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Finotti Cordeiro C, Lopardi Franco L, Teixeira Carvalho D, Bonfilio R. Impurities in Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients and Drug Products: A Critical Review. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2024:1-21. [PMID: 39058576 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2024.2384046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
The presence of impurities in active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) and drug products represents a risk to patients' health. Such substances are related to diverse side effects and may have mutagenic potential. That's why it is necessary to establish acceptable limits for these by-products, to minimize the risk associated with medicinal therapy. This work focused on presenting a critical review of relevant points related to the presence of impurities in pharmaceuticals. The main legislation and guidelines from the FDA, EMA, ICH, and Pharmacopeias about the subject were evaluated, and recent articles related to the topic were searched in Scopus, ScienceDirect, PubMed, and Web of Science from 2013 to 2023. Additionally, the analytical techniques used for quantifying impurities were discussed, along with relevant tests for assessing the toxicological and mutagenic risks of these by-products. Recent legislation, including ICH Q3A (R2), ICH Q3B (R2), ICH M7 (R2), ICH Q3D (R2), ICH Q3C (R9), ICH Q3E, ICH Q6A, ICH M3 (R2), as well as FDA and EMA guidelines, highlights a comprehensive and effective framework for controlling impurities in pharmaceuticals. Despite this, there remains a lack of harmonization and standardized procedures across different regions. From the review of scientific literature, we observed that advancements in analytical techniques have significantly improved the sensitivity and selectivity in detecting impurities and degradation products. This underscores the ongoing commitment of health agencies and the pharmaceutical industry to ensure the safety and efficacy of medicinal products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cleydson Finotti Cordeiro
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Alfenas (UNIFAL-MG), Alfenas, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Lucas Lopardi Franco
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Alfenas (UNIFAL-MG), Alfenas, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Diogo Teixeira Carvalho
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Alfenas (UNIFAL-MG), Alfenas, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Rudy Bonfilio
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Alfenas (UNIFAL-MG), Alfenas, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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2
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Stasiłowicz-Krzemień A, Gościniak A, Formanowicz D, Cielecka-Piontek J. Natural Guardians: Natural Compounds as Radioprotectors in Cancer Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:6937. [PMID: 39000045 PMCID: PMC11241526 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25136937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2024] [Revised: 06/17/2024] [Accepted: 06/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Cancer remains a significant global health challenge, with millions of deaths attributed to it annually. Radiotherapy, a cornerstone in cancer treatment, aims to destroy cancer cells while minimizing harm to healthy tissues. However, the harmful effects of irradiation on normal cells present a formidable obstacle. To mitigate these effects, researchers have explored using radioprotectors and mitigators, including natural compounds derived from secondary plant metabolites. This review outlines the diverse classes of natural compounds, elucidating their roles as protectants of healthy cells. Furthermore, the review highlights the potential of these compounds as radioprotective agents capable of enhancing the body's resilience to radiation therapy. By integrating natural radioprotectors into cancer treatment regimens, clinicians may improve therapeutic outcomes while minimizing the adverse effects on healthy tissues. Ongoing research in this area holds promise for developing complementary strategies to optimize radiotherapy efficacy and enhance patient quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Stasiłowicz-Krzemień
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Biomaterials, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Rokietnicka 3, 60-806 Poznan, Poland; (A.S.-K.); (A.G.)
| | - Anna Gościniak
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Biomaterials, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Rokietnicka 3, 60-806 Poznan, Poland; (A.S.-K.); (A.G.)
| | - Dorota Formanowicz
- Department of Medical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Rokietnicka 8, 60-806 Poznan, Poland;
| | - Judyta Cielecka-Piontek
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Biomaterials, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Rokietnicka 3, 60-806 Poznan, Poland; (A.S.-K.); (A.G.)
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3
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Adetunji O, Kaur S, Wheeler N, Nam V, Shi H, Nam P. Monitoring residual solvents in pharmaceutical products using a portable pre-concentration GC-PID. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2024; 249:116327. [PMID: 39089199 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2024.116327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2024] [Revised: 06/19/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 08/03/2024]
Abstract
Pharmaceutical manufacturing utilizes solvents at different stages of production. Some of the harmful solvent residuals may be retained in the final product; therefore, they need to be monitored for quality control and to meet the regulation requirement. Here, a novel method capable of rapidly analyzing residual solvents in pharmaceutical products was developed using a compact-portable gas chromatography with a photoionization detector (GC-PID). The method consists of modified Tedlar® bag sampling, online pre-concentration, separation of volatiles by miniaturized GC, and micro-PID detection. The method detection limits of selected residual solvents were in the range of 26.00 - 52.03 pg/mL which is much lower than the pharmaceutical compliance concentration limits. Limits of detection > 520 pg of analyte per grams of sample was also determined for the over-the-counter drugs. The method performance showed rapid speed (5 min), linear calibration (r2 < 0.99), and repeatable retention time (RSD < 0.4 %). Direct analysis of residual solvents in solid samples was conducted without the need for complex sample preparation. The method validation using over-the-counter pharmaceutical products yielded excellent accuracy (recovery > 91.2 %) and precision (RSD < 6.5 %) for the selected residual solvents, including 1,4-dioxane, benzene, chlorobenzene, cyclohexane, xylenes, and toluene. This portable and rapid method could be deployed during the pharmaceutical drug manufacturing processes for quality control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olajide Adetunji
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Biomedical Research, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, MO 65409, USA
| | - Sargun Kaur
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Biomedical Research, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, MO 65409, USA
| | - Nicole Wheeler
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Biomedical Research, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, MO 65409, USA
| | - Victor Nam
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Biomedical Research, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, MO 65409, USA
| | - Honglan Shi
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Biomedical Research, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, MO 65409, USA
| | - Paul Nam
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Biomedical Research, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, MO 65409, USA.
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4
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Weisel L, Corcoran L, Castro S, He Y. A Robust HPLC Method for Easily Oxidizable Phosphine Ligand Analysis. J Chromatogr Sci 2024; 62:471-476. [PMID: 36828780 DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmad008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/26/2023]
Abstract
Phosphine ligands are widely used in the manufacture of small molecule active pharmaceutical ingredients, for they play a key role in transition-metal-catalyzed cross-coupling. However, chromatographic analysis of phosphine ligands can be challenging because of the easily oxidizable nature of this class of compounds. This manuscript describes an out-of-specification (OOS) investigation study of XPhos raw material analysis by high performance liquid chromatography (LC). It is concluded that on-column degradation/oxidation is the culprit behind this OOS result. In addition, a slightly modified yet much improved new LC method is developed by adding a trace amount of tris(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine (TCEP) into the aqueous mobile phase. TCEP is also a phosphine compound and is commonly used as a reducing reagent in molecular biology. The trace amount of TCEP serves as a surrogate reagent to passivate the LC column and eliminate the on-column degradation/oxidation. As a result, a much more robust performance is achieved with greatly improved method precision and sensitivity. This is a general approach and can be applied to the LC analysis of many other phosphine ligands in the same manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Weisel
- Analytical Research & Development, Merck Sharp & Dohme LLC (MSD), Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | - Liam Corcoran
- Analytical Development & Commercialization, Merck Sharpe & Dohme Ballydine, Ballydine, Kilsheelan, Clonmel, Co., Tipperary E91 V091, Ireland
| | - Steve Castro
- Analytical Research & Development, Merck Sharp & Dohme LLC (MSD), Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | - Yu He
- Analytical Research & Development, Merck Sharp & Dohme LLC (MSD), Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
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5
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Khalikova M, Jireš J, Horáček O, Douša M, Kučera R, Nováková L. What is the role of current mass spectrometry in pharmaceutical analysis? MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2024; 43:560-609. [PMID: 37503656 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
The role of mass spectrometry (MS) has become more important in most application domains in recent years. Pharmaceutical analysis is specific due to its stringent regulation procedures, the need for good laboratory/manufacturing practices, and a large number of routine quality control analyses to be carried out. The role of MS is, therefore, very different throughout the whole drug development cycle. While it dominates within the drug discovery and development phase, in routine quality control, the role of MS is minor and indispensable only for selected applications. Moreover, its role is very different in the case of analysis of small molecule pharmaceuticals and biopharmaceuticals. Our review explains the role of current MS in the analysis of both small-molecule chemical drugs and biopharmaceuticals. Important features of MS-based technologies being implemented, method requirements, and related challenges are discussed. The differences in analytical procedures for small molecule pharmaceuticals and biopharmaceuticals are pointed out. While a single method or a small set of methods is usually sufficient for quality control in the case of small molecule pharmaceuticals and MS is often not indispensable, a large panel of methods including extensive use of MS must be used for quality control of biopharmaceuticals. Finally, expected development and future trends are outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Khalikova
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Králové, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Jakub Jireš
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, UCT Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
- Department of Development, Zentiva, k. s., Praha, Praha, Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej Horáček
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Douša
- Department of Development, Zentiva, k. s., Praha, Praha, Czech Republic
| | - Radim Kučera
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Nováková
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
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Kavrentzos A, Vastardi E, Karavas E, Tzanavaras PD, Zacharis CK. Analyzing Alkyl Bromide Genotoxic Impurities in Febuxostat Based on Static Headspace Sampling and GC-ECD. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2024; 17:422. [PMID: 38675384 PMCID: PMC11053595 DOI: 10.3390/ph17040422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Revised: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Herein, a sensitive and selective gas chromatography-electron capture detector (GC-ECD) method was developed and validated for the quantification of trace levels of five bromo-containing genotoxic impurities in Febuxostat active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) after headspace sampling (HS). Multivariate experimental designs for the optimization of static headspace parameters were conducted in two stages using fractional factorial design (FFD) and central composite design (CCD). The optimum headspace conditions were 5 min of extraction time and a 120 °C extraction temperature. Baseline separation on the analytes against halogenated solvents was carried out using an Agilent DB-624 (30 m × 0.32 mm I.D., 1.8 μm film thickness) stationary phase under isothermal conditions. The method was validated according to ICH guidelines in terms of specificity, linearity, the limits of detection and quantification, precision and accuracy. The linearity was assessed in the range of 5-150% with respect to the specification limit. The achieved LOD and LOQ values ranged between 0.003 and 0.009 and 0.01 and 0.03 μg mL-1, respectively. The accuracy of the method (expressed as relative recovery) was in the range of 81.5-118.2%, while the precision (repeatability, inter-day) was less than 9.9% in all cases. The validated analytical protocol has been successfully applied to the determination of the impurities in various Febuxostat API batch samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandros Kavrentzos
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Department of Pharmacy, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece;
- Pharmathen S.A. Pharmaceutical Industry, Dervenakion Str 6. Pallini Attikis, 15351 Athens, Greece; (E.V.); (E.K.)
| | - Elli Vastardi
- Pharmathen S.A. Pharmaceutical Industry, Dervenakion Str 6. Pallini Attikis, 15351 Athens, Greece; (E.V.); (E.K.)
| | - Evangelos Karavas
- Pharmathen S.A. Pharmaceutical Industry, Dervenakion Str 6. Pallini Attikis, 15351 Athens, Greece; (E.V.); (E.K.)
| | - Paraskevas D. Tzanavaras
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece;
| | - Constantinos K. Zacharis
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Department of Pharmacy, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece;
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7
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Rao W, Li L, Liu Y, Zhang C, Wei X, Wu Z, Qiu M, Wu S, Qi C, Zheng J, Cai S, Wang Z. Degradation Mechanism Study for Secondary Degradants in Rosuvastatin Calcium and Determination of Degradant Acetaldehyde Using Static Headspace Gas Chromatography Coupled with Matrix Precipitation. J Pharm Sci 2024; 113:493-501. [PMID: 38043685 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2023.11.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
During the development of headspace gas chromatography (HSGC) method for assessing residual solvents in rosuvastatin calcium (RSV) drug substance, acetaldehyde (AA) was detected in obtained chromatograms, with a calculated concentration of up to 226 ppm. After a series of experiments, it was established that acetaldehyde originates from matrix interference due to direct degradation of Imp-C, which is accompanied by the formation of impurity at relative retention time (RRT) 2.18, without the involvement of impurity at RRT 2.31. The thermal instability of Imp-C also results in the formation of impurity at RRT 2.31 through dehydration and decarboxylation. In addition, cyclization reaction of degradant at RRT 2.18 further resulted in the generation of impurity at RRT 2.22. The structure of these three degradants, were confirmed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS), 1D and 2D nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) measurement. In order to minimize the said matrix interference, a simple precipitation procedure was proposed as a pretreatment to mitigate the impact of Imp-C. Subsequently, an HSGC method was developed for the simultaneous determination of the degradant AA and the other five residual solvents used in RSV synthetic process. The final method was validated concerning precision, limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantitation (LOQ), linearity, and accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanbing Rao
- HEC Research and Development Center, HEC Pharm Group, Dongguan 523871, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Anti-Infective Drug Development, Sunshine Lake Pharma Co., Ltd., Dongguan 523871, PR China
| | - Lijun Li
- HEC Research and Development Center, HEC Pharm Group, Dongguan 523871, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Anti-Infective Drug Development, Sunshine Lake Pharma Co., Ltd., Dongguan 523871, PR China
| | - Yuting Liu
- HEC Research and Development Center, HEC Pharm Group, Dongguan 523871, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Anti-Infective Drug Development, Sunshine Lake Pharma Co., Ltd., Dongguan 523871, PR China
| | - Chenxia Zhang
- HEC Research and Development Center, HEC Pharm Group, Dongguan 523871, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Anti-Infective Drug Development, Sunshine Lake Pharma Co., Ltd., Dongguan 523871, PR China
| | - Xiaofang Wei
- HEC Research and Development Center, HEC Pharm Group, Dongguan 523871, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Anti-Infective Drug Development, Sunshine Lake Pharma Co., Ltd., Dongguan 523871, PR China
| | - Zeyi Wu
- HEC Research and Development Center, HEC Pharm Group, Dongguan 523871, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Anti-Infective Drug Development, Sunshine Lake Pharma Co., Ltd., Dongguan 523871, PR China
| | - Meiyan Qiu
- HEC Research and Development Center, HEC Pharm Group, Dongguan 523871, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Anti-Infective Drug Development, Sunshine Lake Pharma Co., Ltd., Dongguan 523871, PR China
| | - Shuming Wu
- HEC Research and Development Center, HEC Pharm Group, Dongguan 523871, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Anti-Infective Drug Development, Sunshine Lake Pharma Co., Ltd., Dongguan 523871, PR China
| | - Chunhui Qi
- HEC Research and Development Center, HEC Pharm Group, Dongguan 523871, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Anti-Infective Drug Development, Sunshine Lake Pharma Co., Ltd., Dongguan 523871, PR China
| | - Jinfu Zheng
- HEC Research and Development Center, HEC Pharm Group, Dongguan 523871, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Anti-Infective Drug Development, Sunshine Lake Pharma Co., Ltd., Dongguan 523871, PR China
| | - Shaoyu Cai
- HEC Research and Development Center, HEC Pharm Group, Dongguan 523871, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Anti-Infective Drug Development, Sunshine Lake Pharma Co., Ltd., Dongguan 523871, PR China
| | - Zhongqing Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Xiangnan University, Chenzhou 423000 Hunan, China; HEC Research and Development Center, HEC Pharm Group, Dongguan 523871, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Anti-Infective Drug Development, Sunshine Lake Pharma Co., Ltd., Dongguan 523871, PR China.
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8
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Costa CLS, Santos LM, Castro ACF, Nascimento LTC, Silva JB, Silveira MB. Chromatographic method development using multivariate approaches for organic solvents optimized analysis in [ 18F]fluorocholine. Appl Radiat Isot 2023; 195:110736. [PMID: 36857813 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2023.110736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
A fast and simple method using Gas Chromatography combined with Flame Ionization Detection (GC-FID) was developed for the determination of ethanol, acetonitrile, dibromomethane, dimethylaminoethanol, and dimethyl sulfoxide in [18F]fluorocholine. The combination of fractional factorial design, Doehlert design, and Desirability function was used to evaluate the operational parameters and to establish the best working condition. The validation results revealed that the proposed method has good recovery (85.1-104.1%) and repeatability (RSD ≤8.1%). Correlation coefficients (R ≥ 0.983) indicated good linearity over a wide range. The limit of detection (≤2.5 ppm) and the limit of quantification (≤7.5 ppm) were satisfactory. The proposed method is based on minimum manual operation, sample preparation free, direct injection technique, and short chromatographic separation time. This method is useful for routine analysis of organic solvents in [18F]fluorocholine, feasible for the modernization of specific monograph, and was therefore successfully implemented to assess samples manufactured by Nuclear Technology Development Center (CDTN).
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassiano L S Costa
- Radiopharmaceutical Production and Development Unit, Nuclear Technology Development Center, Av. Presidente Antônio Carlos, 6627, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
| | - Lucas M Santos
- Radiopharmaceutical Production and Development Unit, Nuclear Technology Development Center, Av. Presidente Antônio Carlos, 6627, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Ana C F Castro
- Radiopharmaceutical Production and Development Unit, Nuclear Technology Development Center, Av. Presidente Antônio Carlos, 6627, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Leonardo T C Nascimento
- Radiopharmaceutical Production and Development Unit, Nuclear Technology Development Center, Av. Presidente Antônio Carlos, 6627, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Juliana B Silva
- Radiopharmaceutical Production and Development Unit, Nuclear Technology Development Center, Av. Presidente Antônio Carlos, 6627, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Marina B Silveira
- Radiopharmaceutical Production and Development Unit, Nuclear Technology Development Center, Av. Presidente Antônio Carlos, 6627, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
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9
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Zou L, Guo X, McElderry JD. Platform headspace gas chromatography method for high-throughput determination of residual solvents in pharmaceutical materials. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2023; 229:115349. [PMID: 36989666 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2023.115349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
Static headspace capillary gas chromatography (HSGC) has been employed to monitor the level of residual solvents in the pharmaceutical materials. Most of the HSGC methods, however, consume significant amounts of diluents and require considerable amount of sample preparation time. Accordingly, a HSGC method featured with fast turnaround time, and minimal amount of solvent use has been developed for the quantitative analysis of 27 residual solvents frequently used in the development and manufacturing processes of pharmaceutical industry. This HSGC-FID method employs a commercially available fused silica capillary column, a split injection (40:1), and a programmed temperature ramp. It was qualified for specificity, accuracy, repeatability/precision, linearity, LOQ, solution stability, and robustness using two representative sample matrices. The standards, samples and spiked samples were demonstrated to be stable for at least 10 days at room temperature in sealed headspace vials with a recovery of ≥ 93%. The method was also shown to be robust, and its performance was not affected by small changes of carrier gas flow rate, initial oven temperature or the headspace oven temperature. In this new approach, the analytical sample was prepared by dissolving the sample into 1 mL of the diluent and the standard solution was prepared by diluting 1 mL of the custom-made stock into 9 mL of the diluent whereas the traditional approach requires liters of the diluent, making the new approach environmentally friendly, sustainable, economical, agile, error-proofing and thus appropriate for a variety of pharmaceutical applications.
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10
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Vanderschaeghe H, Houlleberghs M, Verheyden L, Dom D, Chandran CV, Radhakrishnan S, Martens JA, Breynaert E. Absolute Quantification of Residual Solvent in Mesoporous Silica Drug Formulations Using Magic-Angle Spinning NMR Spectroscopy. Anal Chem 2022; 95:1880-1887. [PMID: 36579853 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c03646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Porous silica is used as a drug delivery agent to improve the bioavailability of sparsely soluble compounds. In this approach, the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) is commonly loaded into the porous silica by incipient wetness impregnation using organic solvents. Subsequent solvent elimination is critical as the residual solvent concentration cannot exceed threshold values set by health and safety regulations (e.g., EMA/CHMP/ICH/82260/2006). For dichloromethane and methanol, for example, residual concentrations must be below 600 and 3000 ppm, respectively. Today, EU and USA Pharmacopoeias recommend tedious procedures for residual solvent quantification, requiring extraction of the solvent and subsequent quantification using capillary gas chromatography with static headspace sampling (sHS-GC). This work presents a new method based on the combination of standard addition and absolute quantification using magic-angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MAS qNMR). The methodology was originally developed for absolute quantification of water in zeolites and has now been validated for quantification of residual solvent in drug formations using mesoporous silica loaded with ibuprofen dissolved in DCM and MeOH as test samples. Interestingly, formulations prepared using as-received or predried mesoporous silica contained 5465 versus 484.9 ppm DCM, respectively. This implies that the initial water content of the silica carrier can impact the residual solvent concentration in drug-loaded materials. This observation could provide new options to minimize the occurrence of these undesired solvents in the final formulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Vanderschaeghe
- Center for Surface Chemistry and Catalysis (COK-kat), KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, Box 2461, 3001Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Maarten Houlleberghs
- Center for Surface Chemistry and Catalysis (COK-kat), KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, Box 2461, 3001Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Loes Verheyden
- Center for Surface Chemistry and Catalysis (COK-kat), KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, Box 2461, 3001Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Dirk Dom
- Center for Surface Chemistry and Catalysis (COK-kat), KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, Box 2461, 3001Heverlee, Belgium
- NMR/X-ray platform for Convergence Research (NMRCoRe), KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, Box 2461, 3001Heverlee, Belgium
| | - C Vinod Chandran
- Center for Surface Chemistry and Catalysis (COK-kat), KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, Box 2461, 3001Heverlee, Belgium
- NMR/X-ray platform for Convergence Research (NMRCoRe), KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, Box 2461, 3001Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Sambhu Radhakrishnan
- Center for Surface Chemistry and Catalysis (COK-kat), KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, Box 2461, 3001Heverlee, Belgium
- NMR/X-ray platform for Convergence Research (NMRCoRe), KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, Box 2461, 3001Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Johan A Martens
- Center for Surface Chemistry and Catalysis (COK-kat), KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, Box 2461, 3001Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Eric Breynaert
- Center for Surface Chemistry and Catalysis (COK-kat), KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, Box 2461, 3001Heverlee, Belgium
- NMR/X-ray platform for Convergence Research (NMRCoRe), KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, Box 2461, 3001Heverlee, Belgium
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11
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Jószai I, Vékei N, Bajnai D, Kertész I, Trencsényi G. A generic gas chromatography method for determination of residual solvents in PET radiopharmaceuticals. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2022; 207:114425. [PMID: 34656936 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2021.114425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
A novel gas chromatography (GC) method for quantitation of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in 18F- and 11C-radiopharmaceuticals listed in the European Pharmacopoeia (Ph. Eur.) was proposed. Optimized chromatographic parameters were used for separation of ethanol, acetone, acetonitrile, tetrahydrofuran (THF), dibromomethane (DBM), 2-dimethylaminoethanol (deanol), N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) which could be detected in radioactive drug samples. The calculated peak resolutions (RS) were higher than 2.0 at ethanol concentration of up to 11 m/m%. Reproducible results could be obtained using base deactivated fused silica wool as packing material of inlet liner. Validation parameters showed excellent linearity (r2 ≥0.9998) in the range from 10 to at least 120% of concentration limit of solvents. The accuracy was determined as recovery of concentrations which ranged from 99.3% to 103.8%. Additionally, the relative standard deviation (RSD) of each solvent for inter-day and intra-day precision were in the range of 0.5-4.2% and 0.4-4.4%, respectively. The limit of quantitation (LOQ) for ethanol, acetone, acetonitrile, THF, DBM, deanol, DMF and DMSO was 0.48, 0.42, 0.43, 0.46, 4.35, 0.73, 0.68 and 0.50 mg/L, respectively. The developed procedure was successively applied for quantitation of ethanol, acetone, acetonitrile and deanol in radioactive drug samples of [11C]methionine, [11C]choline, 2-deoxy-2-[18F]fluoro-D-glucose ([18F]FDG) and O-(2-[18F]fluoroethyl)-L-tyrosine ([18F]FET). The proposed GC method applying flame ionization detection (FID) could be adapted in routine quality control of most frequently used positron emission tomography (PET) radiopharmaceuticals to perform the determination of residual solvents with analysis time of 12 min.
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Affiliation(s)
- István Jószai
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Translational Imaging, Department of Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 98 Nagyerdei St., H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary.
| | - Nándor Vékei
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Translational Imaging, Department of Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 98 Nagyerdei St., H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Dávid Bajnai
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Translational Imaging, Department of Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 98 Nagyerdei St., H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - István Kertész
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Translational Imaging, Department of Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 98 Nagyerdei St., H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - György Trencsényi
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Translational Imaging, Department of Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 98 Nagyerdei St., H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
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Shakleya D, Mazumder S, Pavurala N, Mattson S, Faustino PJ. Application of Gas Chromatography for the Analysis of Residual Solvents in Transdermal Drug Delivery Systems (TDS). CURR PHARM ANAL 2021. [DOI: 10.2174/1573412918666211217144635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background:
Transdermal drug delivery systems (TDS) are widely used to deliver a number of different drug therapeutics. The design delivery can be impacted by excipients and, more broadly, organic solvents. Organic or residual solvents are routinely monitored due to safety concerns. However, there is little information on the mechanical properties and delivery performance of TDS.
Objective:
The objective of this study was to develop and validate an efficient GC-Headspace method to determine the residual solvents (n-heptane, o-xylene, and ethyl acetate) in transdermal patches. The analytical method was applied to monitor residual solvents in TDS and evaluate the potential effect of the residual solvent levels on the TDS adhesion properties.
Methods:
An Agilent GC 7890A was integrated with an Agilent headspace analyzer 7697A system and was used for method development, analytical method validation, and the testing phases of the study. For the analysis of residual solvents in TDS, 2cm x 3cm, a TDS sample was placed in a 20 mL Headspace vial containing 2 mL of a DMSO/water (1:1, v/v) solvent mixture, and an external standard (cyclohexane) was extracted by the headspace analyzer. The system suitability test was conducted according to USP <621>, and analytical method validation was conducted according to USP <1225> over 3 days for validation and was also performed during in-study sample analysis.
Results:
The resolution between the solvents was acceptable (2.5, %RSD = 8.0). Intra- and inter-day accuracy and precision of all quality control standards as well as the spiked standards in the transdermal patches were found to be acceptable with RSD% ≤ 10% and accuracy ≥ 85%, respectively. Linearity was > 0.99 for all analytes.
Conclusion:
The validated GC-Headspace method was successfully applied to a pilot study for in-house manufactured TDS patches to study the impact of residual solvent concentration on adhesion performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diaa Shakleya
- Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Office of Testing and Research, Division of Product Quality Research, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, MD, 20903, United States
| | - Sonal Mazumder
- Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Office of Testing and Research, Division of Product Quality Research, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, MD, 20903, United States
| | - Naresh Pavurala
- Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Office of Testing and Research, Division of Product Quality Research, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, MD, 20903, United States
| | - Sara Mattson
- Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Office of Testing and Research, Division of Product Quality Research, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, MD, 20903, United States
| | - Patrick J. Faustino
- Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Office of Testing and Research, Division of Product Quality Research, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, MD, 20903, United States
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13
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Vyviurska O, Hanobiková M, Gomes AA, Špánik I. Multivariate optimization of dual-sorbent dynamic headspace extraction of volatiles in wine analysis. Food Chem 2021; 365:130449. [PMID: 34218105 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.130449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The main critical point of newly developed miniaturized sample preparation techniques is a limited extraction capacity. Dynamic headspace extraction offers increased volume of sorbent which is commonly used in environmental analysis. Application of two sorbents (Carbopack B/Carbopack X and Tenax® TA) at different extraction temperatures allows enhancing a range of volatile organic compounds available for analysis. Such approach was applied in our research for quantification of volatile organic compounds in botrytized wines with gas chromatography. The central composite design was included to analysis simultaneous effects of incubation time, incubation temperature, purge volume and purge flow. In attempt to properly assess results, the data evaluation involved Pareto charts, surface response methodology and principal component analysis. Multivariate experimental design revealed statistical significance of purge volume and quadratic terms of incubation time and temperature, for response of volatiles. The quantification method with 0.2-2.0 µg/L LOD and 0.5-5.0 µg/L LOQ values, was developed under simultaneously optimized experimental conditions such as a 54 °C incubation temperature, a 20.18 min incubation time, a 344.3 mL purge volume and a 16.0 mL/min purge flow. The increased levels of linalool oxide, ethyl phenylacetate, γ-hexalactone and α-terpineol were observed in the samples, that correlated with botrytized wine technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Vyviurska
- Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Institute of Analytical Chemistry, 81237 Bratislava, Slovak Republic.
| | - Mária Hanobiková
- Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Institute of Analytical Chemistry, 81237 Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Adriano A Gomes
- Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Institute of Analytical Chemistry, 81237 Bratislava, Slovak Republic; Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Bento Gonçalves Avenue, 9500, 91501-970 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Ivan Špánik
- Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Institute of Analytical Chemistry, 81237 Bratislava, Slovak Republic.
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Razvi SZA, Kamm I, Nguyen T, Pellett JD, Kumar A. Loss on Drying Using Halogen Moisture Analyzer: An Orthogonal Technique for Monitoring Volatile Content for In-Process Control Samples during Pharmaceutical Manufacturing. Org Process Res Dev 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.0c00512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sayyeda Zeenat A. Razvi
- Department of Small Molecule Analytical Chemistry, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Isabelle Kamm
- PTMMA Department, F. Hoffmann-La Roche AG, Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Tina Nguyen
- Department of Small Molecule Analytical Chemistry, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Jackson D. Pellett
- Department of Small Molecule Analytical Chemistry, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Archana Kumar
- Department of Small Molecule Analytical Chemistry, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
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Hassan H, Othman MF, Zakaria ZA, Ahmad Saad FF, Abdul Razak HR. Assessing the influence of neglected GC-FID variables on the multiple responses using multivariate optimization for the determination of ethanol and acetonitrile in radiopharmaceuticals. SN APPLIED SCIENCES 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s42452-021-04246-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractAnalytical gas chromatography in line with a flame ionization detector (GC-FID) method was developed and validated for direct determination of organic solvents in [18F]fluoro-ethyl-tyrosine ([18F]FET), [18F]fluoromisonidazole ([18F]FMISO) and [18F]fluorothymidine ([18F]FLT). Variables of the splitless time (min) and injection temperature (°C) on the response of analysis time and resolution were optimized with the assistance of a two-level full factorial design and desirability function of Derringer. The proposed procedure was validated following the International Council for Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Pharmaceuticals for Human Use (ICH) Q2 (R1) guideline. Excellent linearity, R2 > 0.990, indicated that approximately 99% of the response variance could be predicted from ethanol and acetonitrile concentrations ranging from 0.5 to 6.0 mg mL−1 and 0.1 to 0.8 mg mL−1, respectively. The proposed procedure has proved to be selective, sensitive, and accurate (90–110%), with excellent repeatability and precision (RSD < 2%). In the robustness analysis, the findings from the calculated Standardized Effects Values (SE) were insignificant (p > 0.05) and demonstrated that the proposed method was robust for a splitless time of 1.0 ± 0.5 min and an injection temperature of 210 ± 10 °C. The proposed method was also successfully used for the quantitative determination of ethanol and acetonitrile in [18F]FET, [18F]FMISO, and [18F]FLT. Both solvents were well separated (R, 4.1–4.3) within 4.5 min. Therefore, the proposed method is relevant for routine quality control analysis of all 18F-radiopharmaceutical derivatives for the direct determination of ethanol and acetonitrile.
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16
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Kim M, Park HJ, Bae ON, Baek SH. Development and uncertainty estimation of cryogenic homogenization and static headspace–gas chromatography–mass spectrometry method for the simultaneous determination of twelve toxic volatiles in disposable menstrual products. Microchem J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2020.105291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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17
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Hassan H, Othman MF, Zakaria ZA, Saad FFA, Abdul Razak HR. Analytical GC-FID Method for the Determination of Organic Solvents in Radiopharmaceuticals. Curr Radiopharm 2020; 14:131-144. [PMID: 33115398 DOI: 10.2174/1874471013999201027215704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Organic solvents play an indispensable role in most of the radiopharmaceutical production stages. It is almost impossible to remove them entirely in the final formulation of the product. OBJECTIVE In this presented work, an analytical method by gas chromatography coupled with flame ionization detection (GC-FID) has been developed to determine organic solvents in radiopharmaceutical samples. The effect of injection holding time, temperature variation in the injection port, and the column temperature on the analysis time and resolution (R ≥ 1.5) of ethanol and acetonitrile was studied extensively. METHODS The experimental conditions were optimized with the aid of further statistical analysis; thence, the proposed method was validated following the International Council for Harmonisation (ICH) Q2 (R1) guideline. RESULTS The proposed analytical method surpassed the acceptance criteria including the linearity > 0.990 (correlation coefficient of R2), precision < 2%, LOD, and LOQ, accuracy > 90% for all solvents. The separation between ethanol and acetonitrile was acceptable with a resolution R > 1.5. Further statistical analysis of Oneway ANOVA revealed that the increment in injection holding time and variation of temperature at the injection port did not significantly affect the analysis time. Nevertheless, the variation in injection port temperature substantially influenced the resolution of ethanol and acetonitrile peaks (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION The proposed analytical method has been successfully implemented to determine the organic solvent in the [18F]fluoro-ethyl-tyrosine ([18F]FET), [18F]fluoromisonidazole ([18F]FMISO), and [18F]fluorothymidine ([18F]FLT).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hishar Hassan
- Centre for Diagnostic Nuclear Imaging, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Muhammad Faiz Othman
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Teknologi MARA, 42300 Bandar Puncak Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Zainul Amiruddin Zakaria
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Fathinul Fikri Ahmad Saad
- Department of Imaging, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
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18
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Heynderickx PM. Dynamic headspace analysis using online measurements: Modeling of average and initial concentration. Talanta 2019; 198:573-584. [PMID: 30876601 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2019.02.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Revised: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Dynamic headspace sampling is an important technique for the analysis of consumer products, the study of biological samples and environmental water analyses. This paper shows the influence of experimental conditions, such as the sampling time, sampling flow rate, headspace volume, liquid volume and Henry coefficient on the measured average concentration values. A corresponding closed expression as function of these variables is introduced in order to quantify the deviation of the initial headspace concentration. The proposed bi-exponential function embeds different current existing models for recovery calculation in dynamic sampling analyses in one single expression. A fully automated and user-friendly Excel® file to investigate or to model the dynamic headspace sampling results is added to everyone's easy use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe M Heynderickx
- Center for Environmental and Energy Research (CEER) - Engineering of Materials via Catalysis and Characterization, Ghent University Global Campus, 119 Songdomunhwa-Ro, Yeonsu-Gu, Incheon 406-840, South Korea; Department of Green Chemistry and Technology (BW24), Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 653 Coupure Links, Ghent B-9000, Belgium.
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19
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dos Santos Costa CL, Ramos DP, da Silva JB. Multivariate optimization and validation of a procedure to direct determine acetonitrile and ethanol in radiopharmaceuticals by GC-FID. Microchem J 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2019.03.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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20
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Generic gas chromatography flame ionization detection method using hydrogen as the carrier gas for the analysis of solvents in pharmaceuticals. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2019; 165:366-373. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2018.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Revised: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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21
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Salatti-Dorado JÁ, González-Rubio S, García-Gómez D, Lucena R, Cárdenas S, Rubio S. A high thermally stable oligomer-based supramolecular solvent for universal headspace Gas Chromatography: Proof-of-principle determination of residual solvents in drugs. Anal Chim Acta 2019; 1046:132-139. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2018.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Revised: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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22
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Zhang K, Kurita KL, Venkatramani C, Russell D. Seeking universal detectors for analytical characterizations. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2018; 162:192-204. [PMID: 30265979 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2018.09.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Revised: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 09/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
It is highly desirable to have a universal detector that can detect all types of compounds and give a uniform response regardless of the physiochemical properties of the compounds. With such a universal detector, all components in a sample can be accurately quantified without the need for individual standards. This is especially needed for the characterization of unknowns and for non-targeted analysis, or for samples that have no isolated standards available for each component. Over the years, much effort has been put into seeking a universal detection technology. In this review, we discuss the commonly used detectors for analytical characterization, including UV, RI, ELSD, CAD, CLND, FID, VUV, MS, NMR, and hyphenated detection, with the focuses on the "universal" features of these detectors regarding the types of molecules they can detect and the uniformity of responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Zhang
- Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, United States.
| | - Kenji L Kurita
- Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, United States
| | | | - David Russell
- Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, United States
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23
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Shen Y, Li X, Le Y. Amorphous Nanoparticulate Formulation of Sirolimus and Its Tablets. Pharmaceutics 2018; 10:pharmaceutics10030155. [PMID: 30208637 PMCID: PMC6161202 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics10030155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Revised: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanocrystallization and amorphization have proven to be two effective strategies to improve the bioavailability of water-insoluble drugs. The purpose of our work was to develop a nano-formulated tablet of sirolimus (SRL) for enhanced dissolution. Amorphous SRL nanocomposites were prepared using anti-solvent precipitation via a high-gravity rotating packed bed. Various factors that affect particle size and size distribution, such as excipients, rotating speed, antisolvent/solvent flow rate, were investigated. Structure, stability and in vitro dissolution of the as-prepared SRL were evaluated. Furthermore, the nanoparticulated SRL tablet formula was screened to control drug release. Importantly, SRL tablets exhibit different dissolution profile by adjusting HPMC (hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose) content, which makes them more suitable for various formulation developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yudong Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Xingya Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Yuan Le
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China.
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24
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Novo DL, Pereira RM, Hartwig CA, Santos CM, Mesko MF. A selective volatilization method for determination of chloride and sulfate in calcium carbonate pharmaceutical raw material and commercial tablets. Talanta 2018; 181:440-447. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2018.01.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Revised: 01/13/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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25
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Leão RLC, Nascimento NCDES, Alves PS, Nascimento JED, Oliveira MLD. Assessment of ethanol and acetonitrile in 18F-FDG preparations by means of liquid chromatography. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2018.1426598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Renata Lins Carneiro Leão
- Divisão de Produção de Radiofármacos, Centro Regional de Ciências Nucleares do Nordeste, Comissão Nacional de Energia Nuclear, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Natalia Cassia do Espirito Santo Nascimento
- Divisão de Produção de Radiofármacos, Centro Regional de Ciências Nucleares do Nordeste, Comissão Nacional de Energia Nuclear, Recife, PE, Brazil
- Departamento de Energia Nuclear, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Priscilla Santos Alves
- Divisão de Produção de Radiofármacos, Centro Regional de Ciências Nucleares do Nordeste, Comissão Nacional de Energia Nuclear, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - João Eudes do Nascimento
- Divisão de Produção de Radiofármacos, Centro Regional de Ciências Nucleares do Nordeste, Comissão Nacional de Energia Nuclear, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Mércia Liane de Oliveira
- Divisão de Produção de Radiofármacos, Centro Regional de Ciências Nucleares do Nordeste, Comissão Nacional de Energia Nuclear, Recife, PE, Brazil
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26
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Wang Z, Zhang Q, Li H, Lv Q, Wang W, Bai H. Rapid and green determination of 58 fragrance allergens in plush toys. J Sep Sci 2017; 41:657-668. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201700556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Revised: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhijuan Wang
- Institute of Industrial and Consumer Product Safety; Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine; Beijing China
| | - Qing Zhang
- Institute of Industrial and Consumer Product Safety; Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine; Beijing China
| | - Haiyu Li
- Institute of Industrial and Consumer Product Safety; Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine; Beijing China
| | - Qing Lv
- Institute of Industrial and Consumer Product Safety; Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine; Beijing China
| | - Wan Wang
- Institute of Industrial and Consumer Product Safety; Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine; Beijing China
| | - Hua Bai
- Institute of Industrial and Consumer Product Safety; Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine; Beijing China
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27
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Toledo MV, Briand LE. Relevance and bio-catalytic strategies for the kinetic resolution of ketoprofen towards dexketoprofen. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2017; 38:778-800. [PMID: 29124963 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2017.1399249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
This review presents the most relevant investigations concerning the biocatalytic kinetic resolution of racemic ketoprofen to dexketoprofen for the last 22 years. The advantages related to the administration of the dex-enantiomer in terms of human health, the so called "chiral switch" in the pharmaceutical industry and the sustainability of biotransformations have been the driving forces to develop innovative technology to obtain dexketoprofen. In particular, the kinetic resolution of racemic ketoprofen through enantiomeric esterification and hydrolysis using lipases as biocatalysts are thoroughly revised and commented upon. In this context, the biocatalysts, acyl-acceptors (alcohols), reaction conditions, conversion, enantiomeric excess, and enantiomeric ratio among others are discussed. Moreover, the investigations concerning scaling up processes in order to obtain an optically pure enantiomer of the profen are presented. Finally, some guidelines about perspectives of the technology and research opportunities are given.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Victoria Toledo
- a Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Ciencias Aplicadas-Dr. Jorge J. Ronco (CINDECA) , Universidad Nacional de La Plata, CONICET , La Plata , Buenos Aires , Argentina
| | - Laura Estefanía Briand
- a Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Ciencias Aplicadas-Dr. Jorge J. Ronco (CINDECA) , Universidad Nacional de La Plata, CONICET , La Plata , Buenos Aires , Argentina
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Islam J, Zaman K, Chakrabarti S, Bora NS, Pathak MP, Mandal S, Junejo JA, Chattopadhyay P. Exploration of ethyl anthranilate-loaded monolithic matrix-type prophylactic polymeric patch. J Food Drug Anal 2016; 25:968-975. [PMID: 28987374 PMCID: PMC9328865 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfda.2016.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Revised: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Compromised stability of pharmaceutical formulations loaded with volatiles is a serious problem associated with devices designed to deliver volatile compounds. The present study has been focused to evaluate the stability potential of matrix-type polymeric patches composed of volatile ethyl anthranilate for prophylaxis against vector-borne diseases. Ethyl anthranilate-loaded matrix-type polymeric patches were fabricated by solvent evaporation method on an impermeable backing membrane and attached to temporary release liners. Stability testing of the polymeric patches was performed as per the International Conference on Harmonization (ICH) guidelines for 6 months under accelerated conditions. In addition, the quantification of residual solvents was also performed as per the ICH guidelines. After conducting the stability studies for 6 months, the optimized patches showed the best possible results with respect to uniformity of drug content, physical appearance, and other analytical parameters. Furthermore, the amount of residual solvent was found well below the accepted limit. Thus, the present report outlined the analytical parameters to be evaluated to ensure the stability of a certain devices consisting of volatile compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johirul Islam
- Division of Pharmaceutical Technology, Defence Research Laboratory, Tezpur, Assam, India; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh, Assam, India.
| | - Kamaruz Zaman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh, Assam, India
| | - Srijita Chakrabarti
- Division of Pharmaceutical Technology, Defence Research Laboratory, Tezpur, Assam, India
| | - Nilutpal Sharma Bora
- Division of Pharmaceutical Technology, Defence Research Laboratory, Tezpur, Assam, India
| | - Manash Pratim Pathak
- Division of Pharmaceutical Technology, Defence Research Laboratory, Tezpur, Assam, India
| | - Santa Mandal
- Division of Pharmaceutical Technology, Defence Research Laboratory, Tezpur, Assam, India
| | - Julfikar Ali Junejo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh, Assam, India
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