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Michlig N, Amirav A, Neumark B, Lehotay SJ. Comparison of different fast gas chromatography - mass spectrometry techniques (Cold EI, MS/MS, and HRMS) for the analysis of pyrethroid insecticide residues in food. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2024; 16:5599-5618. [PMID: 39101707 DOI: 10.1039/d4ay00858h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/06/2024]
Abstract
In the multiclass, multiresidue analysis of pesticides in food and environmental samples, pyrethroid insecticides are generally more difficult to analyze than other types of analytes. They do not ionize well by electrospray ionization, and although they are suitable for analysis by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), selectivity using standard electron ionization (EI) in GC-MS is often insufficient because the molecular ion is rarely present. Many pyrethroids tend to have the same fragment ions in MS or high-resolution (HR)MS, and similar ion transitions in tandem MS/MS, leading to difficulties in distinguishing different pyrethroids from each other and chemical interferences in complex matrices. In this study, different forms of fast GC coupled with different types of MS detectors were compared for the analysis of up to 15 pyrethroids in barley extracts as a test case to assess which approach was the most advantageous. The three studied GC-MS techniques consisted of Cold EI using supersonic molecular beams in selected ion monitoring (SIM) mode with a single quadrupole instrument; triple quadrupole MS/MS; and HRMS using an orbital ion trap (orbitrap). A higher flow rate was used in Cold EI, and low pressure (LP) GC was employed in the MS/MS and orbitrap methods, to speed up the GC analyses (<10 min chromatograms in all cases). Each technique had some advantages over the others depending on specific pyrethroid analytes in the matrix. Nontargeted LPGC-orbitrap typically yielded the highest selectivity, but it rarely achieved the needed detectability to quantidentify the residues at 10 ng g-1. Cold EI-SIM and LPGC-MS/MS usually met the needed detection limits and generally achieved similar capabilities for the targeted pyrethroids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolás Michlig
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Eastern Regional Research Center, 600 East Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038, USA.
| | - Aviv Amirav
- School of Chemistry, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
- Aviv Analytical Ltd, 24 Hanagar Street, Hod Hasharon 4527713, Israel
| | - Benny Neumark
- School of Chemistry, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Steven J Lehotay
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Eastern Regional Research Center, 600 East Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038, USA.
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2
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Michlig N, Lehotay SJ, Lightfield AR. Comparison of filter membranes in the analysis of 183 veterinary and other drugs by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Sep Sci 2024; 47:e2300696. [PMID: 38356232 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202300696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
Although filtration is one of the most common steps in sample preparation for chemical analysis, filter membrane materials can leach contaminants and/or retain some analytes in the filtered solutions. In multiclass, multiresidue analysis of veterinary drugs, it is challenging to find one type of filter membrane that does not retain at least some of the analytes before injection in ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS). In this study, different filter membranes were tested for use in UHPLC-MS/MS analysis of 183 diverse drugs in bovine muscle, kidney, and liver tissues. Membranes evaluated consisted of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF), polyethersulfone, nylon, and regenerated cellulose. Drug classes represented among the analytes included β-agonists, β-lactams, anthelmintics, macrolides, tetracyclines, sulfonamides, tranquilizers, (fluoro)quinolones, anti-inflammatories, nitroimidazoles, coccidiostats, phenicols, and others. Although the presence of a matrix helped reduce the binding of analytes on surface active sites, all of the filter types partially retained at least some of the drugs in the final extracts. In testing by flow-injection analysis, all of the membrane filters were also observed to leach interfering components. Ultimately, filtration was avoided altogether in the final sample preparation approach known as the quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, safe, efficient, and robust (QuEChERSER) mega-method, and ultracentrifugation was chosen as an alternative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolás Michlig
- US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Eastern Regional Research Center, Wyndmoor, Pennsylvania, USA
- Programa de Investigación y Análisis de Residuos y Contaminantes Químicos (PRINARC), Facultad de Ingeniería Química, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Steven J Lehotay
- US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Eastern Regional Research Center, Wyndmoor, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Alan R Lightfield
- US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Eastern Regional Research Center, Wyndmoor, Pennsylvania, USA
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3
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Pagano F, Vincenti F, Montesano C, Fanti F, Gregori A, Curini R, Sergi M. Oral fluid as a new investigative matrix for the determination of organic gunshot residue exposure. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2022; 1210:123477. [PMID: 36174265 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2022.123477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/17/2022] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, increased use of ammunition without lead and heavy metals was observed, leading to a growing interest in the detection of organic gunshot residues (OGSR) as evidence of firearms related crimes. The wide range of compounds belonging to the OGSR class hinders their mass spectrometric detection as different ionization techniques may be needed to obtain good results for all compounds. The purpose of this work was the development of a reliable analytical method by means of UHPLC-HRMS for the determination in oral fluid (OF) of the most common explosives and the most used stabilizers, arising from fire discharge and post-deflagration residues. For this purpose, SPE was used for OF clean-up before UHPLC-HRMS analysis. All target analytes were chromatographically separated by means of a Polar-C18 column. A chlorinated compound was added to the mobile phases in order to promote the formation of chloride adduct ions in the electrospray ion source operating in polarity switching to allow the best conditions for each analyte. The detection was conducted by means of a high-resolution mass spectrometer equipped with Orbitrap technology working in data dependent acquisition mode, in order to detect both the precursor ions and/or the most intense fragments for stabilizers. To verify its potential, the method was tested on real samples: a shooting session was performed in an open shooting range; the shooters fired from 2 to 20 rounds with a 9x21 caliber, thereafter OF was sampled. Samples were analyzed confirming that explosives may be detected in OF; the use of this matrix may be of great interest for investigative purposes as it is less affected by secondary transfer when compared to other commonly sampled matrices. The developed method could be a useful tool for law enforcement authorities for the detection of explosives in forensic potential scenarios, including biological matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavia Pagano
- Public Health and Infectious Disease Department, University La Sapienza, Rome, Italy; Chemistry Department, University La Sapienza, Rome, Italy
| | - Flaminia Vincenti
- Public Health and Infectious Disease Department, University La Sapienza, Rome, Italy; Chemistry Department, University La Sapienza, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Federico Fanti
- University of Teramo, Faculty of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, Teramo, Italy
| | - Adolfo Gregori
- Carabinieri, Department of Scientific Investigation (RIS), Rome, Italy
| | - Roberta Curini
- Chemistry Department, University La Sapienza, Rome, Italy
| | - Manuel Sergi
- University of Teramo, Faculty of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, Teramo, Italy
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4
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Miniaturized QuEChERS extraction method for the detection of multi-residue pesticides in bat muscle tissue. Sci Rep 2022; 12:7164. [PMID: 35505235 PMCID: PMC9065137 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-11352-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Habitat loss and fragmentation are among the greatest threats to biodiversity and ecosystem stability, with physiological implications on wild fauna. Bats (Microchiroptera) are small mammals with a wide variety of eating habits, and the well-being of these animals is disturbed by exposure to pesticides. This study aimed to develop a miniaturized QuEChERS (Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged, and Safe) extraction method for the detection of multi-residue pesticides in bat muscle tissue using gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC–MS). A total of 48 pesticides were tested in 250 mg of bat muscle tissue. The developed analytical method was applied to 148 bats collected from two different areas in Minas Gerais State, Southeast Region of Brazil. The method presented good sensitivity and allowed the determination of residues of 48 pesticides in bat muscle using GC–MS. The miniaturized extraction method makes the analysis feasible even when the sample volume is limited. However, no pesticide residues were detected in bats from the two areas investigated.
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5
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pyAIR-A New Software Tool for Breathomics Applications-Searching for Markers in TD-GC-HRMS Analysis. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27072063. [PMID: 35408461 PMCID: PMC9000534 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27072063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Volatile metabolites in exhaled air have promising potential as diagnostic biomarkers. However, the combination of low mass, similar chemical composition, and low concentrations introduces the challenge of sorting the data to identify markers of value. In this paper, we report the development of pyAIR, a software tool for searching for volatile organic compounds (VOCs) markers in multi-group datasets, tailored for Thermal-Desorption Gas-Chromatography High Resolution Mass-Spectrometry (TD-GC-HRMS) output. pyAIR aligns the compounds between samples by spectral similarity coupled with retention times (RT), and statistically compares the groups for compounds that differ by intensity. This workflow was successfully tested and evaluated on gaseous samples spiked with 27 model VOCs at six concentrations, divided into three groups, down to 0.3 nL/L. All analytes were correctly detected and aligned. More than 80% were found to be significant markers with a p-value < 0.05; several were classified as possibly significant markers (p-value < 0.1), while a few were removed due to background level. In all group comparisons, low rates of false markers were found. These results showed the potential of pyAIR in the field of trace-level breathomics, with the capability to differentially examine several groups, such as stages of illness.
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Sussman EM, Oktem B, Isayeva IS, Liu J, Wickramasekara S, Chandrasekar V, Nahan K, Shin HY, Zheng J. Chemical Characterization and Non-targeted Analysis of Medical Device Extracts: A Review of Current Approaches, Gaps, and Emerging Practices. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2022; 8:939-963. [PMID: 35171560 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.1c01119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The developers of medical devices evaluate the biocompatibility of their device prior to FDA's review and subsequent introduction to the market. Chemical characterization, described in ISO 10993-18:2020, can generate information for toxicological risk assessment and is an alternative approach for addressing some biocompatibility end points (e.g., systemic toxicity, genotoxicity, carcinogenicity, reproductive/developmental toxicity) that can reduce the time and cost of testing and the need for animal testing. Additionally, chemical characterization can be used to determine whether modifications to the materials and manufacturing processes alter the chemistry of a patient-contacting device to an extent that could impact device safety. Extractables testing is one approach to chemical characterization that employs combinations of non-targeted analysis, non-targeted screening, and/or targeted analysis to establish the identities and quantities of the various chemical constituents that can be released from a device. Due to the difficulty in obtaining a priori information on all the constituents in finished devices, information generation strategies in the form of analytical chemistry testing are often used. Identified and quantified extractables are then assessed using toxicological risk assessment approaches to determine if reported quantities are sufficiently low to overcome the need for further chemical analysis, biological evaluation of select end points, or risk control. For extractables studies to be useful as a screening tool, comprehensive and reliable non-targeted methods are needed. Although non-targeted methods have been adopted by many laboratories, they are laboratory-specific and require expensive analytical instruments and advanced technical expertise to perform. In this Perspective, we describe the elements of extractables studies and provide an overview of the current practices, identified gaps, and emerging practices that may be adopted on a wider scale in the future. This Perspective is outlined according to the steps of an extractables study: information gathering, extraction, extract sample processing, system selection, qualification, quantification, and identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric M Sussman
- Center for Devices and Radiological Health, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993, United States
| | - Berk Oktem
- Center for Devices and Radiological Health, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993, United States
| | - Irada S Isayeva
- Center for Devices and Radiological Health, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993, United States
| | - Jinrong Liu
- Center for Devices and Radiological Health, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993, United States
| | - Samanthi Wickramasekara
- Center for Devices and Radiological Health, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993, United States
| | - Vaishnavi Chandrasekar
- Center for Devices and Radiological Health, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993, United States
| | - Keaton Nahan
- Center for Devices and Radiological Health, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993, United States
| | - Hainsworth Y Shin
- Center for Devices and Radiological Health, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993, United States
| | - Jiwen Zheng
- Center for Devices and Radiological Health, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993, United States
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7
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Marder D, Tzanani N, Baratz A, Drug E, Prihed H, Weiss S, Ben-Chetrit E, Eichel R, Dagan S, Yishai Aviram L. A multiple-method comparative study using GC-MS, AMDIS and in-house-built software for the detection and identification of "unknown" volatile organic compounds in breath. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2021; 56:e4782. [PMID: 34523187 DOI: 10.1002/jms.4782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The human respiratory system is a highly complex matrix that exhales many volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Breath-exhaled VOCs are often "unknowns" and possess low concentrations, which make their analysis, peak digging and data processing challenging. We report a new methodology, applied in a proof-of-concept experiment, for the detection of VOCs in breath. For this purpose, we developed and compared four complementary analysis methods based on solid-phase microextraction and thermal desorption (TD) tubes with two GC-mass spectrometer (MS) methods. Using eight model compounds, we obtained an LOD range of 0.02-20 ng/ml. We found that in breath analysis, sampling the exhausted air from Tedlar bags is better when TD tubes are used, not only because of the preconcentration but also due to the stability of analytes in the TD tubes. Data processing (peak picking) was based on two data retrieval approaches with an in-house script written for comparison and differentiation between two populations: sick and healthy. We found it best to use "raw" AMDIS deconvolution data (.ELU) rather than its NIST (.FIN) identification data for comparison between samples. A successful demonstration of this method was conducted in a pilot study (n = 21) that took place in a closed hospital ward (Covid-19 ward) with the discovery of four potential markers. These preliminary findings, at the molecular level, demonstrate the capabilities of our method and can be applied in larger and more comprehensive experiments in the omics world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana Marder
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Israel Institute for Biological Research (IIBR), Ness Ziona, Israel
| | - Nitzan Tzanani
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Israel Institute for Biological Research (IIBR), Ness Ziona, Israel
| | - Adva Baratz
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Israel Institute for Biological Research (IIBR), Ness Ziona, Israel
| | - Eyal Drug
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Israel Institute for Biological Research (IIBR), Ness Ziona, Israel
| | - Hagit Prihed
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Israel Institute for Biological Research (IIBR), Ness Ziona, Israel
| | - Shay Weiss
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Israel Institute for Biological Research (IIBR), Ness Ziona, Israel
| | - Eli Ben-Chetrit
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Roni Eichel
- Stroke Unit/Neurological ICU, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Shai Dagan
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Israel Institute for Biological Research (IIBR), Ness Ziona, Israel
| | - Lilach Yishai Aviram
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Israel Institute for Biological Research (IIBR), Ness Ziona, Israel
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8
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Comparison of analyte identification criteria and other aspects in triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry: Case study using UHPLC-MS/MS for regulatory analysis of veterinary drug residues in liquid and powdered eggs. Anal Bioanal Chem 2021; 414:287-302. [PMID: 33963436 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-021-03380-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 04/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) coupled with triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) is one of the most powerful tools for the multiclass, multiresidue analysis of veterinary drugs, pesticides, mycotoxins, and other chemical contaminants in foods and other sample types. Until approximately 2010, commercial MS/MS instruments using multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) were generally limited to minimum dwell (and inter-dwell) times of 10 ms per ion transition. To achieve the needed accuracy and detection limits for hundreds of targeted analytes, older UHPLC-MS/MS methods typically acquired only two ion transitions per analyte (yielding only one ion ratio for qualitative identification purposes), which is still the norm despite technological advancements. Newer instruments permit as little as 1 ms (inter-)dwell times to afford monitoring of more MRMs/analyte with minimal sacrifices in accuracy and sensitivity. In this study, quantification and identification were assessed in the validation of 169 veterinary drugs in liquid and powdered eggs. Quantitatively, an "extract-and-inject" sample preparation method yielded acceptable 70-120% recoveries and < 25% RSD for 139-141 (82-83%) of the 169 diverse drug analytes spiked into powdered and liquid eggs, respectively, at three levels of regulatory interest. Qualitatively, rates of false positives and negatives were compared when applying three different regulatory identification criteria in which two or three MRMs/drug were used in each case. Independent of the identification criteria, rates of false positives remained <10% for 95-99% of the drugs whether 2 or 3 ions were monitored, but the percent of drugs with >10% false negatives decreased from 25-45 to 10-12% when using 2 vs. 3 MRMs/analyte, respectively. Use of a concentration threshold at 10% of the regulatory level as an identification criterion was also very useful to reduce rates of false positives independent of ion ratios. Based on these results, monitoring >2 ion transitions per analyte is advised when using MS/MS for analysis, independent of SANTE/12682/2019, FDA/USDA, or 2002/657/EC identification criteria. (Quant)identification results using all three criteria were similar, but the SANTE criteria were advantageous in their greater simplicity and practical ease of use.
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9
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Lehotay SJ, Lightfield AR. Comparison of four different multiclass, multiresidue sample preparation methods in the analysis of veterinary drugs in fish and other food matrices. Anal Bioanal Chem 2021; 413:3223-3241. [PMID: 33713145 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-021-03259-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
In 2018, AOAC International issued Standard Method Performance Requirements (SPMR) 2018.010 - Screening and Identification Method for Regulated Veterinary Drug Residues in Food. In response, we compared 4 different multiresidue methods of sample preparation using the same analytical method entailing ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS). Tilapia was chosen for testing, and the analytes and monitoring levels were from SPMR 2018.010. The methods consist of efficient procedures with published validation results from the US Department of Agriculture (USDA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), and Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA), and an enhanced-matrix removal (EMR)-Lipid protocol from China. Each method was used to prepare 102 final extracts of tilapia spiked or not at different levels with the 78 targeted analytes plus metabolites. The same FDA/USDA rules of mass spectral identification were employed in all analyses to assess rates of false positives and negatives. Quantitative accuracy of the methods was also compared in terms of recoveries and reproducibility of spiked tilapia, incurred catfish, and spiked and certified reference material of bovine muscle. Each method yielded generally acceptable results for the targeted veterinary drugs, but the USDA "extract & inject" method was the fastest, simplest, and cheapest to achieve equally or more acceptable results for the widest scope of analytes for the tested food matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven J Lehotay
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Eastern Regional Research Center, 600 East Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA, 19038, USA.
| | - Alan R Lightfield
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Eastern Regional Research Center, 600 East Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA, 19038, USA
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Alon T, Amirav A. Comparison of Isotope Abundance Analysis and Accurate Mass Analysis in their Ability to Provide Elemental Formula Information. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2021; 32:929-935. [PMID: 33779170 PMCID: PMC8154599 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.0c00419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Deriving elemental formulas from mass spectra used to be an exclusive feature provided only by expensive high-resolution mass spectrometry instruments. Nowadays this feature can be used on unit resolution quadrupole-based mass spectrometers (MS) combining isotope abundance analysis (IAA) and mass accuracy analysis (MAA) with surprising accuracy that is commonly lower than 1 ppm mass accuracy. In this Article, we assess the usefulness of both MAA and IAA in the elemental formula deriving process performed on unit resolution MS data with constant resolution across the m/z range. The methods' effective filtration power (EFP) are estimated along with their ability to provide useful elemental information under nonideal experimental conditions. The term effective mass accuracy (EMA) is introduced so that the identification power of IAA can be expressed in a familiar way and compared more readily to MAA. We found that IAA alone commonly has an EMA under 5 ppm. IAA and MAA work well together and provide improved results with median EMA < 1 ppm for calibrated MS or <3 ppm for uncalibrated MS. We have also found that even though these methods cannot be fully trusted to pinpoint the exact elemental formula under poor experimental conditions, IAA can still accurately provide the exact number of several heteroatoms such as sulfur, chlorine, and bromine, while MAA cannot. Under such conditions, a combination of both methods can also provide good insight into the amount of carbon, hydrogen, and other elements in the elemental formula.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tal Alon
- School
of Chemistry, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
- Afeka
School of Engineering, Tel Aviv, 6910717, Israel
- Aviv
Analytical Ltd., 24 Hanagar
Street, Hod Hasharon, 4527713, Israel
| | - Aviv Amirav
- School
of Chemistry, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
- Aviv
Analytical Ltd., 24 Hanagar
Street, Hod Hasharon, 4527713, Israel
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11
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Michlig N, Lehotay SJ, Lightfield AR, Beldoménico H, Repetti MR. Validation of a high-throughput method for analysis of pesticide residues in hemp and hemp products. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1645:462097. [PMID: 33848664 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.462097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Hemp has been an agricultural commodity for millennia, and it has been undergoing a resurgence in interest and production due to its high content of cannabinoids, protein, fiber and other ingredients. For legal possession and use throughout the USA, hemp and hemp products must have delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) concentration < 0.3%. As with most crops, pesticides may be applied when farming hemp, which need to be monitored in food, feed, and medicinal products. The aim of this work was to evaluate and validate the recently developed "quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, safe, efficient, and robust" (QuEChERSER) sample preparation mega-method to determine pesticide residues in hemp plants, flowers, powders, oils, and pellets. High-throughput analysis of final extracts for 106 targeted pesticides and metabolites from North American monitoring lists entailed: 1) ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography - tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) with column back-flushing, and 2) instrument-top sample preparation + low-pressure gas chromatography (ITSP+LPGC-MS/MS). In QuEChERSER, 2 g sample is extracted with 10 mL 4/1 (v/v) acetonitrile/water by mechanical shaking for 10 min, followed by 3 min centrifugation. For LC, 0.2 mL of extract is taken and solvent exchanged into initial mobile phase followed by 5 min ultra-centrifugation prior to the 10 min analysis. For GC-amenable pesticides, the remaining initial extract is partitioned with 4/1 (w/w) anh. MgSO4/NaCl, and 1 mL is taken for automated ITSP cleanup in parallel with 10 min LPGC analysis. In the former case, the UHPLC column is back-flushed with 1/1 (v/v) methanol/acetonitrile for 3 min between each injection to keep the system clean and avoid ghost peaks. Multi-level, multi-day validation results achieved 70-120% recoveries with RSDs < 20% for more than 80% of the analytes in hemp protein powder, oil, pellets, and fresh plant (dried hemp plant and flower were too complex). Limits of quantification (LOQs) were < 10 ng/g were achieved for nearly all pesticides, yielding 2.8% false negatives among >13,000 analyte results in the spiked samples. The QuEChERSER method was demonstrated to meet the challenge for several complex hemp matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolás Michlig
- US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Eastern Regional Research Center, 600 East Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038, USA; Programa de Investigación y Análisis de Residuos y Contaminantes Químicos (PRINARC), Facultad de Ingeniería Química, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, 3000 Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Steven J Lehotay
- US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Eastern Regional Research Center, 600 East Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038, USA.
| | - Alan R Lightfield
- US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Eastern Regional Research Center, 600 East Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038, USA
| | - Horacio Beldoménico
- Programa de Investigación y Análisis de Residuos y Contaminantes Químicos (PRINARC), Facultad de Ingeniería Química, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, 3000 Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - María Rosa Repetti
- Programa de Investigación y Análisis de Residuos y Contaminantes Químicos (PRINARC), Facultad de Ingeniería Química, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, 3000 Santa Fe, Argentina
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Application of a multiclass screening method for veterinary drugs and pesticides using HPLC-QTOF-MS in egg samples. Food Chem 2020; 309:125746. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.125746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Revised: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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13
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Stastny K, Stepanova H, Hlavova K, Faldyna M. Identification and determination of deoxynivalenol (DON) and deepoxy-deoxynivalenol (DOM-1) in pig colostrum and serum using liquid chromatography in combination with high resolution mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS (HR)). J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2019; 1126-1127:121735. [PMID: 31394401 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2019.121735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 07/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Deoxynivalenol (DON) is one of the most common mycotoxins produced by field fungi (especially Fusarium). Contamination of livestock feed is a significant risk factor, especially for pigs that are highly susceptible to the toxic effects of deoxynivalenol. In this study, validated ultra-high performance liquid chromatography (U-HPLC) combined with a HR-Orbitrap-MS analysis method is described for the identification and quantitative determination of the mycotoxin compounds (DON and deepoxy-deoxynivalenol (DOM-1)) in pig colostrum (milk) and serum. Pre-treatment of the samples involved a deproteinisation step with methanol followed by a purification step by solid phase extraction (HLB cartridges). The chromatographic separation was performed on a C18 column with 1.7 μm-particle size using a water-methanol mobile phase. Detection of analytes was achieved on the tandem hybrid mass spectrometer Q Exactive, with a heated electrospray ionisation probe measured in positive mode (H-ESI+). For the confirmation of identification, a mass spectrometer was utilized in the full scan mode with resolving power (PR) = 140,000 (FWHM) and for quantification analysis, it was utilized in the parallel reaction monitoring mode (PRM). The method has been fully validated according to the requirements of Commission Decision 2002/657/EC for confirmatory analyses, plus the addition of a mass accuracy (MA) parameter. For the confirmation of the presence of these analytes in pig colostrum and serum, matching of the retention time with mass accuracy for the precursor ion from MS and product ions from MS/MS was used. A deuterium isotopically labelled internal standard and a matrix-matched calibration curve were employed for quantification. The linear range of quantification was 0.5-20 μg L-1 and the correlation coefficient (R2) was >0.999 for all calibrations. The limit of detection for DON and DOM-1 in colostrum was 0.48 μg L-1 and 0.54 μg L-1, respectively, and in serum 0.24 μg L-1 and 0.36 μg L-1, respectively. The limit of quantification for DON and DOM-1 in colostrum was 0.80 μg L-1 and 0.89 μg L-1, respectively, and in serum 0.39 μg L-1 and 0.60 μg L-1, respectively. The method was successfully evaluated using the obtained samples of pig colostrum and serum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamil Stastny
- Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 70, Brno 62100, Czech Republic.
| | - Hana Stepanova
- Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 70, Brno 62100, Czech Republic
| | - Karolina Hlavova
- Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 70, Brno 62100, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Faldyna
- Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 70, Brno 62100, Czech Republic
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14
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Li J, Teng X, Wang W, Zhang Z, Fan C. Determination of multiple pesticide residues in teas by gas chromatography with accurate time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry. J Sep Sci 2019; 42:1990-2002. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201800975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2018] [Revised: 09/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jianxun Li
- Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine Beijing P. R. China
- Agricultural Processing InstituteChinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Beijing P. R. China
| | - Xiaoyu Teng
- Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine Beijing P. R. China
| | | | - Zijuan Zhang
- Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine Beijing P. R. China
| | - Chunlin Fan
- Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine Beijing P. R. China
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15
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Hawke DJ, Brown JCS, Bury SJ. The prevention and detection of human error in ecological stable isotope analysis. Methods Ecol Evol 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/2041-210x.13077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Julie C. S. Brown
- Environmental Stable Isotope LaboratoryNational Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research Wellington New Zealand
| | - Sarah J. Bury
- Environmental Stable Isotope LaboratoryNational Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research Wellington New Zealand
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16
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Hits and misses in research trends to monitor contaminants in foods. Anal Bioanal Chem 2018; 410:5331-5351. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-018-1195-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Revised: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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17
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Jakšić SM, Ratajac RD, Prica NB, Apić JB, Ljubojević DB, Žekić Stošić MZ, Živkov Baloš MM. Methods of Determination of Antibiotic Residues in Honey. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2018. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061934818040044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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18
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Jha RR, Singh C, Pant AB, Patel DK. Ionic liquid based ultrasound assisted dispersive liquid-liquid micro-extraction for simultaneous determination of 15 neurotransmitters in rat brain, plasma and cell samples. Anal Chim Acta 2018; 1005:43-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2017.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Revised: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 12/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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19
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Titaley IA, Ogba OM, Chibwe L, Hoh E, Cheong PHY, Simonich SLM. Automating data analysis for two-dimensional gas chromatography/time-of-flight mass spectrometry non-targeted analysis of comparative samples. J Chromatogr A 2018; 1541:57-62. [PMID: 29448996 PMCID: PMC5909067 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2018.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Revised: 02/03/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Non-targeted analysis of environmental samples, using comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography coupled with time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC × GC/ToF-MS), poses significant data analysis challenges due to the large number of possible analytes. Non-targeted data analysis of complex mixtures is prone to human bias and is laborious, particularly for comparative environmental samples such as contaminated soil pre- and post-bioremediation. To address this research bottleneck, we developed OCTpy, a Python™ script that acts as a data reduction filter to automate GC × GC/ToF-MS data analysis from LECO® ChromaTOF® software and facilitates selection of analytes of interest based on peak area comparison between comparative samples. We used data from polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) contaminated soil, pre- and post-bioremediation, to assess the effectiveness of OCTpy in facilitating the selection of analytes that have formed or degraded following treatment. Using datasets from the soil extracts pre- and post-bioremediation, OCTpy selected, on average, 18% of the initial suggested analytes generated by the LECO® ChromaTOF® software Statistical Compare feature. Based on this list, 63-100% of the candidate analytes identified by a highly trained individual were also selected by OCTpy. This process was accomplished in several minutes per sample, whereas manual data analysis took several hours per sample. OCTpy automates the analysis of complex mixtures of comparative samples, reduces the potential for human error during heavy data handling and decreases data analysis time by at least tenfold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan A Titaley
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
| | - O Maduka Ogba
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA; Department of Chemistry, Pomona College, Claremont, CA, 91711, USA
| | - Leah Chibwe
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
| | - Eunha Hoh
- Graduate School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, 92182, USA
| | - Paul H-Y Cheong
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA.
| | - Staci L Massey Simonich
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA; Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA.
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20
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Fu Y, Zhao C, Lu X, Xu G. Nontargeted screening of chemical contaminants and illegal additives in food based on liquid chromatography–high resolution mass spectrometry. Trends Analyt Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2017.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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21
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Rochat B. Proposed Confidence Scale and ID Score in the Identification of Known-Unknown Compounds Using High Resolution MS Data. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2017; 28:709-723. [PMID: 28116700 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-016-1556-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Revised: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
High-resolution (HR) MS instruments recording HR-full scan allow analysts to go further beyond pre-acquisition choices. Untargeted acquisition can reveal unexpected compounds or concentrations and can be performed for preliminary diagnosis attempt. Then, revealed compounds will have to be identified for interpretations. Whereas the need of reference standards is mandatory to confirm identification, the diverse information collected from HRMS allows identifying unknown compounds with relatively high degree of confidence without reference standards injected in the same analytical sequence. However, there is a necessity to evaluate the degree of confidence in putative identifications, possibly before further targeted analyses. This is why a confidence scale and a score in the identification of (non-peptidic) known-unknown, defined as compounds with entries in database, is proposed for (LC-) HRMS data. The scale is based on two representative documents edited by the European Commission (2007/657/EC) and the Metabolomics Standard Initiative (MSI), in an attempt to build a bridge between the communities of metabolomics and screening labs. With this confidence scale, an identification (ID) score is determined as [a number, a letter, and a number] (e.g., 2D3), from the following three criteria: I, a General Identification Category (1, confirmed, 2, putatively identified, 3, annotated compounds/classes, and 4, unknown); II, a Chromatography Class based on the relative retention time (from the narrowest tolerance, A, to no chromatographic references, D); and III, an Identification Point Level (1, very high, 2, high, and 3, normal level) based on the number of identification points collected. Three putative identification examples of known-unknown will be presented. Graphical Abstract ᅟ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bertrand Rochat
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), University Hospital of Lausanne, 1011, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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22
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23
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Wide-scope screening of pesticides in fruits and vegetables using information-dependent acquisition employing UHPLC-QTOF-MS and automated MS/MS library searching. Anal Bioanal Chem 2016; 408:7795-7810. [PMID: 27558104 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-016-9883-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2016] [Revised: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/15/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
This paper presents an application of ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC-QTOF-MS) for simultaneous screening and identification of 427 pesticides in fresh fruit and vegetable samples. Both full MS scan mode for quantification, and an artificial-intelligence-based product ion scan mode information-dependent acquisition (IDA) providing automatic MS to MS/MS switching of product ion spectra for identification, were conducted by one injection. A home-in collision-induced-dissociation all product ions accurate mass spectra library containing more than 1700 spectra was developed prior to actual application. Both qualitative and quantitative validations of the method were carried out. The result showed that 97.4 % of the pesticides had the screening detection limit (SDL) less than 50 μg kg-1 and more than 86.7 % could be confirmed by accurate MS/MS spectra embodied in the home-made library. Meanwhile, calibration curves covering two orders of magnitude were performed, and they were linear over the concentration range studied for the selected matrices (from 5 to 500 μg kg-1 for most of the pesticides). Recoveries between 80 and 110 % in four matrices (apple, orange, tomato, and spinach) at two spiked levels, 10 and 100 μg kg-1, was 88.7 or 86.8 %. Furthermore, the overall relative standard deviation (RSD, n = 12) for 94.3 % of the pesticides in 10 μg kg-1 and 98.1 % of the pesticides in 100 μg kg-1 spiked levels was less than 20 %. In order to validate the suitability for routine analysis, the method was applied to 448 fruit and vegetable samples purchased in different local markets. The results show 83.3 % of the analyzed samples have positive findings (higher than the limits of identification and quantification), and 412 commodity-pesticide combinations are identified in our scope. The approach proved to be a cost-effective, time-saving and powerful strategy for routine large-scope screening of pesticides.
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24
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Qin Y, Zhang J, He Y, Han Y, Zou N, Li Y, Chen R, Li X, Pan C. Automated Multiplug Filtration Cleanup for Pesticide Residue Analyses in Kiwi Fruit (Actinidia chinensis) and Kiwi Juice by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2016; 64:6082-6090. [PMID: 26809284 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b06027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
To reduce labor-consuming manual operation workload in the cleanup steps, an automated multiplug filtration cleanup (m-PFC) method for QuEChERS (quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe) extracts was developed. It could control the volume and speed of pulling and pushing cycles accurately. In this study, m-PFC was based on multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) mixed with primary-secondary amines (PSA) and anhydrous magnesium sulfate (MgSO4) in a packed column for analysis of pesticide residues followed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) detection. It was validated by analyzing 33 pesticides in kiwi fruit and kiwi juice matrices spiked at two concentration levels of 10 and 100 μg/kg. Salts, sorbents, m-PFC procedure, 4 mL of automated pulling and pushing volume, 6 mL/min automated pulling speed, and 8 mL/min pushing speed were optimized for each matrix. After optimization, spike recoveries were within 71-120% and <20% RSD for all analytes in kiwi fruit and kiwi juice. Matrix-matched calibrations were performed with the coefficients of determination >0.99 between concentration levels of 10 and 1000 μg/kg. The developed method was successfully applied to the determination of pesticide residues in market samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhong Qin
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University , Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jingru Zhang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University , Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yining He
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University , Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yongtao Han
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University , Beijing 100193, China
| | - Nan Zou
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University , Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yanjie Li
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University , Beijing 100193, China
| | - Ronghua Chen
- Institute of Pesticide and Environmental Toxicology, Guangxi University , Nanning 530005, China
| | - Xuesheng Li
- Institute of Pesticide and Environmental Toxicology, Guangxi University , Nanning 530005, China
| | - Canping Pan
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University , Beijing 100193, China
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25
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Dasenaki ME, Michali CS, Thomaidis NS. Analysis of 76 veterinary pharmaceuticals from 13 classes including aminoglycosides in bovine muscle by hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1452:67-80. [PMID: 27215463 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.05.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Revised: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 05/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A multiresidue/multiclass method for the simultaneous determination of 76 veterinary drugs and pharmaceuticals in bovine muscle tissue has been developed and validated according to the requirements of European Commission Decision 2002/657/EC. The analytes belong in 13 different classes, including aminoglycoside antibiotics, whose different physicochemical properties (extremely polar character) render their simultaneous determination with other veterinary drugs quite problematic. The method combines a two-step extraction procedure (extraction with acetonitrile followed by an acidic aqueous buffer extraction) with hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HILIC-MS/MS) determination, allowing confirmation and quantification in a single chromatographic run. Further cleanup with solid phase extraction was performed using polymeric SPE cartridges. A thorough ionization study of aminoglycosides was performed in order to increase their sensitivity and significant differences in the abundance of the precursor ions of the analytes were revealed, depending on the composition of the mobile phase tested. Further gradient elution optimization and injection solvent optimization were performed for all target analytes.The method was validated according to the European Commission Decision 2002/657. Quantitative analysis was performed by means of standard addition calibration. Recoveries varied from 37.4% (bromhexine) to 106% (kanamycin) in the lowest validation level and 82% of the compounds showed recovery >70%. Detection capability (CCβ) varied from 2.4 (salinomycin) to 1302 (apramycin) μgkg(-1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Marilena E Dasenaki
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zographou, 15771 Athens, Greece
| | - Christina S Michali
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zographou, 15771 Athens, Greece
| | - Nikolaos S Thomaidis
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zographou, 15771 Athens, Greece.
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26
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Bettencourt da Silva RJ. Evaluation of trace analyte identification in complex matrices by low-resolution gas chromatography – Mass spectrometry through signal simulation. Talanta 2016; 150:553-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2015.12.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2015] [Revised: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 12/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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27
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Ge YW, Zhu S, Kazuma K, Wei SL, Yoshimatsu K, Komatsu K. Molecular ion index assisted comprehensive profiling of B-type oligomeric proanthocyanidins in rhubarb by high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2016; 408:3555-70. [PMID: 26931121 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-016-9433-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Revised: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Proanthocyanidins (PAs) are major anti-diarrhea constituents in rhubarb, one of the frequently used traditional medicines. However, the phytochemical investigation of PAs in rhubarb was hampered by their strenuous purification and identification. In the present study, aiming to clarify the distribution of PAs in different rhubarb species, a molecular ion index was priorly established according to the structural features of B-type PAs, which led to a series of targeted discovery of oligomeric PAs in rhubarb by the HPLC-ESI-MS/MS method. Totally, 66 oligomeric PAs including 27 dimers, 29 trimers, and 10 tetramers were tentatively identified on the basis of their MS/MS spectra from 28 rhubarb samples derived from 5 Rheum species as R. palmatum, R. tanguticum, R. officinale, R. coreanum, and R. laciniatum. It is noteworthy that 6 propelargonidins, 14 prodelphinidins, and 10 procyanidin-tetramers were identified from rhubarb for the first time. The profiling comparison of these oligomeric PAs in different rhubarb samples was achieved by visualizing their abundance in a heat map, which indicated the dominant PAs in rhubarb were procyanidin-dimer and its galloylated derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue-Wei Ge
- Division of Pharmacognosy, Institute of Natural Medicine, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan
| | - Shu Zhu
- Division of Pharmacognosy, Institute of Natural Medicine, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan
| | - Kohei Kazuma
- Division of Kampo-Pharmaceutics, Institute of Natural Medicine, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan
| | - Sheng-Li Wei
- Division of Pharmacognosy, Institute of Natural Medicine, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan
| | - Kayo Yoshimatsu
- Research Center for Medicinal Plant Resources, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, 7-6-8 Asagi Saito, Ibaraki, Osaka, 567-0085, Japan
| | - Katsuko Komatsu
- Division of Pharmacognosy, Institute of Natural Medicine, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan.
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28
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Pérez-Ortega P, Lara-Ortega FJ, García-Reyes JF, Beneito-Cambra M, Gilbert-López B, Martos NR, Molina-Díaz A. Determination of Over 350 Multiclass Pesticides in Jams by Ultra-High Performance Liquid Chromatography Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry (UHPLC-TOFMS). FOOD ANAL METHOD 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-015-0369-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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29
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Lehotay SJ, Sapozhnikova Y, Mol HG. Current issues involving screening and identification of chemical contaminants in foods by mass spectrometry. Trends Analyt Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2015.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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30
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Lohne JJ, Turnipseed SB, Andersen WC, Storey J, Madson MR. Application of single-stage Orbitrap mass spectrometry and differential analysis software to nontargeted analysis of contaminants in dog food: detection, identification, and quantification of glycoalkaloids. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2015; 63:4790-4798. [PMID: 25912523 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b00959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to perform a preliminary investigation of the nontargeted search and quantitative capabilities of a single-stage Exactive High-Resolution Mass Spectrometer (HRMS). To do this, the instrument and its associated software performed a non-targeted search for deleterious substances in a dog food sample suspected of causing gastrointestinal problems in dogs. A single-stage Orbitrap/high-performance liquid chromatography method and differential expression analysis software (Sieve) was used to detect and identify, and subsequently quantify, nontargeted compounds occurring only in the suspect dog food sample. When combined with an online database (ChemSpider), a preliminary identification of one of the nontargeted compounds was determined to be potato glycoalkaloids. The diagnostic product ion ratios and quantitative data accuracy generated by the single-stage Orbitrap MS were shown to be similar to results obtained using a triple quadrupole LC-MS/MS. Additionally, the ability of the single-stage Orbitrap instrument to provide precursor and product ion accurate masses and isotope patterns was also investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack J Lohne
- †Animal Drugs Research Center and ‡Denver Laboratory, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Denver Federal Center Building 20, West Sixth Avenue and Kipling Street, Denver, Colorado 80225-0087, United States
| | - Sherri B Turnipseed
- †Animal Drugs Research Center and ‡Denver Laboratory, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Denver Federal Center Building 20, West Sixth Avenue and Kipling Street, Denver, Colorado 80225-0087, United States
| | - Wendy C Andersen
- †Animal Drugs Research Center and ‡Denver Laboratory, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Denver Federal Center Building 20, West Sixth Avenue and Kipling Street, Denver, Colorado 80225-0087, United States
| | - Joseph Storey
- †Animal Drugs Research Center and ‡Denver Laboratory, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Denver Federal Center Building 20, West Sixth Avenue and Kipling Street, Denver, Colorado 80225-0087, United States
| | - Mark R Madson
- †Animal Drugs Research Center and ‡Denver Laboratory, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Denver Federal Center Building 20, West Sixth Avenue and Kipling Street, Denver, Colorado 80225-0087, United States
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31
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Mol HG, Zomer P, García López M, Fussell RJ, Scholten J, de Kok A, Wolheim A, Anastassiades M, Lozano A, Fernandez Alba A. Identification in residue analysis based on liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry: Experimental evidence to update performance criteria. Anal Chim Acta 2015; 873:1-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2015.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Revised: 02/28/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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32
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Chen D, Miao H, Zou J, Miao H, Lu L, Zhao Y, Wu Y. Determination of Phthalate Esters in Liquor by High Resolution Mass Spectrometry. ANAL LETT 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2014.961639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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33
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Omar MMA, Elbashir AA, Schmitz OJ. Determination of acrylamide in Sudanese food by high performance liquid chromatography coupled with LTQ Orbitrap mass spectrometry. Food Chem 2014; 176:342-9. [PMID: 25624242 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.12.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2014] [Revised: 12/20/2014] [Accepted: 12/20/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
A sample preparation method based on modified Quick, Easy, Cheap Effective, Rugged and Safe (QuEChERS) with aluminum oxide (Al2O3) as dispersive solid phase extraction (dSPE) material and high performance liquid chromatography-linear trap quadruple-Orbitrap-mass spectrometry (HPLC LTQ-Orbitrap MS) was established. The performance of two analytical columns namely Kinetex C18 and Rezex ROA-organic acid was compared for acrylamide separation. The method was validated in term of matrix effect, linear range (standard addition method), limit of detection (LOD), limit of quantification (LOQ), precision (RSD%) and recovery. Good linearity (r(2)>0.9979) was achieved using standard addition method in the concentration range 0-200μgkg(-1). The LOD is in the range from 2.91 to 4.04μgkg(-1) and 1.50 to 3.94μgkg(-1) for C18 and ROA columns, respectively. The precision of the method was ⩽7.3% and 5.6% for C18 and ROA columns, respectively. Recoveries of acrylamide ranging from 90% to 97%, (n=3) were obtained. The proposed Al2O3 dSPE method was successfully applied to the analysis of acrylamide in real food samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Musa Ali Omar
- Applied Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Khartoum, Khartoum 11115, Sudan; Central Laboratory, Ministry of Sciences & Technology, P.O. Box Office 7099, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Abdalla Ahmed Elbashir
- Applied Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Khartoum, Khartoum 11115, Sudan.
| | - Oliver J Schmitz
- Applied Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.
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Kaufmann A, Butcher P, Maden K, Walker S, Widmer M. Reliability of veterinary drug residue confirmation: high resolution mass spectrometry versus tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 2014; 856:54-67. [PMID: 25542358 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2014.11.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Revised: 10/10/2014] [Accepted: 11/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Confirmation of suspected residues has been a long time domain of tandem triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (QqQ). The currently most widely used confirmation strategy relies on the use of two selected reaction monitoring signals (SRM). The details of this confirmation procedure are described in detail in the Commission Decision 93/256/EC (CD). On the other hand, high resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) is nowadays increasingly used for trace analysis. Yet its utility for confirmatory purposes has not been well explored and utilized, since established confirmation strategies like the CD do not yet include rules for modern HRMS technologies. It is the focus of this paper to evaluate the likelihood of false positive and false negative confirmation results, when using a variety of HRMS based measurement modes as compared to conventional QqQ mass spectrometry. The experimental strategy relies on the chromatographic separation of a complex blank sample (bovine liver extract) and the subsequent monitoring of a number of dummy transitions respectively dummy accurate masses. The term "dummy" refers to precursor and derived product ions (based on a realistic neutral loss) whose elemental compositions (CxHyNzOdCle) were produced by a random number generator. Monitoring a large number of such hypothetical SRM's, or accurate masses inevitably produces a number of mass traces containing chromatographic peaks (false detects) which are caused by eluting matrix compounds. The number and intensity of these peaks were recorded and standardized to permit a comparison among the two employed MS technologies. QqQ performance (compounds which happen to produce a response in two SRM traces at identical retention time) was compared with a number of different HRMS(1) and HRMS(2) detection based modes. A HRMS confirmation criterion based on two full scans (an unfragmented and an all ion fragmented) was proposed. Compared to the CD criteria, a significantly lower probability of false positive and false negative findings is obtained by utilizing this criterion.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kaufmann
- Official Food Control Authority of the Canton of Zurich, Fehrenstrasse 15, 8032 Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - P Butcher
- Official Food Control Authority of the Canton of Zurich, Fehrenstrasse 15, 8032 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - K Maden
- Official Food Control Authority of the Canton of Zurich, Fehrenstrasse 15, 8032 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - S Walker
- Official Food Control Authority of the Canton of Zurich, Fehrenstrasse 15, 8032 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - M Widmer
- Official Food Control Authority of the Canton of Zurich, Fehrenstrasse 15, 8032 Zürich, Switzerland
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35
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EI and NCI GC–MS and GC–MS/MS: Comparative Study of Performance Characteristics for the Determination of Pesticide Residues in Plant Matrix. Chromatographia 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-014-2800-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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36
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Gas chromatography with flame photometric detection of 31 organophosphorus pesticide residues in Alpinia oxyphylla dried fruits. Food Chem 2014; 162:270-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.04.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2013] [Revised: 03/21/2014] [Accepted: 04/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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37
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Herrera-Lopez S, Hernando MD, García-Calvo E, Fernández-Alba AR, Ulaszewska MM. Simultaneous screening of targeted and non-targeted contaminants using an LC-QTOF-MS system and automated MS/MS library searching. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2014; 49:878-93. [PMID: 25230185 DOI: 10.1002/jms.3428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2014] [Revised: 06/25/2014] [Accepted: 06/29/2014] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Simultaneous high-resolution full-scan and tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) analysis using time of flight mass spectrometry brings an answer for increasing demand of retrospective and non-targeted data analysis. Such analysis combined with spectral library searching is a promising tool for targeted and untargeted screening of small molecules. Despite considerable extension of the panel of compounds of tandem mass spectral libraries, the heterogeneity of spectral data poses a major challenge against the effective usage of spectral libraries. Performance evaluation of available LC-MS/MS libraries will significantly increase credibility in the search results. The present work was aimed to evaluate fluctuation of MS/MS pattern, in the peak intensities distribution together with mass accuracy measurements, and in consequence, performance compliant with ion ratio and mass error criteria as principles in identification processes for targeted and untargeted contaminants at trace levels. Matrix effect and ultra-trace levels of concentration (from 50 ng l(-1) to 1000 ng l(-1) were evaluated as potential source of inaccuracy in the performance of spectral matching. Matrix-matched samples and real samples were screened for proof of applicability. By manual review of data and application of ion ratio and ppm error criteria, false negatives were obtained; this number diminished when in-house library was used, while with on-line MS/MS databases 100% of positive samples were found. In our experience, intensity of peaks across spectra was highly correlated to the concentration effect and matrix complexity. In turn, analysis of spectra acquired at trace concentrations and in different matrices results in better performance in providing correct and reliable identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Herrera-Lopez
- Pesticide Residues Research Group, European Union Reference Laboratory (EURL), Department of Chemistry and Physics, University of Almería, 04120, La Cañada de San Urbano, Almería, Spain; IMDEA-Water (Madrid Institute for Advanced Studies-Water), University of Alcalá, 28805, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
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Hird SJ, Lau BPY, Schuhmacher R, Krska R. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry for the determination of chemical contaminants in food. Trends Analyt Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2014.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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García-Altares M, Casanova A, Bane V, Diogène J, Furey A, de la Iglesia P. Confirmation of pinnatoxins and spirolides in shellfish and passive samplers from Catalonia (Spain) by liquid chromatography coupled with triple quadrupole and high-resolution hybrid tandem mass spectrometry. Mar Drugs 2014; 12:3706-32. [PMID: 24960460 PMCID: PMC4071598 DOI: 10.3390/md12063706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2014] [Revised: 05/13/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclic imines are lipophilic marine toxins that bioaccumulate in seafood. Their structure comprises a cyclic-imino moiety, responsible for acute neurotoxicity in mice. Cyclic imines have not been linked yet to human poisonings and are not regulated in Europe, although the European Food Safety Authority requires more data to perform a conclusive risk assessment for consumers. This work presents the first detection of pinnatoxin G (PnTX-G) in Spain and 13-desmethyl spirolide C (SPX-1) in shellfish from Catalonia (Spain, NW Mediterranean Sea). Cyclic imines were found at low concentrations (2 to 60 µg/kg) in 13 samples of mussels and oysters (22 samples analyzed). Pinnatoxin G has been also detected in 17 seawater samples (out of 34) using solid phase adsorption toxin tracking devices (0.3 to 0.9 µg/kg-resin). Pinnatoxin G and SPX-1 were confirmed with both low and high resolution (<2 ppm) mass spectrometry by comparison of the response with that from reference standards. For other analogs without reference standards, we applied a strategy combining low resolution MS with a triple quadrupole mass analyzer for a fast and reliable screening, and high resolution MS LTQ Orbitrap® for unambiguous confirmation. The advantages and limitations of using high resolution MS without reference standards were discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- María García-Altares
- Institute of Agrifood Research and Technology (IRTA), Poble Nou Road, km. 5.5, Sant Carles de la Ràpita 43540, Spain.
| | - Alexis Casanova
- Institute of Agrifood Research and Technology (IRTA), Poble Nou Road, km. 5.5, Sant Carles de la Ràpita 43540, Spain.
| | - Vaishali Bane
- Mass Spectrometry Research Centre (MSRC) and PROTEOBIO Research Group, Department of Chemistry, Cork Institute of Technology, Bishopstown, Cork, Ireland.
| | - Jorge Diogène
- Institute of Agrifood Research and Technology (IRTA), Poble Nou Road, km. 5.5, Sant Carles de la Ràpita 43540, Spain.
| | - Ambrose Furey
- Mass Spectrometry Research Centre (MSRC) and PROTEOBIO Research Group, Department of Chemistry, Cork Institute of Technology, Bishopstown, Cork, Ireland.
| | - Pablo de la Iglesia
- Institute of Agrifood Research and Technology (IRTA), Poble Nou Road, km. 5.5, Sant Carles de la Ràpita 43540, Spain.
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Koesukwiwat U, Sanguankaew K, Leepipatpiboon N. Evaluation of a modified QuEChERS method for analysis of mycotoxins in rice. Food Chem 2014; 153:44-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.12.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2013] [Revised: 11/26/2013] [Accepted: 12/07/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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41
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Geis-Asteggiante L, Nuñez A, Lehotay SJ, Lightfield AR. Structural characterization of product ions by electrospray ionization and quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry to support regulatory analysis of veterinary drug residues in foods. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2014; 28:1061-1081. [PMID: 24711270 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.6871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2013] [Revised: 02/14/2014] [Accepted: 02/15/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Monitoring of veterinary drug residues in foods is often conducted using liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS). Results have high economic stakes for producers, but the ions monitored are usually selected due to signal intensities without structural interpretation. In this study, the ion transitions were characterized by high-resolution mass spectrometry. METHODS The 62 veterinary drugs from the LC/MS/MS method consisted of sulfonamides, β-lactams, phenicols, macrolides, tetracyclines, fluoroquinolones, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), and corticosteroids. They were individually infused into a quadrupole time-of-flight (Q-TOF) mass spectrometer using electrospray ionization (ESI) operated in positive mode. The MS and collision-induced dissociation (CID) MS/MS spectra for each analyte were obtained for structural elucidation. The Q-TOF instrument was calibrated to obtain a mass accuracy error <5 ppm for the MS and MS/MS spectra. RESULTS The use of high-resolution ESI-Q-TOF-MS for the generation of the MS/MS product ions allowed for the determination of chemical formulae for the analytes, some of which led to new findings. Assigned structures were based on rational interpretation of the most stable possible products with comparison with the scientific literature. In difficult cases, isotopically labeled drugs or hydrogen/deuterium (H/D) exchange experiments were used to help confirm the structures of the product ions. CONCLUSIONS The use of ESI-Q-TOF-MS in this study has allowed structure elucidation of 186 MS/MS product ions previously selected for the LC/MS/MS analysis of 62 veterinary drugs. This serves to reduce the chances of false positives and negatives in the monitoring program, and provides justification and defense in regulatory enforcement actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucía Geis-Asteggiante
- US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Eastern Regional Research Center, 600 East Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA, 19038, USA; Cátedra de Farmacognosia y Productos Naturales, DQO, Facultad de Química, UdelaR, General Flores 2124, 12800, Montevideo, Uruguay
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42
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Kaufmann A, Widmer M, Maden K. Signal suppression can bias selected reaction monitoring ratios. Implications for the confirmation of positive findings in residue testing. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2014; 28:899-907. [PMID: 24623694 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.6862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2013] [Revised: 01/29/2014] [Accepted: 01/29/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Selected reaction monitoring (SRM) ratios based on two or more transitions are commonly used to confirm the identity of a suspected finding in residue testing. International norms like the EU directive commission decision 2002/657/EC (CD) require the use of such ratios to prove the unequivocal identification of a particular compound detected at trace level (confirmation of a suspected residue). METHODS In this study, the relative abundances of different precursor ions (e.g. protonated molecule, solvent adducts, characteristic fragment ions or multiply charged ions) derived from the same analyte molecule were found to be differently (asymmetrically) affected by matrix-related signal suppression effects. This observation was made when analyzing veterinary drug residues (colistin and amoxicillin) in animal tissue extracts. RESULTS The term 'asymmetric signal suppression' was coined since different ionic species produced from the same analyte molecule are differently (asymmetrically) suppressed by co-eluting matrix compounds. In the case of the colistin assay, the extent of asymmetric signal suppression is such that the measured SRM ratios lie beyond the defined (CD) tolerances. Hence, the compound present in a sample cannot be confirmed. CONCLUSIONS The [M+H](+) ion may be the most commonly used precursor ion in liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray operated in the positive ionization mode. However, the absence of a sufficiently intensive confirmation transition frequently leads to the selection of another precursor ion to be utilized for the confirmation transition. The SRM ratio derived from such transitions should not be compared to the SRM ratio derived from pure standard solutions but spiked blank matrix extracts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton Kaufmann
- Official Food Control Authority, Fehrenstrasse 15, 8032, Zürich, Switzerland
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43
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Comparison of QuEChERS official methodologies for the analysis of pesticide residues on Colombian fruit by GC-MS. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2014; 31:676-87. [PMID: 24499126 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2014.885660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Surveys of pesticide residues in fruit are important to demonstrate conformity with strict regulations of newly open markets for export of exotic fruit. Multi-residue methods are tools to ensure compliance with regulations and both the CEN and the AOAC have versions of QuEChERS that are used effectively as mainstream methods. The aim of this study was to assess their performance and pick the optimum one for this particular application using GC-MS. The use of graphitised carbon black (GCB) to improve clean-up was assessed. Optimisation of large volume injection (LVI) and implementation of concurrent back-flushing was needed in order to improve sensitivity at a low concentration levels for 33 pesticides (0.01 mg kg(-1)). Cleaner total ion current (TIC) profiles were obtained with the CEN method. Recoveries of most of the pesticides showed statistical differences (α = 0.05) when GCB was used in the AOAC method, unlike the CEN method. In general, GCB/no GCB use for CEN clean-up gave good, very similar results for all fruit, though some pesticides showed some adsorption on the GCB surface. The CEN general method was preferred since acceptable recoveries (> 80%) and RSD (< 20%) can be achieved for all analytes.
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44
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Xu X, Koeberg M, Kuijpers CJ, Kok E. Development and validation of highly selective screening and confirmatory methods for the qualitative forensic analysis of organic explosive compounds with high performance liquid chromatography coupled with (photodiode array and) LTQ ion trap/Orbitrap mass spectrometric detections (HPLC-(PDA)-LTQOrbitrap). Sci Justice 2014; 54:3-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scijus.2013.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2012] [Revised: 07/31/2013] [Accepted: 08/05/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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45
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Rapid analysis of aminoglycoside antibiotics in bovine tissues using disposable pipette extraction and ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1313:103-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.08.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2013] [Revised: 08/27/2013] [Accepted: 08/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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46
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Forensically Robust Determination of the Illegal Dye Dimethyl Yellow in a Refractory Curcuma Oleoresin–Surfactant Matrix—a Case Study. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-012-9450-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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47
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Berendsen BJA, Stolker LAM, Nielen MWF. The (un)certainty of selectivity in liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2013; 24:154-163. [PMID: 23345060 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-012-0501-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2012] [Revised: 09/12/2012] [Accepted: 09/12/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
We developed a procedure to determine the "identification power" of an LC-MS/MS method operated in the MRM acquisition mode, which is related to its selectivity. The probability of any compound showing the same precursor ion, product ions, and retention time as the compound of interest is used as a measure of selectivity. This is calculated based upon empirical models constructed from three very large compound databases. Based upon the final probability estimation, additional measures to assure unambiguous identification can be taken, like the selection of different or additional product ions. The reported procedure in combination with criteria for relative ion abundances results in a powerful technique to determine the (un)certainty of the selectivity of any LC-MS/MS analysis and thus the risk of false positive results. Furthermore, the procedure is very useful as a tool to validate method selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bjorn J A Berendsen
- RIKILT, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Akkermaalsbos 2, 6708WB, P.O. Box 230, 6700AE Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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48
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Hernández F, Portolés T, Ibáñez M, Bustos-López MC, Díaz R, Botero-Coy AM, Fuentes CL, Peñuela G. Use of time-of-flight mass spectrometry for large screening of organic pollutants in surface waters and soils from a rice production area in Colombia. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2012; 439:249-259. [PMID: 23085466 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.09.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2012] [Revised: 09/10/2012] [Accepted: 09/17/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The irrigate district of Usosaldaña, an important agricultural area in Colombia mainly devoted to rice crop production, is subjected to an intensive use of pesticides. Monitoring these compounds is necessary to know the impact of phytosanitary products in the different environmental compartments. In this work, surface water and soil samples from different sites of this area have been analyzed by applying an analytical methodology for large screening based on the use of time-of-flight mass spectrometry (TOF MS) hyphenated to liquid chromatography (LC) and gas chromatography (GC). Several pesticides were detected and unequivocally identified, such as the herbicides atrazine, diuron or clomazone. Some of their main metabolites and/or transformation products (TPs) like deethylatrazine (DEA), deisopropylatrazine (DIA) and 3,4-dichloroaniline were also identified in the samples. Among fungicides, carbendazim, azoxystrobin, propiconazole and epoxiconazole were the most frequently detected. Insecticides such as thiacloprid, or p,p'-DDT metabolites (p,p'-DDD and p,p'-DDE) were also found. Thanks to the accurate-mass full-spectrum acquisition in TOF MS it was feasible to widen the number of compounds to be investigated to other families of contaminants. This allowed the detection of emerging contaminants, such as the antioxidant 3,5-di-tertbutyl-4-hydroxy-toluene (BHT), its metabolite 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxy-benzaldehyde (BHT-CHO), or the solar filter benzophenone, among others.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Hernández
- Research Institute for Pesticides and Water (IUPA), University Jaume I, Castellón, Spain.
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49
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Ruggedness testing and validation of a practical analytical method for >100 veterinary drug residues in bovine muscle by ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1258:43-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2012] [Revised: 07/26/2012] [Accepted: 08/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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50
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Portolés T, Cherta L, Beltran J, Hernández F. Improved gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry determination of pesticide residues making use of atmospheric pressure chemical ionization. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1260:183-92. [PMID: 22959847 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2012] [Revised: 07/31/2012] [Accepted: 08/02/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The capabilities of a recently launched atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) source for mass spectrometry (MS) coupled to gas chromatography (GC) have been tested in order to evaluate its potential in pesticide residue analysis in fruits and vegetables. Twenty-five pesticides were selected due to their high fragmentation under electron ionization (EI), making that the molecular ion (M+) is practically absent in their spectra. The fragmentation of these pesticides under APCI conditions was studied, with the result that M+ was not only present but also highly abundant for most compounds, with noticeable differences in the fragmentation patterns in comparison with EI. Moreover, the addition of water as modifier was tested to promote the formation of protonated molecules ([M+H]+). Under these conditions, [M+H]+ became the base peak of the spectrum for the majority of compounds, thus leading to an increase of sensitivity in the subsequent GC-MS/MS method developed using triple quadrupole analyzer (QqQ). Highly satisfactory sensitivity and precision, in terms of repeatability, were reached and linearity was satisfactory in the range 0.01-100 ng/mL. The developed methodology was applied to apple, orange, tomato and carrot QuEChERS fortified extracts in order to evaluate the matrix effects. In summary, the soft and reproducible ionization in the APCI source has greatly favored the formation of [M+H]+ oppositely to EI where abundant fragmentation occurs and where the molecular ions have low abundance or are even absent in the mass spectrum. In this way, the use of APCI has facilitated the development of tandem MS methods based on the selection of abundant [M+H]+ as precursor ion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania Portolés
- Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, Avda. Sos Baynat, E-12071 Castellón, Spain.
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