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Riaz R, Abdur Rehman MY, Junaid M, Iqbal T, Khan JA, Dong Y, Yue L, Chen Y, Xu N, Malik RN. First insights into per-and polyfluoroalkyl substance contamination in edible fish species of the Indus water system of Pakistan. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 349:140970. [PMID: 38114020 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are a group of emerging contaminants, that have a wide range of applications in industrial and commercial products. The direct discharge of untreated industrial and domestic wastewater into freshwater bodies is a common practice in developing countries, which are the main contributors to PFASs in the aquatic environment. The situation is further worsened due to poor wastewater treatment facilities and weak enforcement of environmental regulations in countries like Pakistan. The current study was designed to assess PFASs contamination in muscle tissues of edible fish species from major tributaries of the Indus System, including Head Panjnad (HP), Head Trimmu (HT), Chashma Barrage (CB), Head Blloki (HB) and Head Qadirabad (HQ). The analysis of target PFAS was performed using ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography coupled with a quadrupole Orbitrap high-resolution mass spectrometry. The highest levels of ∑17PFASs were observed in S. seenghala, C. mirigala from HB, and C. mirigala from HQ with a mean value of 45.4 ng g-1, 43.7 ng g-1, and 40.8 ng g-1, respectively. Overall, the compositional profile of fish samples was predominated by long-chain PFASs such as PFOA, PFOS, PFHpS, and PFDS. The accumulation of PFASs in fish species is dependent on the physiochemical properties of PFASs, characteristics of the aquatic environment, and fish species. Significant associations of PFASs with isotopic composition (p < 0.05), feeding habits (p < 0.05), and zones (p < 0.05) indicate that dietary proxies could be an important predictor of PFASs distribution among species. The C7-C10 PFASs exhibited bio-accumulative tendency with an accumulation factor ranging from 0.5 to 3.4. However, none of the fish samples had sufficiently high levels of PFOS to cause human health risk (HR < 1). For future studies, it is s recommended to conduct seasonal monitoring and the bioaccumulation pattern along trophic levels of both legacy and emerging PFASs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahat Riaz
- Environmental Health Laboratory, Department of Environmental Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Yasir Abdur Rehman
- Environmental Health Laboratory, Department of Environmental Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Junaid
- Key Laboratory for Heavy Metal Pollution Control and Reutilization, School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China; Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510641, China
| | - Taimoor Iqbal
- Environmental Health Laboratory, Department of Environmental Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Jawad Aslam Khan
- Environmental Health Laboratory, Department of Environmental Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Yanran Dong
- Key Laboratory for Heavy Metal Pollution Control and Reutilization, School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Linxia Yue
- Key Laboratory for Heavy Metal Pollution Control and Reutilization, School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Yupeng Chen
- Key Laboratory for Heavy Metal Pollution Control and Reutilization, School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Nan Xu
- Key Laboratory for Heavy Metal Pollution Control and Reutilization, School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
| | - Riffat Naseem Malik
- Environmental Health Laboratory, Department of Environmental Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan.
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2
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Robbins ZG, Liu X, Schumacher BA, Smeltz MG, Liberatore HK. Method development for thermal desorption-gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (TD-GC-MS/MS) analysis of trace level fluorotelomer alcohols emitted from consumer products. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1705:464204. [PMID: 37442069 PMCID: PMC10563302 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.464204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
The scientific foundation for per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) measurements in water, soils, sediments, biosolids, biota, and outdoor air has rapidly expanded; however, there are limited efforts devoted to developing analytical methods to measure vapor-phase PFAS in indoor air. A gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) method coupled with thermal desorption (TD) sorbent tube analysis was developed to quantify trace levels of fluorotelomer alcohols (FTOHs) emitted from consumer products in the indoor environment. Method evaluation included determination of instrument detection limits (IDLs), quality assurance checks of target standards purchased from different vendors, sample loss during storage, and TD sorbent breakthrough with tubes coupled in-series. The IDLs for TD-GC-MS/MS analyses ranged from 0.07 - 0.09 ng/tube. No significant loss of FTOHs was observed during stability tests over 28 days with relative standard deviations (RSDs) of spiked TD tubes ranging from 3.1 - 7.7% and the RSDs of polypropylene copolymer vial storage of standard solutions ranging from 4.3 - 8.4%. TD tube breakthrough was minimal with recovered FTOHs in the second tubes <1% of the spiked concentrations in the first tubes with carrier gas volume up to 20 L. The method has been applied to determine FTOH emissions from three consumer products in micro-scale chambers. A liquid stone cleaner/sealer product contained the highest levels of 6:2, 8:2, and 10:2 FTOHs, while the mattress pad products contained lower levels of 8:2 and 10:2 FTOHs. The emission parameters, including the initial emission factors and first order decay rate constants, were obtained based on the experimental data. The developed methods are sensitive and specific for analysis of all four target FTOHs (4:2, 6:2, 8:2, 10:2 FTOHs) with chamber testing. The methods can be extended to indoor air sampling and could be applicable to ambient air sampling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary G Robbins
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education Postdoctoral Fellow at U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, United States
| | - Xiaoyu Liu
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, United States.
| | - Brian A Schumacher
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, 960 College Station Road, Athens, GA 30605, United States
| | - Marci G Smeltz
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, United States
| | - Hannah K Liberatore
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, United States
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3
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Li Y, Thompson J, Wang Z, Bräunig J, Zheng Q, Thai PK, Mueller JF, Yuan Z. Transformation and fate of pharmaceuticals, personal care products, and per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances during aerobic digestion of anaerobically digested sludge. WATER RESEARCH 2022; 219:118568. [PMID: 35598466 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.118568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Post-anaerobic aerobic digestion (PAAD) is a promising strategy to further reduce the volume and improve the quality of anaerobically digested sludge (ADS). However, the effect of PAAD process on the fate of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) and per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) remains largely unknown. In this study, fourteen PPCPs and fifteen PFAS were detected in ADS and evaluated regarding their fate and transformation in a laboratory aerobic digester operated with a hydraulic retention time of 13 days under 22 ℃. Twelve PPCPs demonstrated significant (p < 0.05) decrease in their total concentrations (dissolved and adsorbed fractions combined) with six compounds presenting substantial transformation (> 80%) after aerobic digestion. On the contrary, PFAS were not removed and their concentrations were either increased (increasing ratio: 91 - 571%) or consistent in the sludge during PAAD process, suggesting their recalcitrance to post aerobic digestion. More than half of PPCPs and PFAS demonstrated medium to strong sorption onto solids with their solid fraction higher than 50% in the ADS. After PAAD process, sorption of four PPCPs and three PFAAs to solids was enhanced in sludge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yijing Li
- Australian Centre for Water and Environmental Biotechnology, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Jack Thompson
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Zhiyao Wang
- Australian Centre for Water and Environmental Biotechnology, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Jennifer Bräunig
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Qiuda Zheng
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Phong K Thai
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Jochen F Mueller
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Zhiguo Yuan
- Australian Centre for Water and Environmental Biotechnology, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia.
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4
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Li Y, Bräunig J, Thai PK, Rebosura M, Mueller JF, Yuan Z. Formation and fate of perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) in a laboratory-scale urban wastewater system. WATER RESEARCH 2022; 216:118295. [PMID: 35316679 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.118295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The fate and formation of perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) have been investigated during wastewater treatment processes but studies for the entire urban wastewater system comprising the sewage transport and wastewater and sludge treatment processes are scarce. This work performs an integrated assessment of the formation and fate of PFAAs in the urban wastewater system together with their behavior in separate components of the system. To achieve this, PFAAs were monitored over five weeks in a laboratory-scale urban wastewater system comprising sewer reactors, a wastewater treatment reactor, and an anaerobic sludge digester. The system was fed with real domestic wastewater. The total mass of 11 PFAAs flowing out of the laboratory wastewater system significantly (p < 0.05) increased by 112 ± 14 (mean ± standard error)% compared to that entering the system. Formation of PFAAs was observed in all three biological processes of the system. In anaerobic sewer process, perfluoropentanoic acid (PFPeA), perfluoroheptanoic acid (PFHpA), and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) exhibited significant formation (p < 0.05) with the mass flow increased by 79 ± 24%, 109 ± 31%, and 57 ± 17%, respectively. During the wastewater treatment process, perfluorohexanoic acid (PFHxA), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), and perfluorododecanoic acid (PFDoDA) demonstrated significant increase (p < 0.05) in their mass flows by 176 ± 56%, 92 ± 21%, and 516 ± 184%, respectively. In contrast, only PFHxA was found to significantly (p < 0.05) increase by 130 ± 40% during anaerobic digestion process. The total mass of 11 PFAAs discharged through the effluent (201 ± 24 ng day-1) was 5 times higher than that through the digested sludge (29 ± 6 ng day-1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yijing Li
- Australian Centre for Water and Environmental Biotechnology, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Jennifer Bräunig
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Phong K Thai
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Mario Rebosura
- Australian Centre for Water and Environmental Biotechnology, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Jochen F Mueller
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Zhiguo Yuan
- Australian Centre for Water and Environmental Biotechnology, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia.
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5
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Legacy and Emerging Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances: Analytical Techniques, Environmental Fate, and Health Effects. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22030995. [PMID: 33498193 PMCID: PMC7863963 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22030995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to their unique chemical properties, per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) have been used extensively as industrial surfactants and processing aids. While several types of PFAS have been voluntarily phased out by their manufacturers, these chemicals continue to be of ecological and public health concern due to their persistence in the environment and their presence in living organisms. Moreover, while the compounds referred to as “legacy” PFAS remain in the environment, alternative compounds have emerged as replacements for their legacy predecessors and are now detected in numerous matrices. In this review, we discuss the historical uses of PFAS, recent advances in analytical techniques for analysis of these compounds, and the fate of PFAS in the environment. In addition, we evaluate current biomonitoring studies of human exposure to legacy and emerging PFAS and examine the associations of PFAS exposure with human health impacts, including cancer- and non-cancer-related outcomes. Special focus is given to short-chain perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) and ether-substituted, polyfluoroalkyl alternatives including hexafluoropropylene oxide dimer acid (HFPO-DA; tradename GenX), 4,8-dioxa-3H-perfluorononanoic acid (DONA), and 6:2 chlorinated polyfluoroethersulfonic acid (6:2 Cl-PFESA; tradename F-53B).
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Bolan N, Sarkar B, Yan Y, Li Q, Wijesekara H, Kannan K, Tsang DCW, Schauerte M, Bosch J, Noll H, Ok YS, Scheckel K, Kumpiene J, Gobindlal K, Kah M, Sperry J, Kirkham MB, Wang H, Tsang YF, Hou D, Rinklebe J. Remediation of poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) contaminated soils - To mobilize or to immobilize or to degrade? JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 401:123892. [PMID: 33113753 PMCID: PMC8025151 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.123892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/30/2020] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are synthetic chemicals, which are introduced to the environment through anthropogenic activities. Aqueous film forming foam used in firefighting, wastewater effluent, landfill leachate, and biosolids are major sources of PFAS input to soil and groundwater. Remediation of PFAS contaminated solid and aqueous media is challenging, which is attributed to the chemical and thermal stability of PFAS and the complexity of PFAS mixtures. In this review, remediation of PFAS contaminated soils through manipulation of their bioavailability and destruction is presented. While the mobilizing amendments (e.g., surfactants) enhance the mobility and bioavailability of PFAS, the immobilizing amendments (e.g., activated carbon) decrease their bioavailability and mobility. Mobilizing amendments can be applied to facilitate the removal of PFAS though soil washing, phytoremediation, and complete destruction through thermal and chemical redox reactions. Immobilizing amendments are likely to reduce the transfer of PFAS to food chain through plant and biota (e.g., earthworm) uptake, and leaching to potable water sources. Future studies should focus on quantifying the potential leaching of the mobilized PFAS in the absence of removal by plant and biota uptake or soil washing, and regular monitoring of the long-term stability of the immobilized PFAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanthi Bolan
- The Global Centre for Environmental Remediation, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia.
| | - Binoy Sarkar
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YQ, United Kingdom
| | - Yubo Yan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaian 223300, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiao Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, People's Republic of China
| | - Hasintha Wijesekara
- Department of Natural Resources, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Sabaragamuwa University of Sri Lanka, Belihuloya, 70140, Sri Lanka
| | - Kurunthachalam Kannan
- Department of Pediatrics, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016, USA
| | - Daniel C W Tsang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Marina Schauerte
- Soil- and Groundwater-Management, Institute of Soil Engineering, Waste- and Water-Management, Faculty of Architecture und Civil Engineering, University of Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Julian Bosch
- INTRAPORE GmbH, Advanced In Situ Groundwater Remediation, Essen, Leipzig, Mailand, Katernberger Str. 107, 45327 Essen, Germany
| | - Hendrik Noll
- INTRAPORE GmbH, Advanced In Situ Groundwater Remediation, Essen, Leipzig, Mailand, Katernberger Str. 107, 45327 Essen, Germany
| | - Yong Sik Ok
- Korea Biochar Research Center, APRU Sustainable Waste Management, Division of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Kirk Scheckel
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, Center for Environmental Solutions & Emergency Response, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Jurate Kumpiene
- Waste Science and Technology, Luleå University of Technology, Luleå, Sweden
| | - Kapish Gobindlal
- Centre for Green Chemical Science, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Melanie Kah
- School of Environment, The University of Auckland, 23 Symonds Street, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Jonathan Sperry
- Centre for Green Chemical Science, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - M B Kirkham
- Department of Agronomy, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506 USA
| | - Hailong Wang
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, Guangdong 528000, People's Republic of China
| | - Yiu Fai Tsang
- Department of Science and Environmental Studies, The Education University of Hong Kong, Tai Po, New Territories 999077, Hong Kong
| | - Deyi Hou
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Jörg Rinklebe
- Soil- and Groundwater-Management, Institute of Soil Engineering, Waste- and Water-Management, Faculty of Architecture und Civil Engineering, University of Wuppertal, Germany; Department of Environment, Energy and Geoinformatics, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, South Korea
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Feng X, Ye M, Li Y, Zhou J, Sun B, Zhu Y, Zhu L. Potential sources and sediment-pore water partitioning behaviors of emerging per/polyfluoroalkyl substances in the South Yellow Sea. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2020; 389:122124. [PMID: 32004838 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.122124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Revised: 01/01/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Emerging per/polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) have received great concerns, but there are few data in the coastal environment, which play an essential role in their global transport. In this study, surface water and sediment samples were collected in the South Yellow Sea close to Jiangsu Province China, and 26 legacy as well as emerging PFASs were investigated. Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorobutane sulfonate (PFBS) were predominant in the coastal water of the South Yellow Sea with a relatively higher level than other coastal regions in the world. PFBS and 6:2 fuorotelomer sulfonic acid (6:2 FTSA) were two major alternatives of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) which were used in textile surface treatment and fire-fighting foams, respectively. Multiple receptor models identified that fluoropolymer manufacture, textile and food packages were three major sources of PFASs in the South Yellow Sea. The partitioning behaviors of PFASs between sediment and pore water in the marine environment were compared, and the partitioning coefficients of hexafluoropropylene oxide trimer acid (HFPO-TA) and 6:2 chlorinated polyfluorinated ether sulfonic acid (6:2 F-53B) were reported for the first time, which exhibited stronger partition in sediment than their predecessors. The results provide important hints to understand the environmental transport of PFASs in the marine environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuemin Feng
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, PR China
| | - Minqiang Ye
- Jiangsu Lianyungang Environmental Monitoring Center, Lianyungang, Jiangsu 222000, PR China
| | - Yao Li
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, PR China
| | - Jian Zhou
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China
| | - Binbin Sun
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, PR China
| | - Yumin Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, PR China
| | - Lingyan Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, PR China.
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9
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Joudan S, Liu R, D'eon JC, Mabury SA. Unique analytical considerations for laboratory studies identifying metabolic products of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs). Trends Analyt Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2019.02.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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10
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Chemometrics-Assisted Monitoring in Raman Spectroscopy for the Biodegradation Process of an Aqueous Polyfluoroalkyl Ether from a Fire-Fighting foam in an Environmental Matrix. ENVIRONMENTS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/environments7010004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Surfactants based on polyfluoroalkyl ethers are commonly used in fire-fighting foams on airport platforms, including for training sessions. Because of their persistence into the environment, their toxicity and their bioaccumulation, abnormal amounts can be found in ground and surface water following the operations of airport platforms. As with many other anthropogenic, organic compounds, some concerns are raised about their biodegradation. That is why the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) 301 F protocol was implemented to monitor the oxygen consumption during the biodegradation of a commercial fire-fighting foam. However, a Raman spectroscopic monitoring of the process was also attached to this experimental procedure to evaluate to what extent a polyfluoroalkyl ether disappeared from the environmental matrix. Our approach relies on the use of chemometrics, such as Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Partial Least Squares (PLS), in order to monitor the kinetics of the biodegradation reaction of one fire-fighting foam, Tridol S3B, containing a polyfluoroalkyl ether. This study provided a better appreciation of the partial biodegradation of some polyfluoroalkyl ethers by coupling Raman spectroscopy and chemometrics. This will ultimately facilitate the design of future purification and remediation devices for airport platforms.
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11
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Feng H, Ruan Y, Zhang K, Lam PK. Current analytical methodologies and gaps for per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances determination in the marine environment. Trends Analyt Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2018.12.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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12
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An overview of omics approaches to characterize the effect of perfluoroalkyl substances in environmental health. Trends Analyt Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2018.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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13
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Coggan TL, Moodie D, Kolobaric A, Szabo D, Shimeta J, Crosbie ND, Lee E, Fernandes M, Clarke BO. An investigation into per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in nineteen Australian wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). Heliyon 2019; 5:e02316. [PMID: 31485522 PMCID: PMC6716228 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e02316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Revised: 07/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Quantifying the emissions of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) from Australian wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) is of high importance due to potential impacts on receiving aquatic ecosystems. The new Australian PFAS National Environmental Management Plan recommends 0.23 ng L-1 of PFOS as the guideline value for 99% species protection for aquatic systems. In this study, 21 PFAS from four classes were measured in WWTP solid and aqueous samples from 19 Australian WWTPs. The mean ∑21PFAS was 110 ng L-1 (median: 80 ng L-1; range: 9.3-520 ng L-1) in aqueous samples and 34 ng g-1 dw (median: 12 ng g-1 dw; range: 2.0-130 ng g-1 dw) in WWTP solids. Similar to WWTPs worldwide, perfluorocarboxylic acids were generally higher in effluent, compared to influent. Partitioning to solids within WWTPs increased with increasing fluoroalkyl chain length from 0.05 to 1.22 log units. Many PFAS were highly correlated, and PCA analysis showed strong associations between two groups: odd chained PFCAs, PFHxA and PFSAs; and 6:2 FTS with daily inflow volume and the proportion of trade waste accepted by WWTPs (as % of typical dry inflow). The compounds PFPeA, PFHxA, PFHpA, PFOA, PFNA, and PFDA increased significantly between influent and final effluent. The compounds 6:2 FTS and 8:2 FTS were quantified and F-53B detected and reported in Australian WWTP matrices. The compound 6:2 FTS was an important contributor to PFAS emissions in the studied Australian WWTPs, supporting the need for future research on its sources (including precursor degradation), environmental fate and impact in Australian aquatic environments receiving WWTP effluent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy L Coggan
- Centre for Environmental Sustainability and Remediation, School of Science, RMIT University, GPO Box 2476, Melbourne, Vic., 3001, Australia
| | - Damien Moodie
- Centre for Environmental Sustainability and Remediation, School of Science, RMIT University, GPO Box 2476, Melbourne, Vic., 3001, Australia
| | - Adam Kolobaric
- Centre for Environmental Sustainability and Remediation, School of Science, RMIT University, GPO Box 2476, Melbourne, Vic., 3001, Australia
| | - Drew Szabo
- Centre for Environmental Sustainability and Remediation, School of Science, RMIT University, GPO Box 2476, Melbourne, Vic., 3001, Australia
| | - Jeff Shimeta
- Centre for Environmental Sustainability and Remediation, School of Science, RMIT University, GPO Box 2476, Melbourne, Vic., 3001, Australia
| | - Nicholas D Crosbie
- Applied Research, Melbourne Water Corporation, Docklands, VIC, 3001, Australia.,Faculty of Engineering, University of New South Wales, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Elliot Lee
- Water Corporation, Leederville, Western Australia, 6007, Australia
| | - Milena Fernandes
- SA Water, GPO Box 1751, Adelaide SA, 5001, Australia.,College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Bradley O Clarke
- Centre for Environmental Sustainability and Remediation, School of Science, RMIT University, GPO Box 2476, Melbourne, Vic., 3001, Australia
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14
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A single analytical method for the determination of 53 legacy and emerging per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in aqueous matrices. Anal Bioanal Chem 2019; 411:3507-3520. [PMID: 31073731 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-019-01829-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
A quantitative method for the determination of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) using liquid chromatography (LC) tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) was developed and applied to aqueous wastewater, surface water, and drinking water samples. Fifty-three PFAS from 14 compound classes (including many contaminants of emerging concern) were measured using a single analytical method. After solid-phase extraction using weak anion exchange cartridges, method detection limits in water ranged from 0.28 to 18 ng/L and method quantitation limits ranged from 0.35 to 26 ng/L. Method accuracy ranged from 70 to 127% for 49 of the 53 extracted PFAS, with the remaining four between 66 and 138%. Method precision ranged from 2 to 28% RSD, with 49 out of the 53 PFAS being below < 20%. In addition to quantifying > 50 PFAS, many of which are currently unregulated in the environment and not included in typical analytical lists, this method has efficiency advantages over other similar methods as it utilizes a single chromatographic separation with a shorter runtime (14 min), while maintaining method accuracy and stability and the separation of branched and linear PFAS isomers. The method was applied to wastewater influent and effluent; surface water from a river, wetland, and lake; and drinking water samples to survey PFAS contamination in Australian aqueous matrices. The compound classes FTCAs, FOSAAs, PFPAs, and diPAPs were detected for the first time in Australian WWTPs and the method was used to quantify PFAS concentrations from 0.60 to 193 ng/L. The range of compound classes detected and different PFAS signatures between sample locations demonstrate the need for expanded quantitation lists when investigating PFAS, especially newer classes in aqueous environmental samples. Graphical abstract.
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15
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Zhu B, Jiang W, Wang W, Lin Y, Ruan T, Jiang G. Occurrence and Degradation Potential of Fluoroalkylsilane Substances as Precursors of Perfluoroalkyl Carboxylic Acids. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:4823-4831. [PMID: 30999748 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b00690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Polyfluoroalkylsilanes (PFASis) are a class of artificial chemicals with wide applications in surface coating, which arouse attention due to their hydrophobic/oleophobic properties and potential biological effects. In this study, a robust high-resolution mass spectrometry method through direct injection into a Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance instrument was established, with the aid of CF2-scaled Kendrick mass defect analysis and isotope fine structure elucidation. The occurrence of 8:2 polyfluoroalkyl trimethoxysilane (8:2 PTrMeOSi) and 8:2 polyfluoroalkyl triethoxysilane (8:2 PTrEtOSi), as well as their cationic adducts, solvent substitutions, and other compound analogues, were identified in commercial antifingerprint liquid products. In the hydroxyl radical-based total oxidizable precursor assay, differential molar yields of products were observed with regard to varied PFASi carbon-chain lengths and terminal groups. The yields of perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs) from 8:2 PTrMeOSi conversion were the highest (92 ± 9%, n = 3), with the C ( n - 1) perfluoroheptanoic acid (PFHpA, 49 ± 11%, n = 3) as the dominating product. Distinct conversion of 8:2 PTrMeOSi in the simulated solar exposure experiments found that C ( n) perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA, 0.6 ± 0.04 ‰, n = 3) was predominant, and 8:2 fluorotelomer carboxylic acid (8:2 FTCA, 0.59 ± 0.08‰, n = 3), 8:2 fluorotelomer unsaturated carboxylic acid (8:2 FTUCA, 0.09 ± 0.00‰, n = 3) intermediates were also observed. To our knowledge, this is the first report regarding the occurrence and degradation potential of several fluoroalkylsilane substances as PFCA precursors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bao Zhu
- Environment Research Institute , Shandong University , Binhai Road 72 , Qingdao 266237 , P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100085 , P. R. China
| | - Wei Jiang
- Environment Research Institute , Shandong University , Binhai Road 72 , Qingdao 266237 , P. R. China
| | - Wenxing Wang
- Environment Research Institute , Shandong University , Binhai Road 72 , Qingdao 266237 , P. R. China
| | - Yongfeng Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100085 , P. R. China
| | - Ting Ruan
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100085 , P. R. China
| | - Guibin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100085 , P. R. China
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16
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Ateia M, Maroli A, Tharayil N, Karanfil T. The overlooked short- and ultrashort-chain poly- and perfluorinated substances: A review. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 220:866-882. [PMID: 33395808 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.12.186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Revised: 12/24/2018] [Accepted: 12/26/2018] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Poly- and perfluorinated substances (PFAS) comprise more than 3000 individual compounds; nevertheless, most studies to date have focused mainly on the fate, transport and remediation of long-chain PFAS (C > 7). The main objective of this article is to provide the first critical review of the peer-reviewed studies on the analytical methods, occurrence, mobility, and treatment for ultra-short-chain PFAS (C = 2-3) and short-chain PFAS (C = 4-7). Previous studies frequently detected ultra-short-chain and short-chain PFAS in various types of aqueous environments including seas, oceans, rivers, surface/urban runoffs, drinking waters, groundwaters, rain/snow, and deep polar seas. Besides, the recent regulations and restrictions on the use of long-chain PFAS has resulted in a significant shift in the industry towards short-chain alternatives. However, our understanding of the environmental fate and remediation of these ultra-short-chain and short-chain PFAS is still fragmentary. We have also covered the handful studies involving the removal of ultra-short and short-chain PFAS and identified the future research needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Ateia
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Earth Science, Clemson University, SC 29634, USA
| | - Amith Maroli
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Earth Science, Clemson University, SC 29634, USA
| | - Nishanth Tharayil
- Department of Plant & Environmental Sciences, Clemson University, SC 29634, USA
| | - Tanju Karanfil
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Earth Science, Clemson University, SC 29634, USA.
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17
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Simultaneous determination of 21 trace perfluoroalkyl substances in fish by isotope dilution ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2018; 1084:45-52. [PMID: 29567443 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2018.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Revised: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) have been identified as emerging environmental contaminants. In this study, an efficient and accurate ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) method was developed for simultaneous determination of 21 PFASs in fish. Acetonitrile was used for sample extraction. Solid phase extraction (SPE) by WAX cartridges and then freezing at -30 °C were adopted as cleanup strategies. Strict measurements were performed to control background contamination during the whole procedure. Matrix effects were evaluated by external standard and isotope dilution mass spectrometry (IDMS) methods. IDMS can compensate the matrix effects to a large extent. The method detection limits (MDLs) ranged from 2 pg/g to 10 pg/g except for PFBA (120 pg/g). The method quantitation limits (MQLs) ranged from 5 pg/g to 30 pg/g except for PFBA (300 pg/g). The matrix spiked recoveries of three spiked levels were in the range of 79.6%-109%. The intra-day relative standard deviation (RSD) and inter-day RSD were from 0.94% to 13.9% and 0.36% to 11.2% respectively. Two fish tissue reference materials were analyzed by the developed method. The results of reference materials were within the uncertainty of the given value. The quantitative results of IDMS and standard addition (SA) - IDMS were comparable. The developed UHPLC-MS/MS method was applied for PFASs detection in 20 marine fish samples. 9 PFASs were detected in the samples with the ∑9PFASs concentration range of 0.04 to 2.14 ng/g wet weight (ww).
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18
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Lin Y, Ruan T, Liu A, Jiang G. Identification of Novel Hydrogen-Substituted Polyfluoroalkyl Ether Sulfonates in Environmental Matrices near Metal-Plating Facilities. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:11588-11596. [PMID: 28918639 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b02961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Environmental occurrence and behaviors of 6:2 chlorinated polyfluoroalkyl ether sulfonate (Cl-6:2 PFESA, with trade name F-53B) have been receiving increased attention recently. Nevertheless, its potential fates under diversified conditions remain concealed. In this study, susceptibility of Cl-6:2 PFESA to reductive dehalogenation was tested in an anaerobic super-reduced cyanocobalamin assay. A rapid transformation of dosed Cl-6:2 PFESA was observed, with a hydrogen-substituted polyfluoroalkyl ether sulfonate (1H-6:2 PFESA) identified as the predominant product by a nontarget screening workflow. With the aid of laboratory-purified standards, hydrogen-substituted PFESA analogues (i.e., 1H-6:2 and 1H-8:2 PFESA) were further found in river water and sediment samples collected from two separate regions near metal-plating facilities. Geometric mean concentrations of 560 pg/L (river water) and 11.1 pg/g (sediment) for 1H-6:2 PFESA and 11.0 pg/L (river water) and 7.69 pg/g (sediment) for 1H-8:2 PFESA were measured, and both analytes consisted average compositions of 1% and 0.1% among the 18 monitored per- and polyfluoroalkyl sulfonate and carboxylate pollutants, respectively. To our knowledge, this is the first to report existence of polyfluoroalkyl sulfonates with both hydrogen and ether functional group in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongfeng Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing, 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ting Ruan
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing, 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049, China
| | - Aifeng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing, 100085, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biobased Materials, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Qingdao 266101, China
| | - Guibin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing, 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049, China
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19
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Ruan T, Jiang G. Analytical methodology for identification of novel per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in the environment. Trends Analyt Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2017.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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20
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Luo Q, Wang Z, Feng M, Chiang D, Woodward D, Liang S, Lu J, Huang Q. Factors controlling the rate of perfluorooctanoic acid degradation in laccase-mediator systems: The impact of metal ions. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2017; 224:649-657. [PMID: 28262377 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.02.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Revised: 12/11/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the factors that regulated the degradation of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) in laccase-catalyzed oxidative humification reactions with 1-hydroxybenzotriazole (HBT) as a mediator. The reaction rates were examined under conditions with key factors varied, including initial PFOA concentrations, laccase and HBT dosages, and the ionic contents of the reaction solutions. The PFOA degradation followed pseudo-first order kinetics, and the rate constants (k) were similar for the high (100 μmol L-1) and low (1.00 μmol L-1) initial PFOA concentrations, respectively at 0.0040 day-1 (r2 = 0.98) and 0.0042 day-1 (r2 = 0.86) under an optimum reaction condition tested in this study. The metal ions contained in the reaction solution appeared to have a strong impact on PFOA degradation. Differential UV-Vis spectrometry revealed that Cu2+ can complex with PFOA, which plays an essential role to enable PFOA degradation, probably by bridging the negatively charged PFOA and laccase, so that the free radicals of HBT that are released from laccase can reach and react with PFOA. It was also found that Fe3+ plays a similar role as Cu2+ to enable PFOA degradation in the laccase-HBT reaction system. In contrast, Mg2+ and Mn2+ cannot complex with PFOA under the investigated conditions, and do not enable PFOA degradation in the laccase-HBT system. Fluoride and partially fluorinated compounds were detected as PFOA degradation products using ion chromatography and high resolution mass spectrometry. The structures of the products suggest the reaction pathways involving free-radical initiated decarboxylation, rearrangement, and cross-coupling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Luo
- Interdisciplinary Toxicology Program, Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, University of Georgia, Griffin, GA 30223, USA
| | - Zunyao Wang
- School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, PR China
| | - Mingbao Feng
- School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, PR China
| | - Dora Chiang
- AECOM Inc., Remediation Technology, Atlanta, GA 30309, USA
| | - David Woodward
- AECOM Inc., Remediation Technology, Mechanicsburg, PA 17055, USA
| | - Shangtao Liang
- Interdisciplinary Toxicology Program, Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, University of Georgia, Griffin, GA 30223, USA
| | - Junhe Lu
- College of Resources and Environmental Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, PR China
| | - Qingguo Huang
- Interdisciplinary Toxicology Program, Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, University of Georgia, Griffin, GA 30223, USA.
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21
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Wang Y, Vestergren R, Shi Y, Cao D, Xu L, Cai Y, Zhao X, Wu F. Identification, Tissue Distribution, and Bioaccumulation Potential of Cyclic Perfluorinated Sulfonic Acids Isomers in an Airport Impacted Ecosystem. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:10923-10932. [PMID: 27672706 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b01980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The use of cyclic perfluoroalkyl acids as anticorrosive agents in hydraulic fluids remains a poorly characterized source of organofluorine compounds to the environment. Here, we investigated the presence of perfluoroethylenecyclohexanesulfonate (PFECHS) isomers in environmental samples for the first time using a combination of high resolution and tandem mass spectrometry. Five distinct peaks attributed to different isomers of PFECHS and perfluoropropylcyclopentanesulfonate (PFPCPeS) were identified in environmental samples. The sum of PFECHS and PFPCPeS isomers displayed logarithmically decreasing spatial trends in water (1.04-324 ng/L) and sediment samples (<MLQ - 2.23 ng/g dw) with increasing distance from Beijing international airport. PFECHS and PFPCPeS displayed the highest accumulation in liver, kidney, blood and bladder and average whole body bioaccumulation factors (log BAFwhole-body) were estimated to be 2.7 and 1.9 respectively. Isomer-specific differences in the tissue/blood distribution ratios and BAFwhole-body indicate that ring structure and position of the sulfonic acid group affect the bioaccumulation potential of cyclic perfluoroalkyl acids. Based on the high mobility and moderate bioaccumulation potential of cyclic perfluorinated acids it is suggested that contamination of aquifers used for drinking water around airports may be a hitherto overlooked problem for this novel class of contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049, China
| | - Robin Vestergren
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry (ACES), Stockholm University , Stockholm SE 10691, Sweden
| | - Yali Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100085, China
| | - Dong Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100085, China
| | - Lin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100085, China
| | - Yaqi Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100085, China
- Institute of Environment and Health, Jianghan University , Wuhan 430056, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiaoli Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences , Beijing 100012, China
| | - Fengchang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences , Beijing 100012, China
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22
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Simultaneous qualitative and quantitative analysis of fluoroalkyl sulfonates in riverine water by liquid chromatography coupled with Orbitrap high resolution mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1435:66-74. [PMID: 26810809 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.01.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Revised: 12/30/2015] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a robust method for quick screening, confirmation and quantification analysis of eight fluoroalkyl sulfonates in surface riverine samples was developed using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometer (LC-Orbitrap Tribrid HRMS). Weak anion exchange solid phase extraction was optimized to maximum recover perfluoroalkyl sulfonates (PFSAs), fluorotelomer sulfonates and the emerging 6:2 chlorinated polyfluoroalkyl ether sulfonate at the same time. Both qualitative and quantitative purposes could be achieved by simultaneous acquiring full-scan mass spectrum (MS(1)) and data-dependent MS(2) data. The LC-Orbitrap Tribrid HRMS method showed competent method detection limits for all analytes (7.1-62 pg/L) compared with the triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) quantification method (12-54 pg/L), and satisfactory method validation results were also obtained in linearity (R(2)>0.999), trueness (88-118%), precision (2-17%) and recovery (63-103%). A good correlation (R>0.999) was found between the sets of quantified PFSA residue concentrations in thirteen estuary river samples by both the LC-Orbitrap Tribrid HRMS (0.2-440 ng/L) and LC-MS/MS (0.1-424 ng/L) methods, indicating that Orbitrap Tribrid HRMS could be used for reliable quantitative analysis purpose. Moreover, the LC-Orbitrap Tribrid HRMS method could also benefit from its high mass resolution characteristic to eliminate potential environment interferents (e.g., taurodeoxycholate) and to quantify all PFSA isomers based on full-scan MS(1) chromatogram at a narrow MS window (5 part per million).
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23
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan D. Richardson
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
| | - Susana Y. Kimura
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
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24
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Ruan T, Lin Y, Wang T, Liu R, Jiang G. Identification of Novel Polyfluorinated Ether Sulfonates as PFOS Alternatives in Municipal Sewage Sludge in China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2015; 49:6519-27. [PMID: 25961764 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b01010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
A 6:2 chlorinated polyfluorinated ether sulfonate (6:2 Cl-PFAES) with the trade name F-53B, is an alternative to perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS) in electroplating industry that is uniquely used in China. It was developed as a mist suppressant initially in the 1970s, but the environmental behaviors and potential adverse effects of the 6:2 Cl-PFAES have only recently been investigated. In this work, the occurrence and distribution of perfluoroalkyl sulfonate (PFSA), fluorotelomer sulfonate (FTSA), and PFAES analogues were investigated in municipal sewage sludge samples collected around China. Perfluorobutane, perfluorohexane, perfluorooctane, and perfluorodecanesulfonates, 6:2 and 8:2 FTSAs, and the emerging 6:2 Cl-PFAES were detected. Moreover, 8:2 and 10:2 Cl-PFAESs were identified for the first time as new polyfluorinated contaminants using high resolution mass spectrometry. These fluorinated analytes were further quantified with the aid of commercial and laboratory-purified standards. PFOS was the predominant contaminant with a geometric mean (GM) value of 3.19 ng/g dry weight (d.w.), which was subsequently followed by 6:2 Cl-PFAES and 8:2 Cl-PFAES (GM: 2.15 and 0.50 ng/g d.w., respectively). Both 6:2 and 8:2 Cl-PFAES were positively detected as the major components in the F-53B commercial product, and discrete 6:2 Cl-PFAES/8:2 Cl-PFAES ratios in the product and sludge samples might suggest 8:2 Cl-PFAES had enhanced sorption behavior in the sludge due to the increase in hydrophobicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Ruan
- †State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Yongfeng Lin
- †State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Thanh Wang
- ‡Man-Technology-Environment (MTM) Research Centre, Örebro University, 702 81 Örebro, Sweden
| | - Runzeng Liu
- †State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Guibin Jiang
- †State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
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