1
|
Canli O, Güzel B, Öktem Olgun E, Çetintürk K, Uludağ İ, Görhan B, Dede Ş, Erçel Ş, Karademir A. Evaluation of hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD), polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins/furans (PBDD/Fs) and polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins/furans (PCDD/Fs) outflows during the destruction of HBCD wastes in a hazardous waste incinerator. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 927:172317. [PMID: 38588749 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.172317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
This paper presents an evaluation of hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD), polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins/furans (PBDD/Fs) and polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins/furans (PCDD/Fs) outflows during the destruction of HBCD waste stockpiles in IZAYDAS Hazardous Waste Incinerator (HWI) in Kocaeli, Türkiye. HBCD wastes containing 100 % pure HBCD were in 25 kg packages with 63 % Br content were co-incinerated in a 3-day test burn with average feed rate of 26 kg/h. HBCD, PBDD/Fs and PCDD/Fs were measured in the outlet streams to quantify the amount of unintended POPs releases associated with the processing of HBCD waste and to observe the POP removal performance of air pollution control equipment (APCE) of the incinerator. Total mass outflow rate of HBCDs is calculated as 2.6 g/day, corresponding to destruction efficiency of 99.9996 %. Total toxicity of the brominated dioxins was measured as 0.00044 ng TEQ/Nm3 on average, while highly brominated congeners are dominant. PCDD/F concentrations in the outflow streams during HBCD test burns are produced similar congener distributions with those given in the previous studies, with the dominance of 7,8-chlorinated congeners. Mass flows in the outlet streams indicated that the efficiency of ESP and wet scrubbers for the removal of PCDD/Fs and HBCDs. Flue gas concentrations of PCDD/Fs, HBCDs and PBDD/Fs obtained in HBCD burn test indicated that burning HBCD wastes cause no significant emissions as operational parameters and total halogen content in the menu are kept within the incinerator limits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Oltan Canli
- Water Management and Treatment Technologies Research Group, Climate Change and Sustainability Vice Presidency, TUBITAK Marmara Research Center, 41470 Gebze, Kocaeli, Turkey.
| | - Barış Güzel
- Water Management and Treatment Technologies Research Group, Climate Change and Sustainability Vice Presidency, TUBITAK Marmara Research Center, 41470 Gebze, Kocaeli, Turkey.
| | - Elmas Öktem Olgun
- Water Management and Treatment Technologies Research Group, Climate Change and Sustainability Vice Presidency, TUBITAK Marmara Research Center, 41470 Gebze, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Kartal Çetintürk
- Istanbul University, Institute of Marine Science and Management, 34134 Vefa, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - İsmail Uludağ
- IZAYDAS Izmit Waste and Residue Treatment, Incineration and Recycling Co. Inc., Kocaeli Metropolitan Municipality, 41310 Izmit, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Bertan Görhan
- IZAYDAS Izmit Waste and Residue Treatment, Incineration and Recycling Co. Inc., Kocaeli Metropolitan Municipality, 41310 Izmit, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Şahan Dede
- IZAYDAS Izmit Waste and Residue Treatment, Incineration and Recycling Co. Inc., Kocaeli Metropolitan Municipality, 41310 Izmit, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Şerife Erçel
- Erçel Engineering Environmental Technologies Industry Co. Inc., 41100 Izmit, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Aykan Karademir
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Kocaeli, 41100 Izmit, Kocaeli, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Xie W, Li W, Wang P, Hao Y, Chen B, Hu L, Wang T, Zhang Q, Liang Y, Jiang G. Unexpected Dioxin Formation During Digestion of Soil with Oxidizing Acids. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:14717-14725. [PMID: 37682840 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c03682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
Dioxins, such as polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs), are among the most toxic unintentionally produced persistent organic pollutants, and their emission is of great concern. Herein, we discovered abundant dioxin formation in soil and various organic carbon-containing matrices after digestion with aqua regia. Σ17PCDD/Fs concentrations were in the range of 66.6-142,834 pg/g dw (5.6-17,021 pg WHO2005-TEQ/g dw) in 19 soil samples after digestion with aqua regia for 6 h. Σ17PCDD/Fs concentration was significantly and positively correlated with soil organic carbon content (R2 = 0.89; p < 0.01). Compared with cellulose and lignin, humic acid served as an important organic matter component that was converted to PCDD/Fs during soil digestion. Strong oxidation and production of reactive chlorine by aqua regia may be the key factors in the formation of PCDD/Fs. The yearly emission of PCDD/Fs due to digestion with strong acids by the inspection and testing industry was estimated to be 83.8 g TEQ in China in 2021 based on the highest level, which was ∼0.9% of the total dioxin inventory in China. Great attention should be paid to unexpected dioxin formation during digestion processes considering the potential risk of release from laboratories and enterprises.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Xie
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Environmental and Health Effects of Persistent Toxic Substances, School of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
| | - Wenjuan Li
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Environmental and Health Effects of Persistent Toxic Substances, School of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
| | - Pu Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Environmental and Health Effects of Persistent Toxic Substances, School of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
| | - Yanfen Hao
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Environmental and Health Effects of Persistent Toxic Substances, School of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
| | - Bolei Chen
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Environmental and Health Effects of Persistent Toxic Substances, School of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
| | - Ligang Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Thanh Wang
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology (IFM), Linköping University, Linköping 58183, Sweden
- Department of Thematic Studies─Environmental Change (TemaM), Linköping University, Linköping 58183, Sweden
| | - Qinghua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Yong Liang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Environmental and Health Effects of Persistent Toxic Substances, School of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
| | - Guibin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Xie J, Tao L, Wu Q, Tu S, Liu B, Lin T, Yang L, Li C, Liu G. Global squid contamination by halogenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and its trade induced risk transfer. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2023; 179:108163. [PMID: 37619253 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2023.108163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
Squid is traded globally as an important food resource. However, the occurrence of carcinogenic halogenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (HPAHs) in squid and the risk of their transfer through trade is little understood or recognized. Here, we comprehensively evaluated the occurrence and risk transfer by quantifying the congener-specific concentrations of HPAHs in 121 squid samples collected from the Pacific, Atlantic and Indian oceans. This was the first time that nine of the 36 target chlorinated and brominated PAH congeners had been detected in squid. The HPAHs exhibited growth-dilution effects in the squid. The lipid content of squid was the most significant factor influencing HPAH bioaccumulation, while differences in squid growth and local ocean contamination influenced by geographical distribution also affected HPAH bioaccumulation. The redistribution and risk transfers of HPAHs in squid as a food could be affected by international trading. The cancer risks from squid consumption in China and Mexico were increased by 50 % and 30 %, respectively, because of international squid trading.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jingqian Xie
- College of Marine Ecology and Environment, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environment and Resources, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Ling Tao
- College of Marine Ecology and Environment, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Qiang Wu
- College of Marine Ecology and Environment, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Shuyi Tu
- College of Marine Sciences, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Bilin Liu
- College of Marine Sciences, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Tian Lin
- College of Marine Ecology and Environment, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Lili Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Cui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Guorui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Li HR, Liu MY, Hu JJ, Song AM, Peng PA, Ying GG, Yan B, Chen T. Occurrence and carcinogenic potential of airborne PBDD/Fs and PCDD/Fs around a large-scale municipal solid waste incinerator: A long-term passive air sampling study. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2023; 178:108104. [PMID: 37490788 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2023.108104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023]
Abstract
Municipal solid waste incinerator (MSWI) not only is deemed one of the uppermost sources of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins/furans (PCDD/Fs), but also produces substantial amount of polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins/furans (PBDD/Fs) owing to the existence of brominated flame retardants (BFRs) in the waste. So far, however, PBDD/Fs in the vicinal environments of MSWI and their associated risks remain rarely studied. Based on a one-year passive air sampling (PAS) scheme, we investigated airborne PBDD/Fs and PCDD/Fs around a large-scale MSWI that has been operated for multi-years. Both the concentrations of PBDD/Fs and PCDD/Fs showed spatially decreasing trends with the distance away from the MSWI, confirming the influence of the MSWI on the dioxin levels in its ambient air. But its influence on PBDD/Fs was less because PBDD/Fs exhibit lower volatility and therefore lower gaseous concentrations than PCDD/Fs. Compared to the existing global data of airborne PCDD/Fs and PBDD/Fs, our data of the MSWI vicinity were at medium levels, despite PAS samples only represent the concentrations of gaseous dioxins in theory. The seasonal data suggest that meteorological conditions exerted apparent influences over the concentrations and sources of airborne dioxins around the MSWI. As for PCDD/Fs, the MSWI was diagnosed as their uppermost source, followed by local traffic and volatilization/deposition. Whereas the top three PBDD/F sources were related to PBDEs, bromophenol/bromobenzene, and traffic vehicles, respectively. The bioassay-derived TEQs based on the aryl hydrocarbon receptor activation of airborne dioxins around the MSWI were one or two orders of magnitudes higher than their concentration-based TEQs, and the corresponding carcinogenic risks at some MSWI-vicinal sites exceeded the acceptable threshold proposed by the U. S. EPA (10-6 ∼ 10-4) and deserve continuous attention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Ru Li
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, School of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China; State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Ming-Yang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jun-Jie Hu
- School of Environment and Civil Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan 523808, China
| | - Ai-Min Song
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ping-An Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou 510640, China; Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Guang-Guo Ying
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, School of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Bo Yan
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, School of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Tao Chen
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, School of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Yu J, Li H, Liu Y, Wang C. PCDD/Fs in indoor environments of residential communities around a municipal solid waste incineration plant in East China: Occurrence, sources, and cancer risks. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2023; 174:107902. [PMID: 37031517 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2023.107902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 03/04/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Prolonged exposure to polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) can pose several adverse outcomes on human health. However, there is limited information on public health associated with indoor PCDD/F exposure in residential environments. Here, we examined PCDD/F concentrations in indoor air and indoor dust samples obtained from households near a municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) plant. Our measurements revealed that the toxic equivalent (TEQ) concentrations of PCDD/Fs in indoor air ranged from 0.01 to 0.05 pg TEQ/m3, which were below intervention thresholds (0.6 pg TEQ/m3). Additionally, the TEQ concentrations of PCDD/Fs in indoor dust ranged from 0.30 to 11.56 ng TEQ/kg. Higher PCDD/F levels were found in household dust in the town of Taopu compared to those in the town of Changzheng. Principal component analysis (PCA) of PCDD/Fs suggested that waste incineration was the primary source of PCDD/Fs in indoor air, whereas PCDD/Fs in indoor dust came from multiple sources. The results of the health risk assessment showed the carcinogenic risk due to indoor PCDD/F exposure was higher for adults than for nursery children and primary school children. The carcinogenic risks of PCDD/Fs for age groups residing near the MSWI plant were all less than the risk threshold (10-5). Our findings will help to better understand the levels of PCDD/F exposure among urban populations living in residential communities around the MSWI plant and to formulate corresponding control measures to reduce probabilistic risk implications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Yu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, PR China
| | - Hui Li
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, PR China; Institute for Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, PR China.
| | - Yongdi Liu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, PR China
| | - Chen Wang
- Institute for Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Liu S, Liu G, Yang L, Liu X, Wang M, Qin L, Zheng M. Metal-Catalyzed Formation of Organic Pollutants Intermediated by Organic Free Radicals. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:14550-14561. [PMID: 36168137 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c05892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Metal compounds play important roles in the formation of organic pollutants during thermal-related processes. However, the metal-catalyzed predominant organic pollutants have not previously been characterized nor have any detailed catalytic mechanisms been clarified. Here, we preciously distinguished the multiple organic free radical intermediates on metal catalyst surfaces during the organic pollutant formation through laboratory and theoretical studies. Differences between the organic free radical intermediate species, concentrations, and formation mechanisms under the catalysis of different metal compounds were investigated. The results were verified mutually with the differed characteristics of organic pollutant products. CuO predominantly catalyzed the formation of highly chlorinated phenoxy radical intermediates and dioxins. High proportions of semiquinone radicals and oxygen-containing derivatives were found on ZnO surfaces. Differently, methyl-substituted phenoxy radicals and long-chain products formed on Al2O3 surfaces. The results will be instructive for the target emission control of priority organic pollutants during thermal-related processes rich in different metal compounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuting Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- College of Resource and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Guorui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- College of Resource and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou 310000, China
| | - Lili Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Xiaoyun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- College of Resource and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Mingxuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- College of Resource and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Linjun Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- College of Resource and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Minghui Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- College of Resource and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou 310000, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Lyu B, Zhang X, Li J, Zhang L, Zhong Y, Wu Y. Determination of Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-Dioxins and Furans in Food Samples by Gas Chromatography-Triple Quadrupole Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) and Comparison with Gas Chromatography-High Resolution Mass Spectrometry (GC-HRMS). J Food Compost Anal 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2022.104947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
|
8
|
A Review of Soil Contaminated with Dioxins and Biodegradation Technologies: Current Status and Future Prospects. TOXICS 2022; 10:toxics10060278. [PMID: 35736887 PMCID: PMC9227754 DOI: 10.3390/toxics10060278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
This article provides a comprehensive assessment of dioxins contaminating the soil and evaluates the bioremediation technology currently being widely used, and also offers recommendations for future prospects. Soil pollution containing dioxins is extremely toxic and hazardous to human health and the environment. Dioxin concentrations in soils around the world are caused by a variety of sources and outcomes, but the main sources are from the consequences of war and human activities. Bioremediation technology (bioaugmentation, biostimulation, and phytoremediation) is considered an optimal and environmentally friendly technology, with the goal of applying native microbial communities and using plant species with a high biomass to treat contaminated dioxins in soil. The powerful bioremediation system is the growth of microorganisms that contribute to the increased mutualistic and competitive relationships between different strains of microorganisms. Although biological treatment technology can thoroughly treat contaminated dioxins in soil with high efficiency, the amount of gas generated and Cl radicals dispersed after the treatment process remains high. Further research on the subject is required to provide stricter control over the outputs noted in this study.
Collapse
|
9
|
Zhang L, Liu G, Li S, Yang L, Chen S. Model framework to quantify the effectiveness of garbage classification in reducing dioxin emissions. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 814:151941. [PMID: 34843764 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 11/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Although waste incineration is a promising disposal method, it produces unwanted combustion by-products, such as toxic dioxins, that can be unintentionally emitted. Kitchen scraps can result in incomplete combustion of waste, which accelerates the formation of dioxins, especially for the small-sized incinerators without identical operating temperature. Consequently, garbage classification before waste incineration is critical for dioxin control in the small-sized waste incineration industries. To date, the influence of garbage classification on dioxin emissions has not been quantified. In this study, a model framework integrating the grey prediction model and autoregressive prediction model was established and used to predict future dioxin emissions from small-sized waste incineration. If garbage classification is ideally strictly implemented, annual dioxin emissions could be reduced by up to 1697 g TEQ over the next 10 years. Garbage classification reduced emissions by about 30.7% compared with incineration of mixed municipal solid waste without classification (5534 g TEQ over the next 10 years). The established model framework can effectively assess the influence of garbage classification on dioxin emissions from waste incineration, which could facilitate the widespread adoption of garbage classification.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lantian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China; Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Guorui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Sumei Li
- Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Lili Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China.
| | - Sha Chen
- Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Yang L, Shen J, Zheng M, Yang Q, Li D, Liu G. Occurrence of chlorinated and brominated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from electric arc furnace for steelmaking. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 294:118663. [PMID: 34896218 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 12/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Chlorinated and brominated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (Cl/Br-PAHs) are persistent organic pollutants with potential carcinogenic toxicities that are even higher than those of their parent PAH congeners. Current knowledge of Cl/Br-PAH sources and emission characteristics is lacking. Electric arc furnace (EAF) steelmaking is a potential source for Cl/Br-PAHs, considering that preheating of raw materials before they enter the EAF could produce suitable conditions for Cl/Br-PAHs formation. In this field study, we identified EAFs as an important source of Cl/Br-PAHs and clarified their emission concentrations, fingerprints by gas chromatography coupled with high-resolution magnetic mass spectrometry. Potential formation mechanisms of Cl/Br-PAHs were also proposed. The mass concentration ranges for Σ18Cl-PAHs and Σ18Br-PAHs in stack gas were 25.85-4191 ng Nm-3 and 1.02-341 ng Nm-3, respectively. The variation of concentration indicated that the steel scrap composition greatly affected the production of Cl/Br-PAHs. The congener ratios including 6-chlorobenzo [a]pyrene/3-chlorofluoranthene and 1-chloroanthracene/1-chloropyrene could be used to estimate the influence of industrial sources on Cl-PAH occurrences in the air. Ring structure growth was the dominant formation pathway for Cl/Br-PAHs, distinctly different from dioxin formation mechanisms dominated by precursor dimerization and chlorination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lili Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Jia Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Minghui Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing, 100085, China; College of Resource and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China; School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, 310000, China
| | - Qiuting Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing, 100085, China; College of Resource and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Da Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Guorui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing, 100085, China; College of Resource and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China; School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, 310000, China.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Zain SMSM, Latif MT, Baharudin NH, Anual ZF, Mohd Hanif N, Khan MF. Atmospheric PCDDs/PCDFs levels and occurrences in Southeast Asia: A review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 783:146929. [PMID: 34088111 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) are toxic compounds derived from anthropogenic sources that stay in the environment for long periods. Ambient air has become the most important pathway for the transfer of PCDDs/PCDFs from emission sources to the environment. This review intends to summarise the information available on atmospheric PCDDs/PCDFs in the countries of Southeast Asia to provide a detailed description of the trends in PCDDs/PCDFs emissions, key sources, and levels in urban, rural, and industrial air as reported in peer-reviewed literature since 2000 and by the United Nations Environment Programme. As the largest country in Southeast Asia, Indonesia is the major PCDDs/PCDFs emitter, accounting for 72.81% of the total release of PCDDs/PCDFs in the air from all available inventories in this region, while Brunei Darussalam is the lowest emitter, contributing to less than 0.02%. Open burning processes have become the largest source of ambient PCDDs/PCDFs in the region (69.62%), followed by waste incineration (10.69%), and ferrous and non-ferrous metal production (8.78%). PCDDs/PCDFs levels in rural areas ranged between 10 and 38 fg TEQ m-3; however, where open burning waste has occurred, the levels rose to 12-29 times higher. In urban areas, ambient levels were 15 times greater than in rural areas, varying from 23 to 565 fg TEQ m-3. Atmospheric concentrations near industrial palm oil and waste incinerator sites were between 64 and 1530 fg TEQ m-3. The non-cancer risk of ambient exposure to PCDDs/PCDFs through inhalation is low among populations near facilities emitting PCDDs/PCDFs. The lack of local technical capacity, the high economic costs, and the lack of established human resource capacities have been the major challenges in conducting ambient PCDDs/PCDFs studies in most countries in the region.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sharifah Mazrah Sayed Mohamed Zain
- Department of Earth Sciences and Environment, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia; Environmental Health Research Centre, Institute for Medical Research, National Institutes of Health, Ministry of Health Malaysia, 40170 Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Mohd Talib Latif
- Department of Earth Sciences and Environment, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Nor Hafizah Baharudin
- Department of Earth Sciences and Environment, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Zurahanim Fasha Anual
- Environmental Health Research Centre, Institute for Medical Research, National Institutes of Health, Ministry of Health Malaysia, 40170 Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Norfazrin Mohd Hanif
- Department of Earth Sciences and Environment, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Md Firoz Khan
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Wu D, Qi J, Li Q, Chen J, Chen Y, Chen J. Extreme Exposure Levels of PCDD/Fs Inhaled from Biomass Burning Activity for Cooking in Typical Rural Households. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:7299-7306. [PMID: 34014073 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c00469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs), emitted during biomass combustion, are carcinogenic chemicals. The association between indoor biomass burning and PCDD/Fs inhalation exposure levels is still poorly understood. This study first reports direct measurement of personal exposure to PCDD/Fs in real-world households with wood combustion. In homes where biomass burning is used for cooking, toxic equivalent quantity (TEQ) PCDD/Fs concentrations were found to be 545 ± 251 fg I-TEQ/m3 in kitchens, with levels of 4.5-, 6.9-, and 13.3-fold higher than those in living rooms (122 ± 92 fg I-TEQ/m3), bedrooms (79 ± 27 fg I-TEQ/m3), and ambient air (41 ± 15 fg I-TEQ/m3), respectively. PCDD/Fs exposure levels in populations using biomass fuels for cooking (353 ± 110 fg I-TEQ/m3) were 4.3-fold higher than those in the control groups (82 ± 32 fg I-TEQ/m3). Additionally, the average cancer risks for biomass cooking person were approximately 3.1-fold higher than those in factory workers. Overall, residents of household that use biomass fuels for cooking have the highest known risk of PCDD/Fs exposure. These results highlight that aiming to mitigate the PCDD/Fs exposure risk in the general population, the focus of dioxin emission source control measures should shift from industrial sectors to residential biomass combustion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Di Wu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Juan Qi
- School of Chemical Engineering, Xuzhou College of Industrial Technology, Xuzhou 221140, China
| | - Qing Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
- Shanghai Institute of Eco-Chongming (SIEC), No. 3663 Northern Zhongshan Road, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Jiping Chen
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Yingjun Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
- Shanghai Institute of Eco-Chongming (SIEC), No. 3663 Northern Zhongshan Road, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Jianmin Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Li C, Yang L, Liu X, Yang Y, Qin L, Li D, Liu G. Bridging the Energy Benefit and POPs Emission Risk from Waste Incineration. Innovation (N Y) 2020; 2:100075. [PMID: 34557732 PMCID: PMC8454607 DOI: 10.1016/j.xinn.2020.100075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Incineration has been the globally controversial and concerned method of solid waste disposal. Energy recovery and volume reduction are the benefits from waste incineration, but risk due to release of persistent organic pollutants is the major public concern in the world. In this study, the emission of organic pollutants including dioxins and polychlorinated naphthalenes from solid waste incineration in China was comprehensively evaluated, and a relationship between energy benefit and pollutant emission was firstly established. The results show that production of medical and industrial waste was smaller than that of municipal waste but yielded comparable or even higher emission of dioxins. The energy benefit-to-emission index for organic pollutants (EBEIOP) for evaluation of solid waste management on a local or regional scale was proposed. Significant correlations between net energy benefit and pollutant emission for provinces with higher EBEIOP values were found. Furthermore, higher EBEIOP values were associated with economic factors while lower values were influenced by emission from incineration of medical and industrial waste. We suggest that an EBEIOP value of ≥60 can serve as a reference for “profitable” solid waste management, assisting decision making during energy benefit and environmental risk assessment. Emission of trace organic pollutants from solid waste incineration in China was comprehensively evaluated. The energy benefit-to-emission index for organic pollutants (EBEIOP) for evaluation of solid waste management on a local or regional scale was proposed. Production of medical and industrial waste was smaller than that of municipal waste but yielded comparable or even higher emission of dioxins. Higher EBEIOP values were associated with economic factors, while lower values were influenced by emissions from incineration of medical and industrial waste. An EBEIOP value of ≥60 can serve as a reference for “profitable” solid waste management, assisting decision making during energy benefit and environmental risk assessment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China.,College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Lili Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Xiaoyun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China.,College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Yuanping Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China.,College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Linjun Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China.,College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Da Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Guorui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China.,College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.,School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310000, China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Song S, Zhou X, Guo C, Zhang H, Zeng T, Xie Y, Liu J, Zhu C, Sun X. Emission characteristics of polychlorinated, polybrominated and mixed polybrominated/chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs, PBDD/Fs, and PBCDD/Fs) from waste incineration and metallurgical processes in China. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2019; 184:109608. [PMID: 31505407 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.109608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Revised: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Typical thermal processes are common sources of polychlorinated, polybrominated and mixed polybrominated/chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs, PBDD/Fs, and PBCDD/Fs); however, very few reports have investigated their coemission. To clarify the emission characteristics of these DD/Fs, two municipal waste incinerators (MWIs), three hazardous waste incinerators (HWIs), one cement kiln coprocessing municipal waste incinerator (CMWI), one secondary copper smelter (SCu), and one iron and steel sintering smelter (ISS) in China were investigated. In total, 17 congeners of PCDD/Fs, 14 congeners of PBDD/Fs, and 12 congeners of PBCDDs in stack flue gases from these thermal processes were analyzed using a high-resolution gas chromatograph/high-resolution mass spectrometer (HRGC/HRMS) in this study. PCDD/Fs, PBDD/Fs and PBCDD/Fs were detectable in all samples, with total concentrations of 911-5.15 × 103 pg/Nm3 (80.2-414 pg TEQ/Nm3). The concentrations of each DD/F were similar within the same type of facility and varied among different types of facilities. The contributions of PBDD/Fs and PBCDD/Fs to the total concentrations exceeded that of PCDD/Fs in some cases, such as in HWIs and SCu. In general, the ∑Cl4-7 CDFs and ∑Cl7-8 CDDs, 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HpBDF, and 1-B-2,3,7,8-TeCDD and 2-B-1,3,7,8-TeCDD were the dominant congeners in the PCDD/F, PBDD/F, and PBCDD/F mass concentrations, respectively. Several other congeners present at low mass concentrations, such as 1,2,3,4,7,8-HxBDF, have potential as major contributors to the TEQs due to their high toxic equivalency factors. These results reveal the necessity of synergistically inhibiting the occurrences of PCDD/Fs, PBDD/Fs, and PBCDD/Fs from these sources and provide valuable information for use in the source identification of these pollutants in the environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Song
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Xin Zhou
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China; Zhejiang Environmental Monitoring Center, Hangzhou, 310012, China
| | - Chenqi Guo
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Haiyan Zhang
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China.
| | - Tao Zeng
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Yidong Xie
- Zhejiang Environmental Monitoring Center, Hangzhou, 310012, China
| | - Jinsong Liu
- Zhejiang Environmental Monitoring Center, Hangzhou, 310012, China
| | - Chaofei Zhu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Dioxin Pollution Control, National Research Center for Environmental Analysis and Measurement, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Xingrong Sun
- South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, MEE, Guangzhou, 510655, China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Guanglong W, Yangzhao S, Jiahong X, Yong L. Research on pollution prevention and control BAT of PCDD/Fs in secondary copper industry. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2019; 181:308-311. [PMID: 31202930 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.05.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Revised: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Secondary copper industry has received more and more attention due to its high Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) emissions. Best available technologies (BAT) plays an important role in prevention of PCDD/Fs pollution for secondary copper industry and is recommended by the Stockholm Convention on POPs. In this study, AHP-Delphi method-fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method is used to evaluate the 5 smelting technologies that are usually applied in secondary copper industry. The result shows that the Kaldo smelting technology and Ausmelt/ISA smelting technology rank top because of its superior technical performance and good environmental benefits. Then, Kaldo furnace and bag filter were selected as a preliminary validation study on the feasibility of BAT. The results of PCDD/Fs analysis showed that the combination of Kaldo furnace and bag filter can meet the requirements of PCDD/Fs pollution prevention and should be recommended for the treatment of low grades copper scrap.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wu Guanglong
- International Environmental Cooperation Center, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, 100035, Beijing, China.
| | - Sun Yangzhao
- International Environmental Cooperation Center, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, 100035, Beijing, China
| | - Xie Jiahong
- International Environmental Cooperation Center, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, 100035, Beijing, China
| | - Lu Yong
- (b)Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Wu X, Wu G, Xie J, Wang Q, Liu G, Liu W, Yang L, Zheng M. Thermochemical formation of multiple unintentional persistent organic pollutants on metallurgical fly ash and their correlations. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 226:492-501. [PMID: 30953894 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.03.166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Revised: 03/16/2019] [Accepted: 03/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Metallurgical processes are currently the predominant anthropogenic sources of multiple unintentional persistent organic pollutants (POPs), including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), chlorinated and brominated PAHs (Cl-PAHs and Br-PAHs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs), and polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDEs). Understanding the formation of multiple POPs is important for source control. These POPs could be formed through fly ash-mediated heterogeneous reactions. In this study, we comprehensively investigated the thermochemical (150-450 °C) formation of these POPs on fly ash samples collected from a secondary aluminum smelter, secondary lead smelter, and iron ore sintering plant. The maximum concentrations of PCNs and PCBs were 154.5 and 181.3 times those in the original fly ash, respectively. Formation variations of PAHs, Cl-PAHs and Br-PAHs, and PBDEs were different from that of PCBs and PCNs. The PAHs concentration, which was the highest among the POPs in the original fly ash, decreased sharply by 95% at 150 °C. The ∑19Cl-PAHs and ∑19Br-PAHs increased marginally at 250 °C before decreasing slightly at 350 °C. The PBDE concentrations decreased under 250 °C and increased at 350 °C. PCNs, PCBs, and PCDD/Fs showed good correlations, all of which had a negative relationship with the PAHs. There were no significant correlations between PAHs and Cl/Br-PAHs. Low brominated congeners could be formed by destruction of higher brominated congeners because of thermal instability of the PBDEs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolin Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Guanglong Wu
- Foreign Economic Cooperation Office, Ministry of Environmental Protection of China, Beijing, 100035, China
| | - Jiahong Xie
- Foreign Economic Cooperation Office, Ministry of Environmental Protection of China, Beijing, 100035, China
| | - Qingjie Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Guorui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Wenbin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Lili Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Minghui Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Yang L, Wang S, Peng X, Zheng M, Yang Y, Xiao K, Liu G. Gas chromatography-Orbitrap mass spectrometry screening of organic chemicals in fly ash samples from industrial sources and implications for understanding the formation mechanisms of unintentional persistent organic pollutants. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 664:107-115. [PMID: 30739845 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2018] [Revised: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Clarifying the occurrences of organic chemicals in fly ash produced during industrial thermal processes is important for improving our understanding of the formation mechanisms of toxic pollutants such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), halogenated PAHs, dioxins, and other unintentional persistent organic pollutants. We developed a highly sensitive gas chromatography-Orbitrap mass spectrometry (GC-Orbitrap/MS) method and applied it to screening of organic pollutants in fly ash samples from multiple industrial thermal processes. The GC-Orbitrap/MS method could detect and quantify organic pollutants at part per billion (ppb) levels. In total, 96 organic chemicals, including alkanes, benzene derivatives, phenols, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and biphenyl derivatives were identified in the fly ash samples. Several organic chemicals with chlorine or bromine substituents were abundant in secondary copper smelter fly ash, and these might act as precursors for formation of dioxins, brominated dioxins, and other dioxin-like compounds. Several chlorinated and brominated PAH compounds were also found in the secondary copper smelter fly ash. PAHs were dominant chemicals in the secondary aluminum smelter fly ash samples, and were present in much higher concentrations than in the samples from other industries. This indicates that there are different chemical formation pathways in different industries. Possible formation pathways of PAHs and dioxins were investigated and deduced in this study. These results improve our understanding of the formation mechanisms of toxic unintentional persistent organic pollutants and could be useful for reducing their source emissions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lili Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Shen Wang
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, Shanghai 200136, China
| | - Xing Peng
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, Shanghai 200136, China
| | - Minghui Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yuanping Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ke Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Guorui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Wang X, Chen J, Ni Y. Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin and dibenzofuran precursors and formation mechanisms during non-woodpulp chlorine bleaching process. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 211:1-9. [PMID: 30055355 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.07.126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Revised: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/22/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
There is great concern about decreasing the amounts of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) that are formed and emitted during the chlorine bleaching of pulp. The formation of PCDD/Fs during non-woodpulp chlorine bleaching was investigated in the study described here. Wheat straw was separated into three components, cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin. Chlorination experiments were performed, and lignin and hemicellulose contributed more than cellulose to PCDD/F formation when the pulp was bleached using chlorine. The chemical components of lignin were identified by gas chromatography mass spectrometry, and nine possible PCDD/F precursors were quantified by gas chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Spiked chlorination experiments were performed to investigate the effects of these compounds on PCDD/F formation. 4-Ethyl-2-methoxyphenol had the strongest effect on PCDD/F formation, followed by p-chlorophenol, and guaiacol. All the test compounds promoted polychlorinated dibenzofuran formation but had limited effects on polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin formation. The results allowed mechanisms for the formation of PCDD/Fs from phenol, chlorophenol, catechol, and guaiacol to be proposed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xueli Wang
- Key Laboratory of Subsurface Hydrology and Ecological Effects inArid Region, Ministry of Education, Chang' an University, PR China; School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Chang'an University, Xi'an, 710054, China.
| | - Jiping Chen
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Yuwen Ni
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Dziubanek G, Marchwińska-Wyrwał E, Ćwieląg-Drabek M, Spychała A, Rusin M, Piekut A, Hajok I. Preliminary study of possible relationships between exposure to PCDD/Fs and dl-PCBs in ambient air and the length of life of people. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 598:129-134. [PMID: 28441591 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.03.289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Revised: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
There is a lack of studies on the impact of very toxic and persistent organic compounds as polychlorinated dibenzodioxins (PCDDs), dibenzofurans (PCDFs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) on the population life expectancy. Preliminary studies on the relations between exposure to PCDD/Fs and dl-PCBs in ambient air and the length of life of residents of 12 cities (2 million people) in the Silesia province has been undertaken. The average length of life of inhabitants in 12 cities of Silesia province was calculated on the basis of register of deaths after excluding deaths caused by external causes and the concentration of PCDD/Fs and dl-PCBs were measured. The studies have shown that inhalation exposure to dioxins, furans and dl-PCBs could be an important factor which may shorten the life expectancy of the population. The results of preliminary studies indicate a strong correlation between the concentration of PCDD/Fs and dl-PCBs in the ambient air and the length of life of women. The conducted analysis of the regression shows that reduction of chlorinated persistent organic compounds of 10fg I-TEQ/m3 could extend life expectancy of women by approximately 4months (0.3years).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Grzegorz Dziubanek
- Department of Environmental Health Risk Factors, School of Public Health in Bytom, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice (Poland), ul. Piekarska 18, 42-902 Bytom, Poland.
| | - Ewa Marchwińska-Wyrwał
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health in Bytom, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice (Poland), ul. Piekarska 18, 42-902 Bytom, Poland.
| | - Małgorzata Ćwieląg-Drabek
- Department of Environmental Health Risk Factors, School of Public Health in Bytom, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice (Poland), ul. Piekarska 18, 42-902 Bytom, Poland.
| | - Anna Spychała
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health in Bytom, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice (Poland), ul. Piekarska 18, 42-902 Bytom, Poland.
| | - Monika Rusin
- Department of Environmental Health Risk Factors, School of Public Health in Bytom, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice (Poland), ul. Piekarska 18, 42-902 Bytom, Poland.
| | - Agata Piekut
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health in Bytom, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice (Poland), ul. Piekarska 18, 42-902 Bytom, Poland.
| | - Ilona Hajok
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health in Bytom, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice (Poland), ul. Piekarska 18, 42-902 Bytom, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Chen SJ, Tsai JH, Chang-Chien GP, Huang KL, Wang LC, Lin WY, Lin CC, Yeh CKJ. Emission factors and congener-specific characterization of PCDD/Fs, PCBs, PBDD/Fs and PBDEs from an off-road diesel engine using waste cooking oil-based biodiesel blends. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2017; 339:274-280. [PMID: 28658636 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2017.06.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2016] [Revised: 06/17/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Few studies have been performed up to now on the emission factors and congener profiles of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) emitted from off-road diesel engines. This investigation elucidates the emission factors and congener profiles of various POPs, namely polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs), polychlorinated biphenyl (PCBs), polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polybrominated dibenzofurans (PBDD/Fs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), in the exhausts of a diesel generator fueled with different waste cooking oil-based biodiesel (WCO-based biodiesel) blends. The PCDD/Fs contributed 87.2% of total dioxin-like toxicity (PCDD/Fs+PCBs+PBDD/Fs) in the exhaust, while the PCBs and PBDD/Fs only contributed 8.2% and 4.6%, respectively. Compared with petroleum diesel, B20 (20vol% WCO-based biodiesel+80vol% diesel) reduced total toxicity by 46.5% for PCDD/Fs, 47.1% for PCBs, and 24.5% for PBDD/Fs, while B40 (40vol% WCO-based biodiesel+60vol% diesel) reduced it by 89.5% for PCDD/Fs, 57.1% for PCBs, and 63.2% for PBDD/Fs in POP emission factors. The use of WCO-based biodiesel not only solves the problem of waste oil disposal, but also lowers POP emissions from diesel generators.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shui-Jen Chen
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung County, 91201, Taiwan
| | - Jen-Hsiung Tsai
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung County, 91201, Taiwan.
| | - Guo-Ping Chang-Chien
- Super Micro Mass Research and Technology Center, Cheng Shiu University, Kaohsiung City 83347, Taiwan; Department of Cosmetics and Fashion Styling, Cheng Shiu University, Kaohsiung City 83347, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Lin Huang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung County, 91201, Taiwan
| | - Lin-Chi Wang
- Department of Civil Engineering and Geomatics, Cheng Shiu University, Kaohsiung City 83347, Taiwan.
| | - Wen-Yinn Lin
- Institute of Environmental Engineering and Management, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei City, 10608, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Chung Lin
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung County, 91201, Taiwan
| | - C Kuei-Jyum Yeh
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung County, 91201, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Wang P, Zhang Q, Li Y, Matsiko J, Zhang Y, Jiang G. Airborne persistent toxic substances (PTSs) in China: occurrence and its implication associated with air pollution. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2017; 19:983-999. [PMID: 28745352 DOI: 10.1039/c7em00187h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, China suffered from extensive air pollution due to the rapidly expanding economic and industrial developments. Its severe impact on human health has raised great concern currently. Persistent toxic substances (PTSs), a large group of environmental pollutants, have also received much attention due to their adverse effects on both the ecosystem and public health. However, limited studies have been conducted to reveal the airborne PTSs associated with air pollution at the national scale in China. In this review, we summarized the occurrence and variation of airborne PTSs in China, especially in megacities. These PTSs included polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins/dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), halogenated flame retardants (HFRs), perfluorinated compounds (PFCs), organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and heavy metals. The implication of their occurrence associated with air pollution was discussed, and the emission source of these chemicals was concluded. Most reviewed studies have been conducted in east and south China with more developed economy and industry. Severe contamination of airborne PTSs generally occurred in megacities with large populations, such as Guangzhou, Shanghai and Beijing. However, the summarized results suggested that industrial production and product consumption are the major sources of most PTSs in the urban environment, while unintentional emission during anthropogenic activities is an important contributor to airborne PTSs. It is important that fine particles serve as a major carrier of most airborne PTSs, which facilitates the long-range atmospheric transport (LRAT) of PTSs, and therefore, increases the exposure risk of the human body to these pollutants. This implied that not only the concentration and chemical composition of fine particles but also the absorbed PTSs are of particular concern when air pollution occurs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Jin R, Liu G, Zheng M, Fiedler H, Jiang X, Yang L, Wu X, Xu Y. Congener-specific determination of ultratrace levels of chlorinated and brominated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in atmosphere and industrial stack gas by isotopic dilution gas chromatography/high resolution mass spectrometry method. J Chromatogr A 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
|
23
|
Zhao Y, Zhan J, Liu G, Zheng M, Jin R, Yang L, Hao L, Wu X, Zhang X, Wang P. Evaluation of dioxins and dioxin-like compounds from a cement plant using carbide slag from chlor-alkali industry as the major raw material. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2017; 330:135-141. [PMID: 28214649 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2017.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Revised: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 02/12/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Carbide slag produced from chlor-alkali industry contains high amounts of calcium compounds and can potentially be used as raw material for cement production; however, it contains large amounts of chlorine so it is essential to evaluate the emissions of chlorinated organic pollutants, including polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs). A field study of the emission profiles of these pollutants in a cement plant using such slag was performed. The average concentrations of PCDD/Fs, PCBs, and PCNs in stack gases collected at the kiln back end were 6.31, 1.07, and 31.89pg TEQ m-3, respectively. PCDFs dominated over PCDDs in particulate samples. Di- to pentachlorinated biphenyls were dominant homologs in the particulate samples. MonoCBs were the dominant homolog in stack gases from the kiln back end, and homolog concentrations decreased with increasing chlorine numbers. Mono- and diCNs accounted for 48-98% of PCNs. The estimated toxic equivalents of stack gas emissions of PCNs, classified as new persistent organic pollutants under Stockholm Convention, were unexpectedly higher than those of PCDD/Fs and PCBs. A mass balance indicated that all of the toxic equivalents were reduced by this cement kiln system. The highest 2,3,7,8-PCDD/F output is with clinker.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuyang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jiayu Zhan
- State Key Laboratory of Solid Waste Reuse for Building Materials, Beijing Building Materials Academy of Sciences Research, Beijing 100041, China
| | - Guorui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Minghui Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Rong Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lili Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Liwei Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Solid Waste Reuse for Building Materials, Beijing Building Materials Academy of Sciences Research, Beijing 100041, China
| | - Xiaolin Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Pu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Yang L, Liu G, Zheng M, Jin R, Zhu Q, Zhao Y, Zhang X, Xu Y. Atmospheric occurrence and health risks of PCDD/Fs, polychlorinated biphenyls, and polychlorinated naphthalenes by air inhalation in metallurgical plants. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 580:1146-1154. [PMID: 27989480 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.12.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2016] [Revised: 12/11/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Metallurgical plants are important sources of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs). It is significant to evaluate the air levels and human risks of PCDD/Fs, PCBs and PCNs in metallurgical plants considering their adverse effects on human health and thousands of metallurgical plants being in operation in China. The estimated inhalation intakes of PCDD/Fs, PCBs, and PCNs together in eight iron ore sintering plants, three secondary copper plants, four secondary aluminum plants, and one secondary lead plant were 4.9-213.4, 21.4-4026.4, 28.7-630, and 11.7fgTEQkg-1day-1, respectively, and the corresponding cancer risks were estimated to be 8.7×10-7 to 3.8×10-5, 5.1×10-6 to 1.1×10-4, 3.8×10-6 to 7.1×10-4, and 2.1×10-6, respectively. The estimated cancer risk were higher than 100 per million people for three secondary aluminum and copper smelters among the sixteen metallurgical plants, indicating high cancer risks. Stack gas samples from metallurgical plants were also collected and analyzed for comparing their emission profiles with that of air samples. The comparison of PCDD/F, PCB and PCN profiles between air samples and stack gas samples by similarity calculation and principal component analysis suggested the influence of stack gas emissions from metallurgical plants on surrounding air. These results are helpful for understanding the exposure risk to PCDD/Fs, PCBs and PCNs in numerous metallurgical plants being operation in China.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lili Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Guorui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Minghui Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Rong Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qingqing Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yuyang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Li Q, Li L, Su G, Huang X, Zhao Y, Li B, Miao X, Zheng M. Synergetic inhibition of PCDD/F formation from pentachlorophenol by mixtures of urea and calcium oxide. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2016; 317:394-402. [PMID: 27318736 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2016.05.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Revised: 05/15/2016] [Accepted: 05/30/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Chlorophenols are structurally similar to PCDD/Fs and have been considered as highly potential precursors for PCDD/Fs formation. The suppressing effects of PCDD/F formation from pentachlorophenol (PCP) were investigated on various mass ratios of CaO and urea. The total concentration of 2,3,7,8-PCDD/Fs, mostly dominated by OCDD, was determined to be 48.58-10186ng/mg in inhibitor-reaction systems, being much lower than that in blank reaction system (75654ng/mg). Interestingly, compared with pure CaO and urea reaction system, the concentration and TEQ of formed 2,3,7,8-PCDD/Fs in mixed urea/CaO reaction system were lower, especially with 5-20% urea reaction systems being respectively at decrease by 96.5-99.4% and 99.2-99.7%. The suppression efficiency of TEQ in 5-20% urea reaction systems could be always approximately 100% under 250-350°C. These results suggested that mixed inhibitors, especially 5-20% urea inhibitors, have a synergetic inhibition effect for PCDD/Fs formation from PCP. Mixed inhibitor generated several intermediates, involving CO2, H2O, NH3, Ca(OH)2, CaCO3, HNCO, biuret and ammelide. The complex between PCP and Ca, N-doped species, lower chlorinated phenols and benzenediol, and organic acids were also determined. Synergetic inhibition mechanism may be attributed to accelerated facilitation of acid-base reaction and N doping. The decomposition of PCP itself also contributes to prevent PCDD/Fs formation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qianqian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Liewu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Guijin Su
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Xinchen Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yanhui Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Binke Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xue Miao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Minghui Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Wang M, Liu G, Jiang X, Li S, Liu W, Zheng M. Formation and emission of brominated dioxins and furans during secondary aluminum smelting processes. CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 146:60-67. [PMID: 26706932 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.11.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Revised: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/26/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Secondary aluminum smelting (SAl) processes have previously been found to be important sources of polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PBDD/Fs). It is crucial that the key factors that influence the formation and emission of PBDD/Fs are identified to allow techniques for decreasing PBDD/F emissions during SAl processes to be developed. In this study, stack gas samples were collected from four typical secondary aluminum smelters that used different raw materials, and the samples were analyzed to allow differences between PBDD/F emissions from different SAl plants to be assessed. The composition of the raw materials was found to be one of the key factors influencing the amounts of PBDD/Fs emitted. The PBDD/F emission factors (per tonne of aluminum produced) for the plants using 100% (Plant1), 80% (Plant2), and 50% (Plant3) dirty aluminum scrap in the raw material feed were 180, 86, and 14 μg t(-1), respectively. The amounts of PBDD/Fs emitted at different stages of the smelting process (feeding-fusion, refining, and casting) were compared, and the feeding-fusion stage was found to be the main stage in which PBDD/Fs were formed and emitted. Effective aluminum scrap pretreatments could significantly decrease PBDD/F emissions. Much higher polybrominated dibenzofuran concentrations than polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxin concentrations were found throughout the SAl process. The more-brominated congeners (including octabromodibenzo-p-dioxin, octabromodibenzofuran, heptabromodibenzo-p-dioxins, and heptabromodibenzofurans) were the dominant contributors to the total PBDD/F concentrations. The results could help in the development of techniques and strategies for controlling PBDD/F emissions during metallurgical processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Guorui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China.
| | - Xiaoxu Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Sumei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Wenbin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Minghui Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Dopico M, Gómez A. Review of the current state and main sources of dioxins around the world. JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION (1995) 2015; 65:1033-1049. [PMID: 26068294 DOI: 10.1080/10962247.2015.1058869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) are a group of dangerous compounds, emitted mostly from anthropogenic sources, that have negative effects on human health. Therefore, it is interesting to analyze the emission patterns of dioxins proceeding from different sources around the world, to observe the actual trend of the transmission of dioxins and furans into the atmosphere.For that reason, the main objective of the present document is to provide a general assessment about the dioxin problematic, analyzing the main parameters that influence the ambient concentration of dioxins worldwide, and describing the most characteristic features of the fingerprint from different sources, while making emphasis in the importance that non-industrial sources are gaining over the last years in front of the decreasing tendency of industrial sources. The description of the most important abatement technologies for dioxins is also included in this review. IMPLICATIONS Given the negative effects of dioxins in human health, it is important to depict and locate the main sources of these dangerous compounds. Emissions proceeding from industrial facilities have decreased over the last years; however, other zones where nonindustrial sources used to be relevant contributors do not show the same decreasing tendency because it is more difficult to control this type of emissions. For that reason, future studies should focus on measuring and regulating this highly uncontrolled source of dioxins.
Collapse
|
28
|
Huyen DT, Igarashi T, Shiraiwa T. Vertical distribution of dioxins in soil of Bien Hoa airbase, Vietnam. SPRINGERPLUS 2015; 4:300. [PMID: 26155439 PMCID: PMC4485668 DOI: 10.1186/s40064-015-1064-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2015] [Accepted: 05/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Bien Hoa airbase is a known dioxin-contaminated hotspot in Vietnam. The contamination occurred during the Vietnam War at the site where dioxins were transported, stored, sprayed, and spilled in the area. Dioxins, which are cancer inducing substances, may transfer from the soil to food crops and finally to human beings living around the area. Many surveys of dioxins in soil, water, organisms, and human have been carried out in this study area since 2002. In this paper vertical distribution of dioxins in undisturbed soil cores were examined. Twelve soil samples from three drilled cores were collected to analyze dioxin levels according to the standard Japanese analytical method. The results showed that the toxicity equivalency quantity (TEQ) in one soil sample at a depth of 2.6 m reached 3,300 pg-TEQ/g-dw. High TEQs were also observed in the clay layer. This anomaly of dioxin concentrations could be attributed to the affinity of dioxins for the clay layer. The isomer patterns in the soils were different from those in the soil of Hokkaido in that 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) was the most dominant in the soil sample. This indicates that the dioxins originate from a defoliant Agent Orange disposed at the site after the Vietnam War.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dang Thuong Huyen
- Geo-Environment Department, Faculty of Geology and Petroleum Engineering, Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology, 168 Ly Thuong Kiet, Dist. 10, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Toshifumi Igarashi
- Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Kita-ku, Sapporo City, 060-8628 Hokkaido Japan
| | - Takuya Shiraiwa
- Yagai-Kagaku Co., Ltd., Higashi-ku, Sapporo City, 065-0043 Hokkaido Japan
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Fu JY, Li XD, Chen T, Lin XQ, Buekens A, Lu SY, Yan JH, Cen KF. PCDD/Fs' suppression by sulfur-amine/ammonium compounds. CHEMOSPHERE 2015; 123:9-16. [PMID: 25481352 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.10.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2014] [Revised: 09/20/2014] [Accepted: 10/27/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Three distinct -S and -NH2 or NH4(+) containing compounds, including ammonium thiosulfate, aminosulfonic acid and thiourea, were studied as polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) inhibitors. All these three -S and -N containing compounds tested show strong suppression of PCDD/Fs formation, especially for thiourea which has not been studied before. With a (S+N)/Cl molar ratio of only 0.47, thiourea could inhibit 97.3% of PCDD/Fs and even 99.8% of I-TEQ. At an unusually high de novo test temperature (650 °C), the PCDD/Fs' formation was still very low but also the inhibition capacity of thiourea was weak, with an efficiency of 59% for PCDD/Fs when with a (S+N)/Cl molar ratio of 1.40. The results also revealed that the inhibition capability of the combined -S/-NH2 or -S/NH4(+) suppressant was strongly influenced by both the nature of the functional group of nitrogen and the value of the molar ratio (S+N)/Cl. The amine functional group -NH2 tends to be more efficient than ammonium NH4(+) and within a certain range a higher (S+N)/Cl value leads to a higher inhibition efficiency. Moreover, the emission of gases was continuously monitored: the Gasmet results revealed that SO2, HCN and NH3 were the most important decomposition products of thiourea. Thiourea is non-toxic, environment-friendly and can be sprayed into the post-combustion zone in form of powder or aqueous solution. The cost of thiourea at least can be partially compensated by its high inhibition efficiency. Therefore, the application of thiourea in a full-scale incinerator system is promising and encouraging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Ying Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Institute for Thermal Power Engineering, Zhejiang University, China.
| | - Xiao-Dong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Institute for Thermal Power Engineering, Zhejiang University, China
| | - Tong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Institute for Thermal Power Engineering, Zhejiang University, China
| | - Xiao-Qing Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Institute for Thermal Power Engineering, Zhejiang University, China
| | - Alfons Buekens
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Institute for Thermal Power Engineering, Zhejiang University, China
| | - Sheng-Yong Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Institute for Thermal Power Engineering, Zhejiang University, China
| | - Jian-Hua Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Institute for Thermal Power Engineering, Zhejiang University, China
| | - Ke-Fa Cen
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Institute for Thermal Power Engineering, Zhejiang University, China
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Handel CM, Van Hemert C. Environmental contaminants and chromosomal damage associated with beak deformities in a resident North American passerine. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2015; 34:314-327. [PMID: 25376148 DOI: 10.1002/etc.2799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2014] [Revised: 10/30/2014] [Accepted: 11/04/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A large cluster of beak abnormalities among black-capped chickadees (Poecile atricapillus) in Alaska raised concern about underlying environmental factors in this region. Metals and trace elements, organochlorine pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and polychlorinated dibenzo-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDD-Fs) were analyzed in adults, nestlings, and eggs of the affected population; local bird seed was also tested for organochlorine pesticides. The results offered no support for the hypothesis that selenium or any other inorganic element was responsible for beak deformities among chickadees, but some evidence that organochlorine compounds may be contributing factors. Adults with beak deformities had an elevated level of chromosomal damage, which was correlated with lipid level and concentrations of several organochlorine compounds. Multivariate analyses of pesticides and PCBs did not distinguish abnormal from normal adults, but subsequent univariate analysis demonstrated higher concentrations of heptachlor epoxide and PCB-123 in abnormal adults. Concentrations of all organochlorine compounds were low, and none is known to cause beak or keratin abnormalities. Patterns of PCB congener concentrations differed between nestlings with normal and abnormal parents. Eggs from clutches with low hatchability had higher concentrations of hexachlorobenzene and PCDD-Fs than those with high hatching success, and hexachlorobenzene was found in seeds. Additional testing for PCDD-Fs, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and other emerging contaminants, including brominated compounds, is needed to rule out environmental contaminants as a cause of beak deformities in chickadees in Alaska.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Colleen M Handel
- Alaska Science Center, US Geological Survey, Anchorage, Alaska, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Li W, Li C, Chen Z, Cai Z. Characteristic and potential sources of polychlorinated dibenzo-P-dioxins and dibenzofurans in agricultural soils in Beijing, China. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2014; 33:2004-2012. [PMID: 24863628 DOI: 10.1002/etc.2646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2014] [Revised: 04/29/2014] [Accepted: 05/23/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) were analyzed in 25 background and 80 agricultural soil samples collected from 21 sites in Beijing, China. The levels of PCDD/Fs in the north agricultural soils were low (0.15-0.58 ng international toxic equivalent quantity [I-TEQ]/kg), which were comparable with those of the background soils (0.091-0.35 ng I-TEQ/kg). In the southern agricultural soils, however, concentrations were several times higher (0.27-3.3 ng I-TEQ/kg). Comparison of PCDD/Fs congener compositions between possible sources and samples indicated that agricultural soils in Beijing had not been contaminated by the 3 main PCDD/F contamination sources in China--ferrous and nonferrous metal, waste incineration, and power generation. They had, however, been slightly contaminated by the impurities of some organochlorine pesticides, such as sodium pentachlorophenate, and by open burning of biomass, vehicle exhaust, atmospheric deposition, sediment, and sewage sludge. These results have been supported by the principal components analysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- Institute of High-Performance Polymer, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, Qingdao, Shandong, China; Environmental Science Department, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China; Chemistry Department, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|