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De Simone G, di Masi A, Sbardella D, Ascenzi P, Coletta M. Nitric Oxide Binding Geometry in Heme-Proteins: Relevance for Signal Transduction. Antioxidants (Basel) 2024; 13:666. [PMID: 38929104 PMCID: PMC11201058 DOI: 10.3390/antiox13060666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2024] [Revised: 05/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) synthesis, signaling, and scavenging is associated to relevant physiological and pathological events. In all tissues and organs, NO levels and related functions are regulated at different levels, with heme proteins playing pivotal roles. Here, we focus on the structural changes related to the different binding modes of NO to heme-Fe(II), as well as the modulatory effects of this diatomic messenger on heme-protein functions. Specifically, the ability of heme proteins to bind NO at either the distal or proximal side of the heme and the transient interchanging of the binding site is reported. This sheds light on the regulation of O2 supply to tissues with high metabolic activity, such as the retina, where a precise regulation of blood flow is necessary to meet the demand of nutrients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna De Simone
- Dipartimento di Scienze, Università degli Studi Roma Tre, 00146 Rome, Italy; (G.D.S.); (A.d.M.)
| | - Alessandra di Masi
- Dipartimento di Scienze, Università degli Studi Roma Tre, 00146 Rome, Italy; (G.D.S.); (A.d.M.)
- Centro Linceo Interdisciplinare “Beniamino Segre”, Accademia dei Lincei, 00165 Rome, Italy
| | | | - Paolo Ascenzi
- Dipartimento di Scienze, Università degli Studi Roma Tre, 00146 Rome, Italy; (G.D.S.); (A.d.M.)
- Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei, 00165 Rome, Italy
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2
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Calabrese EJ, Agathokleous E. Nitric oxide, hormesis and plant biology. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 866:161299. [PMID: 36596420 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.161299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The present paper provides the first integrative assessment of the occurrence of nitric oxide (NO) induced hormetic effects in plant biology. Hormetic dose responses were commonly reported for NO donors on numerous plant species of agricultural and other commercial value. The NO donors were also shown to protect plants from a wide range of chemical (i.e., multiple toxic metals) and physical stressors (i.e., heat, drought) in preconditioning (aka priming) experimental protocols showing hormetic dose responses. Practical approaches for the use of NO donors to enhance plant growth using optimized dose response frameworks were also assessed. Considerable mechanistic findings indicate that NO donors have the capacity to enhance a broad range of adaptive responses, including highly integrated antioxidant activities. The integration of the hormesis concept with NO donors is likely to become a valuable practical general strategy to enhance plant productivity across a wide range of valuable plant species facing environmental pollution and climate changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward J Calabrese
- School of Public Health and Health Sciences, Environmental Health Sciences, Morrill I, N344, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, United States of America.
| | - Evgenios Agathokleous
- School of Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China.
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3
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Wong A, Bi C, Chi W, Hu N, Gehring C. Amino acid motifs for the identification of novel protein interactants. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2022; 21:326-334. [PMID: 36582434 PMCID: PMC9791077 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2022.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Biological systems consist of multiple components of different physical and chemical properties that require complex and dynamic regulatory loops to function efficiently. The discovery of ever more novel interacting sites in complex proteins suggests that we are only beginning to understand how cellular and biological functions are integrated and tuned at the molecular and systems levels. Here we review recently discovered interacting sites which have been identified through rationally designed amino acid motifs diagnostic for specific molecular functions, including enzymatic activities and ligand-binding properties. We specifically discuss the nature of the latter using as examples, novel hormone recognition and gas sensing sites that occur in moonlighting protein complexes. Drawing evidence from the current literature, we discuss the potential implications at the cellular, tissue, and/or organismal levels of such non-catalytic interacting sites and provide several promising avenues for the expansion of amino acid motif searches to discover hitherto unknown protein interactants and interaction networks. We believe this knowledge will unearth unexpected functions in both new and well-characterized proteins, thus filling existing conceptual gaps or opening new avenues for applications either as drug targets or tools in pharmacology, cell biology and bio-catalysis. Beyond this, motif searches may also support the design of novel, effective and sustainable approaches to crop improvements and the development of new therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aloysius Wong
- Department of Biology, College of Science and Technology, Wenzhou-Kean University, 88 Daxue Road, Ouhai, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province 325060, China
- Wenzhou Municipal Key Lab for Applied Biomedical and Biopharmaceutical Informatics, Ouhai, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province 325060, China
- Zhejiang Bioinformatics International Science and Technology Cooperation Center, Ouhai, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province 325060, China
| | - Chuyun Bi
- Department of Biology, College of Science and Technology, Wenzhou-Kean University, 88 Daxue Road, Ouhai, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province 325060, China
- Wenzhou Municipal Key Lab for Applied Biomedical and Biopharmaceutical Informatics, Ouhai, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province 325060, China
- Zhejiang Bioinformatics International Science and Technology Cooperation Center, Ouhai, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province 325060, China
| | - Wei Chi
- Department of Biology, College of Science and Technology, Wenzhou-Kean University, 88 Daxue Road, Ouhai, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province 325060, China
| | - Ningxin Hu
- Department of Biology, College of Science and Technology, Wenzhou-Kean University, 88 Daxue Road, Ouhai, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province 325060, China
| | - Chris Gehring
- Department of Chemistry, Biology & Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Perugia 06121, Italy
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4
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Kwiatkowski M, Wong A, Bi C, Gehring C, Jaworski K. Twin cyclic mononucleotide cyclase and phosphodiesterase domain architecture as a common feature in complex plant proteins. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 325:111493. [PMID: 36216295 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2022.111493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The majority of proteins in both prokaryote and eukaryote proteomes consist of two or more functional centers, which allows for intramolecular tuning of protein functions. Such architecture, as opposed to animal orthologs, applies to the plant cyclases (CNC) and phosphodiesterases (PDEs), the vast majority of which are part of larger multifunctional proteins. In plants, until recently, only two cases of combinations of CNC-PDE in one protein were reported. Here we propose that in plants, multifunctional proteins in which the PDE motif has been identified, the presence of the additional CNC center is common. Searching the Arabidopsis thaliana proteome with a combined PDE-CNC motif allowed the creation of a database of proteins with both activities. One such example is methylenetetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase, in which we determined the activities of adenylate cyclase (AC) and PDE. Based on biochemical and mutagenesis analyses we assessed the impact of the AC and PDE catalytic centers on the dehydrogenase activity. This allowed us to propose additional regulatory mechanism that govern folate metabolism by cAMP. It is therefore conceivable that the combined CNC-PDE architecture is a common regulatory configuration, where control of the level of cyclic nucleotides (cNMP) influences other catalytic activities of the protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateusz Kwiatkowski
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biotechnology, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Lwowska St. 1, 87-100 Toruń, Poland.
| | - Aloysius Wong
- Department of Biology, College of Science and Technology, Wenzhou-Kean University, 88 Daxue Road, Wenzhou 325060, Zhejiang Province, China; Zhejiang Bioinformatics International Science and Technology Cooperation Center, Wenzhou 325060, Zhejiang Province, China; Wenzhou Municipal Key Lab for Applied Biomedical and Biopharmaceutical Informatics, Wenzhou 325060, Zhejiang Province, China.
| | - Chuyun Bi
- Department of Biology, College of Science and Technology, Wenzhou-Kean University, 88 Daxue Road, Wenzhou 325060, Zhejiang Province, China; Zhejiang Bioinformatics International Science and Technology Cooperation Center, Wenzhou 325060, Zhejiang Province, China; Wenzhou Municipal Key Lab for Applied Biomedical and Biopharmaceutical Informatics, Wenzhou 325060, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Chris Gehring
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Borgo XX Giugno, 74, 06121 Perugia, Italy.
| | - Krzysztof Jaworski
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biotechnology, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Lwowska St. 1, 87-100 Toruń, Poland
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Jiang S, Abdalla HB, Bi C, Zhu Y, Tian X, Yang Y, Wong A. HNOXPred: a web tool for the prediction of gas-sensing H-NOX proteins from amino acid sequence. Bioinformatics 2022; 38:4643-4644. [PMID: 35993887 DOI: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btac571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
SUMMARY HNOXPred is a webserver for the prediction of gas-sensing heme-nitric oxide/oxygen (H-NOX) proteins from amino acid sequence. H-NOX proteins are gas-sensing hemoproteins found in diverse organisms ranging from bacteria to eukaryotes. Recently, gas-sensing complex multi-functional proteins containing only the conserved amino acids at the heme centers of H-NOX proteins, have been identified through a motif-based approach. Based on experimental data and H-NOX candidates reported in the literature, HNOXPred is created to automate and facilitate the identification of similar H-NOX centers across systems. The server features HNOXSCORES scaled from 0 to 1 that consider in its calculation, the physicochemical properties of amino acids constituting the heme center in H-NOX in addition to the conserved amino acids within the center. From user input amino acid sequence, the server returns positive hits and their calculated HNOXSCORES ordered from high to low confidence which are accompanied by interpretation guides and recommendations. The utility of this server is demonstrated using the human proteome as an example. AVAILABILITY AND IMPLEMENTATION The HNOXPred server is available at https://www.hnoxpred.com. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyu Jiang
- Department of Computer Science, Wenzhou-Kean University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province 325060, China
| | - Hemn Barzan Abdalla
- Department of Computer Science, Wenzhou-Kean University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province 325060, China
| | - Chuyun Bi
- Department of Biology, Wenzhou-Kean University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province 325060, China.,Zhejiang Bioinformatics International Science and Technology Cooperation Center, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province 325060, China.,Wenzhou Municipal Key Lab for Applied Biomedical and Biopharmaceutical Informatics, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province 325060, China
| | - Yi Zhu
- Department of Biology, Wenzhou-Kean University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province 325060, China
| | - Xuechen Tian
- Department of Biology, Wenzhou-Kean University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province 325060, China.,Zhejiang Bioinformatics International Science and Technology Cooperation Center, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province 325060, China.,Wenzhou Municipal Key Lab for Applied Biomedical and Biopharmaceutical Informatics, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province 325060, China
| | - Yixin Yang
- Department of Biology, Wenzhou-Kean University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province 325060, China.,Zhejiang Bioinformatics International Science and Technology Cooperation Center, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province 325060, China.,Wenzhou Municipal Key Lab for Applied Biomedical and Biopharmaceutical Informatics, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province 325060, China
| | - Aloysius Wong
- Department of Biology, Wenzhou-Kean University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province 325060, China.,Zhejiang Bioinformatics International Science and Technology Cooperation Center, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province 325060, China.,Wenzhou Municipal Key Lab for Applied Biomedical and Biopharmaceutical Informatics, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province 325060, China
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6
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Baez LA, Tichá T, Hamann T. Cell wall integrity regulation across plant species. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 109:483-504. [PMID: 35674976 PMCID: PMC9213367 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-022-01284-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Plant cell walls are highly dynamic and chemically complex structures surrounding all plant cells. They provide structural support, protection from both abiotic and biotic stress as well as ensure containment of turgor. Recently evidence has accumulated that a dedicated mechanism exists in plants, which is monitoring the functional integrity of cell walls and initiates adaptive responses to maintain integrity in case it is impaired during growth, development or exposure to biotic and abiotic stress. The available evidence indicates that detection of impairment involves mechano-perception, while reactive oxygen species and phytohormone-based signaling processes play key roles in translating signals generated and regulating adaptive responses. More recently it has also become obvious that the mechanisms mediating cell wall integrity maintenance and pattern triggered immunity are interacting with each other to modulate the adaptive responses to biotic stress and cell wall integrity impairment. Here we will review initially our current knowledge regarding the mode of action of the maintenance mechanism, discuss mechanisms mediating responses to biotic stresses and highlight how both mechanisms may modulate adaptive responses. This first part will be focused on Arabidopsis thaliana since most of the relevant knowledge derives from this model organism. We will then proceed to provide perspective to what extent the relevant molecular mechanisms are conserved in other plant species and close by discussing current knowledge of the transcriptional machinery responsible for controlling the adaptive responses using selected examples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Alonso Baez
- Institute for Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 5 Høgskoleringen, 7491, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Tereza Tichá
- Institute for Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 5 Høgskoleringen, 7491, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Thorsten Hamann
- Institute for Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 5 Høgskoleringen, 7491, Trondheim, Norway.
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7
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Wong A, Gehring C. New Horizons in Plant Cell Signaling. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:5826. [PMID: 35628641 PMCID: PMC9147848 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23105826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Responding to environmental stimuli with appropriate molecular mechanisms is essential to all life forms and particularly so in sessile organisms such as plants [...].
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Affiliation(s)
- Aloysius Wong
- Department of Biology, College of Science and Technology, Wenzhou-Kean University, 88 Daxue Road, Wenzhou 325060, China
- Zhejiang Bioinformatics International Science and Technology Cooperation Center, Wenzhou 325060, China
- Wenzhou Municipal Key Lab for Applied Biomedical and Biopharmaceutical Informatics, Wenzhou 325060, China
| | - Christoph Gehring
- Department of Chemistry, Biology & Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Borgo XX Giugno, 74, 06121 Perugia, Italy
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8
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Bai R, Zhu J, Bai Z, Mao Q, Zhang Y, Hui Z, Luo X, Ye XY, Xie T. Second generation β-elemene nitric oxide derivatives with reasonable linkers: potential hybrids against malignant brain glioma. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2022; 37:379-385. [PMID: 35012394 PMCID: PMC8757613 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2021.2016734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Elemene is a second-line broad-spectrum anti-tumour drug that has been used in China for more than two decades. However, its main anti-tumour ingredient, β-elemene, has disadvantages, including excessive lipophilicity and relatively weak anti-tumour efficacy. To improve the anti-tumour activity of β-elemene, based on its minor molecular weight character, we introduced furoxan nitric oxide (NO) donors into the β-elemene structure and designed six series of new generation β-elemene NO donor hybrids. The synthesised compounds could effectively release NO in vitro, displayed significant anti-proliferative effects on U87MG, NCI-H520, and SW620 cell lines. In the orthotopic glioma model, compound Id significantly and continuously suppressed the growth of gliomas in nude mice, and the brain glioma of the treatment group was markedly inhibited (>90%). In short, the structural fusion design of NO donor and β-elemene is a feasible strategy to improve the in vivo anti-tumour activity of β-elemene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renren Bai
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicine from Zhejiang Province, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicines from Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Junlong Zhu
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicine from Zhejiang Province, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicines from Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ziqiang Bai
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicine from Zhejiang Province, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicines from Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qing Mao
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicine from Zhejiang Province, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicines from Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yingqian Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicine from Zhejiang Province, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicines from Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zi Hui
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicine from Zhejiang Province, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicines from Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xinyu Luo
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicine from Zhejiang Province, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicines from Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiang-Yang Ye
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicine from Zhejiang Province, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicines from Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Tian Xie
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicine from Zhejiang Province, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicines from Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
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Al-Younis I, Moosa B, Kwiatkowski M, Jaworski K, Wong A, Gehring C. Functional Crypto-Adenylate Cyclases Operate in Complex Plant Proteins. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:711749. [PMID: 34456950 PMCID: PMC8387589 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.711749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Adenylyl cyclases (ACs) and their catalytic product cAMP are regulatory components of many plant responses. Here, we show that an amino acid search motif based on annotated adenylate cyclases (ACs) identifies 12 unique Arabidopsis thaliana candidate ACs, four of which have a role in the biosynthesis of the stress hormone abscisic acid (ABA). One of these, the 9-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase (NCED3 and At3g14440), was identified by sequence and structural analysis as a putative AC and then tested experimentally with two different methods. Given that the in vitro activity is low (fmoles cAMP pmol-1 protein min-1), but highly reproducible, we term the enzyme a crypto-AC. Our results are consistent with a role for ACs with low activities in multi-domain moonlighting proteins that have at least one other distinct molecular function, such as catalysis or ion channel activation. We propose that crypto-ACs be examined from the perspective that considers their low activities as an innate feature of regulatory ACs embedded within multi-domain moonlighting proteins. It is therefore conceivable that crypto-ACs form integral components of complex plant proteins participating in intra-molecular regulatory mechanisms, and in this case, potentially linking cAMP to ABA synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inas Al-Younis
- Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Basem Moosa
- Physical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mateusz Kwiatkowski
- Chair of Plant Physiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Toruń, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Jaworski
- Chair of Plant Physiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Toruń, Poland
| | - Aloysius Wong
- Department of Biology, College of Science and Technology, Wenzhou-Kean University, Wenzhou, China
- Zhejiang Bioinformatics International Science and Technology Cooperation Center of Wenzhou-Kean University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Chris Gehring
- Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Chemistry, Biology & Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
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