| | - Dimitra Tsakiri
- Department of BiologyUniversity of CreteHeraklionGreece
- Institute of Molecular Biology and BiotechnologyFoundation for Research and Technology‐HellasHeraklionGreece
| | - Glykeria Mermigka
- Institute of Molecular Biology and BiotechnologyFoundation for Research and Technology‐HellasHeraklionGreece
| | | | | | - Panagiotis F. Sarris
- Department of BiologyUniversity of CreteHeraklionGreece
- Institute of Molecular Biology and BiotechnologyFoundation for Research and Technology‐HellasHeraklionGreece
- BiosciencesUniversity of ExeterExeterUK
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Bradley EL, Ökmen B, Doehlemann G, Henrissat B, Bradshaw RE, Mesarich CH. Secreted Glycoside Hydrolase Proteins as Effectors and Invasion Patterns of Plant-Associated Fungi and Oomycetes. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:853106. [PMID: 35360318 PMCID: PMC8960721 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.853106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
During host colonization, plant-associated microbes, including fungi and oomycetes, deliver a collection of glycoside hydrolases (GHs) to their cell surfaces and surrounding extracellular environments. The number and type of GHs secreted by each organism is typically associated with their lifestyle or mode of nutrient acquisition. Secreted GHs of plant-associated fungi and oomycetes serve a number of different functions, with many of them acting as virulence factors (effectors) to promote microbial host colonization. Specific functions involve, for example, nutrient acquisition, the detoxification of antimicrobial compounds, the manipulation of plant microbiota, and the suppression or prevention of plant immune responses. In contrast, secreted GHs of plant-associated fungi and oomycetes can also activate the plant immune system, either by acting as microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs), or through the release of damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) as a consequence of their enzymatic activity. In this review, we highlight the critical roles that secreted GHs from plant-associated fungi and oomycetes play in plant-microbe interactions, provide an overview of existing knowledge gaps and summarize future directions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ellie L. Bradley
- Bioprotection Aotearoa, School of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Bilal Ökmen
- Institute for Plant Sciences and Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Department of Microbial Interactions, IMIT/ZMBP, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Gunther Doehlemann
- Institute for Plant Sciences and Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Bernard Henrissat
- DTU Bioengineering, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
- Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques (AFMB), UMR 7257 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Aix-Marseille, Marseille, France
- Department of Biological Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rosie E. Bradshaw
- Bioprotection Aotearoa, School of Natural Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Carl H. Mesarich
- Bioprotection Aotearoa, School of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
- *Correspondence: Carl H. Mesarich,
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Battache M, Lebrun MH, Sakai K, Soudière O, Cambon F, Langin T, Saintenac C. Blocked at the Stomatal Gate, a Key Step of Wheat Stb16q-Mediated Resistance to Zymoseptoria tritici. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:921074. [PMID: 35832231 PMCID: PMC9271956 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.921074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Septoria tritici blotch (STB), caused by the fungus Zymoseptoria tritici, is among the most threatening wheat diseases in Europe. Genetic resistance remains one of the main environmentally sustainable strategies to efficiently control STB. However, the molecular and physiological mechanisms underlying resistance are still unknown, limiting the implementation of knowledge-driven management strategies. Among the 22 known major resistance genes (Stb), the recently cloned Stb16q gene encodes a cysteine-rich receptor-like kinase conferring a full broad-spectrum resistance against Z. tritici. Here, we showed that an avirulent Z. tritici inoculated on Stb16q quasi near isogenic lines (NILs) either by infiltration into leaf tissues or by brush inoculation of wounded tissues partially bypasses Stb16q-mediated resistance. To understand this bypass, we monitored the infection of GFP-labeled avirulent and virulent isolates on Stb16q NILs, from germination to pycnidia formation. This quantitative cytological analysis revealed that 95% of the penetration attempts were unsuccessful in the Stb16q incompatible interaction, while almost all succeeded in compatible interactions. Infectious hyphae resulting from the few successful penetration events in the Stb16q incompatible interaction were arrested in the sub-stomatal cavity of the primary-infected stomata. These results indicate that Stb16q-mediated resistance mainly blocks the avirulent isolate during its stomatal penetration into wheat tissue. Analyses of stomatal aperture of the Stb16q NILs during infection revealed that Stb16q triggers a temporary stomatal closure in response to an avirulent isolate. Finally, we showed that infiltrating avirulent isolates into leaves of the Stb6 and Stb9 NILs also partially bypasses resistances, suggesting that arrest during stomatal penetration might be a common major mechanism for Stb-mediated resistances.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mélissa Battache
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, GDEC, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Marc-Henri Lebrun
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, UR BIOGER, Thiverval-Grignon, France
| | - Kaori Sakai
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, UR BIOGER, Thiverval-Grignon, France
| | - Olivier Soudière
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, GDEC, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Florence Cambon
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, GDEC, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Thierry Langin
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, GDEC, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Cyrille Saintenac
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, GDEC, Clermont-Ferrand, France
- *Correspondence: Cyrille Saintenac,
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Silencing a Simple Extracellular Leucine-Rich Repeat Gene OsI-BAK1 Enhances the Resistance of Rice to Brown Planthopper Nilaparvata lugens. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222212182. [PMID: 34830062 PMCID: PMC8622231 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222212182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Many plant proteins with extracellular leucine-rich repeat (eLRR) domains play an important role in plant immunity. However, the role of one class of eLRR plant proteins—the simple eLRR proteins—in plant defenses against herbivores remains largely unknown. Here, we found that a simple eLRR protein OsI-BAK1 in rice localizes to the plasma membrane. Its expression was induced by mechanical wounding, the infestation of gravid females of brown planthopper (BPH) Nilaparvata lugens or white-backed planthopper Sogatella furcifera and treatment with methyl jasmonate or abscisic acid. Silencing OsI-BAK1 (ir-ibak1) in rice enhanced the BPH-induced transcript levels of three defense-related WRKY genes (OsWRKY24, OsWRKY53 and OsWRKY70) but decreased the induced levels of ethylene. Bioassays revealed that the hatching rate was significantly lower in BPH eggs laid on ir-ibak1 plants than wild-type (WT) plants; moreover, gravid BPH females preferred to oviposit on WT plants over ir-ibak1 plants. The exogenous application of ethephon on ir-ibak1 plants eliminated the BPH oviposition preference between WT and ir-ibak1 plants but had no effect on the hatching rate of BPH eggs. These findings suggest that OsI-BAK1 acts as a negative modulator of defense responses in rice to BPH and that BPH might exploit this modulator for its own benefit.
Collapse
|
42
|
Bauters L, Stojilković B, Gheysen G. Pathogens pulling the strings: Effectors manipulating salicylic acid and phenylpropanoid biosynthesis in plants. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2021; 22:1436-1448. [PMID: 34414650 PMCID: PMC8518561 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
During evolution, plants have developed sophisticated ways to cope with different biotic and abiotic stresses. Phytohormones and secondary metabolites are known to play pivotal roles in defence responses against invading pathogens. One of the key hormones involved in plant immunity is salicylic acid (SA), of which the role in plant defence is well established and documented. Plants produce an array of secondary metabolites categorized in different classes, with the phenylpropanoids as major players in plant immunity. Both SA and phenylpropanoids are needed for an effective immune response by the plant. To successfully infect the host, pathogens secrete proteins, called effectors, into the plant tissue to lower defence. Secreted effectors can interfere with several metabolic or signalling pathways in the host to facilitate infection. In this review, we will focus on the different strategies pathogens have developed to affect the levels of SA and phenylpropanoids to increase plant susceptibility.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lander Bauters
- Department of BiotechnologyFaculty of Bioscience EngineeringGhent UniversityGhentBelgium
| | - Boris Stojilković
- Department of BiotechnologyFaculty of Bioscience EngineeringGhent UniversityGhentBelgium
| | - Godelieve Gheysen
- Department of BiotechnologyFaculty of Bioscience EngineeringGhent UniversityGhentBelgium
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
El Kasmi F. How activated NLRs induce anti-microbial defenses in plants. Biochem Soc Trans 2021; 49:2177-2188. [PMID: 34623378 PMCID: PMC8589443 DOI: 10.1042/bst20210242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Plants utilize cell-surface localized and intracellular leucine-rich repeat (LRR) immune receptors to detect pathogens and to activate defense responses, including transcriptional reprogramming and the initiation of a form of programmed cell death of infected cells. Cell death initiation is mainly associated with the activation of nucleotide-binding LRR receptors (NLRs). NLRs recognize the presence or cellular activity of pathogen-derived virulence proteins, so-called effectors. Effector-dependent NLR activation leads to the formation of higher order oligomeric complexes, termed resistosomes. Resistosomes can either form potential calcium-permeable cation channels at cellular membranes and initiate calcium influxes resulting in activation of immunity and cell death or function as NADases whose activity is needed for the activation of downstream immune signaling components, depending on the N-terminal domain of the NLR protein. In this mini-review, the current knowledge on the mechanisms of NLR-mediated cell death and resistance pathways during plant immunity is discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Farid El Kasmi
- Center for Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), University of Tübingen, Tübingen Germany
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Gottin C, Dievart A, Summo M, Droc G, Périn C, Ranwez V, Chantret N. A new comprehensive annotation of leucine-rich repeat-containing receptors in rice. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 108:492-508. [PMID: 34382706 PMCID: PMC9292849 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Oryza sativa (rice) plays an essential food security role for more than half of the world's population. Obtaining crops with high levels of disease resistance is a major challenge for breeders, especially today, given the urgent need for agriculture to be more sustainable. Plant resistance genes are mainly encoded by three large leucine-rich repeat (LRR)-containing receptor (LRR-CR) families: the LRR-receptor-like kinase (LRR-RLK), LRR-receptor-like protein (LRR-RLP) and nucleotide-binding LRR receptor (NLR). Using lrrprofiler, a pipeline that we developed to annotate and classify these proteins, we compared three publicly available annotations of the rice Nipponbare reference genome. The extended discrepancies that we observed for LRR-CR gene models led us to perform an in-depth manual curation of their annotations while paying special attention to nonsense mutations. We then transferred this manually curated annotation to Kitaake, a cultivar that is closely related to Nipponbare, using an optimized strategy. Here, we discuss the breakthrough achieved by manual curation when comparing genomes and, in addition to 'functional' and 'structural' annotations, we propose that the community adopts this approach, which we call 'comprehensive' annotation. The resulting data are crucial for further studies on the natural variability and evolution of LRR-CR genes in order to promote their use in breeding future resilient varieties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Céline Gottin
- UMR AGAP InstitutUniv MontpellierCIRAD, INRAEInstitut AgroF‐34398MontpellierFrance
- CIRADUMR AGAP InstitutF‐34398MontpellierFrance
| | - Anne Dievart
- UMR AGAP InstitutUniv MontpellierCIRAD, INRAEInstitut AgroF‐34398MontpellierFrance
- CIRADUMR AGAP InstitutF‐34398MontpellierFrance
| | - Marilyne Summo
- UMR AGAP InstitutUniv MontpellierCIRAD, INRAEInstitut AgroF‐34398MontpellierFrance
- CIRADUMR AGAP InstitutF‐34398MontpellierFrance
| | - Gaëtan Droc
- UMR AGAP InstitutUniv MontpellierCIRAD, INRAEInstitut AgroF‐34398MontpellierFrance
- CIRADUMR AGAP InstitutF‐34398MontpellierFrance
| | - Christophe Périn
- UMR AGAP InstitutUniv MontpellierCIRAD, INRAEInstitut AgroF‐34398MontpellierFrance
- CIRADUMR AGAP InstitutF‐34398MontpellierFrance
| | - Vincent Ranwez
- UMR AGAP InstitutUniv MontpellierCIRAD, INRAEInstitut AgroF‐34398MontpellierFrance
| | - Nathalie Chantret
- UMR AGAP InstitutUniv MontpellierCIRAD, INRAEInstitut AgroF‐34398MontpellierFrance
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Pochonia chlamydosporia Isolate PC-170-Induced Expression of Marker Genes for Defense Pathways in Tomatoes Challenged by Different Pathogens. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9091882. [PMID: 34576777 PMCID: PMC8470021 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9091882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Pochonia chlamydosporia is a fungal parasite of nematode eggs. Studies have shown that some strains of Pochonia chlamydosporia can promote plant growth and induce plants’ systemic resistance to root-knot nematodes by colonizing in their roots. This study aimed to verify the effect of the PC-170 strain on tomato growth and systemic resistance. Split-root experiments were conducted to observe the systemic resistance induced by PC-170. To explore the defense pathway that was excited due to the colonization by PC-170, we tested the expression of marker genes for defense pathways, and used mutant lines to verify the role of plant defense pathways. Our results showed that PC-170 can colonize roots, and promotes growth. We found a role for jasmonic acid (JA) in modulating tomato colonization by PC-170. PC-170 can activate tomato defense responses to reduce susceptibility to infection by the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita, and induced resistance to some pathogens in tomatoes. The marker genes of the defense pathway were significantly induced after PC-170 colonization. However, salicylic acid (SA)- and jasmonic acid (JA)-dependent defenses in roots were variable with the invasion of different pathogens. Defense pathways play different roles at different points in time. SA- and JA-dependent defense pathways were shown to cross-communicate. Different phytohormones have been involved in tomato plants’ responses against different pathogens. Our study confirmed that adaptive JA signaling is necessary to regulate PC-170 colonization and induce systemic resistance in tomatoes.
Collapse
|
46
|
Guo L, Yu H, Wang B, Vescio K, Delulio GA, Yang H, Berg A, Zhang L, Edel-Hermann V, Steinberg C, Kistler HC, Ma LJ. Metatranscriptomic Comparison of Endophytic and Pathogenic Fusarium-Arabidopsis Interactions Reveals Plant Transcriptional Plasticity. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2021; 34:1071-1083. [PMID: 33856230 PMCID: PMC9048145 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-03-21-0063-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Plants are continuously exposed to beneficial and pathogenic microbes, but how plants recognize and respond to friends versus foes remains poorly understood. Here, we compared the molecular response of Arabidopsis thaliana independently challenged with a Fusarium oxysporum endophyte Fo47 versus a pathogen Fo5176. These two F. oxysporum strains share a core genome of about 46 Mb, in addition to 1,229 and 5,415 unique accessory genes. Metatranscriptomic data reveal a shared pattern of expression for most plant genes (about 80%) in responding to both fungal inoculums at all timepoints from 12 to 96 h postinoculation (HPI). However, the distinct responding genes depict transcriptional plasticity, as the pathogenic interaction activates plant stress responses and suppresses functions related to plant growth and development, while the endophytic interaction attenuates host immunity but activates plant nitrogen assimilation. The differences in reprogramming of the plant transcriptome are most obvious in 12 HPI, the earliest timepoint sampled, and are linked to accessory genes in both fungal genomes. Collectively, our results indicate that the A. thaliana and F. oxysporum interaction displays both transcriptome conservation and plasticity in the early stages of infection, providing insights into the fine-tuning of gene regulation underlying plant differential responses to fungal endophytes and pathogens.[Formula: see text] Copyright © 2021 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li Guo
- MOE Key Laboratory for Intelligent Networks & Network Security, Faculty of Electronic and Information Engineering, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049 China
| | - Houlin Yu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, U.S.A
| | - Bo Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory for Intelligent Networks & Network Security, Faculty of Electronic and Information Engineering, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049 China
| | - Kathryn Vescio
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, U.S.A
| | - Gregory A. Delulio
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, U.S.A
| | - He Yang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, U.S.A
| | - Andrew Berg
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, U.S.A
| | - Lili Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, U.S.A
| | - Véronique Edel-Hermann
- Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon, INRA, University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-21000 Dijon, France
| | - Christian Steinberg
- Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon, INRA, University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-21000 Dijon, France
| | - H. Corby Kistler
- USDA ARS Cereal Disease Laboratory, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, U.S.A
| | - Li-Jun Ma
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, U.S.A
- Corresponding author: L.-J. Ma;
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Kachroo P, Burch-Smith TM, Grant M. An Emerging Role for Chloroplasts in Disease and Defense. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2021; 59:423-445. [PMID: 34432508 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-phyto-020620-115813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Chloroplasts are key players in plant immune signaling, contributing to not only de novo synthesis of defensive phytohormones but also the generation of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species following activation of pattern recognition receptors or resistance (R) proteins. The local hypersensitive response (HR) elicited by R proteins is underpinned by chloroplast-generated reactive oxygen species. HR-induced lipid peroxidation generates important chloroplast-derived signaling lipids essential to the establishment of systemic immunity. As a consequence of this pivotal role in immunity, pathogens deploy effector complements that directly or indirectly target chloroplasts to attenuate chloroplast immunity (CI). Our review summarizes the current knowledge of CI signaling and highlights common pathogen chloroplast targets and virulence strategies. We address emerging insights into chloroplast retrograde signaling in immune responses and gaps in our knowledge, including the importance of understanding chloroplast heterogeneity and chloroplast involvement in intraorganellular interactions in host immunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pradeep Kachroo
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40546, USA
| | - Tessa M Burch-Smith
- Department of Biochemistry & Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, USA
| | - Murray Grant
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK;
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Allwood JW, Williams A, Uthe H, van Dam NM, Mur LAJ, Grant MR, Pétriacq P. Unravelling Plant Responses to Stress-The Importance of Targeted and Untargeted Metabolomics. Metabolites 2021; 11:558. [PMID: 34436499 PMCID: PMC8398504 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11080558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Climate change and an increasing population, present a massive global challenge with respect to environmentally sustainable nutritious food production. Crop yield enhancements, through breeding, are decreasing, whilst agricultural intensification is constrained by emerging, re-emerging, and endemic pests and pathogens, accounting for ~30% of global crop losses, as well as mounting abiotic stress pressures, due to climate change. Metabolomics approaches have previously contributed to our knowledge within the fields of molecular plant pathology and plant-insect interactions. However, these remain incredibly challenging targets, due to the vast diversity in metabolite volatility and polarity, heterogeneous mixtures of pathogen and plant cells, as well as rapid rates of metabolite turn-over. Unravelling the systematic biochemical responses of plants to various individual and combined stresses, involves monitoring signaling compounds, secondary messengers, phytohormones, and defensive and protective chemicals. This demands both targeted and untargeted metabolomics approaches, as well as a range of enzymatic assays, protein assays, and proteomic and transcriptomic technologies. In this review, we focus upon the technical and biological challenges of measuring the metabolome associated with plant stress. We illustrate the challenges, with relevant examples from bacterial and fungal molecular pathologies, plant-insect interactions, and abiotic and combined stress in the environment. We also discuss future prospects from both the perspective of key innovative metabolomic technologies and their deployment in breeding for stress resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James William Allwood
- Environmental and Biochemical Sciences, James Hutton Institute, Errol Road, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, UK
| | - Alex Williams
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK;
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, Biosciences, The University of Sheffield Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Henriette Uthe
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Molecular Interaction Ecology Group, Friedrich-Schiller University Jena, Puschstr. 4, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; (H.U.); (N.M.v.D.)
| | - Nicole M. van Dam
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Molecular Interaction Ecology Group, Friedrich-Schiller University Jena, Puschstr. 4, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; (H.U.); (N.M.v.D.)
| | - Luis A. J. Mur
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences (IBERS), Edward Llwyd Building, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth SY23 3DA, UK;
| | - Murray R. Grant
- Gibbet Hill Campus, School of Life Sciences, The University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK;
| | - Pierre Pétriacq
- UMR 1332 Fruit Biology and Pathology, Centre INRAE de Nouvelle Aquitaine Bordeaux, University of Bordeaux, 33140 Villenave d’Ornon, France
- Bordeaux Metabolome, MetaboHUB, PHENOME-EMPHASIS, Centre INRAE de Nouvelle Aquitaine-Bordeaux, 33140 Villenave d’Ornon, France
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Lodeyro AF, Krapp AR, Carrillo N. Photosynthesis and chloroplast redox signaling in the age of global warming: stress tolerance, acclimation, and developmental plasticity. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:5919-5937. [PMID: 34111246 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Contemporary climate change is characterized by the increased intensity and frequency of environmental stress events such as floods, droughts, and heatwaves, which have a debilitating impact on photosynthesis and growth, compromising the production of food, feed, and biofuels for an expanding population. The need to increase crop productivity in the context of global warming has fueled attempts to improve several key plant features such as photosynthetic performance, assimilate partitioning, and tolerance to environmental stresses. Chloroplast redox metabolism, including photosynthetic electron transport and CO2 reductive assimilation, are primary targets of most stress conditions, leading to excessive excitation pressure, photodamage, and propagation of reactive oxygen species. Alterations in chloroplast redox poise, in turn, provide signals that exit the plastid and modulate plant responses to the environmental conditions. Understanding the molecular mechanisms involved in these processes could provide novel tools to increase crop yield in suboptimal environments. We describe herein various interventions into chloroplast redox networks that resulted in increased tolerance to multiple sources of environmental stress. They included manipulation of endogenous components and introduction of electron carriers from other organisms, which affected not only stress endurance but also leaf size and longevity. The resulting scenario indicates that chloroplast redox pathways have an important impact on plant growth, development, and defense that goes beyond their roles in primary metabolism. Manipulation of these processes provides additional strategies for the design of crops with improved performance under destabilized climate conditions as foreseen for the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anabella F Lodeyro
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario (IBR-UNR/CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario (UNR), Rosario, Argentina
| | - Adriana R Krapp
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario (IBR-UNR/CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario (UNR), Rosario, Argentina
| | - Néstor Carrillo
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario (IBR-UNR/CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario (UNR), Rosario, Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Figueroa M, Ortiz D, Henningsen EC. Tactics of host manipulation by intracellular effectors from plant pathogenic fungi. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 62:102054. [PMID: 33992840 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2021.102054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Fungal pathogens can secrete hundreds of effectors, some of which are known to promote host susceptibility. This biological complexity, together with the lack of genetic tools in some fungi, presents a substantial challenge to develop a broad picture of the mechanisms these pathogens use for host manipulation. Nevertheless, recent advances in understanding individual effector functions are beginning to flesh out our view of fungal pathogenesis. This review discusses some of the latest findings that illustrate how effectors from diverse species use similar strategies to modulate plant physiology to their advantage. We also summarize recent breakthroughs in the identification of effectors from challenging systems, like obligate biotrophs, and emerging concepts such as the 'iceberg model' to explain how the activation of plant immunity can be turned off by effectors with suppressive activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Melania Figueroa
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Agriculture and Food, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia.
| | - Diana Ortiz
- National Research Institute for Agriculture, Food and Environment, Unit of Genetics and Breeding of Fruit and Vegetables, Domaine St Maurice, CS 60094, F-84143 Montfavet, France
| | - Eva C Henningsen
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
| |
Collapse
|