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Tang F, Banker T, Green HS, Wang SC, Hatzakis E. Analysis and authentication of avocado oil by low-field benchtop NMR spectroscopy and chemometrics. J Food Sci 2024; 89:4276-4285. [PMID: 38837399 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.17142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
Avocado oil is a nutritious, edible oil produced from avocado fruit. It has high commercial value and is increasing in popularity, thus powerful analytical methods are needed to ensure its quality and authenticity. Recent advancements in low-field (LF) NMR spectroscopy allow for collection of high-quality data despite the use of low magnetic fields produced by non-superconductive magnets. Combined with chemometrics, LF NMR opens new opportunities in food analysis using targeted and untargeted approaches. Here, it was used to determine poly-, mono-, and saturated fatty acids in avocado oil. Although direct signal integration of LF NMR spectra was able to determine certain classes of fatty acids, it had several challenges arising from signal overlapping. Thus, we used partial least square regression and developed models with good prediction performance for fatty acid composition, with residual prediction deviation ranging 3.46-5.53 and root mean squared error of prediction CV ranging 0.46-2.48. In addition, LF NMR, combined with unsupervised and supervised methods, enabled the differentiation of avocado oil from other oils, namely, olive oil, soybean oil, canola oil, high oleic (OL) safflower oil, and high OL sunflower oil. This study showed that LF NMR can be used as an efficient alternative for the compositional analysis and authentication of avocado oil. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Here, we describe the application of LF-NMR for fatty acid analysis and avocado oil authentication. LF-NMR can be an efficient tool for targeted and untargeted analysis, thus becoming an attractive option for companies, regulatory agencies, and quality control laboratories. This tool is especially important for organizations and entities seeking economic, user-friendly, and sustainable analysis solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fenfen Tang
- Department of Food Science and Technology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Thomas Banker
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Hillary S Green
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Bedford Park, Illinois, USA
| | - Selina C Wang
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Emmanuel Hatzakis
- Department of Food Science and Technology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Foods for Health Discovery Theme, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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2
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Chen H, Guo Y, Chen X, Dawadunzhu, Liu T, Zhang Y, Chen W, Feng M. Fluorescence Lifetime of Chlorophyll α in Oxidized Edible Vegetable Oil. J Fluoresc 2024; 34:1841-1849. [PMID: 37646873 DOI: 10.1007/s10895-023-03415-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
To promote the application of time-resolved fluorescence in oxidation determination of edible vegetable oil, fluorescence lifetime of chlorophyll α in oxidized edible vegetable oils was recorded and analyzed by simulated microenvironment experiments and spectral methods. It was showed that fluorescence lifetime of chlorophyll α decreased with the increase of polarity in the early stage of oxidation, and increased with the increase of viscosity in the later stage of oxidation. Conjugation effect and hydrogen bonding existed in the microenvironment of oxidized edible vegetable oil were considered to be the factors leading to the increase of fluorescence lifetime. The change mechanism of fluorescence lifetime in oxidized edible vegetable oil was supplied, which was considered to be strong support for the application of time-resolved fluorescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Chen
- School of Animal Science and Food Engineering, Jinling Institute of Technology, Qixia District, Nanjing, 210038, Jiangsu, P.R. China.
| | - Yunhao Guo
- School of Animal Science and Food Engineering, Jinling Institute of Technology, Qixia District, Nanjing, 210038, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Xiu Chen
- School of Animal Science and Food Engineering, Jinling Institute of Technology, Qixia District, Nanjing, 210038, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Dawadunzhu
- School of Animal Science and Food Engineering, Jinling Institute of Technology, Qixia District, Nanjing, 210038, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Teng Liu
- School of Animal Science and Food Engineering, Jinling Institute of Technology, Qixia District, Nanjing, 210038, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Yuheng Zhang
- School of Animal Science and Food Engineering, Jinling Institute of Technology, Qixia District, Nanjing, 210038, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Wenjun Chen
- School of Software Engineering, Jinling Institute of Technology, Nanjing, 210038, Jiangsu, China
| | - Meiqin Feng
- School of Animal Science and Food Engineering, Jinling Institute of Technology, Qixia District, Nanjing, 210038, Jiangsu, P.R. China
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Head T, Giebelhaus RT, Nam SL, de la Mata AP, Harynuk JJ, Shipley PR. Discriminating extra virgin olive oils from common edible oils: Comparable performance of PLS-DA models trained on low-field and high-field 1H NMR data. PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS : PCA 2024; 35:1134-1141. [PMID: 38520203 DOI: 10.1002/pca.3348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 02/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Olive oil, derived from the olive tree (Olea europaea L.), is used in cooking, cosmetics, and soap production. Due to its high value, some producers adulterate olive oil with cheaper edible oils or fraudulently mislabel oils as olive to increase profitability. Adulterated products can cause allergic reactions in sensitive individuals and can lack compounds which contribute to the perceived health benefits of olive oil, and its corresponding premium price. OBJECTIVE There is a need for robust methods to rapidly authenticate olive oils. By utilising machine learning models trained on the nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra of known olive oil and edible oils, samples can be classified as olive and authenticated. While high-field NMRs are commonly used for their superior resolution and sensitivity, they are generally prohibitively expensive to purchase and operate for routine screening purposes. Low-field benchtop NMR presents an affordable alternative. METHODS We compared the predictive performance of partial least squares discrimination analysis (PLS-DA) models trained on low-field 60 MHz benchtop proton (1H) NMR and high-field 400 MHz 1H NMR spectra. The data were acquired from a sample set consisting of 49 extra virgin olive oils (EVOOs) and 45 other edible oils. RESULTS We demonstrate that PLS-DA models trained on low-field NMR spectra are highly predictive when classifying EVOOs from other oils and perform comparably to those trained on high-field spectra. We demonstrated that variance was primarily driven by regions of the spectra arising from olefinic protons and ester protons from unsaturated fatty acids in models derived from data at both field strengths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Head
- Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC, Canada
| | - Ryland T Giebelhaus
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- The Metabolomics Innovation Centre, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Seo Lin Nam
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- The Metabolomics Innovation Centre, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - A Paulina de la Mata
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- The Metabolomics Innovation Centre, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - James J Harynuk
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- The Metabolomics Innovation Centre, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Paul R Shipley
- Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC, Canada
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Downey K, Bermel W, Soong R, Lysak DH, Ronda K, Steiner K, Costa PM, Wolff WW, Decker V, Busse F, Goerling B, Haber A, Simpson MJ, Simpson AJ. Low-field, not low quality: 1D simplification, selective detection, and heteronuclear 2D experiments for improving low-field NMR spectroscopy of environmental and biological samples. MAGNETIC RESONANCE IN CHEMISTRY : MRC 2024; 62:345-360. [PMID: 37811556 DOI: 10.1002/mrc.5401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
Understanding environmental change is challenging and requires molecular-level tools to explain the physicochemical phenomena behind complex processes. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is a key tool that provides information on both molecular structures and interactions but is underutilized in environmental research because standard "high-field" NMR is financially and physically inaccessible for many and can be overwhelming to those outside of disciplines that routinely use NMR. "Low-field" NMR is an accessible alternative but has reduced sensitivity and increased spectral overlap, which is especially problematic for natural, heterogeneous samples. Therefore, the goal of this study is to investigate and apply innovative experiments that could minimize these challenges and improve low-field NMR analysis of environmental and biological samples. Spectral simplification (JRES, PSYCHE, singlet-only, multiple quantum filters), selective detection (GEMSTONE, DREAMTIME), and heteronuclear (reverse and CH3/CH2/CH-only HSQCs) NMR experiments are tested on samples of increasing complexity (amino acids, spruce resin, and intact water fleas) at-high field (500 MHz) and at low-field (80 MHz). A novel experiment called Doubly Selective HSQC is also introduced, wherein 1H signals are selectively detected based on the 1H and 13C chemical shifts of 1H-13C J-coupled pairs. The most promising approaches identified are the selective techniques (namely for monitoring), and the reverse and CH3-only HSQCs. Findings ultimately demonstrate that low-field NMR holds great potential for biological and environmental research. The multitude of NMR experiments available makes NMR tailorable to nearly any research need, and low-field NMR is therefore anticipated to become a valuable and widely used analytical tool moving forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katelyn Downey
- Environmental NMR Centre, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Ronald Soong
- Environmental NMR Centre, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Daniel H Lysak
- Environmental NMR Centre, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kiera Ronda
- Environmental NMR Centre, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Katrina Steiner
- Environmental NMR Centre, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Peter M Costa
- Environmental NMR Centre, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - William W Wolff
- Environmental NMR Centre, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | - Myrna J Simpson
- Environmental NMR Centre, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Andre J Simpson
- Environmental NMR Centre, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Chen HB, Meng H, Zhang TR, Ran Q, Liu J, Shi H, Han GF, Wang TH, Wen Z, Lang XY, Jiang Q. Dynamic Molecular Interphases Regulated by Trace Dual Electrolyte Additives for Ultralong-Lifespan and Dendrite-Free Zinc Metal Anode. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202402327. [PMID: 38467561 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202402327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
Metallic zinc is a promising anode material for rechargeable aqueous multivalent metal-ion batteries due to its high capacity and low cost. However, the practical use is always beset by severe dendrite growth and parasitic side reactions occurring at anode/electrolyte interface. Here we demonstrate dynamic molecular interphases caused by trace dual electrolyte additives of D-mannose and sodium lignosulfonate for ultralong-lifespan and dendrite-free zinc anode. Triggered by plating and stripping electric fields, the D-mannose and lignosulfonate species are alternately and reversibly (de-)adsorbed on Zn metal, respectively, to accelerate Zn2+ transportation for uniform Zn nucleation and deposition and inhibit side reactions for high Coulombic efficiency. As a result, Zn anode in such dual-additive electrolyte exhibits highly reversible and dendrite-free Zn stripping/plating behaviors for >6400 hours at 1 mA cm-2, which enables long-term cycling stability of Zn||ZnxMnO2 full cell for more than 2000 cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Bo Chen
- Key Laboratory of Automobile Materials (Jilin University), Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, 130022, China
| | - Huan Meng
- Key Laboratory of Automobile Materials (Jilin University), Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, 130022, China
| | - Tong-Rui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Automobile Materials (Jilin University), Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, 130022, China
| | - Qing Ran
- Key Laboratory of Automobile Materials (Jilin University), Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, 130022, China
| | - Jie Liu
- Key Laboratory of Automobile Materials (Jilin University), Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, 130022, China
| | - Hang Shi
- Key Laboratory of Automobile Materials (Jilin University), Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, 130022, China
| | - Gao-Feng Han
- Key Laboratory of Automobile Materials (Jilin University), Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, 130022, China
| | - Tong-Hui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Automobile Materials (Jilin University), Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, 130022, China
| | - Zi Wen
- Key Laboratory of Automobile Materials (Jilin University), Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, 130022, China
| | - Xing-You Lang
- Key Laboratory of Automobile Materials (Jilin University), Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, 130022, China
| | - Qing Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Automobile Materials (Jilin University), Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, 130022, China
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Triyasmono L, Schollmayer C, Holzgrabe U. Chemometric analysis applied to 1 H NMR and FTIR data for a quality parameter distinction of red fruit (Pandanus conoideus, lam.) oil products. PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS : PCA 2023; 34:788-799. [PMID: 36509547 DOI: 10.1002/pca.3196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Red fruit oil (RFO) is a natural product extracted from Pandanus conoideus Lam. fruit, a native plant from Papua, Indonesia. Recent studies indicate that RFO is popularly consumed as herbal medicine. Therefore, the quality of RFO must be assured. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to develop a chemometric analysis applied to 1 H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) data for important quality parameter distinction of red fruit oil (RFO), especially regarding the degree of unsaturation and the amount of free fatty acids (FFA). MATERIALS AND METHODS Forty samples consisting of one crude RFO, thirty-three commercial RFOs, and three oils as blends, including olive oil, virgin coconut oil, and black seed oil, were analysed by 1 H NMR and FTIR spectroscopy. After appropriate preprocessing of the spectra, principal component analysis (PCA) and partial least squares regression (PLSR) were used for model development. RESULTS The essential signals for modelling the degree of unsaturation are the signal at δ = 5.37-5.27 ppm (1 H NMR) and the band at 3000-3020 cm-1 (FTIR). The FFA profile represents the signal at δ = 2.37-2.20 ppm (1 H NMR) and the band at 1680-1780 cm-1 (FTIR). PCA allows the visualisation grouping on both methods with > 98% total principal component (PC) for the degree of unsaturation and > 88% total PC for FFA values. In addition, the PLSR model provides an acceptable coefficient of determination (R2 ) and errors in calibration, prediction, and cross-validation. CONCLUSION Chemometric analysis applied to 1 H NMR and FTIR spectra of RFO successfully grouped and predicted product quality based on the degree of unsaturation and FFA value categories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liling Triyasmono
- Institute for Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Lambung Mangkurat University, Banjar Baru, Indonesia
| | - Curd Schollmayer
- Institute for Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Ulrike Holzgrabe
- Institute for Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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Galvan D, de Aguiar LM, Bona E, Marini F, Killner MHM. Successful combination of benchtop nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and chemometric tools: A review. Anal Chim Acta 2023; 1273:341495. [PMID: 37423658 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2023.341495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 05/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
Low-field nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) has three general modalities: spectroscopy, imaging, and relaxometry. In the last twelve years, the modality of spectroscopy, also known as benchtop NMR, compact NMR, or just low-field NMR, has undergone instrumental development due to new permanent magnetic materials and design. As a result, benchtop NMR has emerged as a powerful analytical tool for use in process analytical control (PAC). Nevertheless, the successful application of NMR devices as an analytical tool in several areas is intrinsically linked to its coupling with different chemometric methods. This review focuses on the evolution of benchtop NMR and chemometrics in chemical analysis, including applications in fuels, foods, pharmaceuticals, biochemicals, drugs, metabolomics, and polymers. The review also presents different low-resolution NMR methods for spectrum acquisition and chemometric techniques for calibration, classification, discrimination, data fusion, calibration transfer, multi-block and multi-way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Galvan
- Chemistry Institute, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS), 79070-900, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil; Chemistry Departament, Universidade Estadual de Londrina (UEL), 86.057-970, Londrina, PR, Brazil.
| | | | - Evandro Bona
- Post-Graduation Program of Food Technology (PPGTA), Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná (UTFPR), Campus Campo Mourão, 87301-899, Campo Mourão, PR, Brazil; Post-Graduation Program of Chemistry (PPGQ), Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná (UTFPR), Campus Curitiba, 80230-901, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Federico Marini
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rome "La Sapienza", Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Mário Henrique M Killner
- Chemistry Departament, Universidade Estadual de Londrina (UEL), 86.057-970, Londrina, PR, Brazil
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Bao R, Tang F, Rich C, Hatzakis E. A comparative evaluation of low-field and high-field NMR untargeted analysis: Authentication of virgin coconut oil adulterated with refined coconut oil as a case study. Anal Chim Acta 2023; 1273:341537. [PMID: 37423668 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2023.341537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
Despite the advances in low-field nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), there are limited spectroscopic applications for untargeted analysis and metabolomics. To evaluate its potential, we combined high-field and low-field NMR with chemometrics for the differentiation between virgin and refined coconut oil and for the detection of adulteration in blended samples. Although low-field NMR has less spectral resolution and sensitivity compared to high-field NMR, it was still able to achieve a differentiation between virgin and refined coconut oils, as well as between virgin coconut oil and blends, using principal component analysis (PCA), partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA), and random forest techniques. These techniques were not able to distinguish between blends with different levels of adulteration; however, partial least squares regression (PLSR) enabled the quantification of adulteration levels for both NMR approaches. Given the significant benefits of low-field NMR, including economic and user-friendly analysis and fitting in an industrial environment, this study establishes the proof of concept for its utilization in the challenging scenario of coconut oil authentication. Also, this method has the potential to be used for other similar applications that involve untargeted analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiya Bao
- Department of Food Science and Technology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Fenfen Tang
- Department of Food Science and Technology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Cameron Rich
- Department of Food Science and Technology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Emmanuel Hatzakis
- Department of Food Science and Technology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA; Foods for Health Discovery Theme, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.
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Freitas JCC, Ejaz M, Toci AT, Romão W, Khimyak YZ. Solid-state NMR spectroscopy of roasted and ground coffee samples: Evidences for phase heterogeneity and prospects of applications in food screening. Food Chem 2023; 409:135317. [PMID: 36586269 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.135317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The advancement in the use of spectroscopic techniques to investigate coffee samples is of high interest especially considering the widespread problems with coffee adulteration and counterfeiting. In this work, the use of solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) is investigated as a means to probe the various chemically-distinct phases existent in roasted coffee samples and to detect the occurrence of counterfeiting or adulterations in coffee blends. Routine solid-state 1H and 13C NMR spectra allowed the distinction between different coffee types (Arabica/Robusta) and the evaluation of the presence of these components in coffee blends. On the other hand, the use of more specialized solid-state NMR experiments revealed the existence of phases with different molecular mobilities (e.g., associated with lipids or carbohydrates). The results illustrate the usefulness of solid-state NMR spectroscopy to examine molecular mobilities and interactions and to aid in the quality control of coffee-related products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jair C C Freitas
- Laboratory of Carbon and Ceramic Materials, Department of Physics, Federal University of Espírito Santo (UFES), Av. Fernando Ferrari, 514, Vitória, Espírito Santo 29075-910, Brazil; School of Pharmacy, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom.
| | - Maryam Ejaz
- School of Pharmacy, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom
| | - Aline T Toci
- Environmental and Food Interdisciplinary Studies Laboratory (LEIMAA), Latin American Institute of Life and Nature Science, Federal University for Latin American Integration (UNILA), Foz do Iguaçu, Paraná 85867-970, Brazil
| | - Wanderson Romão
- Laboratory of Petroleomics and Forensics, Federal University of Espírito Santo (UFES), Av. Fernando Ferrari, 514, Vitória, Espírito Santo 29075-910, Brazil; Federal Institute of Espírito Santo (IFES), Av. Ministro Salgado Filho, Vila Velha, Espírito Santo 29106-010, Brazil
| | - Yaroslav Z Khimyak
- School of Pharmacy, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom.
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Ramos-Gómez S, Busto MD, Ortega N. Detection of Hazelnut and Almond Adulteration in Olive Oil: An Approach by qPCR. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28104248. [PMID: 37241987 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28104248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Virgin olive oil (VOO), characterized by its unique aroma, flavor, and health benefits, is subject to adulteration with the addition of oils obtained from other edible species. The consumption of adulterated olive oil with nut species, such as hazelnut or almond, leads to health and safety issues for consumers, due to their high allergenic potential. To detect almond and hazelnut in olive oil, several amplification systems have been analyzed by qPCR assay with a SYBR Green post-PCR melting curve analysis. The systems selected were Cora1F2/R2 and Madl, targeting the genes coding the allergenic protein Cor a 1 (hazelnut) and Pru av 1 (almond), respectively. These primers revealed adequate specificity for each of the targeted species. In addition, the result obtained demonstrated that this methodology can be used to detect olive oil adulteration with up to 5% of hazelnut or almond oil by a single qPCR assay, and with a level as low as 2.5% by a nested-qPCR assay. Thus, the present research has shown that the SYBR-based qPCR assay can be a rapid, precise, and accurate method to detect adulteration in olive oil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Ramos-Gómez
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, Area of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Burgos, Plaza Misael Bañuelos s/n, 09001 Burgos, Spain
| | - María D Busto
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, Area of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Burgos, Plaza Misael Bañuelos s/n, 09001 Burgos, Spain
| | - Natividad Ortega
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, Area of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Burgos, Plaza Misael Bañuelos s/n, 09001 Burgos, Spain
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11
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Alonso-Moreno P, Rodriguez I, Izquierdo-Garcia JL. Benchtop NMR-Based Metabolomics: First Steps for Biomedical Application. Metabolites 2023; 13:614. [PMID: 37233655 PMCID: PMC10223723 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13050614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)-based metabolomics is a valuable tool for identifying biomarkers and understanding the underlying metabolic changes associated with various diseases. However, the translation of metabolomics analysis to clinical practice has been limited by the high cost and large size of traditional high-resolution NMR spectrometers. Benchtop NMR, a compact and low-cost alternative, offers the potential to overcome these limitations and facilitate the wider use of NMR-based metabolomics in clinical settings. This review summarizes the current state of benchtop NMR for clinical applications where benchtop NMR has demonstrated the ability to reproducibly detect changes in metabolite levels associated with diseases such as type 2 diabetes and tuberculosis. Benchtop NMR has been used to identify metabolic biomarkers in a range of biofluids, including urine, blood plasma and saliva. However, further research is needed to optimize the use of benchtop NMR for clinical applications and to identify additional biomarkers that can be used to monitor and manage a range of diseases. Overall, benchtop NMR has the potential to revolutionize the way metabolomics is used in clinical practice, providing a more accessible and cost-effective way to study metabolism and identify biomarkers for disease diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pilar Alonso-Moreno
- NMR and Imaging in Biomedicine Group, Instituto Pluridisciplinar, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (P.A.-M.); (I.R.)
| | - Ignacio Rodriguez
- NMR and Imaging in Biomedicine Group, Instituto Pluridisciplinar, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (P.A.-M.); (I.R.)
- Department of Chemistry in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmacy School, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jose Luis Izquierdo-Garcia
- NMR and Imaging in Biomedicine Group, Instituto Pluridisciplinar, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (P.A.-M.); (I.R.)
- Department of Chemistry in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmacy School, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
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Low-Field Benchtop NMR Spectroscopy for Quantification of Aldehydic Lipid Oxidation Products in Culinary Oils during Shallow Frying Episodes. Foods 2023; 12:foods12061254. [PMID: 36981180 PMCID: PMC10048026 DOI: 10.3390/foods12061254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Toxic aldehydic lipid oxidation products (LOPs) arise from the thermo-oxidative deterioration of unsaturated fatty acids present in heated culinary oils when exposed to high-temperature frying episodes, and currently these effects represent a major public health concern. Objectives: In this study, we investigated the applications of low-field (LF), benchtop NMR analysis to detect and quantify toxic aldehyde species in culinary oils following their exposure to laboratory-simulated shallow frying episodes (LSSFEs) at 180 °C. Four culinary oils of variable fatty acid (FA) composition were investigated to determine the analytical capabilities of the LF NMR instrument. Oil samples were also analysed using a medium-field (400 MHz) NMR facility for comparative purposes. Results: Aldehydes were quantified as total saturated and total α,β-unsaturated classes. The time-dependent production of α,β-unsaturated aldehydes decreased in the order chia > rapeseed ≈ soybean > olive oils, as might be expected from their polyunsaturated and monounsaturated FA (PUFA and MUFA, respectively) contents. A similar but inequivalent trend was found for saturated aldehyde concentrations. These data strongly correlated with medium-field 1H NMR data obtained, although LF-determined levels were significantly lower in view of its inability to detect or quantify the more minor oxygenated aldehydic LOPs present. Lower limit of detection (LLOD) values for this spectrometer were 0.19 and 0.18 mmol/mol FA for n-hexanal and trans-2-octenal, respectively. Aldehydic lipid hydroperoxide precursors of aldehydic LOPs were also detectable in LF spectra. Conclusions: We therefore conclude that there is scope for application of these smaller, near-portable NMR facilities for commercial or ‘on-site’ quality control determination of toxic aldehydic LOPs in thermally stressed frying oils.
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13
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Gunning Y, Defernez M, Kemsley E. Benchtop (60 MHz) proton NMR spectroscopy for quantification of 16-O-methylcafestol in lipophilic extracts of ground roast coffee. MethodsX 2023; 10:102132. [PMID: 36970017 PMCID: PMC10031464 DOI: 10.1016/j.mex.2023.102132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023] Open
Abstract
We present a method for analysing the lipophilic fraction extracted from ground coffee beans using 60 MHz proton (1H) NMR spectroscopy. In addition to the triglycerides from coffee oil, spectral features are seen from a range of secondary metabolites, such as various diterpenes. We demonstrate quantitation of a peak attributed to one such compound, 16-O-methylcafestol (16-OMC), which is of interest as a coffee species marker. It is present in low concentrations (<<50 mg/kg) in Coffea arabica L. ('Arabica') beans, but in orders of magnitude greater concentrations in other coffees, in particular the other commercially grown species C. canephora Pierre ex A. Froehner (commonly known as 'robusta'). A series of coffee extracts spiked with 16-OMC analytical standard are used to establish a calibration, and to estimate 16-OMC concentrations in a range of different coffees (Arabicas and blends with robustas). To validate the method, values obtained are compared with an analogous quantitation method that uses high field (600 MHz) NMR spectroscopy. •Quantitation of 16-O-methylcafestol in ground roast coffee extracts using benchtop (60 MHz) NMR spectroscopy•Validated by comparison with quantitative high field (600 Mz) NMR spectroscopy•Detection limit is sufficient for discovering adulteration of Arabica coffee with non-Arabica species.
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14
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Ley-Ngardigal S, Bertolin G. Approaches to monitor ATP levels in living cells: where do we stand? FEBS J 2022; 289:7940-7969. [PMID: 34437768 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
ATP is the most universal and essential energy molecule in cells. This is due to its ability to store cellular energy in form of high-energy phosphate bonds, which are extremely stable and readily usable by the cell. This energy is key for a variety of biological functions such as cell growth and division, metabolism, and signaling, and for the turnover of biomolecules. Understanding how ATP is produced and hydrolyzed with a spatiotemporal resolution is necessary to understand its functions both in physiological and in pathological contexts. In this review, first we will describe the organization of the electron transport chain and ATP synthase, the main molecular motor for ATP production in mitochondria. Second, we will review the biochemical assays currently available to estimate ATP quantities in cells, and we will compare their readouts, strengths, and weaknesses. Finally, we will explore the palette of genetically encoded biosensors designed for microscopy-based approaches, and show how their spatiotemporal resolution opened up the possibility to follow ATP levels in living cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyta Ley-Ngardigal
- CNRS, Univ Rennes, IGDR (Genetics and Development Institute of Rennes), Rennes, France.,LVMH Research Perfumes and Cosmetics, Saint-Jean-de-Braye, France
| | - Giulia Bertolin
- CNRS, Univ Rennes, IGDR (Genetics and Development Institute of Rennes), Rennes, France
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15
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Sobolev AP, Ingallina C, Spano M, Di Matteo G, Mannina L. NMR-Based Approaches in the Study of Foods. Molecules 2022; 27:7906. [PMID: 36432006 PMCID: PMC9697393 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27227906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In this review, the three different NMR-based approaches usually used to study foodstuffs are described, reporting specific examples. The first approach starts with the food of interest that can be investigated using different complementary NMR methodologies to obtain a comprehensive picture of food composition and structure; another approach starts with the specific problem related to a given food (frauds, safety, traceability, geographical and botanical origin, farming methods, food processing, maturation and ageing, etc.) that can be addressed by choosing the most suitable NMR methodology; finally, it is possible to start from a single NMR methodology, developing a broad range of applications to tackle common food-related challenges and different aspects related to foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anatoly P. Sobolev
- Magnetic Resonance Laboratory “Segre-Capitani”, Institute for Biological Systems, CNR, Via Salaria, Km 29.300, 00015 Monterotondo, Italy
| | - Cinzia Ingallina
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Technology of Drugs, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Mattia Spano
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Technology of Drugs, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Giacomo Di Matteo
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Technology of Drugs, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Luisa Mannina
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Technology of Drugs, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
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16
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Duchowny A, Ortiz Restrepo SA, Kern S, Adams A. Quantification of PVC plasticizer mixtures by compact proton NMR spectroscopy and indirect hard modeling. Anal Chim Acta 2022; 1229:340384. [PMID: 36156235 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2022.340384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A novel approach is introduced for the fast, reliable, and low-cost recognition and quantification of plasticizers in plasticizers mixtures. It uses benchtop 1H NMR spectroscopy and indirect hard modeling, a mechanistic multivariate regression technique. The approach is demonstrated on five different PVC plasticizers having similar spectral signatures in proton NMR spectra. With only 16 scans per spectrum, i.e., 2 min 40 s measurement time, quantification limits down to 0.14 mg mL-1, or 0.35 wt% plasticizer in PVC, were achieved. Apart from the rapid data acquisition, the use of spectral hard modeling enabled the quantification of plasticizer mixtures while using only 4 to 6 training samples per component. Despite strongly overlapping signals in the NMR spectra, various plasticizers were differentiated and quantified, as exemplarily demonstrated for binary mixtures. A commercial PVC specimen with three different layers was also examined, confirming the applicability of benchtop NMR spectroscopy. Additionally, the use of the proposed method to validate official regulations concerning the plasticizer content in PVC is assessed. The presented results demonstrate that the combination of benchtop NMR and spectral hard modeling is a very promising analytical tool for rapid PVC plasticizer recognition and quantification with high analytical throughput. Moreover, the results indicate a high potential for benchtop NMR and spectral hard modeling for microchemical analysis, even for complex samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton Duchowny
- Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie, RWTH Aachen University, Templergraben 55, 52056, Aachen, Germany
| | | | - Simon Kern
- S-PACT GmbH, Burtscheider Str. 1, 52064, Aachen, Germany
| | - Alina Adams
- Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie, RWTH Aachen University, Templergraben 55, 52056, Aachen, Germany.
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17
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Maestrello V, Solovyev P, Bontempo L, Mannina L, Camin F. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy in extra virgin olive oil authentication. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2022; 21:4056-4075. [PMID: 35876303 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.13005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) is a high-quality product that has become one of the stars in the food fraud context in recent years. EVOO can encounter different types of fraud, from adulteration with cheaper oils to mislabeling, and for this reason, the assessment of its authenticity and traceability can be challenging. There are several officially recognized analytical methods for its authentication, but they are not able to unambiguously trace the geographical and botanical origin of EVOOs. The application of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy to EVOO is reviewed here as a reliable and rapid tool to verify different aspects of its adulteration, such as undeclared blends with cheaper oils and cultivar and geographical origin mislabeling. This technique makes it possible to use both targeted and untargeted approaches and to determine the olive oil metabolomic profile and the quantification of its constituents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Maestrello
- Fondazione Edmund Mach (FEM), San Michele all'Adige, Italy.,Center Agriculture Food Environment (C3A), University of Trento, San Michele all'Adige, Italy
| | - Pavel Solovyev
- Fondazione Edmund Mach (FEM), San Michele all'Adige, Italy
| | - Luana Bontempo
- Fondazione Edmund Mach (FEM), San Michele all'Adige, Italy
| | - Luisa Mannina
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Sapienza Università di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro, Roma
| | - Federica Camin
- Fondazione Edmund Mach (FEM), San Michele all'Adige, Italy.,Center Agriculture Food Environment (C3A), University of Trento, San Michele all'Adige, Italy.,International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna International Centre, Vienna, Austria
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18
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Amat Sairin M, Abd Aziz S, Yoke Mun C, Khaled AY, Rokhani FZ. Analysis and prediction of the major fatty acids in vegetable oils using dielectric spectroscopy at 5-30 MHz. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0268827. [PMID: 35617210 PMCID: PMC9135300 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0268827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
A dielectric spectroscopy method was applied to determine major fatty acids composition in vegetable oils. Dielectric constants of vegetable oils were measured in the frequency range of 5-30 MHz. After data pre-treatment, prediction models were constructed using partial least squares (PLS) regression between dielectric spectral values and the fatty acids compositions measured by gas chromatography. Generally, the root means square error of validation (RMSECV) was less than 11.23% in the prediction of individual fatty acids. The determination coefficient (R2) between predicted and measured oleic, linoleic, mono-unsaturated, and poly-unsaturated fatty acids were 0.84, 0.77, 0.84, and 0.84, respectively. These results indicated that dielectric spectroscopy coupled with PLS regression could be a promising method for predicting major fatty acid composition in vegetable oils and has the potential to be used for in-situ monitoring systems of daily consumption of dietary fatty acids.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Samsuzana Abd Aziz
- Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Selangor, Malaysia
- Smart Farming Technology Research Center, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Chan Yoke Mun
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Alfadhl Yahya Khaled
- Department of Horticulture, College of Agricultural & Life Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States of America
| | - Fakhrul Zaman Rokhani
- Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Selangor, Malaysia
- MyAgeing Research Institute, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Selangor, Malaysia
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19
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Salas-Valerio WF, Aykas DP, Hatta Sakoda BA, Ludeña-Urquizo FE, Ball C, Plans M, Rodriguez-Saona L. In-field screening of trans-fat levels using mid- and near-infrared spectrometers for butters and margarines commercialized in the Peruvian market. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2022.113074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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20
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Gunning Y, Taous F, El Ghali T, Gibbon JD, Wilson E, Brignall RM, Kemsley EK. Mitigating instrument effects in 60 MHz 1H NMR spectroscopy for authenticity screening of edible oils. Food Chem 2022; 370:131333. [PMID: 34788960 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.131333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Low field (60 MHz) 1H NMR spectroscopy was used to analyse a large (n = 410) collection of edible oils, including olive and argan, in an authenticity screening scenario. Experimental work was carried out on multiple spectrometers at two different laboratories, aiming to explore multivariate model stability and transfer between instruments. Three modelling methods were employed: Partial Least Squares Discriminant Analysis, Random Forests, and a One Class Classification approach. Clear inter-instrument differences were observed between replicated data collections, sufficient to compromise effective transfer of models based on raw data between instruments. As mitigations to this issue, various data pre-treatments were investigated: Piecewise Direct Standardisation, Standard Normal Variates, and Rank Transformation. Datasets comprised both phase corrected and magnitude spectra, and it was found that that the latter spectral form may offer some advantages in the context of pattern recognition and classification modelling, particularly when used in combination with the Rank Transformation pre-treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne Gunning
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Colney, Norwich NR4 7UQ, UK
| | - Fouad Taous
- Centre National de l'Energie des Sciences et des Techniques Nucléaires (CNESTEN) Rabat, Morocco
| | - Tibari El Ghali
- Centre National de l'Energie des Sciences et des Techniques Nucléaires (CNESTEN) Rabat, Morocco
| | | | - E Wilson
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Colney, Norwich NR4 7UQ, UK
| | | | - E Kate Kemsley
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Colney, Norwich NR4 7UQ, UK.
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21
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Rifna EJ, Pandiselvam R, Kothakota A, Subba Rao KV, Dwivedi M, Kumar M, Thirumdas R, Ramesh SV. Advanced process analytical tools for identification of adulterants in edible oils - A review. Food Chem 2022; 369:130898. [PMID: 34455326 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.130898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
This review summarizes the use of spectroscopic processes-based analytical tools coupled with chemometric techniques for the identification of adulterants in edible oil. Investigational approaches of process analytical tools such asspectroscopy techniques, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), hyperspectral imaging (HSI), e-tongue and e-nose combined with chemometrics were used to monitor quality of edible oils. Owing to the variety and intricacy of edible oil properties along with the alterations in attributes of the PAT tools, the reliability of the tool used and the operating factors are the crucial components which require attention to enhance the efficiency in identification of adulterants. The combination of process analytical tools with chemometrics offers a robust technique with immense chemotaxonomic potential. These involves identification of adulterants, quality control, geographical origin evaluation, process evaluation, and product categorization.
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Affiliation(s)
- E J Rifna
- Department of Food Process Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela 769008, Odisha, India
| | - R Pandiselvam
- Physiology, Biochemistry and Post-Harvest Technology Division, ICAR - Central Plantation Crops Research Institute, Kasaragod 671 124, Kerala, India.
| | - Anjineyulu Kothakota
- Agro-Processing & Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (NIIST), Trivandrum 695 019, Kerala, India.
| | - K V Subba Rao
- Agricultural and Food Engineering Department, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, West Bengal 721302, India
| | - Madhuresh Dwivedi
- Department of Food Process Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela 769008, Odisha, India
| | - Manoj Kumar
- Chemical and Biochemical Processing Division, ICAR-Central Institute for Research on Cotton Technology, Matunga, Mumbai 400019, India
| | - Rohit Thirumdas
- Department of Food Process Technology, College of Food Science and Technology, PJTSAU, Telangana, India
| | - S V Ramesh
- Physiology, Biochemistry and Post-Harvest Technology Division, ICAR - Central Plantation Crops Research Institute, Kasaragod 671 124, Kerala, India
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22
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Geographical Origin Assessment of Extra Virgin Olive Oil via NMR and MS Combined with Chemometrics as Analytical Approaches. Foods 2022; 11:foods11010113. [PMID: 35010239 PMCID: PMC8750049 DOI: 10.3390/foods11010113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Geographical origin assessment of extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) is recognised worldwide as raising consumers’ awareness of product authenticity and the need to protect top-quality products. The need for geographical origin assessment is also related to mandatory legislation and/or the obligations of true labelling in some countries. Nevertheless, official methods for such specific authentication of EVOOs are still missing. Among the analytical techniques useful for certification of geographical origin, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and mass spectroscopy (MS), combined with chemometrics, have been widely used. This review considers published works describing the use of these analytical methods, supported by statistical protocols such as multivariate analysis (MVA), for EVOO origin assessment. The research has shown that some specific countries, generally corresponding to the main worldwide producers, are more interested than others in origin assessment and certification. Some specific producers such as Italian EVOO producers may have been focused on this area because of consumers’ interest and/or intrinsic economical value, as testified also by the national concern on the topic. Both NMR- and MS-based approaches represent a mature field where a general validation method for EVOOs geographic origin assessment could be established as a reference recognised procedure.
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23
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Pinto VS, dos Anjos MM, Pinto NS, Lião LM. Analysis of thermal degradation of Brazilian palm oil by quantitative 1H NMR and chemometrics. Food Control 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2021.108406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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24
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Metabolomics of baobab oil—Analysis and authentication of cyclopropenoid fatty acids using similarity and differential NMR spectroscopy. J Food Compost Anal 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2021.104000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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25
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Abstract
Benchtop nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy uses small permanent magnets to generate magnetic fields and therefore offers the advantages of operational simplicity and reasonable cost, presenting a viable alternative to high-field NMR spectroscopy. In particular, the use of benchtop NMR spectroscopy for rapid in-field analysis, e.g., for quality control or forensic science purposes, has attracted considerable attention. As benchtop NMR spectrometers are sufficiently compact to be operated in a fume hood, they can be efficiently used for real-time reaction and process monitoring. This review introduces the recent applications of benchtop NMR spectroscopy in diverse fields, including food science, pharmaceuticals, process and reaction monitoring, metabolomics, and polymer materials.
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26
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Sudhakar A, Chakraborty SK, Mahanti NK, Varghese C. Advanced techniques in edible oil authentication: A systematic review and critical analysis. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2021; 63:873-901. [PMID: 34347552 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2021.1956424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Adulteration of edible substances is a potent contemporary food safety issue. Perhaps the overt concern derives from the fact that adulterants pose serious ill effects on human health. Edible oils are one of the most adulterated food products. Perpetrators are adopting ways and means that effectively masks the presence of the adulterants from human organoleptic limits and traditional oil adulteration detection techniques. This review embodies a detailed account of chemical, biosensors, chromatography, spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, non-thermal plasma, dielectric spectroscopy research carried out in the area of falsification assessment of edible oils for the past three decades and a collection of patented oil adulteration detection techniques. The detection techniques reviewed have some advantages and certain limitations, chemical tests are simple; biosensors and nuclear magnetic resonance are rapid but have a low sensitivity; chromatography and spectroscopy are highly accurate with a deterring price tag; dielectric spectroscopy is rapid can be portable and has on-line compatibility; however, the results are susceptible to variation of electric current frequency and intrinsic factors (moisture, temperature, structural composition). This review paper can be useful for scientists or for knowledge seekers eager to be abreast with edible oil adulteration detection techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjali Sudhakar
- Agro Produce Processing Division, ICAR-Central Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Bhopal, India
| | - Subir Kumar Chakraborty
- Agro Produce Processing Division, ICAR-Central Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Bhopal, India
| | - Naveen Kumar Mahanti
- Agro Produce Processing Division, ICAR-Central Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Bhopal, India
| | - Cinu Varghese
- Rural Development Centre, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, India
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27
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Stepwise strategy based on 1H-NMR fingerprinting in combination with chemometrics to determine the content of vegetable oils in olive oil mixtures. Food Chem 2021; 366:130588. [PMID: 34314930 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.130588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
1H NMR fingerprinting of edible oils and a set of multivariate classification and regression models organised in a decision tree is proposed as a stepwise strategy to assure the authenticity and traceability of olive oils and their declared blends with other vegetable oils (VOs). Oils of the 'virgin olive oil' and 'olive oil' categories and their mixtures with the most common VOs, i.e. sunflower, high oleic sunflower, hazelnut, avocado, soybean, corn, refined palm olein and desterolized high oleic sunflower oils, were studied. Partial least squares (PLS) discriminant analysis provided stable and robust binary classification models to identify the olive oil type and the VO in the blend. PLS regression afforded models with excellent precisions and acceptable accuracies to determine the percentage of VO in the mixture. The satisfactory performance of this approach, tested with blind samples, confirm its potential to support regulations and control bodies.
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28
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Galvan D, Tanamati AAC, Casanova F, Danieli E, Bona E, Killner MHM. Compact low-field NMR spectroscopy and chemometrics applied to the analysis of edible oils. Food Chem 2021; 365:130476. [PMID: 34237562 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.130476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Compact nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy combined with chemometric tools opens new perspectives for NMR use. This work compares the potential of 43, 60 and 400 MHz NMR spectroscopy for quality control of edible oils. Partial least squares regression (PLSR) and support vector regression (SVR) models built on the three NMR devices had equivalent performances for fatty acids and iodine value, and the models built with the low field spectra were equivalent to the high field. Moreover, performances for calibration indicated that most of the models built with medium/or high-resolution fields presented reproducibility values lower than the minimum accepted by the American Oil Chemists' Society (AOCS). Compared to classical methods, this new approach allows the application of medium resolution devices as a sample screening tool in analytical laboratories since it allows the spectrum obtention in a few seconds, without the need for sample preparation or the use of deuterated solvents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Galvan
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, 86.057-970 Londrina, Brazil.
| | - Ailey Aparecida Coelho Tanamati
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Tecnologia de Alimentos, Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, Câmpus - Campo Mourão, 87.301 899 Campo Mourão, Brazil
| | | | | | - Evandro Bona
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Tecnologia de Alimentos, Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, Câmpus - Campo Mourão, 87.301 899 Campo Mourão, Brazil
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29
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Radovanović M, Ilić M, Pastor K, Ačanski M, Panić S, Srdić VV, Randjelović D, Kojić T, Stojanović GM. Rapid detection of olive oil blends using a paper-based portable microfluidic platform. Food Control 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2021.107888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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30
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Wu N, Danoun S, Balayssac S, Malet-Martino M, Lamoureux C, Gilard V. Synthetic cannabinoids in e-liquids: A proton and fluorine NMR analysis from a conventional spectrometer to a compact one. Forensic Sci Int 2021; 324:110813. [PMID: 33993010 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2021.110813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The 1H NMR profiles of 13 samples of e-liquids supplied by French customs were obtained with high-field and low-field NMR. The high-field 1H NMR spectra allowed the detection of matrix signals, synthetic cannabinoids, and flavouring compounds. Quantitative results were obtained for the five synthetic cannabinoids detected: JWH-210, 5F-MDMB-PICA, 5F-ADB, 5F-AKB48, and ADB-FUBINACA. Conventional GC-MS analysis was used to confirm compound identification. Fluorine-19 NMR was proposed for the quantification of fluorinated synthetic cannabinoids and was successfully implemented on both 400 MHz and 60 MHz NMR spectrometers. This study based on few examples explored the potentiality of low-field NMR for quantitative and quantitative analysis of synthetic cannabinoids in e-liquids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nao Wu
- Groupe de RMN Biomédicale, Laboratoire SPCMIB (UMR CNRS 5068), Université Paul Sabatier, Université de Toulouse, 118 route de Narbonne, Toulouse Cedex, 31062, France
| | - Saïda Danoun
- Groupe de RMN Biomédicale, Laboratoire SPCMIB (UMR CNRS 5068), Université Paul Sabatier, Université de Toulouse, 118 route de Narbonne, Toulouse Cedex, 31062, France
| | - Stéphane Balayssac
- Groupe de RMN Biomédicale, Laboratoire SPCMIB (UMR CNRS 5068), Université Paul Sabatier, Université de Toulouse, 118 route de Narbonne, Toulouse Cedex, 31062, France
| | - Myriam Malet-Martino
- Groupe de RMN Biomédicale, Laboratoire SPCMIB (UMR CNRS 5068), Université Paul Sabatier, Université de Toulouse, 118 route de Narbonne, Toulouse Cedex, 31062, France
| | | | - Véronique Gilard
- Groupe de RMN Biomédicale, Laboratoire SPCMIB (UMR CNRS 5068), Université Paul Sabatier, Université de Toulouse, 118 route de Narbonne, Toulouse Cedex, 31062, France.
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31
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Evaluation of low-field versus high-field proton NMR spectroscopy for quality control of cinnamon samples. J Food Compost Anal 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2020.103706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Compact NMR Spectroscopy for Low-Cost Identification and Quantification of PVC Plasticizers. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26051221. [PMID: 33668752 PMCID: PMC7956471 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26051221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 02/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyvinyl chloride (PVC), one of the most important polymer materials nowadays, has a large variety of formulations through the addition of various plasticizers to meet the property requirements of the different fields of applications. Routine analytical methods able to identify plasticizers and quantify their amount inside a PVC product with a high analysis throughput would promote an improved understanding of their impact on the macroscopic properties and the possible health and environmental risks associated with plasticizer leaching. In this context, a new approach to identify and quantify plasticizers employed in PVC commodities using low-field NMR spectroscopy and an appropriate non-deuterated solvent is introduced. The proposed method allows a low-cost, fast, and simple identification of the different plasticizers, even in the presence of a strong solvent signal. Plasticizer concentrations below 2 mg mL-1 in solution corresponding to 3 wt% in a PVC product can be quantified in just 1 min. The reliability of the proposed method is tested by comparison with results obtained under the same experimental conditions but using deuterated solvents. Additionally, the type and content of plasticizer in plasticized PVC samples were determined following an extraction procedure. Furthermore, possible ways to further decrease the quantification limit are discussed.
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Castaing-Cordier T, Ladroue V, Besacier F, Bulete A, Jacquemin D, Giraudeau P, Farjon J. High-field and benchtop NMR spectroscopy for the characterization of new psychoactive substances. Forensic Sci Int 2021; 321:110718. [PMID: 33601154 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2021.110718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
New psychoactive substances (NPS) have become a serious threat to public health in Europe due to their ability to be sold in the street or on the darknet. Regulating NPS is an urgent priority but comes with a number of analytical challenges since they are structurally similar to legal products. A number of analytical techniques can be used for identifying NPS, among which NMR spectroscopy is a gold standard. High field NMR is typically used for structural elucidation in combination with others techniques like GC-MS, Infrared spectroscopy, together with databases. In addition to their strong ability to elucidate molecular structures, high field NMR techniques are the gold standard for quantification without any physical isolation procedure and with a single internal standard. However, high field NMR remains expensive and emerging "benchtop" NMR apparatus which are cheaper and transportable can be considered as valuable alternatives to high field NMR. Indeed, benchtop NMR, which emerged about ten years ago, makes it possible to carry out structural elucidation and quantification of NPS despite the gap in resolution and sensitivity as compared to high field NMR. This review describes recent advances in the field of NMR applied to the characterization of NPS. High-field NMR methods are first described in view of their complementarity with other analytical methods, focusing on both structural and quantitative aspects. The second part of the review highlights how emerging benchtop NMR approaches could act as a game changer in the field of forensics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Virginie Ladroue
- Institut National de Police Scientifique (INPS), Laboratoire de Lyon (LPS69), Ecully 69134, France
| | - Fabrice Besacier
- Institut National de Police Scientifique (INPS), Laboratoire de Lyon (LPS69), Ecully 69134, France
| | - Audrey Bulete
- Institut National de Police Scientifique (INPS), Laboratoire de Lyon (LPS69), Ecully 69134, France
| | - Denis Jacquemin
- Université de Nantes, CNRS, CEISAM UMR 6230, Nantes F-44000, France
| | | | - Jonathan Farjon
- Université de Nantes, CNRS, CEISAM UMR 6230, Nantes F-44000, France.
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Rudszuck T, Nirschl H, Guthausen G. Perspectives in process analytics using low field NMR. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2021; 323:106897. [PMID: 33518174 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2020.106897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Low field NMR is a powerful analytical tool which creates an enormous added value in process analytics. Based on specific applications in process analytics and perspectives for low field NMR in form of spectroscopy, relaxation, diffusion, and imaging in quality control, diverse applications and technical realizations like spectrometers, time domain NMR, mobile NMR sensors and MRI will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Rudszuck
- Institute for Mechanical Engineering and Mechanics, KIT, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - H Nirschl
- Institute for Mechanical Engineering and Mechanics, KIT, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - G Guthausen
- Institute for Mechanical Engineering and Mechanics, KIT, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany; Engler-Bunte Institut, Water Science and Technology, KIT, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
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Nutritional Properties and In Vitro Antidiabetic Activities of Blue and Yellow Corn Extracts: A Comparative Study. J FOOD QUALITY 2021. [DOI: 10.1155/2021/8813613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this research was to designate and identify the profile of fatty acids, sterols, and polyphenol compounds and to demonstrate the antidiabetic activity, in blue corn extracts (BCE) in comparison with the yellow variant of this raw material. All of the maize lines, including the blue corn, were grown in Europe (southwestern part of Poland) and not in the place of origin (South America). In the extracts of the blue corn variety, eight anthocyanin compounds were isolated. The compound found in the largest amount was pelargonidin, followed by cyanidin-3-glucoside and other glycoside derivatives. Unsaturated fatty acids were the main ones found in the lipid fraction of blue and yellow corn, including linoleic acid and oleic acid. Saturated fatty acids, such as stearic and palmitic acid, were present in smaller amounts. The blue corn’s sterol profile was similar to other varieties of this corn, with β-sitosterol and campesterol occurring in the largest amount, alongside smaller amounts of stigmastanol and stigmasterol. The blue corn variety was characterized by a high content of polyphenolic compounds, which show several biological activities, including antidiabetic activity. The strongest in vitro antidiabetic effect was found in the blue corn lines. Among the polyphenolic compounds in both the blue and yellow corn varieties, in the largest amounts, were caffeic acid, procyanidin B2, and gallic acid. Despite the known and proven biological activity of polyphenolic compounds, the fat fraction showed the highest in vitro antidiabetic activity in the BCE studied.
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van Beek TA. Low-field benchtop NMR spectroscopy: status and prospects in natural product analysis †. PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS : PCA 2021; 32:24-37. [PMID: 31989704 DOI: 10.1002/pca.2921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 12/14/2019] [Accepted: 12/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Since a couple of years, low-field (LF) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectrometers (40-100 MHz) have re-entered the market. They are used for various purposes including analyses of natural products. Similar to high-field instruments (300-1200 MHz), modern LF instruments can measure multiple nuclei and record two-dimensional (2D) NMR spectra. OBJECTIVE To review the commercial availability as well as applications, advantages, limitations, and prospects of LF-NMR spectrometers for the purpose of natural products analysis. METHOD Commercial LF instruments were compared. A literature search was performed for articles using and discussing modern LF-NMR. Next, the articles relevant to natural products were read and summarised. RESULTS Seventy articles were reviewed. Most appeared in 2018 and 2019. Low costs and ease of operation are most often mentioned as reasons for using LF-NMR. CONCLUSION As the spectral resolution of LF instruments is limited, they are not used for structure elucidation of new natural products but rather applied for quality control (QC), forensics, food and health research, process control and teaching. Chemometric data handling is valuable. LF-NMR is a rapidly developing niche and new instruments keep being introduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teris André van Beek
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, WE Wageningen, The Netherlands
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37
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Schmitt C, Bastek T, Stelzer A, Schneider T, Fischer M, Hackl T. Detection of Peanut Adulteration in Food Samples by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:14364-14373. [PMID: 32458686 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c01999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The addition of cheap and also readily available raw materials, such as peanut powder, to visually and chemically similar matrices is a common problem in the food industry. When peanuts are used as an adulterant, there is an additional risk of potential health hazard to consumers as a result of allergy-induced anaphylaxis. In this study, different series of peanut admixtures to visually similar food products, such as powdered hazelnuts, almonds, and walnuts, were prepared and analyzed by 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. For identification, an isolated signal at 3.05 ppm in the 1H NMR spectrum of polar peanut extract was used as an indicator of peanut adulteration. The chemical marker was identified as (2S,4R)-N-methyl-4-hydroxy-l-proline by resynthesis of the compound and used as an internal standard. The signal-to-noise ratio and the integral of the signal of the marker can both be used to detect peanut impurities. Overall, an approximate limit of detection of 4% admixtures of peanut in various food products was determined using a 400 MHz spectrometer. With regard to food fraud, we present a viable screening method for detection of economic-relevant peanut adulteration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Schmitt
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Tim Bastek
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Alina Stelzer
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
- Hamburg School of Food Science, Institute of Food Chemistry, University of Hamburg, Grindelallee 117, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Tobias Schneider
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Markus Fischer
- Hamburg School of Food Science, Institute of Food Chemistry, University of Hamburg, Grindelallee 117, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Hackl
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
- Hamburg School of Food Science, Institute of Food Chemistry, University of Hamburg, Grindelallee 117, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
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38
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Gunning Y, Jackson AJ, Colmer J, Taous F, Philo M, Brignall RM, El Ghali T, Defernez M, Kemsley EK. High-throughput screening of argan oil composition and authenticity using benchtop 1 H NMR. MAGNETIC RESONANCE IN CHEMISTRY : MRC 2020; 58:1177-1186. [PMID: 32220087 PMCID: PMC8653893 DOI: 10.1002/mrc.5023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We use 60-MHz benchtop nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) to acquire 1 H spectra from argan oils of assured origin. We show that the low-field NMR spectrum of neat oil contains sufficient information to make estimates of compositional parameters and to inform on the presence of minor compounds. A screening method for quality and authenticity is presented based on nearest-neighbour outlier detection. A variety of oil types are used to challenge the method. In a survey of retail-purchased oils, several instances of fraud were found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne Gunning
- Core Science ResourcesQuadram Institute BioscienceNorwichUK
| | | | | | - Fouad Taous
- Structural and Isotopic Analysis LaboratoryCentre National de l'Energie des Sciences et des Techniques Nucléaires (CNESTEN)RabatMorocco
| | - Mark Philo
- Core Science ResourcesQuadram Institute BioscienceNorwichUK
| | | | - Tibari El Ghali
- Structural and Isotopic Analysis LaboratoryCentre National de l'Energie des Sciences et des Techniques Nucléaires (CNESTEN)RabatMorocco
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39
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Gouilleux B, Farjon J, Giraudeau P. Gradient-based pulse sequences for benchtop NMR spectroscopy. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2020; 319:106810. [PMID: 33036709 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2020.106810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Benchtop NMR spectroscopy has been on the rise for the last decade, by bringing high-resolution NMR in environments that are not easily compatible with high-field NMR. Benchtop spectrometers are accessible, low cost and show an impressive performance in terms of sensitivity with respect to the relatively low associated magnetic field (40-100 MHz). However, their application is limited by the strong and ubiquitous peak overlaps arising from the complex mixtures which are often targeted, often characterized by a great diversity of concentrations and by strong signals from non-deuterated solvents. Such limitations can be addressed by pulse sequences making clever use of magnetic field gradient pulses, capable of performing efficient coherence selection or encoding chemical shift or diffusion information. Gradients pulses are well-known ingredients of high-field pulse sequence recipes, but were only recently made available on benchtop spectrometers, thanks to the introduction of gradient coils in 2015. This article reviews the recent methodological advances making use of gradient pulses on benchtop spectrometers and the applications stemming from these developments. Particular focus is made on solvent suppression schemes, diffusion-encoded, and spatially-encoded experiments, while discussing both methodological advances and subsequent applications. We eventually discuss the exciting development and application perspectives that result from such advances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris Gouilleux
- Université Paris-Saclay, ICMMO, UMR CNRS 8182, RMN en Milieu Orienté, France
| | - Jonathan Farjon
- Université de Nantes, CNRS, CEISAM UMR 6230, F-44000 Nantes, France
| | - Patrick Giraudeau
- Université de Nantes, CNRS, CEISAM UMR 6230, F-44000 Nantes, France.
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40
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Galvan D, Bona E, Borsato D, Danieli E, Montazzolli Killner MH. Calibration Transfer of Partial Least Squares Regression Models between Desktop Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectrometers. Anal Chem 2020; 92:12809-12816. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c00902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Diego Galvan
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, 86.057-970 Londrina, Brazil
| | - Evandro Bona
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Tecnologia de Alimentos, Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, Câmpus - Campo Mourão, 87301-899 Campo Mourão, Brazil
| | - Dionisio Borsato
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, 86.057-970 Londrina, Brazil
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Salami A, Vilppo T, Pitkänen S, Weisell J, Raninen K, Vepsäläinen J, Lappalainen R. Cost-effective FTIR and 1H NMR spectrometry used to screen valuable molecules extracted from selected West African trees by a sustainable biochar process. SCIENTIFIC AFRICAN 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sciaf.2020.e00315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
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Ríos-Reina R, Azcarate SM, Camiña J, Callejón RM. Assessment of UV-visible spectroscopy as a useful tool for determining grape-must caramel in high-quality wine and balsamic vinegars. Food Chem 2020; 323:126792. [PMID: 32305807 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.126792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The addition of E-150d caramel, known as grape-must caramel in vinegars, is a legal but without limitation practice in Spanish wine vinegars, as those with a protected designation of origin (PDO), for unifying the final colour of different batches and barrels. It is also used in the production of 'Balsamic vinegar of Modena' vinegars, with a maximum addition fixed at 2% v/v by law. Although its quantification in vinegars was studied by other techniques, there is still not any official method for it. Therefore, UV-vis spectroscopy was assessed as a quick analytical method able to quantify grape-must caramel in Balsamic vinegars of Modena and Spanish PDO wine vinegars. Univariate and multivariate calibrations were assessed for this quantification. Results demonstrated the ability of UV-vis spectroscopy coupled with multivariate calibration in the quantification of grape-must caramel, predicting caramel amounts under 2% v/v in both Balsamic and PDO wine vinegars.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Ríos-Reina
- Área de Nutrición y Bromatología, Fac. Farmacia, Univ. Sevilla, C/P. García González no. 2, 41012 Sevilla, Spain
| | - S M Azcarate
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de La Pampa, and Instituto de Ciencias de la Tierra y Ambientales de La Pampa (INCITAP), Av. Uruguay 151 (6300) Santa Rosa, La Pampa, Argentina
| | - J Camiña
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de La Pampa, and Instituto de Ciencias de la Tierra y Ambientales de La Pampa (INCITAP), Av. Uruguay 151 (6300) Santa Rosa, La Pampa, Argentina.
| | - R M Callejón
- Área de Nutrición y Bromatología, Fac. Farmacia, Univ. Sevilla, C/P. García González no. 2, 41012 Sevilla, Spain.
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San Martín E, Avenoza A, Peregrina JM, Busto JH. Solvent-based strategy improves the direct determination of key parameters in edible fats and oils by 1 H NMR. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2020; 100:1726-1734. [PMID: 31821564 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.10193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Revised: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Edible fats and oils are very important in nutrition and as a main source of energy and are also essential nutrients. There are several methods for the analysis of edible fats and oils, but nowadays nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) is emerging as a powerful tool (albeit complex and high-tech demanding) to identify, quantify, and differentiate many types of food, including fats and oils. In this sense, the challenges of this technique are the simplification of methodology and taking advantage of a 400 MHz NMR instrument. RESULTS Through an adequate mixture of solvents, we have developed a methodology to quantify essential parameters in edible fats and oils, including 1,2-diacylglycerol, 1,3-diacylglycerol, and 1-monoacylglycerol, by using a single experiment and without the need for matrix derivatization. CONCLUSION This methodology has been successfully applied to the analysis of olive, sunflower, corn, sesame, and peanut oils, as well as butter, walnut, salmon, and spicy pork sausage. Moreover, the evolution of thermal oxidation and lipolysis of virgin olive oil and sunflower has been analyzed. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilio San Martín
- Departamento de Química, Centro de Investigación en Síntesis Química (CISQ), Universidad de La Rioja, Logroño, Spain
| | - Alberto Avenoza
- Departamento de Química, Centro de Investigación en Síntesis Química (CISQ), Universidad de La Rioja, Logroño, Spain
| | - Jesús M Peregrina
- Departamento de Química, Centro de Investigación en Síntesis Química (CISQ), Universidad de La Rioja, Logroño, Spain
| | - Jesús H Busto
- Departamento de Química, Centro de Investigación en Síntesis Química (CISQ), Universidad de La Rioja, Logroño, Spain
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44
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Percival BC, Wann A, Zbasnik R, Schlegel V, Edgar M, Zhang J, Ampem G, Wilson P, Le Gresley A, Naughton D, Grootveld M. Evaluations of the Peroxidative Susceptibilities of Cod Liver Oils by a 1H NMR Analysis Strategy: Peroxidative Resistivity of a Natural Collagenous and Biogenic Amine-Rich Fermented Product. Nutrients 2020; 12:E753. [PMID: 32178350 PMCID: PMC7146420 DOI: 10.3390/nu12030753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2020] [Revised: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
High-resolution 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analysis was employed to molecularly screen the lipid, lipid oxidation product (LOP), and antioxidant compositions of four natural (unrefined) cod liver oil (CLO) products. Products 1-3 were non-fermented CLOs, whilst Product 4 was isolated from pre-fermented cod livers. Supporting analytical data that were acquired included biogenic amine, flavanone, tannin, phenolic antioxidant, α-tocopherol, and oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) determinations by recommended HPLC, LC/MS/MS, or spectrophotometric methods. SDS-PAGE, HPLC, and 1H NMR analyses investigated and determined collagenous antioxidants and their molecular mass ranges. 1H NMR analysis of aldehydic LOPs was employed to explore the susceptibilities/resistivities of each CLO product to peroxidation that is induced by thermal stressing episodes (TSEs) at 180°C, or following prolonged (42 day) storage episodes at 4 and 23 °C. Product 4 displayed extremely high ORAC values, which were much greater than those of Products 1-3, and that were predominantly ascribable to significant levels of peroxidation-blocking and/or aldehyde-consuming collagenous polypeptides/peptides and ammoniacal agents therein. Significantly lower levels of toxic aldehydes were generated in the pre-fermented Product 4 during exposure to TSEs, or the above long-term storage episodes. These results confirmed the enhanced peroxidative resistivity of a fermented, antioxidant-fortified natural CLO product over those of non-fermented unrefined products. Product 4: Green Pasture Blue Ice™ Fermented Cod Liver Oil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benita C. Percival
- Leicester School of Pharmacy, De Montfort University, The Gateway, Leicester LE1 9BH, UK; (B.C.P.); (A.W.); (P.W.)
| | - Angela Wann
- Leicester School of Pharmacy, De Montfort University, The Gateway, Leicester LE1 9BH, UK; (B.C.P.); (A.W.); (P.W.)
- Department of Applied and Human Sciences, Kingston University London, Penrhyn Road, Kingston-upon-Thames KT1 2EE, UK; (G.A.); (A.L.G.); (D.N.)
| | - Richard Zbasnik
- Natural Product Analysis Laboratory, Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 1901 N 21st Street, Lincoln, NE 68588-6205, USA; (R.Z.); (V.S.)
| | - Vicki Schlegel
- Natural Product Analysis Laboratory, Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 1901 N 21st Street, Lincoln, NE 68588-6205, USA; (R.Z.); (V.S.)
| | - Mark Edgar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Loughborough, Epinal Way, Loughborough, LE11 3TU, UK;
| | - Jie Zhang
- Green Pasture Products, 416 E. Fremont Street, O’Neill, NE 68763, USA;
| | - Gilbert Ampem
- Department of Applied and Human Sciences, Kingston University London, Penrhyn Road, Kingston-upon-Thames KT1 2EE, UK; (G.A.); (A.L.G.); (D.N.)
| | - Philippe Wilson
- Leicester School of Pharmacy, De Montfort University, The Gateway, Leicester LE1 9BH, UK; (B.C.P.); (A.W.); (P.W.)
| | - Adam Le Gresley
- Department of Applied and Human Sciences, Kingston University London, Penrhyn Road, Kingston-upon-Thames KT1 2EE, UK; (G.A.); (A.L.G.); (D.N.)
| | - Declan Naughton
- Department of Applied and Human Sciences, Kingston University London, Penrhyn Road, Kingston-upon-Thames KT1 2EE, UK; (G.A.); (A.L.G.); (D.N.)
| | - Martin Grootveld
- Leicester School of Pharmacy, De Montfort University, The Gateway, Leicester LE1 9BH, UK; (B.C.P.); (A.W.); (P.W.)
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Chemometric Analysis of Low-field 1H NMR Spectra for Unveiling Adulteration of Slimming Dietary Supplements by Pharmaceutical Compounds. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25051193. [PMID: 32155779 PMCID: PMC7179456 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25051193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The recent introduction of compact or low-field (LF) NMR spectrometers that use permanent magnets, giving rise to proton (1H) NMR frequencies between 40 and 80 MHz, have opened up new areas of application. The two main limitations of the technique are its insensitivity and poor spectral resolution. However, this study demonstrates that the chemometric treatment of LF 1H NMR spectral data is suitable for unveiling medicines as adulterants of slimming dietary supplements (DS). To this aim, 66 DS were analyzed with LF 1H NMR after quick and easy sample preparation. A first PLS-DA model built with the LF 1H NMR spectra from forty DS belonging to two classes of weight-loss DS (non-adulterated, and sibutramine or phenolphthalein-adulterated) led to the classification of 13 newly purchased test samples as natural, adulterated or borderline. This classification was further refined when the model was made from the same 40 DS now considered as representing three classes of DS (non-adulterated, sibutramine-adulterated, and phenolphthalein-adulterated). The adulterant (sibutramine or phenolphthalein) was correctly predicted as confirmed by the examination of the 1H NMR spectra. A limitation of the chemometric approach is discussed with the example of two atypical weight-loss DS containing fluoxetine or raspberry ketone.
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Shi T, Wu G, Jin Q, Wang X. Camellia oil authentication: A comparative analysis and recent analytical techniques developed for its assessment. A review. Trends Food Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2020.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Keizers PHJ, Bakker F, Ferreira J, Wackers PFK, van Kollenburg D, van der Aa E, van Beers A. Benchtop NMR spectroscopy in the analysis of substandard and falsified medicines as well as illegal drugs. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2019; 178:112939. [PMID: 31672579 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2019.112939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Revised: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Substandard and falsified medical products may cause harm to patients and fail to treat the diseases or conditions for which they were intended. It is therefore required to have analytical methods available to assess medical product quality. Benchtop NMR spectroscopy provides a generic, inherently quantitative, analytical method capable of separating specific signals from those of a matrix. We have developed an analytical method for the analysis of active ingredients in pharmaceutical products and illegal drugs, based on benchtop NMR spectroscopy. Within its resolution limits, benchtop NMR spectroscopy is useful in determining the identity of the active ingredients in products containing acetaminophen, aspirin, caffeine, diclofenac, ibuprofen, naproxen, sildenafil, tadalafil and sibutramine, cocaine, and gamma hydroxybutyric acid, with a limit of detection of about 1 mg/mL. Furthermore, the content of the active ingredient can be determined with an error of 10%. Additionally, a chemometrics approach is shown to be useful to classify spectra in order to identify the active substances present in the sample, reducing the need for expert interpretation of the spectra acquired.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter H J Keizers
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, P. O. Box 1, 3721 MA, Bilthoven, the Netherlands.
| | - Frank Bakker
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, P. O. Box 1, 3721 MA, Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - José Ferreira
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, P. O. Box 1, 3721 MA, Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Paul F K Wackers
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, P. O. Box 1, 3721 MA, Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Dion van Kollenburg
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, P. O. Box 1, 3721 MA, Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Eva van der Aa
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, P. O. Box 1, 3721 MA, Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Amy van Beers
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, P. O. Box 1, 3721 MA, Bilthoven, the Netherlands
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48
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Banerjee S, Sahani S, Chandra Sharma Y. Process dynamic investigations and emission analyses of biodiesel produced using Sr-Ce mixed metal oxide heterogeneous catalyst. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2019; 248:109218. [PMID: 31319198 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.06.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Revised: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The present study explores the feasibility of Sr-Ce based mixed metal oxides for its performance in transesterification reaction of waste cooking oil. The catalyst synthesis was carried out through gel combustion route and was characterized through several techniques including thermal analysis (TGA-DTA), X-ray diffraction (XRD), attenuated total reflectance based Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), high resolution scanning electron microscopy (HR-SEM) assisted with EDX, BET specific surface area and Hammett indicator basicity. The enhanced activity of the catalyst was investigated at pH 7.0 with Sr-Ce atomic ratio of 3:1 at 900 °C of calcination temperature. Influences of various process parameters on transesterification efficiency were carefully investigated. The experimental results demonstrated that maximum transesterification efficacy of 99.5% was achieved under optimized reaction conditions with catalyst dose of 2.0 wt %, oil-to-methanol ratio 1:14, reaction time 120 min, reaction temperature 65 °C and stirring speed of 700 rpm. For better interpretation of the process, the reaction rate was computed by employing pseudo-first and pseudo-second order kinetics model at varying reaction temperature (50 °C-75 °C). The transesterification data agreed well with pseudo-first order model with highest rate constant value of 2.5 × 10-3 min-1 was evaluated at 65 °C. Activation energy and frequency of the reaction was quantified from the Arrhenius expression as 17.04 kJ/mol and 9.92 min-1, respectively. Thermodynamic analysis of the reaction system suggests that the transesterification of the waste cooking oil followed endergonic reaction pathway. Synthesis of biodiesel was ascertained from the H1-NMR and FTIR analysis of the transesterified product, further, the physicochemical properties of the biodiesel were also compared with that of diesel fuel and the resultant values were found to be within ASTM limits. Reusability study was also conducted and it indicated that the catalyst can be easily regenerated and could be effectively reused up to four runs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sushmita Banerjee
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU) Varanasi, Varanasi, 221005, India; Department of Environmental Sciences, School of Basic Sciences and Research, Sharda University, Greater Noida, 201306, India
| | - Shalini Sahani
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU) Varanasi, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Yogesh Chandra Sharma
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU) Varanasi, Varanasi, 221005, India.
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Meenu M, Cai Q, Xu B. A critical review on analytical techniques to detect adulteration of extra virgin olive oil. Trends Food Sci Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2019.07.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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50
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Low vs high field 1h Nmr spectroscopy for the detection of adulteration of cold pressed rapeseed oil with refined oils. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2019.05.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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