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Doran MM, Bermingham KP, Tricklebank MD, Lowry JP. Characterisation of a microelectrochemical biosensor for real-time detection of brain extracellular d-serine. Talanta 2024; 278:126458. [PMID: 38955102 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2024.126458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Revised: 06/14/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
A modified development protocol and concomitant characterisation of a first generation biosensor for the detection of brain extracellular d-serine is reported. Functional parameters important for neurochemical monitoring, including sensor sensitivity, O2 interference, selectivity, shelf-life and biocompatibility were examined. Construction and development involved the enzyme d-amino acid oxidase (DAAO), utilising a dip-coating immobilisation method employing a new extended drying approach. The resultant Pt-based polymer enzyme composite sensor achieved high sensitivity to d-serine (0.76 ± 0.04 nA mm-2. μM-1) and a low μM limit of detection (0.33 ± 0.02 μM). The in-vitro response time was within the solution stirring time, suggesting potential sub-second in-vivo response characteristics. Oxygen interference studies demonstrated a 1 % reduction in current at 50 μM O2 when compared to atmospheric O2 levels (200 μM), indicating that the sensor can be used for reliable neurochemical monitoring of d-serine, free from changes in current associated with physiological O2 fluctuations. Potential interference signals generated by the principal electroactive analytes present in the brain were minimised by using a permselective layer of poly(o-phenylenediamine), and although several d-amino acids are possible substrates for DAAO, their physiologically relevant signals were small relative to that for d-serine. Additionally, changing both temperature and pH over possible in vivo ranges (34-40 °C and 7.2-7.6 respectively) resulted in no significant effect on performance. Finally, the biosensor was implanted in the striatum of freely moving rats and used to monitor physiological changes in d-serine over a two-week period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle M Doran
- Neurochemistry Laboratory, Maynooth University Department of Chemistry, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Ireland.
| | - Kobi P Bermingham
- Neurochemistry Laboratory, Maynooth University Department of Chemistry, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Ireland
| | - Mark D Tricklebank
- Department of Neuroimaging Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, UK
| | - John P Lowry
- Neurochemistry Laboratory, Maynooth University Department of Chemistry, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Ireland.
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2
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Alduais A, Alarifi HS, Alfadda H. Using Biosensors to Detect and Map Language Areas in the Brain for Individuals with Traumatic Brain Injury. Diagnostics (Basel) 2024; 14:1535. [PMID: 39061672 PMCID: PMC11275263 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics14141535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2024] [Revised: 07/10/2024] [Accepted: 07/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The application of biosensors in neurolinguistics has significantly advanced the detection and mapping of language areas in the brain, particularly for individuals with brain trauma. This study explores the role of biosensors in this domain and proposes a conceptual model to guide their use in research and clinical practice. The researchers explored the integration of biosensors in language and brain function studies, identified trends in research, and developed a conceptual model based on cluster and thematic analyses. Using a mixed-methods approach, we conducted cluster and thematic analyses on data curated from Web of Science, Scopus, and SciSpace, encompassing 392 articles. This dual analysis facilitated the identification of research trends and thematic insights within the field. The cluster analysis highlighted Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) dominance and the importance of neuroplasticity in language recovery. Biosensors such as the Magnes 2500 watt-hour (WH) neuromagnetometer and microwire-based sensors are reliable for real-time monitoring, despite methodological challenges. The proposed model synthesizes these findings, emphasizing biosensors' potential in preoperative assessments and therapeutic customization. Biosensors are vital for non-invasive, precise mapping of language areas, with fMRI and repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS) playing pivotal roles. The conceptual model serves as a strategic framework for employing biosensors and improving neurolinguistic interventions. This research may enhance surgical planning, optimize recovery therapies, and encourage technological advancements in biosensor precision and application protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Alduais
- Department of Human Sciences (Psychology), University of Verona, 37129 Verona, Italy
| | - Hessah Saad Alarifi
- Department of Educational Administration, College of Education, King Saud University, Riyadh 11362, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hind Alfadda
- Department of Curriculum and Instruction, College of Education, King Saud University, Riyadh 11362, Saudi Arabia;
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3
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Zhao M, Cao Y, Huang IW, Monbouquette HG. Microcontact printing of choline oxidase using a polycation-functionalized zwitterionic polymer as enzyme immobilization matrix. Analyst 2023; 148:5949-5956. [PMID: 37855743 PMCID: PMC10842005 DOI: 10.1039/d3an01263h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
Highly sensitive and selective choline microbiosensors were constructed by microcontact printing (μCP) of choline oxidase (ChOx) in a crosslinked, polyamine-functionalized zwitterionic polymer matrix on microelectrode arrays (MEAs). μCP has emerged as a potential means to create implantable, multiplexed sensor microprobes, which requires the targeted deposition of different sensor materials to specific microelectrode sites on a MEA. However, the less than sufficient enzyme loading and inadequate spatial resolution achieved with current μCP approaches has limited adoption of the method for electroenzymatic microsensors. A novel polymer, poly(2-methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine)-g-poly(allylamine hydrochloride) (PMPC-g-PAH), has been developed to address this challenge. PMPC-g-PAH contributes to a higher viscosity "ink" that enables thicker immobilized ChOx deposits of high spatial resolution while also providing a hydrophilic, biocompatible microenvironment for the enzyme. Electroenzymatic choline microbiosensors with sensitivity of 639 ± 96 nA μM-1 cm-2 (pH 7.4; n = 4) were constructed that also are selective against both ascorbic acid and dopamine, which are potential electroactive interfering compounds in the mammalian brain. The high sensitivities achieved can lead to smaller MEA microprobes that minimize tissue damage and make possible the monitoring of multiple neurochemicals simultaneously in vivo with high spatial resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Zhao
- Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
| | - Yan Cao
- Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
| | - I-Wen Huang
- Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
| | - Harold G Monbouquette
- Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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4
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Design optimisation and characterisation of an amperometric glutamate oxidase-based composite biosensor for neurotransmitter l-glutamic acid. Anal Chim Acta 2022; 1224:340205. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2022.340205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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5
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Fernandes E, Ledo A, Barbosa RM. Design and Evaluation of a Lactate Microbiosensor: Toward Multianalyte Monitoring of Neurometabolic Markers In Vivo in the Brain. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27020514. [PMID: 35056837 PMCID: PMC8780383 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27020514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Direct in vivo measurements of neurometabolic markers in the brain with high spatio-temporal resolution, sensitivity, and selectivity is highly important to understand neurometabolism. Electrochemical biosensors based on microelectrodes are very attractive analytical tools for continuous monitoring of neurometabolic markers, such as lactate and glucose in the brain extracellular space at resting and following neuronal activation. Here, we assess the merits of a platinized carbon fiber microelectrode (CFM/Pt) as a sensing platform for developing enzyme oxidase-based microbiosensors to measure extracellular lactate in the brain. Lactate oxidase was immobilized on the CFM/Pt surface by crosslinking with glutaraldehyde. The CFM/Pt-based lactate microbiosensor exhibited high sensitivity and selectivity, good operational stability, and low dependence on oxygen, temperature, and pH. An array consisting of a glucose and lactate microbiosensors, including a null sensor, was used for concurrent measurement of both neurometabolic substrates in vivo in the anesthetized rat brain. Rapid changes of lactate and glucose were observed in the cortex and hippocampus in response to local glucose and lactate application and upon insulin-induced fluctuations of systemic glucose. Overall, these results indicate that microbiosensors are a valuable tool to investigate neurometabolism and to better understand the role of major neurometabolic markers, such as lactate and glucose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliana Fernandes
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; (E.F.); (A.L.)
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ana Ledo
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; (E.F.); (A.L.)
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Rui M. Barbosa
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; (E.F.); (A.L.)
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
- Correspondence:
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6
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Chronoamperometry as effective alternative technique for electro‐synthesis of
ortho
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phenylendiamine permselective films for biosensor applications. J Appl Polym Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/app.49172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Abstract
The growing trend for personalized medicine calls for more reliable implantable biosensors that are capable of continuously monitoring target analytes for extended periods (i.e., >30 d). While promising biosensors for various applications are constantly being developed in the laboratories across the world, many struggle to maintain reliable functionality in complex in vivo environments over time. In this review, we explore the impact of various biotic and abiotic failure modes on the reliability of implantable biosensors. We discuss various design considerations for the development of chronically reliable implantable biosensors with a specific focus on strategies to combat biofouling, which is a fundamental challenge for many implantable devices. Briefly, we introduce the process of the foreign body response and compare the in vitro and the in vivo performances of state-of-the-art implantable biosensors. We then discuss the latest development in material science to minimize and delay biofouling including the usage of various hydrophilic, biomimetic, drug-eluting, zwitterionic, and other smart polymer materials. We also explore a number of active anti-biofouling approaches including stimuli-responsive materials and mechanical actuation. Finally, we conclude this topical review with a discussion on future research opportunities towards more reliable implantable biosensors.
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A Highly Sensitive Amperometric Glutamate Oxidase Microbiosensor Based on a Reduced Graphene Oxide/Prussian Blue Nanocube/Gold Nanoparticle Composite Film-Modified Pt Electrode. SENSORS 2020; 20:s20102924. [PMID: 32455706 PMCID: PMC7284453 DOI: 10.3390/s20102924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
A simple method that relies only on an electrochemical workstation has been investigated to fabricate a highly sensitive glutamate microbiosensor for potential neuroscience applications. In this study, in order to develop the highly sensitive glutamate electrode, a 100 µm platinum wire was modified by the electrochemical deposition of gold nanoparticles, Prussian blue nanocubes, and reduced graphene oxide sheets, which increased the electroactive surface area; and the chitosan layer, which provided a suitable environment to bond the glutamate oxidase. The optimization of the fabrication procedure and analytical conditions is described. The modified electrode was characterized using field emission scanning electron microscopy, impedance spectroscopy, and cyclic voltammetry. The results exhibited its excellent sensitivity for glutamate detection (LOD = 41.33 nM), adequate linearity (50 nM-40 µM), ascendant reproducibility (RSD = 4.44%), and prolonged stability (more than 30 repetitive potential sweeps, two-week lifespan). Because of the important role of glutamate in neurotransmission and brain function, this small-dimension, high-sensitivity glutamate electrode is a promising tool in neuroscience research.
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A New Perspective on Using Glycols in Glutamate Biosensor Design: From Stabilizing Agents to a New Containment Net. CHEMOSENSORS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/chemosensors8020023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Glutamate is a major excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain. It is involved in many normal physiological brain activities, but also neurological disorders and excitotoxicity. Hence, glutamate measurement is important both in clinical and pre-clinical studies. Pre-clinical studies often use amperometric biosensors due to their low invasiveness and the relatively small size of the devices. These devices also provide fast, real-time measurements because of their high sensitivity. In the present study, diethylene glycol (DEG), neopentyl glycol (NPG), triethylene glycol (TEG), and glycerol (GLY) were used to increase the long-term stability of glutamate biosensors. The evaluation was made by measuring variations of the main enzymatic (VMAX and KM) and analytical (Linear Region Slope (LRS)) parameters. Of the glycols tested, TEG was the most promising stabilizer, showing about twice as high VMAX maintained over a greater duration than with other stabilizers tested. It is also yielded the most stable linear region slope (LRS) values over the study duration. Moreover, we highlighted the ability of glycols to interact with enzyme molecules to form a containment network, able to maintain all the layered components of the biosensor adhering to the transducer.
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Lourenço CF, Caetano M, Ledo A, Barbosa RM. Platinized carbon fiber-based glucose microbiosensor designed for metabolic studies in brain slices. Bioelectrochemistry 2019; 130:107325. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2019.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Revised: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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11
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Serra PA, Arrigo P, Bacciu A, Zuncheddu D, Deliperi R, Antón Viana D, Monti P, Varoni MV, Sotgiu MA, Bandiera P, Rocchitta G. Real-time telemetry monitoring of oxygen in the central complex of freely-walking Gromphadorhina portentosa. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0224932. [PMID: 31710629 PMCID: PMC6844484 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0224932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A new telemetric system for the electrochemical monitoring of dissolved oxygen is showed. The device, connected with two amperometric sensors, has been successfully applied to the wireless detection of the extracellular oxygen in the central complex of freely-walking Gromphadorhina portentosa. The unit was composed of a potentiostat, a two-channel sensor conditioning circuit, a microprocessor module, and a wireless serial transceiver. The amperometric signals were digitalized and sent to a notebook using a 2.4 GHz transceiver while a serial-to-USB converter was connected to a second transceiver for completing the communication bridge. The software, running on the laptop, allowed to save and graph the oxygen signals. The electronics showed excellent stability and the acquired data was linear in a range comprised between 0 and -165 nA, covering the entire range of oxygen concentrations. A series of experiments were performed to explore the dynamics of dissolved oxygen by exposing the animals to different gases (nitrogen, oxygen and carbon dioxide), to low temperature and anesthetic agents (chloroform and triethylamine). The resulting data are in agreement with previous O2 changes recorded in the brain of awake rats and mice. The proposed system, based on simple and inexpensive components, can constitute a new experimental model for the exploration of central complex neurochemistry and it can also work with oxidizing sensors and amperometric biosensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pier Andrea Serra
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Experimental Medicine, Medical School, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, Italian National Research Council, Sassari, Italy
- Mediterranean Center for Disease Control, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
- * E-mail:
| | - Paola Arrigo
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Experimental Medicine, Medical School, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Andrea Bacciu
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Experimental Medicine, Medical School, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Daniele Zuncheddu
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Experimental Medicine, Medical School, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Riccardo Deliperi
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Experimental Medicine, Medical School, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Diego Antón Viana
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Experimental Medicine, Medical School, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Patrizia Monti
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Experimental Medicine, Medical School, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Maria Vittoria Varoni
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Medical School, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | | | - Pasquale Bandiera
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Medical School, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Gaia Rocchitta
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Experimental Medicine, Medical School, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
- Mediterranean Center for Disease Control, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
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Rocchitta G, Peana A, Bazzu G, Cossu A, Carta S, Arrigo P, Bacciu A, Migheli R, Farina D, Zinellu M, Acquas E, Serra P. Simultaneous wireless and high-resolution detection of nucleus accumbens shell ethanol concentrations and free motion of rats upon voluntary ethanol intake. Alcohol 2019; 78:69-78. [PMID: 31029631 DOI: 10.1016/j.alcohol.2019.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Revised: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Highly sensitive detection of ethanol concentrations in discrete brain regions of rats voluntarily accessing ethanol, with high temporal resolution, would represent a source of greatly desirable data in studies devoted to understanding the kinetics of the neurobiological basis of ethanol's ability to impact behavior. In the present study, we present a series of experiments aiming to validate and apply an original high-tech implantable device, consisting of the coupling, for the first time, of an amperometric biosensor for brain ethanol detection, with a sensor for detecting the microvibrations of the animal. This device allows the real-time comparison between the ethanol intake, its cerebral concentrations, and their effect on the motion when the animal is in the condition of voluntary drinking. To this end, we assessed in vitro the efficiency of three different biosensor designs loading diverse alcohol oxidase enzymes (AOx) obtained from three different AOx-donor strains: Hansenula polymorpha, Candida boidinii, and Pichia pastoris. In vitro data disclosed that the devices loading H. polymorpha and C. boidinii were similarly efficient (respectively, linear region slope [LRS]: 1.98 ± 0.07 and 1.38 ± 0.04 nA/mM) but significantly less than the P. pastoris-loaded one (LRS: 7.57 ± 0.12 nA/mM). The in vivo results indicate that this last biosensor design detected the rise of ethanol in the nucleus accumbens shell (AcbSh) after 15 minutes of voluntary 10% ethanol solution intake. At the same time, the microvibration sensor detected a significant increase in the rat's motion signal. Notably, both the biosensor and microvibration sensor described similar and parallel time-dependent U-shaped curves, thus providing a highly sensitive and time-locked high-resolution detection of the neurochemical and behavioral kinetics upon voluntary ethanol intake. The results overall indicate that such a dual telemetry unit represents a powerful device which, implanted in different brain areas, may boost further investigations on the neurobiological mechanisms that underlie ethanol-induced motor activity and reward.
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The Presence of Polysaccharides, Glycerol, and Polyethyleneimine in Hydrogel Enhances the Performance of the Glucose Biosensor. BIOSENSORS-BASEL 2019; 9:bios9030095. [PMID: 31366026 PMCID: PMC6784354 DOI: 10.3390/bios9030095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Revised: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The use of amperometric biosensors has attracted particular attention in recent years, both from researchers and from companies, as they have proven to be low-cost, reliable, and very sensitive devices, with a wide range of uses in different matrices. The continuous development of amperometric biosensors, since their use involves an enzyme, is specifically aimed at keeping and increasing the catalytic properties of the loaded protein, so as to be able to use the same device over time. The present study aimed to investigate the impact of glycerol and polysaccharides, in the presence of polycationic substances to constitute a hydrogel, in enhancing the enzymatic and analytic performance of a glucose biosensor. Initially, it was possible to verify how the deposition of the starch-based hydrogel, in addition to allowing the electropolymerization of the poly(p-phenylenediamine) polymer and the maintenance of its ability to shield the ascorbic acid, did not substantially limit the permeability towards hydrogen peroxide. Moreover, different biosensor designs, loading a mixture containing all the components (alone or in combination) and the enzyme, were tested in order to evaluate the changes of the apparent enzyme kinetic parameters, such as VMAX and KM, and analytical response in terms of Linear Region Slope, highlighting how the presence of all components (starch, glycerol, and polyethyleneimine) were able to substantially enhance the performance of the biosensors. The surface analysis of the biosensors was performed by scanning electron microscope (SEM). More, it was shown that the same performances were kept unchanged for seven days, proving the suitability of this biosensor design for short- and mid-term use.
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Low-Temperature Storage Improves the Over-Time Stability of Implantable Glucose and Lactate Biosensors. SENSORS 2019; 19:s19020422. [PMID: 30669626 PMCID: PMC6359396 DOI: 10.3390/s19020422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Molecular biomarkers are very important in biology, biotechnology and even in medicine, but it is quite hard to convert biology-related signals into measurable data. For this purpose, amperometric biosensors have proven to be particularly suitable because of their specificity and sensitivity. The operation and shelf stability of the biosensor are quite important features, and storage procedures therefore play an important role in preserving the performance of the biosensors. In the present study two different designs for both glucose and lactate biosensor, differing only in regards to the containment net, represented by polyurethane or glutharaldehyde, were studied under different storage conditions (+4, −20 and −80 °C) and monitored over a period of 120 days, in order to evaluate the variations of kinetic parameters, as VMAX and KM, and LRS as the analytical parameter. Surprisingly, the storage at −80 °C yielded the best results because of an unexpected and, most of all, long-lasting increase of VMAX and LRS, denoting an interesting improvement in enzyme performances and stability over time. The present study aimed to also evaluate the impact of a short-period storage in dry ice on biosensor performances, in order to simulate a hypothetical preparation-conservation-shipment condition.
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15
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Characterisation of a Platinum-based Electrochemical Biosensor for Real-time Neurochemical Analysis of Choline. ELECTROANAL 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201800642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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16
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Alvau MD, Tartaggia S, Meneghello A, Casetta B, Calia G, Serra PA, Polo F, Toffoli G. Enzyme-Based Electrochemical Biosensor for Therapeutic Drug Monitoring of Anticancer Drug Irinotecan. Anal Chem 2018; 90:6012-6019. [PMID: 29658266 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b04357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) is the clinical practice of measuring pharmaceutical drug concentrations in patients' biofluids at designated intervals, thus allowing a close and timely control of their dosage. To date, TDM in oncology can only be performed by trained personnel in centralized laboratories and core facilities employing conventional analytical techniques (e.g., MS). CPT-11 is an antineoplastic drug that inhibits topoisomerase type I, causing cell death, and is widely used in the treatment of colorectal cancer. CPT-11 was also found to directly inhibit acetylcholine esterase (AChE), an enzyme involved in neuromuscular junction. In this work, we describe an enzymatic biosensor, based on AChE and choline oxidase (ChOx), which can quantify CPT-11. ACh (acetylcholine) substrate is converted to choline, which is subsequently metabolized by ChOx to give betaine aldehyde and hydrogen peroxide. The latter one is then oxidized at a suitably polarized platinum electrode, providing a current transient proportional to the amount of ACh. Such an enzymatic process is hampered by CPT-11. The biosensor showed a ∼60% maximal inhibition toward AChE activity in the clinically relevant concentration range 10-10 000 ng/mL of CPT-11 in both simple (phosphate buffer) and complex (fetal bovine serum) matrixes, while its metabolites showed negligible effects. These findings could open new routes toward a real-time TDM in oncology, thus improving the therapeutic treatments and lowering the related costs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Domenica Alvau
- Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology Division , CRO Aviano - National Cancer Institute , Aviano , Italy
| | - Stefano Tartaggia
- Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology Division , CRO Aviano - National Cancer Institute , Aviano , Italy
| | - Anna Meneghello
- Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology Division , CRO Aviano - National Cancer Institute , Aviano , Italy
| | - Bruno Casetta
- Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology Division , CRO Aviano - National Cancer Institute , Aviano , Italy
| | - Giammario Calia
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine Section of Pharmacology , University of Sassari , Viale San Pietro 43/b , Sassari , Italy
| | - Pier Andrea Serra
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine Section of Pharmacology , University of Sassari , Viale San Pietro 43/b , Sassari , Italy
| | - Federico Polo
- Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology Division , CRO Aviano - National Cancer Institute , Aviano , Italy
| | - Giuseppe Toffoli
- Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology Division , CRO Aviano - National Cancer Institute , Aviano , Italy
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17
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In-vitro model for assessing glucose diffusion through skin. Biosens Bioelectron 2018; 110:175-179. [PMID: 29609166 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2018.03.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Revised: 02/24/2018] [Accepted: 03/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Pig ear skin membrane-covered glucose biosensor based on oxygen electrode has been assessed as a tool to evaluate glucose penetration through skin in-vitro. For this, glucose oxidase (GOx) was immobilised on oxygen electrode and covered with the skin membrane. Exposing this electrode to the solution of glucose resulted in glucose penetration though skin membrane, its oxidation catalysed by GOx, consumption of O2 and decrease of the current of the oxygen electrode. By processing the biosensor responses to glucose, we found that glucose penetration through 250 µm thick skin membrane is slow; 90% of steady-state current response was reached in 32( ± 22) min. Apparent diffusion coefficient for glucose in skin was found to be equal to 0.15( ± 0.07)* 10-6 cm2 s-1. This value is 45 times lower than glucose diffusion coefficient in water. Tape-stripping of stratum corneum (SC) allows considerably faster glucose penetration. The electrodes covered with tape-stripped skin reached 90% of steady-state current response in 5.0(± 2.7) min. The theoretical estimate of glucose flux through SC was considered exploiting four-pathway theory of transdermal penetration. Theoretical flux values were more that three orders lower than measured experimentally. This high discrepancy might indicate that glucose penetration through healthy human skin could be even slower, allowing much lower flux, than it was found in our study for skin membranes from pig ears.
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18
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Doran MM, Finnerty NJ, Lowry JP. In-Vitro
Development and Characterisation of a Superoxide Dismutase-Based Biosensor. ChemistrySelect 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201700793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Michelle M. Doran
- Neurochemistry Laboratory, Maynooth University Department of Chemistry; Maynooth University; Maynooth Co. Kildare Ireland
| | - Niall J. Finnerty
- Neurochemistry Laboratory, Maynooth University Department of Chemistry; Maynooth University; Maynooth Co. Kildare Ireland
| | - John P. Lowry
- Neurochemistry Laboratory, Maynooth University Department of Chemistry; Maynooth University; Maynooth Co. Kildare Ireland
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19
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Monti P, Calia G, Marceddu S, Dettori MA, Fabbri D, Jaoua S, O'Neill RD, Migheli Q, Delogu G, Serra PA. Low electro-synthesis potentials improve permselectivity of polymerized natural phenols in biosensor applications. Talanta 2016; 162:151-158. [PMID: 27837811 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2016.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Revised: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 10/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
First-generation amperometric biosensors are often based on the electro-oxidation of oxidase-generated H2O2. At the applied potential used in most studies, other molecules such as ascorbic acid or dopamine can be oxidized. Phenylenediamines are commonly used to avoid this problem: when these compounds are electro-deposited onto the transducer surface in the form of poly-phenylenediamine, a highly selective membrane is formed. Although there is no evidence of toxicity of the resulting polymer, phenylenediamine monomers are considered carcinogenic. An aim of this work was to evaluate the suitability of natural phenols as non-toxic alternatives to the ortho isomer of phenylenediamine. Electrosynthesis over Pt-Ir electrodes of 2-methoxy phenols (guaiacol, eugenol and isoeugenol), and hydroxylated biphenyls (dehydrodieugenol and magnolol) was achieved. The potentials used in the present study are significantly lower than values commonly applied during electro-polymerization. Polymers were obtained by means of constant potential amperometry, instead of cyclic voltammetry, in order to achieve multiple polymerizations, hence decreasing the time of realization and variability. Permselective properties of natural phenols were significantly improved at low polymerization potentials. Among the tested compounds, isoeugenol and magnolol, polymerized respectively at +25mV and +170mV against Ag/AgCl reference electrode, proved as permselective as poly-ortho-phenylenediamine and may be considered as effective polymeric alternatives. The natural phenol-coated electrodes were stable and responsive throughout 14 days. A biosensor prototype based on acetylcholine esterase and choline oxidase was electro-coated with poly-magnolol in order to evaluate the interference-rejecting properties of the electrosynthesized film in an amperometric biosensor; a moderate decrease in ascorbic acid rejection was observed during in vitro calibration of biosensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrizia Monti
- Dipartimento di Agraria and Unità di Ricerca Istituto Nazionale di Biostrutture e Biosistemi, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Viale Italia 39, I-07100 Sassari, Italy; Istituto CNR di Chimica Biomolecolare, UOS Sassari, Traversa La Crucca 3, I-07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Giammario Calia
- Dipartimento di Agraria and Unità di Ricerca Istituto Nazionale di Biostrutture e Biosistemi, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Viale Italia 39, I-07100 Sassari, Italy; Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Sperimentale, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Viale S. Pietro 43/b, I-07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Salvatore Marceddu
- Istituto CNR di Scienze delle Produzioni Alimentari, UOS Sassari, Traversa La Crucca 3, I-07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Maria A Dettori
- Istituto CNR di Chimica Biomolecolare, UOS Sassari, Traversa La Crucca 3, I-07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Davide Fabbri
- Istituto CNR di Chimica Biomolecolare, UOS Sassari, Traversa La Crucca 3, I-07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Samir Jaoua
- Department of Biological & Environmental Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, Qatar University, P.O. Box: 2713, Doha, Qatar
| | - Robert D O'Neill
- UCD School of Chemistry, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Quirico Migheli
- Dipartimento di Agraria and Unità di Ricerca Istituto Nazionale di Biostrutture e Biosistemi, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Viale Italia 39, I-07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Giovanna Delogu
- Istituto CNR di Chimica Biomolecolare, UOS Sassari, Traversa La Crucca 3, I-07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Pier A Serra
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Sperimentale, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Viale S. Pietro 43/b, I-07100 Sassari, Italy.
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20
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Characterization of Biosensors Based on Recombinant Glutamate Oxidase: Comparison of Crosslinking Agents in Terms of Enzyme Loading and Efficiency Parameters. SENSORS 2016; 16:s16101565. [PMID: 27669257 PMCID: PMC5087354 DOI: 10.3390/s16101565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Revised: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 09/18/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Amperometric l-glutamate (Glu) biosensors, based on both wild-type and a recombinant form of l-glutamate oxidase (GluOx), were designed and characterized in terms of enzyme-kinetic, sensitivity and stability parameters in attempts to fabricate a real-time Glu monitoring device suitable for future long-term detection of this amino acid in biological and other complex media. A comparison of the enzyme from these two sources showed that they were similar in terms of biosensor performance. Optimization of the loading of the polycationic stabilization agent, polyethyleneimine (PEI), was established before investigating a range of crosslinking agents under different conditions: glutaraldehyde (GA), polyethylene glycol (PEG), and polyethylene glycol diglycidyl ether (PEGDE). Whereas PEI-free biosensor designs lost most of their meager Glu sensitivity after one or two days, configurations with a 2:5 ratio of dip-evaporation applications of PEI(1%):GluOx(400 U/mL) displayed a 20-fold increase in their initial sensitivity, and a decay half-life extended to 10 days. All the crosslinkers studied had no effect on initial Glu sensitivity, but enhanced biosensor stability, provided the crosslinking procedure was carried out under well-defined conditions. The resulting biosensor design based on the recombinant enzyme deposited on a permselective layer of poly-(ortho-phenylenediamine), PoPD/PEI₂/GluOx₅/PEGDE, displayed good sensitivity (LOD < 0.2 μM), response time (t90% < 1 s) and stability over a 90-day period, making it an attractive candidate for future long-term monitoring of Glu concentration dynamics in complex media.
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21
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Farina D, Zinellu M, Fanari M, Porcu MC, Scognamillo S, Puggioni GMG, Rocchitta G, Serra PA, Pretti L. Development of a biosensor telemetry system for monitoring fermentation in craft breweries. Food Chem 2016; 218:479-486. [PMID: 27719939 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.09.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Revised: 09/14/2016] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The development and applications of biosensors in the food industry has had a rapid grown due to their sensitivity, specificity and simplicity of use with respect to classical analytical methods. In this study, glucose and ethanol amperometric biosensors integrated with a wireless telemetry system were developed and used for the monitoring of top and bottom fermentations in beer wort samples. The collected data were in good agreement with those obtained by reference methods. The simplicity of construction, the low cost and the short time of analysis, combined with easy interpretation of the results, suggest that these devices could be a valuable alternative to conventional methods for monitoring fermentation processes in the food industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donatella Farina
- Porto Conte Ricerche Srl, S.P. 55 Porto Conte/Capo Caccia, Tramariglio-Alghero (SS) 07041, Italy.
| | - Manuel Zinellu
- Primo Principio C.O.O.P., Tramariglio-Alghero (SS) 07041, Italy.
| | - Mauro Fanari
- Porto Conte Ricerche Srl, S.P. 55 Porto Conte/Capo Caccia, Tramariglio-Alghero (SS) 07041, Italy.
| | - Maria Cristina Porcu
- Istituto di Chimica Biomolecolare (I.C.B.), C.N.R., Traversa La Crucca, 3 Regione Baldinca, 07100 Li Punti, Sassari, Italy.
| | - Sergio Scognamillo
- Porto Conte Ricerche Srl, S.P. 55 Porto Conte/Capo Caccia, Tramariglio-Alghero (SS) 07041, Italy.
| | | | - Gaia Rocchitta
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Pharmacology, University of Sassari, V.le San Pietro 43/B, 07100 Sassari, Italy.
| | - Pier Andrea Serra
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Pharmacology, University of Sassari, V.le San Pietro 43/B, 07100 Sassari, Italy.
| | - Luca Pretti
- Porto Conte Ricerche Srl, S.P. 55 Porto Conte/Capo Caccia, Tramariglio-Alghero (SS) 07041, Italy.
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22
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Weltin A, Kieninger J, Urban GA. Microfabricated, amperometric, enzyme-based biosensors for in vivo applications. Anal Bioanal Chem 2016; 408:4503-21. [PMID: 26935934 PMCID: PMC4909808 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-016-9420-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2015] [Revised: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 02/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Miniaturized electrochemical in vivo biosensors allow the measurement of fast extracellular dynamics of neurotransmitter and energy metabolism directly in the tissue. Enzyme-based amperometric biosensing is characterized by high specificity and precision as well as high spatial and temporal resolution. Aside from glucose monitoring, many systems have been introduced mainly for application in the central nervous system in animal models. We compare the microsensor principle with other methods applied in biomedical research to show advantages and drawbacks. Electrochemical sensor systems are easily miniaturized and fabricated by microtechnology processes. We review different microfabrication approaches for in vivo sensor platforms, ranging from simple modified wires and fibres to fully microfabricated systems on silicon, ceramic or polymer substrates. The various immobilization methods for the enzyme such as chemical cross-linking and entrapment in polymer membranes are discussed. The resulting sensor performance is compared in detail. We also examine different concepts to reject interfering substances by additional membranes, aspects of instrumentation and biocompatibility. Practical considerations are elaborated, and conclusions for future developments are presented. Graphical Abstract ᅟ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Weltin
- Laboratory for Sensors, Department of Microsystems Engineering – IMTEK, University of Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 103, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jochen Kieninger
- Laboratory for Sensors, Department of Microsystems Engineering – IMTEK, University of Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 103, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Gerald A. Urban
- Laboratory for Sensors, Department of Microsystems Engineering – IMTEK, University of Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 103, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
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23
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Wei W, Song Y, Fan X, Zhang S, Wang L, Xu S, Wang M, Cai X. Simultaneous recording of brain extracellular glucose, spike and local field potential in real time using an implantable microelectrode array with nano-materials. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2016; 27:114001. [PMID: 26871752 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/27/11/114001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Glucose is the main substrate for neurons in the central nervous system. In order to efficiently characterize the brain glucose mechanism, it is desirable to determine the extracellular glucose dynamics as well as the corresponding neuroelectrical activity in vivo. In the present study, we fabricated an implantable microelectrode array (MEA) probe composed of platinum electrochemical and electrophysiology microelectrodes by standard micro electromechanical system (MEMS) processes. The MEA probe was modified with nano-materials and implanted in a urethane-anesthetized rat for simultaneous recording of striatal extracellular glucose, local field potential (LFP) and spike on the same spatiotemporal scale when the rat was in normoglycemia, hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia. During these dual-mode recordings, we observed that increase of extracellular glucose enhanced the LFP power and spike firing rate, while decrease of glucose had an opposite effect. This dual mode MEA probe is capable of examining specific spatiotemporal relationships between electrical and chemical signaling in the brain, which will contribute significantly to improve our understanding of the neuron physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Institute of Electronics Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China. University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
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24
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Cordeiro C, de Vries M, Ngabi W, Oomen P, Cremers T, Westerink B. In vivo continuous and simultaneous monitoring of brain energy substrates with a multiplex amperometric enzyme-based biosensor device. Biosens Bioelectron 2015; 67:677-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2014.09.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2014] [Revised: 08/27/2014] [Accepted: 09/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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25
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Calia G, Monti P, Marceddu S, Dettori MA, Fabbri D, Jaoua S, O'Neill RD, Serra PA, Delogu G, Migheli Q. Electropolymerized phenol derivatives as permselective polymers for biosensor applications. Analyst 2015; 140:3607-15. [PMID: 25857616 DOI: 10.1039/c5an00363f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Amperometric biosensors are often coated with a polymeric permselective film to avoid electroactive interference by reducing agents present in the target medium. Phenylenediamine and phenol monomers are commonly used to form these permselective films in the design of microsensors and biosensors. This paper aims to evaluate the permselectivity, stability and lifetime of polymers electrosynthesized using either constant potential amperometry (CPA) or cyclic voltammetry (CV) from naturally occurring phenylpropanoids in monomeric and dimeric forms (eugenol, isoeugenol, dehydrodieugenol and magnolol). Sensors were characterized by scanning electron microscopy and permselectivity analysis. Magnolol formed an electro-deposited polymer with a more defined three-dimensional texture in comparison with the other films. The phenol-derived films showed different permselectivity towards H2O2 over ascorbic acid and dopamine, likely to be related to the thickness and compactness of the polymer. The CV-derived films had a better permselectivity compared to the CPA-corresponding polymers. Based on these results, the permselectivity, stability and lifetime of a biosensor for glucose were studied when a magnolol coating was electro-deposited. The structural principles governing the permselectivity of the magnolol-derived film are suggested to be mainly related to the conformational flexibility of this monomer. Newly designed biosensors, coated with electropolymerized natural phenol derivatives, may represent promising analytical devices for different application fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giammario Calia
- Dipartimento di Agraria and Unità di Ricerca Istituto Nazionale di Biostrutture e Biosistemi, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Viale Italia 39, I-07100 Sassari, Italy
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26
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Li R, Guo D, Ye J, Zhang M. Stabilization of Prussian blue with polyaniline and carbon nanotubes in neutral media for in vivo determination of glucose in rat brains. Analyst 2015; 140:3746-52. [DOI: 10.1039/c4an02352h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
This study demonstrates a new electrochemical microbiosensor for selectivein vivomonitoring of glucose in rat brains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruixin Li
- Department of Chemistry
- Renmin University of China
- Beijing 100872
- China
| | - Deyin Guo
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- South China University of Technology
- Wushan
- China
| | - Jianshan Ye
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- South China University of Technology
- Wushan
- China
| | - Meining Zhang
- Department of Chemistry
- Renmin University of China
- Beijing 100872
- China
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27
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Baker KL, Bolger FB, Lowry JP. A microelectrochemical biosensor for real-time in vivo monitoring of brain extracellular choline. Analyst 2015; 140:3738-45. [DOI: 10.1039/c4an02027h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A first generation Pt-based polymer enzyme composite biosensor developed for real-time neurochemical monitoring was characterised in vivo for sensitive and selective detection of choline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keeley L. Baker
- Neurochemistry Research Unit
- BioAnalytics Laboratory
- Maynooth University Department of Chemistry
- Maynooth University
- Maynooth
| | - Fiachra B. Bolger
- Neurochemistry Research Unit
- BioAnalytics Laboratory
- Maynooth University Department of Chemistry
- Maynooth University
- Maynooth
| | - John P. Lowry
- Neurochemistry Research Unit
- BioAnalytics Laboratory
- Maynooth University Department of Chemistry
- Maynooth University
- Maynooth
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28
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Wynne AM, Reid CH, Finnerty NJ. In vitro characterisation of ortho phenylenediamine and Nafion®-modified Pt electrodes for measuring brain nitric oxide. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2014.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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29
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Cerqueira MRF, Grasseschi D, Matos RC, Angnes L. A novel functionalisation process for glucose oxidase immobilisation in poly(methyl methacrylate) microchannels in a flow system for amperometric determinations. Talanta 2014; 126:20-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2014.02.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2013] [Revised: 02/18/2014] [Accepted: 02/19/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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30
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Xiang L, Yu P, Hao J, Zhang M, Zhu L, Dai L, Mao L. Vertically Aligned Carbon Nanotube-Sheathed Carbon Fibers as Pristine Microelectrodes for Selective Monitoring of Ascorbate in Vivo. Anal Chem 2014; 86:3909-14. [DOI: 10.1021/ac404232h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ling Xiang
- Beijing
National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Analytical
Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Ping Yu
- Beijing
National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Analytical
Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Jie Hao
- Beijing
National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Analytical
Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Meining Zhang
- Department
of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China
| | - Lin Zhu
- Department
of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Liming Dai
- Department
of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Lanqun Mao
- Beijing
National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Analytical
Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
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31
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Farina D, Alvau MD, Puggioni G, Calia G, Bazzu G, Migheli R, Sechi O, Rocchitta G, Desole MS, Serra PA. Implantable (Bio)sensors as new tools for wireless monitoring of brain neurochemistry in real time. World J Pharmacol 2014; 3:1-17. [DOI: 10.5497/wjp.v3.i1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2014] [Revised: 05/01/2014] [Accepted: 05/29/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Implantable electrochemical microsensors are characterized by high sensitivity, while amperometric biosensors are very selective in virtue of the biological detecting element. Each sensor, specific for every neurochemical species, is a miniaturized high-technology device resulting from the combination of several factors: electrode material, shielding polymers, applied electrochemical technique, and in the case of biosensors, biological sensing material, stabilizers, and entrapping chemical nets. In this paper, we summarize the available technology for the in vivo electrochemical monitoring of neurotransmitters (dopamine, norepinephrine, serotonin, acetylcholine, and glutamate), bioenergetic substrates (glucose, lactate, and oxygen), neuromodulators (ascorbic acid and nitric oxide), and exogenous molecules such as ethanol. We also describe the most represented biotelemetric technologies in order to wirelessly transmit the signals of the above-listed neurochemicals. Implantable (Bio)sensors, integrated into miniaturized telemetry systems, represent a new generation of analytical tools that could be used for studying the brain’s physiology and pathophysiology and the effects of different drugs (or toxic chemicals such as ethanol) on neurochemical systems.
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32
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In vitro studies of carbon fiber microbiosensor for dopamine neurotransmitter supported by copper-graphene oxide composite. Mikrochim Acta 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s00604-014-1202-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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33
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Liu F, Gao Y, Li W, Shao J. Determination of melamine based on electrochemiluminescence of Ru(bpy)32+ at chemically converted graphene-modified glassy carbon electrode. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra03918a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In this paper, electrochemiluminescence (ECL) of Ru(bpy)32+ at chemically converted graphene (CCG)-modified glassy carbon (GC) electrode has been employed for the determination of melamine in milk with a remarkable detection limit of 5.0 × 10−15 mol L−1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengyu Liu
- School of Chemistry
- Dalian University of Technology
- Dalian 116023, China, UK
| | - Yulong Gao
- School of Chemistry
- Dalian University of Technology
- Dalian 116023, China, UK
| | - Wei Li
- School of Chemistry
- Dalian University of Technology
- Dalian 116023, China, UK
| | - Jiantao Shao
- School of Chemistry
- Dalian University of Technology
- Dalian 116023, China, UK
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34
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Wei W, Song Y, Shi W, Lin N, Jiang T, Cai X. A high sensitivity MEA probe for measuring real time rat brain glucose flux. Biosens Bioelectron 2013; 55:66-71. [PMID: 24362080 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2013.11.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2013] [Revised: 11/13/2013] [Accepted: 11/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The mammalian central nervous system (CNS) relies on a constant supply of external glucose for its undisturbed operation. This article presents an implantable Multi-Electrode Array (MEA) probe for brain glucose measurement. The MEA was implemented on Silicon-On-Insulator (SOI) wafer using Micro-Electro-Mechanical-Systems (MEMS) methods. There were 16 platinum recording sites on the probe and enzyme glucose oxidase (GOx) was immobilized on them. The glucose sensitivity of the MEA probe was as high as 489 µA mM(-1) cm(-2). 1,3-Phenylenediamine (mPD) was electropolymerized onto the Pt recording surfaces to prevent larger molecules such as ascorbic acid (AA), 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC), serotonin (5-HT), and dopamine (DA) from reaching the recording sites surface. The MEA probe was implanted in the anesthetized rat striatum and responded to glucose levels which were altered by intraperitoneal injection of glucose and insulin. After the in vivo experiment, the MEA probe still kept sensitivity to glucose, these suggested that the MEA probe was reliable for glucose monitoring in brain extracellular fluid (ECF).
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Institute of Electronics Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Yilin Song
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Institute of Electronics Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Wentao Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Institute of Electronics Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Nansen Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Institute of Electronics Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Tingjun Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Institute of Electronics Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Xinxia Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Institute of Electronics Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
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35
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Özel RE, Ispas C, Ganesana M, Leiter JC, Andreescu S. Glutamate oxidase biosensor based on mixed ceria and titania nanoparticles for the detection of glutamate in hypoxic environments. Biosens Bioelectron 2013; 52:397-402. [PMID: 24090755 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2013.08.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2013] [Revised: 08/26/2013] [Accepted: 08/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
We report on the design and development of a glutamate oxidase (GmOx) microelectrode for measuring l-glutamic acid (GluA) in oxygen-depleted conditions, which is based on the oxygen storage and release capacity of cerium oxides. To fabricate the biosensor, a nanocomposite of oxygen-rich ceria and titania nanoparticles dispersed within a semi-permeable chitosan membrane was co-immobilized with the enzyme GmOx on the surface of a Pt microelectrode. The oxygen delivery capacity of the ceria nanoparticles embedded in a biocompatible chitosan matrix facilitated enzyme stabilization and operation in oxygen free conditions. GluA was measured by amperometry at a working potential of 0.6 V vs Ag/AgCl. Detection limits of 0.594 µM and 0.493 µM and a sensitivity of 793 pA/µM (RSD 3.49%, n=5) and 395 pA/µM (RSD 2.48%, n=5) were recorded in oxygenated and deoxygenated conditions, with response times of 2s and 5s, respectively. The biosensor had good operational stability and selectivity against common interfering substances. Operation of the biosensor was tested in cerebrospinal fluid. Preliminary in vivo recording in Sprague-Dawley rats to monitor GluA in the cortex during cerebral ischemia and reperfusion demonstrate a potential application of the biosensor in hypoxic conditions. This method provides a solution to ensure functionality of oxidoreductase enzymes in oxygen-free environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rıfat Emrah Özel
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Potsdam, NY 13699-5810, USA
| | - Cristina Ispas
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Potsdam, NY 13699-5810, USA
| | | | - J C Leiter
- Department of Physiology, Dartmouth Medical School, Lebanon, NH 03756
| | - Silvana Andreescu
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Potsdam, NY 13699-5810, USA
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Secchi O, Zinellu M, Spissu Y, Pirisinu M, Bazzu G, Migheli R, Desole MS, O′Neill RD, Serra PA, Rocchitta G. Further in-vitro characterization of an implantable biosensor for ethanol monitoring in the brain. SENSORS 2013; 13:9522-35. [PMID: 23881145 PMCID: PMC3758661 DOI: 10.3390/s130709522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2013] [Revised: 07/04/2013] [Accepted: 07/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Ethyl alcohol may be considered one of the most widespread central nervous system (CNS) depressants in Western countries. Because of its toxicological and neurobiological implications, the detection of ethanol in brain extracellular fluid (ECF) is of great importance. In a previous study, we described the development and characterization of an implantable biosensor successfully used for the real-time detection of ethanol in the brain of freely-moving rats. The implanted biosensor, integrated in a low-cost telemetry system, was demonstrated to be a reliable device for the short-time monitoring of exogenous ethanol in brain ECF. In this paper we describe a further in-vitro characterization of the above-mentioned biosensor in terms of oxygen, pH and temperature dependence in order to complete its validation. With the aim of enhancing ethanol biosensor performance, different enzyme loadings were investigated in terms of apparent ethanol Michaelis-Menten kinetic parameters, viz. IMAX, KM and linear region slope, as well as ascorbic acid interference shielding. The responses of biosensors were studied over a period of 28 days. The overall findings of the present study confirm the original biosensor configuration to be the best of those investigated for in-vivo applications up to one week after implantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ottavio Secchi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Medical School, University of Sassari, Viale S. Pietro 43/b, Sassari 07100, Italy; E-Mails: (O.S.); (M.Z.); (Y.P.); (M.P.); (G.B.); (R.M.); (M.S.D.); (P.A.S.)
| | - Manuel Zinellu
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Medical School, University of Sassari, Viale S. Pietro 43/b, Sassari 07100, Italy; E-Mails: (O.S.); (M.Z.); (Y.P.); (M.P.); (G.B.); (R.M.); (M.S.D.); (P.A.S.)
| | - Ylenia Spissu
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Medical School, University of Sassari, Viale S. Pietro 43/b, Sassari 07100, Italy; E-Mails: (O.S.); (M.Z.); (Y.P.); (M.P.); (G.B.); (R.M.); (M.S.D.); (P.A.S.)
| | - Marco Pirisinu
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Medical School, University of Sassari, Viale S. Pietro 43/b, Sassari 07100, Italy; E-Mails: (O.S.); (M.Z.); (Y.P.); (M.P.); (G.B.); (R.M.); (M.S.D.); (P.A.S.)
| | - Gianfranco Bazzu
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Medical School, University of Sassari, Viale S. Pietro 43/b, Sassari 07100, Italy; E-Mails: (O.S.); (M.Z.); (Y.P.); (M.P.); (G.B.); (R.M.); (M.S.D.); (P.A.S.)
| | - Rossana Migheli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Medical School, University of Sassari, Viale S. Pietro 43/b, Sassari 07100, Italy; E-Mails: (O.S.); (M.Z.); (Y.P.); (M.P.); (G.B.); (R.M.); (M.S.D.); (P.A.S.)
| | - Maria Speranza Desole
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Medical School, University of Sassari, Viale S. Pietro 43/b, Sassari 07100, Italy; E-Mails: (O.S.); (M.Z.); (Y.P.); (M.P.); (G.B.); (R.M.); (M.S.D.); (P.A.S.)
| | - Robert D. O′Neill
- UCD School of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland; E-Mail:
| | - Pier Andrea Serra
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Medical School, University of Sassari, Viale S. Pietro 43/b, Sassari 07100, Italy; E-Mails: (O.S.); (M.Z.); (Y.P.); (M.P.); (G.B.); (R.M.); (M.S.D.); (P.A.S.)
| | - Gaia Rocchitta
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Medical School, University of Sassari, Viale S. Pietro 43/b, Sassari 07100, Italy; E-Mails: (O.S.); (M.Z.); (Y.P.); (M.P.); (G.B.); (R.M.); (M.S.D.); (P.A.S.)
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +39-079-228-526; Fax: +39-079-228-525
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Felice AKG, Sygmund C, Harreither W, Kittl R, Gorton L, Ludwig R. Substrate specificity and interferences of a direct-electron-transfer-based glucose biosensor. J Diabetes Sci Technol 2013; 7:669-77. [PMID: 23759400 PMCID: PMC3869135 DOI: 10.1177/193229681300700312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Electrochemical sensors for glucose monitoring employ different signal transduction strategies for electron transfer from the biorecognition element to the electrode surface. We present a biosensor that employs direct electron transfer and evaluate its response to various interfering substances known to affect glucose biosensors. METHODS The enzyme cellobiose dehydrogenase (CDH) was adsorbed on the surface of a carbon working electrode and covalently bound by cross linking. The response of CDH-modified electrodes to glucose and possible interfering compounds was measured by flow-injection analysis, linear sweep, and chronoamperometry. RESULTS Chronoamperometry showed initial swelling/wetting of the electrode. After stabilization, the signal was stable and a sensitivity of 0.21 µA mM-1 cm-2 was obtained. To investigate the influence of the interfering substances on the biorecognition element, the simplest possible sensor architecture was used. The biosensor showed little (<5% signal deviation) or no response to various reported electroactive or otherwise interfering substances. CONCLUSIONS Direct electron transfer from the biorecognition element to the electrode is a new principle applied to glucose biosensors, which can be operated at a low polarization potential of -100 mV versus silver/silver chloride. The reduction of interferences by electrochemically active substances is an attractive feature of this promising technology for the development of continuous glucose biosensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfons K. G. Felice
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Vienna Institute of Biotechnology, BOKU—University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | | | | | - Roman Kittl
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Vienna Institute of Biotechnology, BOKU—University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
- DirectSens GmbH, Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Lo Gorton
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Biochemistry and Structural Biology, Lund University Lund, Sweden
| | - Roland Ludwig
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Vienna Institute of Biotechnology, BOKU—University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
- DirectSens GmbH, Klosterneuburg, Austria
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Yang GH, Zhou YH, Wu JJ, Cao JT, Li LL, Liu HY, Zhu JJ. Microwave-assisted synthesis of nitrogen and boron co-doped graphene and its application for enhanced electrochemical detection of hydrogen peroxide. RSC Adv 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra44284e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
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40
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Hydroxyapatite coating on selectively passivated and sensitively polymer-protected surgical grade stainless steel. J APPL ELECTROCHEM 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s10800-012-0508-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Mohd Zain Z, Ab Ghani S, O’Neill RD. Amperometric microbiosensor as an alternative tool for investigation of d-serine in brain. Amino Acids 2012; 43:1887-94. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-012-1365-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2012] [Accepted: 07/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Rocchitta G, Secchi O, Alvau MD, Migheli R, Calia G, Bazzu G, Farina D, Desole MS, O'Neill RD, Serra PA. Development and characterization of an implantable biosensor for telemetric monitoring of ethanol in the brain of freely moving rats. Anal Chem 2012; 84:7072-9. [PMID: 22823474 DOI: 10.1021/ac301253h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Ethanol is one of the most widespread psychotropic agents in western society. While its psychoactive effects are mainly associated with GABAergic and glutamatergic systems, the positive reinforcing properties of ethanol are related to activation of mesolimbic dopaminergic pathways resulting in a release of dopamine in the nucleus accumbens. Given these neurobiological implications, the detection of ethanol in brain extracellular fluid (ECF) is of great importance. In this study, we describe the development and characterization of an implantable biosensor for the amperometric detection of brain ethanol in real time. Ten different designs were characterized in vitro in terms of Michaelis-Menten kinetics (V(MAX) and K(M)), sensitivity (linear region slope, limit of detection (LOD), and limit of quantification (LOQ)), and electroactive interference blocking. The same parameters were monitored in selected designs up to 28 days after fabrication in order to quantify their stability. Finally, the best performing biosensor design was selected for implantation in the nucleus accumbens and coupled with a previously developed telemetric device for the real-time monitoring of ethanol in freely moving, untethered rats. Ethanol was then administered systemically to animals, either alone or in combination with ranitidine (an alcohol dehydrogenase inhibitor) while the biosensor signal was continuously recorded. The implanted biosensor, integrated in the low-cost telemetry system, was demonstrated to be a reliable device for the short-time monitoring of exogenous ethanol in brain ECF and represents a new generation of analytical tools for studying ethanol toxicokinetics and the effect of drugs on brain ethanol levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaia Rocchitta
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Medical School, University of Sassari, Viale S. Pietro 43/b, 07100 Sassari, Italy
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Bazzu G, Biosa A, Farina D, Spissu Y, Calia G, Dedola S, Rocchitta G, Migheli R, Serra PA, Desole MS. Brain microdialysis in freely moving animals. Methods Mol Biol 2012; 846:365-81. [PMID: 22367826 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-61779-536-7_31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Brain microdialysis is an analytical technique used for the dynamic monitoring of brain neurochemistry in awake, freely moving animals. This technique requires the insertion of a small dialysis catheter, called a microdialysis probe, into a specific brain region, and its perfusion with an artificial extracellular fluid. The microdialysate samples, obtained from the probe outlet, can be analysed using high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection for the quantification of oxidizable molecules recovered from the extracellular space. In this chapter, we describe a protocol for performing a microdialysis setup and experiment in freely moving rats and mice. Furthermore, the high-performance liquid chromatographic determination of ascorbic acid, uric acid, catecholamines, indolamines and derivatives is described in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianfranco Bazzu
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical School, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
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Palivan CG, Fischer-Onaca O, Delcea M, Itel F, Meier W. Protein–polymer nanoreactors for medical applications. Chem Soc Rev 2012; 41:2800-23. [DOI: 10.1039/c1cs15240h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Khan A, Ab Ghani S. Multienzyme microbiosensor based on electropolymerized o-phenylenediamine for simultaneous in vitro determination of acetylcholine and choline. Biosens Bioelectron 2011; 31:433-8. [PMID: 22154168 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2011.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2011] [Revised: 11/03/2011] [Accepted: 11/04/2011] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The electrochemical biosensors based on poly(o-phenylenediamine) (PoPD) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and choline oxidase (ChO) enzymes were fabricated on carbon fibre (CF) substrate. The electropolymerized PoPD was used to reduce the interfering substances. The electrode assembly was completed by depositing functionalized carbon nano tubes (FCNTs) and Nafion (Naf). Amperometric detection of acetylcholine (ACh) and choline (Ch) were realized at an applied potential of +750 mV vs Ag/AgCl (saturated KCl). At pH 7.4, the final assembly, Naf-FCNTs/AChE-ChO((10:1))/PoPD/CF(Elip), was observed to have high sensitivity towards Ch (6.3±0.3 μA mM(-1)) and ACh (5.8±0.3 μA mM(-1)), linear range for Ch (K(M)=0.52±0.03 mM) and ACh (K(M)=0.59±0.07 mM), and for Ch the highest ascorbic acid blocking capacity (97.2±2 1mM AA). It had a response time of <5s and with 0.045 μM limit of detection. Studies on different ratio (ACh/Ch) revealed that 10:1, gave best overall response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anish Khan
- Pusat Pengajian Sains Kimia, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 USM Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
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Rothwell SA, O'Neill RD. Effects of applied potential on the mass of non-conducting poly(ortho-phenylenediamine) electro-deposited on EQCM electrodes: comparison with biosensor selectivity parameters. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2011; 13:5413-21. [PMID: 21359356 DOI: 10.1039/c0cp02341h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
An electrochemical quartz-crystal microbalance (EQCM) was used to determine the mass of poly-(o-phenylenediamine) (PoPD) layers electro-deposited at different applied potentials in neutral buffered monomer solution, conditions that produce the insulating form of the polymer used as a permselective membrane in biosensor applications. There was a systematic increase in the total, steady state PoPD mass deposited for fixed applied potentials from 0.05 to 0.6 V vs. SCE, followed by a plateau up to 0.8 V. Comparison of PoPD mass and permselectivity parameters indicates that the ability of the passivating form of PoPD to block interference species in biosensor applications is not related in a simple way to the mass of material deposited on the surface. Instead, effects of the applied electropolymerisation potential in driving the electro-oxidation of oPD dimers and oligomers formed during the electro-deposition process are likely to have a more direct impact on the selectivity characteristics of the PoPD layer. The results highlight the usefulness of apparent permeabilities, especially of ascorbic acid, in revealing differences between PoPD layers electro-deposited under different conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon A Rothwell
- UCD School of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
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Zhen SJ, Guo FL, Chen LQ, Li YF, Zhang Q, Huang CZ. Visual detection of cobalt(ii) ion in vitro and tissue with a new type of leaf-like molecular microcrystal. Chem Commun (Camb) 2011; 47:2562-4. [DOI: 10.1039/c0cc03205k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Peng Y, Wei CW, Liu YN, Li J. Nafion coating the ferrocenylalkanethiol and encapsulated glucose oxidase electrode for amperometric glucose detection. Analyst 2011; 136:4003-7. [DOI: 10.1039/c1an15292k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Salazar P, Martín M, Roche R, O’Neill R, González-Mora J. Prussian Blue-modified microelectrodes for selective transduction in enzyme-based amperometric microbiosensors for in vivo neurochemical monitoring. Electrochim Acta 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2010.06.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Enzyme immobilization strategies and electropolymerization conditions to control sensitivity and selectivity parameters of a polymer-enzyme composite glucose biosensor. SENSORS 2010; 10:6439-62. [PMID: 22163559 PMCID: PMC3231131 DOI: 10.3390/s100706439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2010] [Revised: 05/21/2010] [Accepted: 06/13/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In an ongoing programme to develop characterization strategies relevant to biosensors for in-vivo monitoring, glucose biosensors were fabricated by immobilizing the enzyme glucose oxidase (GOx) on 125 μm diameter Pt cylinder wire electrodes (Pt(C)), using three different methods: before, after or during the amperometric electrosynthesis of poly(ortho-phenylenediamine), PoPD, which also served as a permselective membrane. These electrodes were calibrated with H(2)O(2) (the biosensor enzyme signal molecule), glucose, and the archetypal interference compound ascorbic acid (AA) to determine the relevant polymer permeabilities and the apparent Michaelis-Menten parameters for glucose. A number of selectivity parameters were used to identify the most successful design in terms of the balance between substrate sensitivity and interference blocking. For biosensors electrosynthesized in neutral buffer under the present conditions, entrapment of the GOx within the PoPD layer produced the design (Pt(C)/PoPD-GOx) with the highest linear sensitivity to glucose (5.0 ± 0.4 μA cm(-2) mM(-1)), good linear range (K(M) = 16 ± 2 mM) and response time (< 2 s), and the greatest AA blocking (99.8% for 1 mM AA). Further optimization showed that fabrication of Pt(C)/PoPD-GOx in the absence of added background electrolyte (i.e., electropolymerization in unbuffered enzyme-monomer solution) enhanced glucose selectivity 3-fold for this one-pot fabrication protocol which provided AA-rejection levels at least equal to recent multi-step polymer bilayer biosensor designs. Interestingly, the presence of enzyme protein in the polymer layer had opposite effects on permselectivity for low and high concentrations of AA, emphasizing the value of studying the concentration dependence of interference effects which is rarely reported in the literature.
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