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Ilyas M, Maqsood MF, Shahbaz M, Zulfiqar U, Ahmad K, Naz N, Ali MF, Ahmad M, Ali Q, Yong JWH, Ali HM. Alleviating salinity stress in canola (Brassica napus L.) through exogenous application of salicylic acid. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 24:611. [PMID: 38926637 PMCID: PMC11210054 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-024-05314-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Canola, a vital oilseed crop, is grown globally for food and biodiesel. With the enormous demand for growing various crops, the utilization of agriculturally marginal lands is emerging as an attractive alternative, including brackish-saline transitional lands. Salinity is a major abiotic stress limiting growth and productivity of most crops, and causing food insecurity. Salicylic acid (SA), a small-molecule phenolic compound, is an essential plant defense phytohormone that promotes immunity against pathogens. Recently, several studies have reported that SA was able to improve plant resilience to withstand high salinity. For this purpose, a pot experiment was carried out to ameliorate the negative effects of sodium chloride (NaCl) on canola plants through foliar application of SA. Two canola varieties Faisal (V1) and Super (V2) were assessed for their growth performance during exposure to high salinity i.e. 0 mM NaCl (control) and 200 mM NaCl. Three levels of SA (0, 10, and 20 mM) were applied through foliar spray. The experimental design used for this study was completely randomized design (CRD) with three replicates. The salt stress reduced the shoot and root fresh weights up to 50.3% and 47% respectively. In addition, foliar chlorophyll a and b contents decreased up to 61-65%. Meanwhile, SA treatment diminished the negative effects of salinity and enhanced the shoot fresh weight (49.5%), root dry weight (70%), chl. a (36%) and chl. b (67%). Plants treated with SA showed an increased levels of both enzymatic i.e. (superoxide dismutase (27%), peroxidase (16%) and catalase (34%)) and non-enzymatic antioxidants i.e. total soluble protein (20%), total soluble sugar (17%), total phenolic (22%) flavonoids (19%), anthocyanin (23%), and endogenous ascorbic acid (23%). Application of SA also increased the levels of osmolytes i.e. glycine betaine (31%) and total free proline (24%). Salinity increased the concentration of Na+ ions and concomitantly decreased the K+ and Ca2+ absorption in canola plants. Overall, the foliar treatments of SA were quite effective in reducing the negative effects of salinity. By comparing both varieties of canola, it was observed that variety V2 (Super) grew better than variety V1 (Faisal). Interestingly, 20 mM foliar application of SA proved to be effective in ameliorating the negative effects of high salinity in canola plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Ilyas
- Department of Botany, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, 63100, Pakistan
| | | | - Muhammad Shahbaz
- Department of Botany, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, 38040, Pakistan
| | - Usman Zulfiqar
- Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture and Environment, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, 63100, Pakistan.
| | - Kamran Ahmad
- Department of Botany, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling , Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Nargis Naz
- Department of Botany, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, 63100, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Fraz Ali
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang, 712100, China
| | - Muhammad Ahmad
- Department of Agronomy, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, 38040, Pakistan
| | - Qasim Ali
- Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture and Environment, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, 63100, Pakistan
| | - Jean Wan Hong Yong
- Department of Biosystems and Technology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Alnarp, Sweden.
| | - Hayssam M Ali
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, 11451, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Ali MA, Ahmed T, Ibrahim E, Rizwan M, Chong KP, Yong JWH. A review on mechanisms and prospects of endophytic bacteria in biocontrol of plant pathogenic fungi and their plant growth-promoting activities. Heliyon 2024; 10:e31573. [PMID: 38841467 PMCID: PMC11152693 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e31573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Revised: 05/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Endophytic bacteria, living inside plants, are competent plant colonizers, capable of enhancing immune responses in plants and establishing a symbiotic relationship with them. Endophytic bacteria are able to control phytopathogenic fungi while exhibiting plant growth-promoting activity. Here, we discussed the mechanisms of phytopathogenic fungi control and plant growth-promoting actions discovered in some major groups of beneficial endophytic bacteria such as Bacillus, Paenibacillus, and Pseudomonas. Most of the studied strains in these genera were isolated from the rhizosphere and soils, and a more extensive study of these endophytic bacteria is needed. It is essential to understand the underlying biocontrol and plant growth-promoting mechanisms and to develop an effective screening approach for selecting potential endophytic bacteria for various applications. We have suggested a screening strategy to identify potentially useful endophytic bacteria based on mechanistic phenomena. The discovery of endophytic bacteria with useful biocontrol and plant growth-promoting characteristics is essential for developing sustainable agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md. Arshad Ali
- Biotechnology Programme, Faculty of Science and Natural Resources, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS, Kota Kinabalu, 88400, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Temoor Ahmed
- Xianghu Laboratory, Hangzhou, 311231, China
- Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- MEU Research Unit, Middle East University, Amman, Jordan
| | - Ezzeldin Ibrahim
- Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Department of Vegetable Diseases Research, Plant Pathology Research Institute, Agriculture Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
| | - Muhammad Rizwan
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan
| | - Khim Phin Chong
- Biotechnology Programme, Faculty of Science and Natural Resources, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS, Kota Kinabalu, 88400, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Jean Wan Hong Yong
- Department of Biosystems and Technology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 23456, Alnarp, Sweden
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Wang Q, Xue N, Sun C, Tao J, Mi C, Yuan Y, Pan X, Gui M, Long R, Ding R, Li S, Lin L. Transcriptomic Profiling of Shoot Apical Meristem Aberrations in the Multi-Main-Stem Mutant ( ms) of Brassica napus L. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:1396. [PMID: 37510301 PMCID: PMC10378962 DOI: 10.3390/genes14071396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) is a globally important oilseed crop with various uses, including the consumption of its succulent stems as a seasonal vegetable, but its uniaxial branching habit limits the stem yield. Therefore, developing a multi-stem rapeseed variety has become increasingly crucial. In this study, a natural mutant of the wild type (ZY511, Zhongyou511) with stable inheritance of the multi-stem trait (ms) was obtained, and it showed abnormal shoot apical meristem (SAM) development and an increased main stem number compared to the WT. Histological and scanning electron microscopy analyses revealed multiple SAMs in the ms mutant, whereas only a single SAM was found in the WT. Transcriptome analyses showed significant alterations in the expression of genes involved in cytokinin (CK) biosynthesis and metabolism pathways in the ms mutant. These findings provide insight into the mechanism of multi-main-stem formation in Brassica napus L. and lay a theoretical foundation for breeding multi-main-stem rapeseed vegetable varieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Wang
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
- Horticultural Research Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming 650200, China
- Engineering Research Center of Vegetable Germplasm Innovation and Support Production Technology, Horticultural Research Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 2238 Beijing Road, Kunming 650205, China
| | - Na Xue
- Horticultural Research Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming 650200, China
- Engineering Research Center of Vegetable Germplasm Innovation and Support Production Technology, Horticultural Research Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 2238 Beijing Road, Kunming 650205, China
| | - Chao Sun
- Tea Research Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming 650221, China
| | - Jing Tao
- Horticultural Research Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming 650200, China
- Engineering Research Center of Vegetable Germplasm Innovation and Support Production Technology, Horticultural Research Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 2238 Beijing Road, Kunming 650205, China
| | - Chao Mi
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Yi Yuan
- Horticultural Research Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming 650200, China
- Engineering Research Center of Vegetable Germplasm Innovation and Support Production Technology, Horticultural Research Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 2238 Beijing Road, Kunming 650205, China
| | - Xiangwei Pan
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
- Horticultural Research Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming 650200, China
| | - Min Gui
- Horticultural Research Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming 650200, China
- Engineering Research Center of Vegetable Germplasm Innovation and Support Production Technology, Horticultural Research Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 2238 Beijing Road, Kunming 650205, China
| | - Ronghua Long
- Horticultural Research Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming 650200, China
- Engineering Research Center of Vegetable Germplasm Innovation and Support Production Technology, Horticultural Research Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 2238 Beijing Road, Kunming 650205, China
| | - Renzhan Ding
- Horticultural Research Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming 650200, China
| | - Shikai Li
- Horticultural Research Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming 650200, China
- Engineering Research Center of Vegetable Germplasm Innovation and Support Production Technology, Horticultural Research Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 2238 Beijing Road, Kunming 650205, China
| | - Liangbin Lin
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
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Korayem A, Safwat El- H, Shater Abd M, Abd El-Mon A, Mohamed Mo M, El-Ashry S. Physiological and Biochemical Changes in the Wheat Plant (Triticum aestivum L.) Infected with Nematodes. ASIAN JOURNAL OF PLANT SCIENCES 2022; 21:613-628. [DOI: 10.3923/ajps.2022.613.628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
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Zhang M, Chen X, Zhao Y, Zhang J, He Q, Qian J, Tan G, Liu W, Yang X, Wang B. Quantification of six types of cytokinins: Integration of an ultra-performance liquid chromatographic-electrospray tandem mass spectrometric method with antibody based immunoaffinity columns equally recognizing cytokinins in free base and nucleoside forms. J Chromatogr A 2022; 1682:463497. [PMID: 36166882 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.463497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Cytokinins (CTKs) exist in various types in plants. The accurate quantification of free base and nucleoside types of cytokinins are helpful for better understanding their physiological role. In the present study, antibodies against trans-zeatin riboside (tZR) and N6-isopentenyladenine riboside (iPR) antibodies with equal recognition to free base and nucleoside cytokinins were developed. The cross-reactivity of tZR mAb 3G101G7 with tZR, trans-zeatin (tZ), dihydrozeatin riboside (DHZR), dihydrozeatin (DHZ), iPR, and N6-isopentenyladenine (iP) was 100.0%, 95.7%, 19.1%, 18.0%, 1.1%, and 0.7%, and that of iPR mAb 5C82F1 with above-mentioned 6 types of cytokinins was 1.5%, 1.4%, 5.7%, 3.1%, 100.0% and 92.6%, respectively. The obtained antibodies were used to prepare two immunoaffinity columns (IAC). The elution efficiencies of tZR 3G101G7-IAC for tZ and tZR, DHZ and DHZR and of iPR 5C82F1-IAC for iP and iPR were almost no difference with the same loading amount on their corresponding IACs. Subsequently, six types of cytokinins in mepiquat chloride (MC)-treated cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) roots were determined by IACs combined with ultra-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-ESI-MS/MS). The contents of tZR, iPR and DHZR were increased by 9.3∼38.5%, 6.6∼23.5%, and 30.1∼110.0%, respectively, whereas those of tZ and iP were reduced by 5.3∼20.0% and 27.7∼32.1%, respectively. The decreased tZ and iP levels led to the ratio of auxin-to-active cytokinins increase to promote lateral root initiation in MC-treated cotton seeding. Integration of the IACs equally recognizing cytokinins in their free base and nucleoside forms with UPLC-ESI-MS/MS can accurately quantify different cytokinins in plant tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man Zhang
- College of Agronomy, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaojiao Chen
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Zhejiang Province, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, People's Republic of China
| | - Yajie Zhao
- College of Agronomy, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiaqi Zhang
- College of Agronomy, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingqing He
- College of Agronomy, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingqi Qian
- College of Agronomy, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Guiyu Tan
- College of Agronomy, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Liu
- College of Agronomy, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoling Yang
- College of Agronomy, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China.
| | - Baomin Wang
- College of Agronomy, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China.
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Hu Y, Liu B, Ren H, Chen L, Watkins CB, Gan SS. The leaf senescence-promoting transcription factor AtNAP activates its direct target gene CYTOKININ OXIDASE 3 to facilitate senescence processes by degrading cytokinins. MOLECULAR HORTICULTURE 2021; 1:12. [PMID: 37789454 PMCID: PMC10515059 DOI: 10.1186/s43897-021-00017-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
Cytokinins (CKs) are a class of adenine-derived plant hormones that plays pervasive roles in plant growth and development including cell division, morphogenesis, lateral bud outgrowth, leaf expansion and senescence. CKs as a "fountain of youth" prolongs leaf longevity by inhibiting leaf senescence, and therefore must be catabolized for senescence to occur. AtNAP, a senescence-specific transcription factor has a key role in promoting leaf senescence. The role of AtNAP in regulating CK catabolism is unknown. Here we report the identification and characterization of AtNAP-AtCKX3 (cytokinin oxidase 3) module by which CKs are catabolized during leaf senescence in Arabidopsis. Like AtNAP, AtCKX3 is highly upregulated during leaf senescence. When AtNAP is chemically induced AtCKX3 is co-induced; and when AtNAP is knocked out, the expression of AtCKX3 is abolished. AtNAP physically binds to the cis element of the AtCKX3 promoter to direct its expression as revealed by yeast one-hybrid assays and in planta experiments. Leaves of the atckx3 knockout lines have higher CK concentrations and a delayed senescence phenotype compared with those of WT. In contrast, leaves with inducible expression of AtCKX3 have lower CK concentrations and exhibit a precocious senescence phenotype compared with WT. This research reveals that AtNAP transcription factor-AtCKX3 module regulates leaf senescence by connecting two antagonist plant hormones abscisic acid and CKs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youzhen Hu
- Plant Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, 14853, USA
- Current address: College of Food Science, Shihezi University, Xinjiang, 832000, China
| | - Bin Liu
- Plant Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, 14853, USA
- College of Horticulture, China Agriculture University, Beijing, 100193, China
- Current address: Department of Plant Genomics, Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Huazhong Ren
- College of Horticulture, China Agriculture University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Liping Chen
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Christopher B Watkins
- Horticulture Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, 14853, USA
| | - Su-Sheng Gan
- Plant Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, 14853, USA.
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Nguyen HN, Nguyen TQ, Kisiala AB, Emery RJN. Beyond transport: cytokinin ribosides are translocated and active in regulating the development and environmental responses of plants. PLANTA 2021; 254:45. [PMID: 34365553 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-021-03693-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Riboside type cytokinins are key components in cytokinin metabolism, transport, and sensitivity, making them important functional signals in plant growth and development and environmental stress responses. Cytokinin (CKs) are phytohormones that regulate multiple processes in plants and are critical for agronomy, as they are involved in seed filling and plant responses to biotic and abiotic stress. Among the over 30 identified CKs, there is uncertainty about the roles of many of the individual CK structural forms. Cytokinin free bases (CKFBs), have been studied in great detail, but, by comparison, roles of riboside-type CKs (CKRs) in CK metabolism and associated signaling pathways and their distal impacts on plant physiology remain largely unknown. Here, recent findings on CKR abundance, transport and localization, are summarized, and their importance in planta is discussed. The history of CKR analyses is reviewed, in the context of the determination of CK metabolic pathways, and research on CKR affinity for CK receptors, all of which yield essential insights into their functions. Recent studies suggest that CKR forms are a lot more than a group of transport CKs and, beyond this, they play important roles in plant development and responses to environmental stress. In this context, this review discusses the involvement of CKRs in plant development, and highlight the less anticipated functions of CKRs in abiotic stress tolerance. Based on this, possible mechanisms for CKR modes of action are proposed and experimental approaches to further uncover their roles and future biotechnological applications are suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai Ngoc Nguyen
- Department of Biology, Trent University, Peterborough, ON, K9L 0G2, Canada.
| | - Thien Quoc Nguyen
- Department of Biology, Trent University, Peterborough, ON, K9L 0G2, Canada
| | - Anna B Kisiala
- Department of Biology, Trent University, Peterborough, ON, K9L 0G2, Canada
| | - R J Neil Emery
- Department of Biology, Trent University, Peterborough, ON, K9L 0G2, Canada
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Effects of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi on Growth and Physiological Performance of Catalpa bungei C.A.Mey. under Drought Stress. FORESTS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/f11101117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Catalpa bungei C.A.Mey. is a common ornamental timber species. Its survival and growth are greatly affected by water scarcity in arid and semi-arid areas of Northwest China. Evidence suggests arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (AMF) may improve plant drought resistance. However, there is limited information on the systematic effects of AMF on drought resistance in C. bungei seedlings. Here, a pot experiment was used to explore the effects of inoculation with the AMF Rhizophagus intraradices on the growth and physiological performance of C. bungei under different water treatment conditions. Three water levels and two mycorrhizal inoculation treatments were used with factorial design. The results showed that drought stress noticeably affected the growth and physiological performance of C. bungei seedlings. However, inoculation with R. intraradices significantly ameliorated the growth, and alleviated the effects of drought stress. The growth parameters of AMF-inoculated seedlings significantly increased regardless of water status. AMF changed the biomass allocation in seedlings by reducing the root mass ratio (RMR) and root/shoot ratio. AMF-inoculated seedlings displayed higher gas exchange parameters, photosynthetic pigment concentrations, specific leaf area (SLA), but lower specific leaf weight (SLW), regardless of water status. AMF alleviated drought-induced oxidative stress by attenuating the excess generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), especially H2O2 and O2−, in leaves. Inoculation with AMF under drought stress also dramatically augmented indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and gibberellins (GA3) levels and the IAA/abscisic acid (ABA) and GA3/ABA ratios, but reduced ABA and zeatin (ZT) levels in leaves. AMF symbiosis improved root morphology and promoted the absorption of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) in seedlings. We conclude that inoculation with R. intraradices is potentially useful for afforestation and cultivation of C. bungei in Northwest China. Furthermore, AMF improved soil structure by increasing the glomalin-related soil protein (GRSP) contents and the proportion of macro-aggregates (0.25–0.5 mm) in the rhizosphere soil.
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Grande Martínez Á, Arrebola Liébanas FJ, Santiago Valverde R, Hernández Torres ME, Ramírez Casinello J, Garrido Frenich A. Multifamily Determination of Phytohormones and Acidic Herbicides in Fruits and Vegetables by Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry under Accredited Conditions. Foods 2020; 9:foods9070906. [PMID: 32660147 PMCID: PMC7404484 DOI: 10.3390/foods9070906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 07/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A 7-min multifamily residue method for the simultaneous quantification and confirmation of 8 phytohormones and 27 acidic herbicides in fruit and vegetables using ultra high-performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) was developed, validated according to SANTE 12682/2019, and accredited according to UNE-EN-ISO/IEC 17025:2017. Due to the special characteristics of these kinds of compounds, a previous step of alkaline hydrolysis was carried out for breaking conjugates that were potentially formed due to the interactions of the analytes with other components present in the matrix. Sample treatment was based on QuEChERS extraction and optimum detection conditions were individually optimized for each analyte. Cucumber (for high water content commodities) and orange (for high acid and high water content samples) were selected as representative matrices. Matrix-matched calibration was used, and all the validation criteria established in the SANTE guidelines were satisfied. Uncertainty estimation for each target compound was included in the validation process. The proposed method was applied to the analysis of more than 450 samples of cucumber, orange, tomato, watermelon, and zucchini during one year. Several compounds, such as 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), 4-(3-indolyl)butyric acid (IBA), dichlorprop (2,4-DP), 2-methyl-4-chlorophenoxy acetic acid (MCPA), and triclopyr were found, but always at concentrations lower than the maximum residue level (MRL) regulated by the EU.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ángel Grande Martínez
- Department of Chemistry and Physics (Analytical Chemistry Area), Agrifood Campus of International Excellence ceiA3, University of Almería, E-04120 Almería, Spain; (Á.G.M.); (F.J.A.L.)
- Bio-Clinical Analytical Laboratory (LAB), PITA (Almería Science and Technology Park, Albert Einstein 7, E-04131 Almería, Spain; (R.S.V.); (M.E.H.T.); (J.R.C.)
| | - Francisco Javier Arrebola Liébanas
- Department of Chemistry and Physics (Analytical Chemistry Area), Agrifood Campus of International Excellence ceiA3, University of Almería, E-04120 Almería, Spain; (Á.G.M.); (F.J.A.L.)
| | - Rosario Santiago Valverde
- Bio-Clinical Analytical Laboratory (LAB), PITA (Almería Science and Technology Park, Albert Einstein 7, E-04131 Almería, Spain; (R.S.V.); (M.E.H.T.); (J.R.C.)
| | - María Elena Hernández Torres
- Bio-Clinical Analytical Laboratory (LAB), PITA (Almería Science and Technology Park, Albert Einstein 7, E-04131 Almería, Spain; (R.S.V.); (M.E.H.T.); (J.R.C.)
| | - Juan Ramírez Casinello
- Bio-Clinical Analytical Laboratory (LAB), PITA (Almería Science and Technology Park, Albert Einstein 7, E-04131 Almería, Spain; (R.S.V.); (M.E.H.T.); (J.R.C.)
| | - Antonia Garrido Frenich
- Department of Chemistry and Physics (Analytical Chemistry Area), Agrifood Campus of International Excellence ceiA3, University of Almería, E-04120 Almería, Spain; (Á.G.M.); (F.J.A.L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-9500-1598-5; Fax: +34-9500-1500-8
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Halouzka R, Zeljković SĆ, Klejdus B, Tarkowski P. Analytical methods in strigolactone research. PLANT METHODS 2020; 16:76. [PMID: 32514284 PMCID: PMC7257151 DOI: 10.1186/s13007-020-00616-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Strigolactones (SLs) are important plant hormones that are produced via the carotenoid biosynthetic pathway and occur at extremely low concentrations in various plant species. They regulate root development, play important roles in symbioses between higher plants and mycorrhizal fungi, and stimulate germination of plant-parasitic Orobanche and Striga species. Chemical analysis is central to research on the biochemistry of SLs and their roles in developmental biology and plant physiology. Here we summarize key issues relating to the identification and quantification of SLs isolated from plant tissues and exudates. The advantages and drawbacks of different protocols used for strigolactone analysis are discussed, and guidelines for selecting a procedure that will minimize losses during isolation and purification prior to final analysis are proposed. Hyphenated techniques suitable for SL analysis such as GC-MS and LC-MS/MS are also discussed, and newer ambient techniques such as HR-DART-MS and DESI-MS are highlighted as tools with considerable potential in SL research. A key advantage of these methods is that they require only simply sample preparation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rostislav Halouzka
- Centre of Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Department of Phytochemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacky University, Šlechtitelů 27, 78371 Olomouc, Czechia
| | - Sanja Ćavar Zeljković
- Centre of Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Department of Phytochemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacky University, Šlechtitelů 27, 78371 Olomouc, Czechia
- Centre of Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Department of Genetic Resources for Vegetables, Medicinal and Special Plants, Crop Research Institute, Šlechtitelů 29, 78371 Olomouc, Czechia
| | - Bořivoj Klejdus
- Central European Institute of Technology, Mendel University in Brno, Zemědělská 1, 613 00 Brno, Czechia
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University in Brno, Zemědělská 1, 613 00 Brno, Czechia
| | - Petr Tarkowski
- Centre of Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Department of Phytochemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacky University, Šlechtitelů 27, 78371 Olomouc, Czechia
- Centre of Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Department of Genetic Resources for Vegetables, Medicinal and Special Plants, Crop Research Institute, Šlechtitelů 29, 78371 Olomouc, Czechia
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11
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Nouioui I, Cortés-albayay C, Carro L, Castro JF, Gtari M, Ghodhbane-Gtari F, Klenk HP, Tisa LS, Sangal V, Goodfellow M. Genomic Insights Into Plant-Growth-Promoting Potentialities of the Genus Frankia. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1457. [PMID: 31333602 PMCID: PMC6624747 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was designed to determine the plant growth promoting (PGP) potential of members of the genus Frankia. To this end, the genomes of 21 representative strains were examined for genes associated directly or indirectly with plant growth. All of the Frankia genomes contained genes that encoded for products associated with the biosynthesis of auxins [indole-3-glycerol phosphate synthases, anthranilate phosphoribosyltransferases (trpD), anthranilate synthases, and aminases (trpA and B)], cytokinins (11 well-conserved genes within the predicted biosynthetic gene cluster), siderophores, and nitrogenases (nif operon except for atypical Frankia) as well as genes that modulate the effects of biotic and abiotic environmental stress (e.g., alkyl hydroperoxide reductases, aquaporin Z, heat shock proteins). In contrast, other genes were associated with strains assigned to one or more of four host-specific clusters. The genes encoding for phosphate solubilization (e.g., low-affinity inorganic phosphate transporters) and lytic enzymes (e.g., cellulases) were found in Frankia cluster 1 genomes, while other genes were found only in cluster 3 genomes (e.g., alkaline phosphatases, extracellular endoglucanases, pectate lyases) or cluster 4 and subcluster 1c genomes (e.g., NAD(P) transhydrogenase genes). Genes encoding for chitinases were found only in the genomes of the type strains of Frankia casuarinae, F. inefficax, F. irregularis, and F. saprophytica. In short, these in silico genome analyses provide an insight into the PGP abilities of Frankia strains of known taxonomic provenance. This is the first study designed to establish the underlying genetic basis of cytokinin production in Frankia strains. Also, the discovery of additional genes in the biosynthetic gene cluster involved in cytokinin production opens up the prospect that Frankia may have novel molecular mechanisms for cytokinin biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imen Nouioui
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, Agriculture and Engineering, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Carlos Cortés-albayay
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, Agriculture and Engineering, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Lorena Carro
- Microbiology and Genetics Department, Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Jean Franco Castro
- The Chilean Collection of Microbial Genetic Resources (CChRGM), Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias (INIA) – Quilamapu, Chillán, Chile
| | - Maher Gtari
- Institut National des Sciences Appliquées et de Technologie, Université de Carthage Centre Urbain Nord, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Faten Ghodhbane-Gtari
- Institut National des Sciences Appliquées et de Technologie, Université de Carthage Centre Urbain Nord, Tunis, Tunisia
- Laboratoire Microorganismes et Biomolécules Actives, Faculté de Sciences de Tunis, Université de Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Hans-Peter Klenk
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, Agriculture and Engineering, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Louis S. Tisa
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, United States
| | - Vartul Sangal
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Goodfellow
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, Agriculture and Engineering, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
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12
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Amos Samkumar R, Premnath D, David Paul Raj RS. Strategy for early callus induction and identification of anti-snake venom triterpenoids from plant extracts and suspension culture of Euphorbia hirta L. 3 Biotech 2019; 9:266. [PMID: 31218177 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-019-1790-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Euphorbia hirta L. from the family of Euphorbiaceae is an annual herb, which grows as a roadside weed in most tropical countries. It is prominently used by the traditional healers in rural India for the treatment of snakebites. However, the mechanisms and the major bioactive compounds behind its inhibition activity are relatively unknown. From our preliminary in silico studies, it was found that a group of pentacyclic triterpenoids from this plant are playing a major role in inhibiting the snake venom proteins. The present study was aimed at standardizing methods for obtaining callus from this medicinal plant at a much faster rate by hormone pretreatment of explants and, thus, by developing suspension cultures to obtain bioactive secondary metabolites in vitro. The results were promising that longer incubation of explants with hormone treatment showed early induction of callus. The major bioactive compounds responsible for the anti-snake venom activity were characterized from natural plant material as well as from suspension cultures, and the efficiency was found to be relatively high. The secondary metabolite analysis from suspension culture and natural plant extracts revealed that a major compound 'Taraxerol' and its derivatives was found abundant along with few other triterpenoids. This compound showed high inhibitory activity against pit viper snake venoms from our in silico studies with molecular docking tools. Hence, this study with identification of potential bioactive compounds against snake venom with standardization of In vitro culture methods would help in developing natural alternative medicine for snakebites in near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Amos Samkumar
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Agriculture and Biosciences, Karunya Institute of Technology and Sciences, Karunya Nagar, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu 641114 India
| | - Dhanaraj Premnath
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Agriculture and Biosciences, Karunya Institute of Technology and Sciences, Karunya Nagar, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu 641114 India
| | - R S David Paul Raj
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Agriculture and Biosciences, Karunya Institute of Technology and Sciences, Karunya Nagar, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu 641114 India
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13
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Daudu D, Kisiala A, Werner Ribeiro C, Mélin C, Perrot L, Clastre M, Courdavault V, Papon N, Oudin A, Courtois M, Dugé de Bernonville T, Gaucher M, Degrave A, Lanoue A, Lanotte P, Schouler C, Brisset MN, Emery RN, Pichon O, Carpin S, Giglioli-Guivarc’h N, Crèche J, Besseau S, Glévarec G. Setting-up a fast and reliable cytokinin biosensor based on a plant histidine kinase receptor expressed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Biotechnol 2019; 289:103-111. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2018.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Revised: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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14
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Li Q, Wang H, Wang H, Li Y, Wang Z, Zhang X. Effect of arsenate on endogenous levels of cytokinins with different existing forms in two Pteris species. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2018; 132:652-659. [PMID: 30340177 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2018.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2018] [Revised: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Our previous results showed that content of trans-zeatin (tZ) increases in leaves of heavy metal hyperaccumulators but decreases in non-hyperaccumulators growing in multiple heavy metal polluted soils. However, the relationship between arsenic (As) accumulation and endogenous forms of cytokinins (CTKs) in As hyperaccumulators remains unknown. Here a hydroponic experiment was conducted to compare the CTK forms in the As hyperaccumulator Pteris cretica var. nervosa and non-hyperaccumulator Pteris ensiformis under arsenate stress (0, 2, 5, and 10 mg L-1). A simple and cost-effective procedure for the determination of CTK forms in plants was established, and a stepwise regression analysis was used to study the relationship among total As contents and different forms of endogenous CTKs in fronds of two plants. The results showed that the optimized chromatographic parameters were Zobax SB-C18 column (5 μm × 4.6 mm × 250 mm), UV detection detector at 269 nm, a flow rate of 0.6 mL min-1, constant temperature of 45 °C and gradient elution with methanol-acetonitrile-1% acetic acid. Contents of chlorophylls in the fronds of P. ensiformis were significantly decreased with addition of As compared to P. cretica var. nervosa. Furthermore, the total As content in fronds of P. cretica var. nervosa was positively correlated to the contents of N6-(2-isopentenyl) adenine-7-β-D-glucoside (iP7G) and N6-(2-isopentenyl) adenosine (iPR). However, the total As content in fronds of P. ensiformis was negatively correlated to its trans-zeatin riboside (ZR) content. Therefore, iP7G and iPR could positively improve As accumulation by P. cretica var. nervosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinchun Li
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Hongbin Wang
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan, China.
| | - Haijuan Wang
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Yang Li
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Zhongzhen Wang
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Xuemei Zhang
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan, China
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15
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Lv X, Zhang M, Li X, Ye R, Wang X. Transcriptome Profiles Reveal the Crucial Roles of Auxin and Cytokinin in the "Shoot Branching" of Cremastra appendiculata. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E3354. [PMID: 30373177 PMCID: PMC6275059 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19113354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Revised: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cremastra appendiculata has become endangered due to reproductive difficulties. Specifically, vegetative reproduction is almost its only way to reproduce, and, under natural conditions, it cannot grow branches, resulting in an extremely low reproductive coefficient (reproductive percentage). Here, we performed RNA-Seq and a differentially expressed gene (DEG) analysis of the three stages of lateral bud development in C. appendiculata after decapitation-dormancy (D2), transition (TD2), and emergence (TG2)-and the annual axillary bud natural break (G1) to gain insight into the molecular regulatory network of shoot branching in this plant. Additionally, we applied the auxin transport inhibitors N-1-naphthylphthalamic acid (NPA) and 2,3,5-triiodibenzoic acid (TIBA) to a treated pseudobulb string of C. appendiculata to verify the conclusions obtained by the transcriptome. RNA-Seq provided a wealth of valuable information. Successive pairwise comparative transcriptome analyses revealed 5988 genes as DEGs. GO (Gene Ontology) and KEGG (Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes) analyses of DEGs showed significant enrichments in phytohormone biosynthesis and metabolism, regulation of hormone levels, and a hormone-mediated signaling pathway. qRT-PCR validation showed a highly significant correlation (p < 0.01) with the RNA-Seq generated data. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and qRT-PCR results showed that, after decapitation, the NPA- and TIBA-induced lateral buds germinated due to rapidly decreasing auxin levels, caused by upregulation of the dioxygenase for auxin oxidation gene (DAO). Decreased auxin levels promoted the expression of isopentenyl transferase (IPT) and cytochrome P450 monooxygenase, family 735, subfamily A (CYP735A) genes and inhibited two carotenoid cleavage dioxygenases (CCD7 and CCD8). Zeatin levels significantly increased after the treatments. The increased cytokinin levels promoted the expression of WUSCHEL (WUS) and inhibited expression of BRANCHED1 (BRC1) in the cytokinin signal transduction pathway and initiated lateral bud outgrowth. Our data suggest that our theories concerning the regulation of shoot branching and apical dominance is really similar to those observed in annual plants. Auxin inhibits bud outgrowth and tends to inhibit cytokinin levels. The pseudobulb in the plant behaves in a similar manner to that of a shoot above the ground.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Lv
- School of Life Sciences/State Engineering Technology Institute for Karst Desertification Control, Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Germplasm Innovation in Mountainous Region (Ministry of Education), Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China.
| | - Mingsheng Zhang
- School of Life Sciences/State Engineering Technology Institute for Karst Desertification Control, Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Germplasm Innovation in Mountainous Region (Ministry of Education), Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China.
| | - Xiaolan Li
- School of Life Sciences/State Engineering Technology Institute for Karst Desertification Control, Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Germplasm Innovation in Mountainous Region (Ministry of Education), Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China.
| | - Ruihua Ye
- School of Life Sciences/State Engineering Technology Institute for Karst Desertification Control, Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Germplasm Innovation in Mountainous Region (Ministry of Education), Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China.
| | - Xiaohong Wang
- School of Life Sciences/State Engineering Technology Institute for Karst Desertification Control, Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Germplasm Innovation in Mountainous Region (Ministry of Education), Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China.
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16
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Bedetti CS, Jorge NC, Trigueiro FCG, Bragança GP, Modolo LV, Isaias RMS. Detection of cytokinins and auxin in plant tissues using histochemistry and immunocytochemistry. Biotech Histochem 2018; 93:149-154. [DOI: 10.1080/10520295.2017.1417640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- CS Bedetti
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Department of Botany, Plant Anatomy Laboratory, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - NC Jorge
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Department of Botany, Plant Anatomy Laboratory, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - FCG Trigueiro
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Department of Botany, Plant Anatomy Laboratory, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - GP Bragança
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Department of Botany, Plant Anatomy Laboratory, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - LV Modolo
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Department of Botany, Plant Anatomy Laboratory, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - RMS Isaias
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Department of Botany, Plant Anatomy Laboratory, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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17
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Cheng Z, Du F, Qin Q, Sun L, Zeng Q, Ruan G, Li J. Graphene oxide composites for magnetic solid-phase extraction of trace cytokinins in plant samples followed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Sep Sci 2018; 41:2386-2392. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201701491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Revised: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 02/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhenfang Cheng
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical and Magneto-chemical Functional Materials; College of Chemistry and Bioengineering; Guilin University of Technology; Guilin China
| | - Fuyou Du
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical and Magneto-chemical Functional Materials; College of Chemistry and Bioengineering; Guilin University of Technology; Guilin China
| | - Qun Qin
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical and Magneto-chemical Functional Materials; College of Chemistry and Bioengineering; Guilin University of Technology; Guilin China
| | - Lingshun Sun
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical and Magneto-chemical Functional Materials; College of Chemistry and Bioengineering; Guilin University of Technology; Guilin China
| | - Qiulian Zeng
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical and Magneto-chemical Functional Materials; College of Chemistry and Bioengineering; Guilin University of Technology; Guilin China
| | - Guihua Ruan
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical and Magneto-chemical Functional Materials; College of Chemistry and Bioengineering; Guilin University of Technology; Guilin China
| | - Jianping Li
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical and Magneto-chemical Functional Materials; College of Chemistry and Bioengineering; Guilin University of Technology; Guilin China
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18
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Cao ZY, Ma YN, Sun LH, Mou RX, Zhu ZW, Chen MX. Direct Determination of Six Cytokinin Nucleotide Monophosphates in Coconut Flesh by Reversed-Phase Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2017; 65:9909-9915. [PMID: 29058434 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b03798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Coconut contains many uncharacterized cytokinins that have important physiological effects in plants and humans. In this work, a method based on liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry was developed for identification and quantification of six cytokinin nucleotide monophosphates in coconut flesh. Excellent separation was achieved using a low-coverage C18 bonded-phase column with an acidic mobile phase, which greatly improved the retention of target compounds. To enable high-throughput analysis, a single-step solid-phase extraction using mixed-mode anion-exchange cartridges was employed for sample preparation. This proved to be an effective method to minimize matrix effects and ensure high selectivity. The limits of detection varied from 0.06 to 0.3 ng/mL, and the limits of quantification ranged from 0.2 to 1.0 ng/mL. The linearity was statistically verified over 2 orders of magnitude, giving a coefficient of determination (R2) greater than 0.9981. The mean recoveries were from 81 to 108%; the intraday precision (n = 6) was less than 11%; and the interday precision (n = 11) was within 14%. The developed method was applied to the determination of cytokinin nucleotide monophosphates in coconut flesh samples, and four of them were successfully identified and quantified. The results showed that trans-zeatin riboside-5'-monophosphate was the dominant cytokinin, with a concentration of 2.7-34.2 ng/g, followed by N6-isopentenyladenosine-5'-monophosphate (≤12.9 ng/g), while the concentrations of cis-zeatin riboside-5'-monophosphate and dihydrozeatin riboside-5'-monophosphate were less than 2.2 and 4.9 ng/g, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao-Yun Cao
- Rice Product Quality Inspection and Supervision Center of Ministry of Agriculture, China National Rice Research Institute , Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310006, People's Republic of China
| | - You-Ning Ma
- Rice Product Quality Inspection and Supervision Center of Ministry of Agriculture, China National Rice Research Institute , Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310006, People's Republic of China
| | - Li-Hua Sun
- Institute of Health Food, Zhejiang Academy of Medical Sciences , Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310013, People's Republic of China
| | - Ren-Xiang Mou
- Rice Product Quality Inspection and Supervision Center of Ministry of Agriculture, China National Rice Research Institute , Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310006, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Wei Zhu
- Rice Product Quality Inspection and Supervision Center of Ministry of Agriculture, China National Rice Research Institute , Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310006, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming-Xue Chen
- Rice Product Quality Inspection and Supervision Center of Ministry of Agriculture, China National Rice Research Institute , Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310006, People's Republic of China
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19
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Aral H, Haşimi D, Aral T, Levent A, Ziyadanoğullari B. Separation, optimization, and quantification of cytokinins by a recently developed amide-embedded stationary phase. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2017.1333005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hayriye Aral
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Art, University of Batman, Batman, Turkey
| | - Duygu Haşimi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Dicle, Diyarbakır, Turkey
| | - Tarık Aral
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Art, University of Batman, Batman, Turkey
| | - Abdulkadir Levent
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Art, University of Batman, Batman, Turkey
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20
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Aral H, Haşimi D, Aral T, Levent A, Ziyadanoğullari B. Separation, optimization, and quantification of cytokinins by a recently developed amide-embedded stationary phase. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2017; 40:549-555. [DOI: https:/doi.org/10.1080/10826076.2017.1333005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/01/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Hayriye Aral
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Art, University of Batman, Batman, Turkey
| | - Duygu Haşimi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Dicle, Diyarbakır, Turkey
| | - Tarık Aral
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Art, University of Batman, Batman, Turkey
| | - Abdulkadir Levent
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Art, University of Batman, Batman, Turkey
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21
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Quantification of Cytokinin Levels and Responses in Abiotic Stresses. Methods Mol Biol 2017. [PMID: 28265991 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-6831-2_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
Since their discovery in the 1950s, it has been established that cytokinins (CKs) play important regulatory roles in various physiological processes in plants. Only recently have CKs been also implicated in the response of plants to biotic and abiotic stresses. During the last years, several analytical methods have been developed to determine CK concentrations in plant tissues. Here we present a simple and robust method for CK extraction, purification and analysis in plant tissues, using ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography coupled to high resolution mass spectrometry (U-HPLC-HRMS). The main advantage of this methodology is the simplicity of the purification protocol and the possibility to extend it to the analysis of other plant hormones and derivatives.
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22
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Su Y, Luo W, Chen X, Liu H, Hu Y, Lin W, Xiao L. Auxin Extraction and Purification Based on Recombinant Aux/IAA Proteins. Biol Proced Online 2017; 19:1. [PMID: 28100961 PMCID: PMC5237334 DOI: 10.1186/s12575-016-0050-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) extraction and purification are of great importance in auxin research, which is a hot topic in the plant growth and development field. Solid-phase extraction (SPE) is frequently used for IAA extraction and purification. However, no IAA-specific SPE columns are commercially available at the moment. Therefore, the development of IAA-specific recognition materials and IAA extraction and purification methods will help researchers meet the need for more precise analytical methods for research on phytohormones. RESULTS Since the AUXIN RESISTANT/INDOLE-3-ACETIC ACID INDUCIBLE (Aux/IAA) proteins show higher specific binding capability with auxin, recombinant IAA1, IAA7 and IAA28 proteins were used as sorbents to develop an IAA extraction and purification method. A GST tag was used to solidify the recombinant protein in a column. Aux/IAA proteins solidified in a column have successfully trapped trace IAA in aqueous solutions. The IAA7 protein showed higher IAA binding capability than the other proteins tested. In addition, expression of the IAA7 protein in Drosophila Schneider 2 (S2) cells produced better levels of binding than IAA7 expressed in E. coli. CONCLUSION This work validated the potential of Aux/IAA proteins to extract and purify IAA from crude plant extracts once we refined the techniques for these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Su
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Phytohormones and Growth Development, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Weigui Luo
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Phytohormones and Growth Development, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Xiaofei Chen
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Phytohormones and Growth Development, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Huizhen Liu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Phytohormones and Growth Development, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Yueqing Hu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Phytohormones and Growth Development, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Wanhuang Lin
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Phytohormones and Growth Development, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China ; Hunan Co-Innovation Center for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Changsha, China
| | - Langtao Xiao
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Phytohormones and Growth Development, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China ; Hunan Co-Innovation Center for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Changsha, China
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Abstract
The history of auxin and cytokinin biology including the initial discoveries by father-son duo Charles Darwin and Francis Darwin (1880), and Gottlieb Haberlandt (1919) is a beautiful demonstration of unceasing continuity of research. Novel findings are integrated into existing hypotheses and models and deepen our understanding of biological principles. At the same time new questions are triggered and hand to hand with this new methodologies are developed to address these new challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrej Hurný
- Institute of Science and Technology, Am Campus 1, 3400, Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Eva Benková
- Institute of Science and Technology, Am Campus 1, 3400, Klosterneuburg, Austria.
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24
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Cai BD, Ye EC, Yuan BF, Feng YQ. Sequential solvent induced phase transition extraction for profiling of endogenous phytohormones in plants by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2015; 1004:23-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2015.09.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2015] [Revised: 09/10/2015] [Accepted: 09/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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25
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Cai BD, Yin J, Hao YH, Li YN, Yuan BF, Feng YQ. Profiling of phytohormones in rice under elevated cadmium concentration levels by magnetic solid-phase extraction coupled with liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1406:78-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.06.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2015] [Revised: 06/09/2015] [Accepted: 06/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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Du F, Sun L, Zhen X, Nie H, Zheng Y, Ruan G, Li J. High-internal-phase-emulsion polymeric monolith coupled with liquid chromatography-electrospray tandem mass spectrometry for enrichment and sensitive detection of trace cytokinins in plant samples. Anal Bioanal Chem 2015; 407:6071-9. [PMID: 26025552 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-015-8782-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2015] [Revised: 05/09/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
High-internal-phase-emulsion polymers (polyHIPEs) show great promise as solid-phase-extraction (SPE) materials because of the tremendous porosity and highly interconnected framework afforded by the high-internal-phase-emulsion (HIPE) technique. In this work, polyHIPE monolithic columns as novel SPE materials were prepared and applied to trace enrichment of cytokinins (CKs) from complex plant samples. The polyHIPE monoliths were synthesized via the in-situ polymerization of the continuous phase of a HIPE containing styrene (STY) and divinylbenzene (DVB) in a stainless column, and revealed highly efficient and selective enrichment ability for aromatic compounds. Under the optimized experimental conditions, a method using a monolithic polyHIPE column combined with liquid chromatography-electrospray tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS-MS) was developed for the simultaneous extraction and sensitive determination of trans-zeatin (tZ), meta-topolin (mT), kinetin (K), and kinetin riboside (KR). The proposed method had good linearity, with correlation coefficients (R (2)) from 0.9957 to 0.9984, and low detection limits (LODs, S/N = 3) in the range 2.4-47 pg mL(-1) for the four CKs. The method was successfully applied to the determination of CKs in real plant samples, and obtained good recoveries ranging from 68.8 % to 103.0 % and relative standard deviations (RSDs) lower than 16 %.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuyou Du
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical and Magnetochemical Functional Materials, College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guangxi, 541004, China,
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Chen LJ, Liu J, Zhao FF, Li JY, Wang SX, Lin HH, Xi DH. Characterisation of the dark green islands of cucumber mosaic virus infected Nicotiana tabacum. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2015; 34:1225-38. [PMID: 25782691 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-015-1781-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2014] [Revised: 02/24/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE There are significant differences between the DGIs and LGTs. Additionally, most of the characteristics indicate that the DGIs are more similar to recovered tissue and can resist viral attacks. Dark green islands (DGIs) surrounded by light green tissues (LGTs) are common leaf symptoms of plants that are systemically infected by various mosaic viruses. We performed cytological, physiological and molecular biological analyses of the DGIs and LGTs in cucumber mosaic virus-infected Nicotiana tabacum leaves. Our results indicated that the DGIs contained less virus than did the LGTs. Compared to the LGTs, the DGIs contained higher levels of the metabolites involved in plant defence. The contents of reduced glutathione and ascorbic acid were increased in the DGIs to reach levels that were even higher than those of control plants. Moreover, hormone measurements and quantitative real-time PCR analysis revealed that the endogenous salicylic acid, ethylene and defence genes mediated these elevations by playing positive roles in the regulation of the DGIs responses to viral infection. The accumulation of cytokinin was also much greater in the DGIs than in the LGTs. Finally, northern blotting analysis indicated that the accumulation of viral small interfering RNAs was decreased in the DGIs compared to the LGTs. Taken together, these results suggest that DGIs might represent leaf areas that have recovered from viral infection due to locally enhanced defence responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Juan Chen
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment, College of Life Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China
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Analysis of phytohormones in vermicompost using a novel combinative sample preparation strategy of ultrasound-assisted extraction and solid-phase extraction coupled with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Talanta 2015; 139:189-97. [PMID: 25882426 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2015.02.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2014] [Revised: 02/11/2015] [Accepted: 02/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Vermicompost (VC), a widely used premium organic fertilizer, is the by-product of symbiotic interactions between earthworms and microorganisms living within them. It has been postulated that phytohormones are plausible "magic compounds" in VC that are responsible for making them such good fertilizers. Thus, a novel approach involving ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) and solid-phase extraction (SPE) was developed as a fast and efficient sample preparation method to screen for different classes of phytohormones in VC by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometric (LC-MS/MS) analysis. Nine phytohormones from three different classes, including trans-zeatin (tZ), kinetin (K), N(6)-[2-isopentyl]adenine (iP), N(6)-benzyladenine (BA), N(6)-isopentenyladenosine (iPR), indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), 4-[3-indolyl]butyric acid (IBA), 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) and (+)-abscisic acid (ABA), were simultaneously screened. The extraction parameters influencing UAE efficiency were optimized to provide comparable recovery to the conventional mix-stirring (MSt) method. The optimized UAE method was subsequently applied on the analysis of phytohormones in VC, i.e. phytohormone extract was further pre-concentrated and purified using C18 and MCX SPE cartridges prior to LC-MS/MS analysis. The following phytohormones, namely iP, iPR and IAA, were detected and quantified to be 0.49, 0.53, 79.78ngg(-1), respectively; tZ was found to be below the limit of quantitation. Recoveries of 10.2%, 9.1%, 18.9% and 0.3% for tZ, iP, iPR and IAA were obtained. This is one of the few reported works for the successful detection and quantitation of cytokinins and auxins in VC, that provided the key empirical evidence to explain the growth efficacy of applying VC in promoting plant growth. Additionally, this pioneering work could potentially be applicable for the analysis of other types of organic fertilizers such as composts and activated composted materials awaiting phytohormone analyzes for quality assessment and control.
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Techniques to Study Microbial Phytohormones. BACTERIAL METABOLITES IN SUSTAINABLE AGROECOSYSTEM 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-24654-3_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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The Importance of Phytohormones and Microbes in Biofertilizers. BACTERIAL METABOLITES IN SUSTAINABLE AGROECOSYSTEM 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-24654-3_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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31
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Rapid and high-throughput determination of endogenous cytokinins in Oryza sativa by bare Fe3O4 nanoparticles-based magnetic solid-phase extraction. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1340:146-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.03.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2013] [Revised: 03/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Cai BD, Zhu JX, Shi ZG, Yuan BF, Feng YQ. A simple sample preparation approach based on hydrophilic solid-phase extraction coupled with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry for determination of endogenous cytokinins. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2013; 942-943:31-6. [PMID: 24212141 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2013.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2013] [Revised: 10/11/2013] [Accepted: 10/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Cytokinins (CKs), a vital family of phytohormones, play important roles in the regulation of shoot and root development. However, the quantification of CKs in plant samples is frequently affected by the complex plant matrix. In the current study, we developed a simple, rapid and efficient hydrophilic interaction chromatography-solid phase extraction (HILIC-SPE) method for CKs purification. CKs were extracted by acetonitrile (ACN) followed by HILIC-SPE (silica as sorbents) purification. The extraction solution of plant samples could be directly applied to HILIC-SPE without solvent evaporation step, which simplified the analysis process. Moreover, with HILIC chromatographic retention mechanism, the hydrophobic co-extracted impurities were efficiently removed. Subsequently, CKs were separated by RPLC, orthogonal to the HILIC pretreatment process, and detected by tandem mass spectrometry. The method exhibits high specificity and recovery yield (>77.0%). Good linearities were obtained for all eight CKs ranging from 0.002 to 100ngmL(-1) with correlation coefficients (r) higher than 0.9927. The limits of detection (LODs, signal/noise=5) for the CKs were between 1.0 and 12.4pgmL(-1). Reproducibility of the method was evaluated by intra-day and inter-day measurements and the results showed that relative standard deviations (RSDs) were less than 10.5%. Employing this method, we successfully quantified six CKs in 20mg Oryza sativa leaves and the method was also successfully applied to Brassica napus (flower and leaves).
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Affiliation(s)
- Bao-Dong Cai
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
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Preparation and Characterization of the Neomycin-Bonded Silica Stationary Phase for Hydrophilic-Interaction Chromatography. Chromatographia 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-013-2412-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Simultaneous determination of 24 or more acidic and alkaline phytohormones in femtomole quantities of plant tissues by high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-ion trap mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2012; 405:1257-66. [PMID: 23128908 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-012-6509-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2012] [Revised: 10/16/2012] [Accepted: 10/18/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Phytohormones act at relatively low concentrations as major regulatory factors of plant growth and development, and cross talk of phytohormones is currently of great interest throughout the plant science community. To meet this demand, a method that is capable of simultaneously analyzing diverse plant hormones is essential. This paper introduces a high-performance liquid chromatographic separation technique coupled with sensitive and selective ion trap mass spectrometry to simultaneously determine 24 or more acidic and alkaline phytohormones, including auxin, cis- and trans-abscisic acid, 11 cytokinins, and 10 gibberellins, in a single injection of sample. A binary solid-phase extraction using Oasis MCX cartridges for cations and Oasis MAX cartridges for anions was used to prepurify more than 24 acidic and alkaline phytohormones from a single plant extract. The method showed good linearity for all 24 phytohormones with R(2) values ranging from 0.9903 to 0.9997. Limits of detection for most of the phytohormones were in the femtomole range with some extending into the sub-femtomole range. This method was applied to hundreds of plant samples comprising different tissues from various plants, including herbaceous, woody climbing, and woody plants to demonstrate feasibility and to validate the methodology.
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Liu S, Chen W, Fang K, Jiang X, Gai Y. Classification and characterization of unknown cytokinins into essential types by in-source collision-induced dissociation electrospray ionization ion trap mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2012; 26:2075-82. [PMID: 22847708 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.6326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Mass spectrometry is effective for determination of cytokinins, which are bioactive compounds with an adenine-core structure. However, it is difficult to characterize any cytokinin compound without the relevant standard or known molecular structure information. With a limited number of standards, an in-source collision-induced dissociation (CID) method for characterization and classification of unknown cytokinins was described in this study. METHODS Cytokinins were separated by high-performance liquid chromatography and then analyzed by electrospray ionization ion trap mass spectrometry using an in-source CID technique and multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode. RESULTS Based on the properties of multi-stage fragmentation in mass spectrometry, naturally occurring cytokinins were classified into four types (zeatin, dihydrogen zeatin, isopentenyl adenine and benzyl adenine) by losing their conjugated sugar, sugar phosphate and other substituents in the source region. Following this technique, seven unknown cytokinins were characterized from roots of maize (Zea mays) without standards and one of them was finally confirmed to be cis-zeatin-riboside. CONCLUSIONS An in-source CID technique combined with MRM mass spectrometry was developed to provide product ion information for identification of cytokinins and to afford guidance for the discovery of unknown cytokinins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shichang Liu
- College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, P.R. China
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Monolithic molecularly imprinted solid-phase extraction for the selective determination of trace cytokinins in plant samples with liquid chromatography–electrospray tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2012; 404:489-501. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-012-6131-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2012] [Revised: 05/20/2012] [Accepted: 05/20/2012] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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Svačinová J, Novák O, Plačková L, Lenobel R, Holík J, Strnad M, Doležal K. A new approach for cytokinin isolation from Arabidopsis tissues using miniaturized purification: pipette tip solid-phase extraction. PLANT METHODS 2012; 8:17. [PMID: 22594941 PMCID: PMC3492005 DOI: 10.1186/1746-4811-8-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2012] [Accepted: 04/30/2012] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We have developed a new analytical approach for isolation and quantification of cytokinins (CK) in minute amounts of fresh plant material, which combines a simple one-step purification with ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-fast scanning tandem mass spectrometry. RESULTS Plant tissue samples (1-5 mg FW) were purified by stop-and-go-microextraction (StageTip purification), which previously has only been applied for clean-up and pre-concentration of peptides. We found that a combination of two reverse phases and one cation-exchange phase, was the best tool, giving a total extraction recovery higher than 80%. The process was completed by a single chromatographic analysis of a wide range of naturally occurring cytokinins (bases, ribosides, O- and N-glucosides, and nucleotides) in 24.5 minutes using an analytical column packed with sub-2-microne particles. In multiple reaction monitoring mode, the detection limits ranged from 0.05 to 5 fmol and the linear ranges for most cytokinins were at least five orders of magnitude. The StageTip purification was validated and optimized using samples of Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings, roots and shoots where eighteen cytokinins were successfully determined. CONCLUSIONS The combination of microextraction with one-step high-throughput purification provides fast, effective and cheap sample preparation prior to qualitative and quantitative measurements. Our procedure can be used after modification also for other phytohormones, depending on selectivity, affinity and capacity of the selected sorbents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Svačinová
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Faculty of Science, Palacký University & Institute of Experimental Botany AS CR, v.v.i., Šlechtitelů 11, Olomouc, CZ-783 71, Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej Novák
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Faculty of Science, Palacký University & Institute of Experimental Botany AS CR, v.v.i., Šlechtitelů 11, Olomouc, CZ-783 71, Czech Republic
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, SE-901 83, Sweden
| | - Lenka Plačková
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Faculty of Science, Palacký University & Institute of Experimental Botany AS CR, v.v.i., Šlechtitelů 11, Olomouc, CZ-783 71, Czech Republic
- Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 11, Olomouc, CZ 783 71, Czech Republic
| | - René Lenobel
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Faculty of Science, Palacký University & Institute of Experimental Botany AS CR, v.v.i., Šlechtitelů 11, Olomouc, CZ-783 71, Czech Republic
- Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 11, Olomouc, CZ 783 71, Czech Republic
| | - Josef Holík
- Isotope Laboratory, Institute of Experimental Botany ASCR, v.v.i., Vídeňská 1083, Prague, 142 20, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Strnad
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Faculty of Science, Palacký University & Institute of Experimental Botany AS CR, v.v.i., Šlechtitelů 11, Olomouc, CZ-783 71, Czech Republic
- Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 11, Olomouc, CZ 783 71, Czech Republic
| | - Karel Doležal
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Faculty of Science, Palacký University & Institute of Experimental Botany AS CR, v.v.i., Šlechtitelů 11, Olomouc, CZ-783 71, Czech Republic
- Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 11, Olomouc, CZ 783 71, Czech Republic
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Serrano N, Alberich A, Trnkova L. Oxidation of 6-Benzylaminopurine-Copper(I) Complex on Pencil Graphite Electrode. ELECTROANAL 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201100702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Liang Y, Zhu X, Zhao M, Liu H. Sensitive quantification of isoprenoid cytokinins in plants by selective immunoaffinity purification and high performance liquid chromatography–quadrupole-time of flight mass spectrometry. Methods 2012; 56:174-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2011.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2011] [Revised: 07/15/2011] [Accepted: 08/09/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
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Analytical methods for tracing plant hormones. Anal Bioanal Chem 2012; 403:55-74. [PMID: 22215246 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-011-5623-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2011] [Revised: 11/27/2011] [Accepted: 11/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Plant hormones play important roles in regulating numerous aspects of plant growth, development, and response to stress. In the past decade, more analytical methods for the accurate identification and quantitative determination of trace plant hormones have been developed to better our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of plant hormones. As sample preparation is often the bottleneck in analysis of plant hormones in biological samples, this review firstly discusses sample preparation techniques after a brief introduction to the classes, roles, and methods used in the analysis of plant hormones. The analytical methods, especially chromatographic techniques and immuno-based methods, are reviewed in detail, and their corresponding advantages, limitations, applications, and prospects are also discussed. This review mainly covers reports published from 2000 to the present on methods for the analysis of plant hormones.
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Cavanillas S, Alberich A, Serrano N, Díaz-Cruz JM, Ariño C, Esteban M. Application of different chemometric strategies to voltammetric and UV-vis spectroscopic data to obtain a complexation model: study of the Cu(ii) binding with the phytohormone 6-benzylaminopurine. Analyst 2012; 137:5420-7. [DOI: 10.1039/c2an35600g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Serrano N, Holubova S, Trnkova L. Acid-Base Equilibrium of 6-Benzylaminopurine and Its 4-Chloro and 4-Methoxy Derivatives in Water-Ethanol Solutions Studied by Voltammetry and Spectrophotometry. ELECTROANAL 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201100282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Tarkowski P, Floková K, Václavíková K, Jaworek P, Raus M, Nordström A, Novák O, Doležal K, Šebela M, Frébortová J. An improved in vivo deuterium labeling method for measuring the biosynthetic rate of cytokinins. Molecules 2010; 15:9214-29. [PMID: 21160450 PMCID: PMC6259472 DOI: 10.3390/molecules15129214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2010] [Accepted: 12/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
An improved method for determining the relative biosynthetic rate of isoprenoid cytokinins has been developed. A set of 11 relevant isoprenoid cytokinins, including zeatin isomers, was separated by ultra performance liquid chromatography in less than 6 min. The iP-type cytokinins were observed to give rise to a previously-unknown fragment at m/z 69; we suggest that the diagnostic (204-69) transition can be used to monitor the biosynthetic rate of isopentenyladenine. Furthermore, we found that by treating the cytokinin nucleotides with alkaline phosphatase prior to analysis, the sensitivity of the detection process could be increased. In addition, derivatization (propionylation) improved the ESI-MS response by increasing the analytes' hydrophobicity. Indeed, the ESI-MS response of propionylated isopentenyladenosine was about 34% higher than that of its underivatized counterpart. Moreover, the response of the derivatized zeatin ribosides was about 75% higher than that of underivatized zeatin ribosides. Finally, we created a web-based calculator (IZOTOP) that facilitates MS/MS data processing and offer it freely to the research community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petr Tarkowski
- Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 11, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic; E-Mails: (K.D.); (M.Š.); (J.F.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 11, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic; E-Mails: (K.F.); (K.V.); (P.J.); (M.R.)
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +420-585-634-928; Fax: +420-585-634-933
| | - Kristýna Floková
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 11, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic; E-Mails: (K.F.); (K.V.); (P.J.); (M.R.)
| | - Kateřina Václavíková
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 11, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic; E-Mails: (K.F.); (K.V.); (P.J.); (M.R.)
| | - Pavel Jaworek
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 11, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic; E-Mails: (K.F.); (K.V.); (P.J.); (M.R.)
| | - Martin Raus
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 11, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic; E-Mails: (K.F.); (K.V.); (P.J.); (M.R.)
| | - Anders Nordström
- Department for Oncology–Pathology, Karolinska Biomics Center, Karolinska Institutet, Z5:02, 17176 Stockholm, Sweden; E-Mail: (A.N.)
| | - Ondřej Novák
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Palacký University and Institute of Experimental Botany ASCR, Šlechtitelů 11, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic; E-Mail: (O.N.)
| | - Karel Doležal
- Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 11, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic; E-Mails: (K.D.); (M.Š.); (J.F.)
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Palacký University and Institute of Experimental Botany ASCR, Šlechtitelů 11, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic; E-Mail: (O.N.)
| | - Marek Šebela
- Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 11, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic; E-Mails: (K.D.); (M.Š.); (J.F.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 11, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic; E-Mails: (K.F.); (K.V.); (P.J.); (M.R.)
| | - Jitka Frébortová
- Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 11, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic; E-Mails: (K.D.); (M.Š.); (J.F.)
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Palacký University and Institute of Experimental Botany ASCR, Šlechtitelů 11, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic; E-Mail: (O.N.)
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Tarkowski P, Václavíková K, Novák O, Pertry I, Hanuš J, Whenham R, Vereecke D, Šebela M, Strnad M. Analysis of 2-methylthio-derivatives of isoprenoid cytokinins by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 2010; 680:86-91. [PMID: 20969996 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2010.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2010] [Revised: 09/06/2010] [Accepted: 09/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
A sensitive and reliable high-performance liquid chromatographic method with tandem mass spectrometric detection has been developed and used for the determination of 2-methylthio-cytokinin derivatives produced by the phytopathogenic actinomycete Rhodococcus fascians. The cultivation medium containing secreted cytokinins was concentrated and subjected to a solid-phase extraction (C18 and ion-exchange). The purified samples were further separated and analyzed by HPLC-ESI-MS/MS. This allowed to achieve chromatographic resolution of six highly hydrophobic cytokinin species including 2-methylthio-isopentenyladenine, 2-methylthio-isopentenyladenosine, 2-methylthio-trans-zeatin and 2-methylthio-trans-zeatin riboside and their cis-isomers when a reversed-phase chromatographic column (C4) and a mobile phase consisting of acetonitrile and 20 mM ammonium formate, pH 5, were used. Quantification was performed by a standard isotope dilution method using a multiple-reaction monitoring (MRM) mode. In the MRM mode, limits of detection reached 20-30 fmol and linear ranges spanned four orders of magnitude. Recovery values were between 35% and 65% and the analytical accuracy between 95% and 149%. The proposed bioanalytical method, which takes advantage of effective chromatographic separation of six 2-methyltio-derivatives (including isomers of zeatin-type cytokinins) and sensitive mass spectrometric detection, may become useful for plant biologists studying the significance of these substances in plant-microbe interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petr Tarkowski
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Palacký University and Institute of Experimental Botany ASCR, Šlechtitelů 11, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic.
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Hussain A, Krischke M, Roitsch T, Hasnain S. Rapid determination of cytokinins and auxin in cyanobacteria. Curr Microbiol 2010; 61:361-9. [PMID: 20339849 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-010-9620-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2009] [Accepted: 03/10/2010] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Five cyanobacterial strains, Anabaena sp. Ck1, Oscillatoria sp. Ck2, Phormidium sp. Ck3, Chroococcidiopsis sp. Ck4, and Synechosystis sp. Ck5 were selected for their positive cytokinins-like activity using cucumber cotyledon bioassay and GUS assay in Arabidopsis ARR5::GUS. Classical cucumber cotyledon bioassay was modified for direct screening of cyanobacteria avoiding need for extraction and purification. Cytokinins from cyanobacteria were absorbed onto filter paper which was then assayed for cytokinins-like activity. A rapid chromatographic method was developed for the simultaneous determination of cytokinins and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA). Cyanobacterial biomass (50-100 mg) and cell-free culture filtrate were extracted in Bieleski buffer and purified by solid-phase extraction. The extract was used to determine phytohormones by ultra performance liquid chromatography and electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry in positive and negative modes, respectively, with multiple reactions monitoring. Stable isotope-labeled cytokinins and IAA standards were added in the samples to follow recovery of the compounds and method validation. Five cytokinins determined in the selected strains were Zeatin (cis and trans isomers), Zeatin riboside, Dihydrozeatin riboside, and zeatin-o-glucoside. The strains were shown to accumulate as well as release the phytohormones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anwar Hussain
- Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan.
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Giannarelli S, Muscatello B, Bogani P, Spiriti MM, Buiatti M, Fuoco R. Comparative determination of some phytohormones in wild-type and genetically modified plants by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Biochem 2010; 398:60-8. [PMID: 19854149 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2009.10.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2009] [Revised: 10/21/2009] [Accepted: 10/21/2009] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The analytical performances of two optimized analytical methodologies used for the determination of auxins, cytokinins, and abscisic acid in plant samples were critically compared. Phytohormones were extracted from Nicotiana glauca samples using a modified Bieleski solvent and determined both by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), after derivatization with N,O-bis(trimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetamide (BSTFA), and by high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) on the Bieleski extract without any further treatment. HPLC-MS/MS gave better results in terms of higher coefficients of determination of the calibration curves, higher and more reproducible recoveries, lower limits of detection, faster sample preparation, and higher sample throughput. Thus, two sets of N. glauca and N. langsdorffii samples, both wild-type and genetically modified by inserting the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) gene encoding for the rat glucocorticoid receptor, were first characterized by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis and then analyzed by HPLC-MS/MS. Significant differences in the phytohormone content between the two sample sets were found and are very important in terms of understanding the mechanisms and effects on growth processes and the development of transgenic plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Giannarelli
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, 35-56126 Pisa, Italy
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