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Aguinaga Martínez MV, Peralta FT, Domini CE, Acebal CC. Preparation of a sustainable magnetic sorbent for the extraction and preconcentration of progestogens in natural water samples. Talanta 2024; 276:126189. [PMID: 38718645 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2024.126189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2024] [Accepted: 04/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
A film composed of agarose and graphene (G) and magnetic nanoparticles (G-MNPs) is proposed as a sorbent for the extraction and determination of medroxyprogesterone (MED), levonorgestrel (LEV), norethisterone (NOR) and progesterone (PRO) in natural water samples. Both the preparation of the film and the extraction procedure were optimized. The optimal extraction parameters were as follows: isopropyl alcohol as activation solvent, sample pH value of 3.0, extraction time of 30 min, 1.00 mL of acetonitrile as eluent, elution time of 5 min and sample volume of 100.00 mL. HPLC with photodiode array detector was used for the separation and determination. The method presented a linear range between 2.50 and 75.0 μg L-1 for all analytes, and the LODs were between 1.40 and 1.80 μg L-1. The method was applied to natural water samples, obtaining satisfactory recovery values (75-111 %). In conclusion, for the immobilization of the G-MNPs, agarose was used, which is a non-toxic, renewable and biodegradable material. The G-MNPs-agarose film was reused up to 70 times, without losing its extraction capacity significantly and presenting excellent sorbent properties, which allow the extraction and preconcentration of the progestogens under study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maite V Aguinaga Martínez
- INQUISUR, Departamento de Química, Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS)-CONICET, Av. Alem 1253, 8000, Bahía Blanca, Argentina
| | - Fernando T Peralta
- Departamento de Química, Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS)-CONICET, Av. Alem 1253, 8000, Bahía Blanca, Argentina
| | - Claudia E Domini
- INQUISUR, Departamento de Química, Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS)-CONICET, Av. Alem 1253, 8000, Bahía Blanca, Argentina.
| | - Carolina C Acebal
- INQUISUR, Departamento de Química, Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS)-CONICET, Av. Alem 1253, 8000, Bahía Blanca, Argentina.
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2
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Stelmaszczyk P, Białkowska K, Wietecha-Posłuszny R. Paper-supported polystyrene membranes for micro-solid phase extraction of date-rape drugs from urine: A sustainable analytical approach. Anal Chim Acta 2024; 1316:342874. [PMID: 38969415 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2024.342874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Revised: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/07/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The rapid development of micro-solid phase extraction (μ-SPE) procedures with new sorption materials, in particular, based on using natural materials, is currently reported. The production of these sorbents and the entire extraction procedure should support the implementation of Green Analytical Chemistry (GAC) principles. Promising materials are sorbents based on paper, which can be relatively easily modified, among others: by covering it with a polymer membrane. In this work, the practical application of paper-supported polystyrene used in the analysis of urine samples containing selected date-rape drugs (DRD) substances, and evaluation of the entire procedure using GAC metrics is presented. RESULTS The paper-supported polystyrene membranes were successfully fabricated and characterized. The successful polystyrene coating on the paper was confirmed through ATR-FTIR measurements, ensuring even coverage. The μ-SPE procedure using this material facilitated extraction with a throughput of approximately 120 samples per hour in just a few steps. Throughout the research, a mixture of 100 mM acetic acid:methanol:acetonitrile (70:15:15, v/v/v) was selected as an optimal background electrolyte for capillary electrophoresis - mass spectrometry analysis. Validation results of this method demonstrated its suitability, exhibiting good linearity (R2 > 0.95), low limits of detection (3.1-15 ng mL-1), acceptable precision (<15 %), and recovery for all tested analytes. Furthermore, the greenness evaluation conducted with six different metrics: AGREEprep, AGREE, ComplexGAPI, SPMS, hexagonal metric, and WAC indicated the overall eco-friendliness and sustainability of the method, with minor concerns regarding energy consumption. SIGNIFICANCE The use of cellulose paper with polystyrene membranes for μ-SPE provides a versatile and eco-friendly extraction method for detecting DRDs in urine samples. The presented work is an example of the use of GAC metrics in the evaluation of the analytical procedure. The optimized PT-μ-SPE/CE-MS method allows for minimized reagent usage and waste production. Moreover, the method proves to be sustainable and efficient for forensic toxicology analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paweł Stelmaszczyk
- Laboratory for Forensic Chemistry, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University in Kraków, Gronostajowa St. 2, 30-387, Kraków, Poland; Jagiellonian University in Kraków, Doctoral School of Exact and Natural Sciences, Faculty of Chemistry, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Białkowska
- Laboratory for Forensic Chemistry, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University in Kraków, Gronostajowa St. 2, 30-387, Kraków, Poland
| | - Renata Wietecha-Posłuszny
- Laboratory for Forensic Chemistry, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University in Kraków, Gronostajowa St. 2, 30-387, Kraków, Poland.
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3
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Benedetti B, Ceccardi E, MacKeown H, Di Carro M, Magi E. Exploring the potentialities of a biodegradable polymeric film in sample preparation: An optimized "white" protocol to extract and quantify emerging contaminants in water. Anal Chim Acta 2024; 1311:342725. [PMID: 38816162 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2024.342725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The introduction of white analytical chemistry encourages the development of methods characterized by a balance among greenness, productivity/feasibility and analytical performances. In the environmental analysis of emerging contaminants (ECs), for which high sensitivity and specificity are mandatory, the use of green and sustainable sample preparation needs to be coupled to a reliable analytical determination. Herein, an extraction method based on the use of a biodegradable polymeric film (Mater-Bi) and coupled to LC-MS/MS analysis was developed for the sensitive determination of ECs in wastewater. RESULTS The interaction among a range of ECs and the Mater-Bi film (a commercially available patented blend of polybutylene-terephthalate, starch and fatty acids) was investigated by two sequential experimental designs, to simultaneously study several factors and optimize extraction efficiency. The final method, resembling a fabric phase sorptive extraction, involved pH and ionic strength modification of the sample, 1h extraction and desorption in ethanol. Satisfactory recoveries from real wastewater were obtained for sixteen analytes (56-116 %), as well as excellent precision (inter-day relative standard deviations below 10 % for most compounds). Matrix effect was in the range 88-116 % at the lower pre-concentration factor, but also acceptable in most cases at the higher pre-concentration factor. LODs in matrix, from 0.004 to 0.159 μg L-1, were lower than or comparable to those from recent studies employing green extraction procedures. The method demonstrated its applicability to samples from wastewater treatment plants, allowing quantification of pharmaceuticals and UV filters at the μg L-1 and ng L-1 levels, respectively. SIGNIFICANCE For the first time, the synthetic biopolymer Mater-Bi, so far unexplored for the use in analytical chemistry, was exploited for a green, simple and extremely cheap extraction protocol. The optimized method is suitable for several ECs, guaranteeing very good accuracy, precision and specificity, also thanks to the LC-MS/MS analysis. The evaluation by green and white analytical chemistry metrics highlighted its superiority to conventional extraction methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Benedetti
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Genoa, Via Dodecaneso 31, 16146, Genova, Italy.
| | - Erica Ceccardi
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Genoa, Via Dodecaneso 31, 16146, Genova, Italy
| | - Henry MacKeown
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Genoa, Via Dodecaneso 31, 16146, Genova, Italy
| | - Marina Di Carro
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Genoa, Via Dodecaneso 31, 16146, Genova, Italy
| | - Emanuele Magi
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Genoa, Via Dodecaneso 31, 16146, Genova, Italy
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4
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Yang J, Liang T, Pan B, Xu X, Guo Y, Shi W, Long Q, Deng J, Yao Q, Wang Z. A spherical adsorbent produced from a bagasse biochar chitosan assembly for selective adsorption of platinum-group metals from wastewater. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 266:131142. [PMID: 38537846 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.131142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/24/2024] [Indexed: 04/01/2024]
Abstract
This study addresses the challenge of platinum-group metal scarcity by exploring the adsorption of these metals from industrial wastewater. An inexpensive adsorbent with selective platinum-group metal adsorption capacity, named chitosan/citric acid@diatomaceous earth-sugarcane bagasse (CTS/CA@DE-SBS), was newly synthesized. The material features a double coating of chitosan and diatomite on bagasse biochar, and it exhibits an excellent adsorption performance for platinum-group metals due to the synergistic effects of the biochar and chitosan-diatomaceous earth intercross-linked coatings. CTS/CA@DE-SBS achieved an 81 % adsorption efficiency and a static saturated adsorption capacity of 217 mg/g for Pt (IV) in water. Notably, the material exhibited selective adsorption properties for platinum-group metals dissolved in diverse aqueous solutions. The potential for the secondary recovery of platinum-group metals in complex aqueous bodies further underscores the significance of this adsorbent. In conclusion, this research introduces a promising solution for platinum-group metal shortages, offering a cost-effective and selective adsorbent with potential applications in the secondary recovery of these metals from industrial wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Yang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Information Materials & Engineering Research Center of Electronic Information Materials and Devices, Ministry of Education, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin 541004, PR China
| | - Tongying Liang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Information Materials & Engineering Research Center of Electronic Information Materials and Devices, Ministry of Education, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin 541004, PR China
| | - Baiyang Pan
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Information Materials & Engineering Research Center of Electronic Information Materials and Devices, Ministry of Education, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin 541004, PR China
| | - Xiaoxi Xu
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Information Materials & Engineering Research Center of Electronic Information Materials and Devices, Ministry of Education, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin 541004, PR China
| | - Yuyang Guo
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Information Materials & Engineering Research Center of Electronic Information Materials and Devices, Ministry of Education, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin 541004, PR China
| | - Wenya Shi
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Information Materials & Engineering Research Center of Electronic Information Materials and Devices, Ministry of Education, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin 541004, PR China
| | - Qianxin Long
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Information Materials & Engineering Research Center of Electronic Information Materials and Devices, Ministry of Education, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin 541004, PR China.
| | - Jianqiu Deng
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Information Materials & Engineering Research Center of Electronic Information Materials and Devices, Ministry of Education, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin 541004, PR China
| | - Qingrong Yao
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Information Materials & Engineering Research Center of Electronic Information Materials and Devices, Ministry of Education, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin 541004, PR China
| | - Zhongmin Wang
- Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanning 530000, PR China
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5
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Pour PH, Suzaei FM, Daryanavard SM. Greenness assessment of microextraction techniques in therapeutic drug monitoring. Bioanalysis 2024; 16:249-278. [PMID: 38466891 PMCID: PMC11216521 DOI: 10.4155/bio-2023-0266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Aim: In this study, we evaluated the greenness and whiteness scores for microextraction techniques used in therapeutic drug monitoring. Additionally, the cons and pros of each evaluated method and their impacts on the provided scores are also discussed. Materials & methods: The Analytical Greenness Sample Preparation metric tool and white analytical chemistry principles are used for related published works (2007-2023). Results & conclusion: This study provided valuable insights for developing methods based on microextraction techniques with a balance in greenness and whiteness areas. Some methods based on a specific technique recorded higher scores, making them suitable candidates as green analytical approaches, and some others achieved high scores both in green and white areas with a satisfactory balance between principles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parastoo Hosseini Pour
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hormozgan, Bandar-Abbas, 79177, Iran
| | - Foad Mashayekhi Suzaei
- Toxicology Laboratories, Monitoring the Human Hygiene Condition and Standard of Qeshm (MHCS Company), Qeshm Island, 79511, Iran
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6
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Kubica P, Kalogiouri NP, Kabir A, Furton KG, Samanidou VF. Optimization of a Fabric Phase Sorptive Extraction protocol for the isolation of six bisphenols from juice pouches to be analysed by high performance liquid chromatography coupled with diode array detector. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1708:464366. [PMID: 37716085 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.464366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 09/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/18/2023]
Abstract
Fabric Phase Sorptive Extraction (FPSE) combined with high pressure liquid chromatography using to diode array detection (HPLC-DAD) was applied for the simultaneous determination of bisphenols (BPA, BPB, BPC, BPE, BPF, BPS) in juice pouches. The FPSE procedure was optimized with regards to the critical parameters that affect the performance of the method including the selection of the FPSE membrane type and size, adsorption time, extraction time, solvent volume desorption, magnetic stirring ratio, and salt addition. The FPSE membrane could be reused up to 14 times. The developed FPSE-HPLC-DAD method was validated in terms of linearity, sensitivity, accuracy andprecision. The limits of detection (LODs) were lower than 6.9 ng/mL, while the limits of quantification (LOQs) were lower than 21 ng/mL. The results obtained are satisfactory in terms of precision, accuracy and repeatability, with recoveries above 86% and CV values below 9.5%. The FPSE-HPLC-DAD method was successfully applied in the determination of six bisphenols in juice samples stored in pouches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paweł Kubica
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdansk University of Technology, 11/12 Narutowicza Str., Gdańsk, 80-233, Poland; Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-54124, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Natasa P Kalogiouri
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-54124, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Abuzar Kabir
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States of America
| | - Kenneth G Furton
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States of America
| | - Victoria F Samanidou
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-54124, Thessaloniki, Greece.
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7
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Arismendi D, Vera I, Ahumada I, Richter P. A thin biofilm of chitosan as a sorptive phase in the rotating disk sorptive extraction of triclosan and methyl triclosan from water samples. Anal Chim Acta 2023; 1252:341053. [PMID: 36935141 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2023.341053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
Abstract
The features and nature of the sorptive phase may be the stage that determines the scope of microextraction techniques. In search of new alternatives, materials of natural origin have recently been explored to establish greener analytical strategies. Based on that search, this research proposes the use of chitosan as a sorptive phase, which was assessed in the rotating disk sorptive extraction of emerging contaminants from aqueous systems. Chitosan is a biopolymer of animal origin that is usually found in the shells of crustaceans. The main characteristic of this material is the presence of a high number of nitrogenous groups, which gives it high reactivity, but its main disadvantage is associated with its high swelling capacity. In this research, chitosan was crosslinked with a low concentration of glutaraldehyde to form thin films that were easily immobilized on the surface of the rotating disk. The main advantage of this modification is the considerable decrease in the swelling capacity, which prevents loss and rupture of the sorbent during high rotation of the disk. In addition, it not only improved the physical characteristics of chitosan but also increased its extraction capacity. With regard to its use as a sorptive phase, all the variables associated with the microextraction of the analytes were studied, and optimal variables were found to be: pH 4, 20% NaCl (salting out effect), 30-45 min as equilibrium time and elution of analytes with a mixture of methanol:ethyl acetate (1:1). Validation of the methodology for the determination of methyl triclosan and triclosan was carried out, and relative recoveries between 89 and 96% and relative standard deviations less than 14% were found. The detection limits were 0.11 and 0.20 μg L-1, respectively. Through its application in real samples (natural and residual waters), triclosan was quantified between 0.7 and 1.3 μg L-1. Finally, the "green" properties of the phase were evaluated, demonstrating that it is reusable for at least three cycles and biodegradable. Compared to its efficiency with a commercial phase (in this case, the styrene divinyl benzene phase), the proposed biosorbent provided a similar and even higher sorptive capacity (depending on the analyte).
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Arismendi
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Chile, P.O. Box 233, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Iván Vera
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Chile, P.O. Box 233, Santiago, Chile
| | - Inés Ahumada
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Chile, P.O. Box 233, Santiago, Chile
| | - Pablo Richter
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Chile, P.O. Box 233, Santiago, Chile.
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8
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Aguinaga Martínez MV, Domini CE, Acebal CC. Preparation of a single and reusable biopolymer-based film for the extraction and preconcentration of anti-inflammatory drugs from environmental water samples. RSC Adv 2023; 13:9055-9064. [PMID: 36950076 PMCID: PMC10025811 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra00166k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/24/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the main goals of green chemistry is to reduce the use of toxic materials and the generation of hazardous waste, both during method development and in the synthesis of the materials used. Thus, a biodegradable, single and reusable material composed of agarose and multi-walled carbon nanotubes was proposed. The film preparation was carefully optimized in order to obtain a one-piece sorbent, with high extraction efficiency and the possibility of reuse. The film was tested in the simultaneous extraction and preconcentration of three non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (ketorolac, ketoprofen and piroxicam) from environmental water samples. The optimal extraction parameters were as follows: isopropyl alcohol as the activation solvent, a sample pH value of 3.0, extraction time of 30 min, 2.00 mL of acetonitrile as the eluent, an elution time of 5 minutes, and a sample volume of 250.00 mL. Under these conditions, the film was reusable 50 times without losing its extraction capacity significantly. HPLC with a photodiode array detector was used for the separation and determination. The method presented a linear range between 0.10 and 1.2 μg L-1, good sensitivity with limits of detection between 0.0075 and 0.0089 μg L-1, and quantification between 0.025 and 0.030 μg L-1. In addition, low RSD values (0.46-3.13%) were obtained demonstrating satisfactory precision. Stream water samples were analyzed, and recoveries between 82.0 and 109.0% were obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maite V Aguinaga Martínez
- INQUISUR, Departamento de Química, Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS)-CONICET Av. Alem 1253 Bahía Blanca 8000 Argentina
| | - Claudia E Domini
- INQUISUR, Departamento de Química, Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS)-CONICET Av. Alem 1253 Bahía Blanca 8000 Argentina
| | - Carolina C Acebal
- INQUISUR, Departamento de Química, Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS)-CONICET Av. Alem 1253 Bahía Blanca 8000 Argentina
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9
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Román-Hidalgo C, Barreiros L, Villar-Navarro M, López-Pérez G, Martín-Valero MJ, Segundo MA. Electromembrane extraction based on biodegradable materials: Biopolymers as sustainable alternatives to plastics. Trends Analyt Chem 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2023.117048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
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10
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Hammadi S, Millán-Santiago J, Latrous El Atarche L, Lucena R, Cárdenas S. Octanol-supported wooden tips as sustainable devices in microextraction: a closer view of the influence of wood matrix. Microchem J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2022.108358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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11
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Ortega-Zamora C, González-Sálamo J, Perretti MD, Santana D, Carrillo R, Hernández-Borges J. Chain-Shattering Polymers as Degradable Microdispersive Solid-Phase Extraction Sorbents. Anal Chem 2022; 94:9065-9073. [PMID: 35695755 PMCID: PMC9244869 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c01301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
![]()
A chain-shattering
polymer (CSP) has been proposed as a microdispersive
solid-phase extraction (μdSPE) sorbent in a proof-of-concept
study of degradable materials for analytical purposes. The responsive
CSP was synthesized from 1,3,5-tris(bromomethyl)-2-nitrobenzene acting
as the self-immolative trigger responsive unit and 2,6-naphthalenedicarboxylic
acid as aromatic linker to enhance noncovalent aromatic interactions
with the analytes. The CSP was characterized and applied as a μdSPE
sorbent of a group of plasticizers, which were selected as model analytes,
from different types of environmental water samples (tap, waste, and
spring waters). Gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry detection
was used for analyte determination. Mean recovery values were in the
range of 80%–118% with RSD values below 22%. After the extraction,
the polymer could be efficiently degraded by UV irradiation or by
chemical reduction, recovering the aromatic linker. This work has
proved the potential of CSPs as recyclable sorbents, paving the way
to more environmentally benign analytical procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Ortega-Zamora
- Departamento de Química, Unidad Departamental de Química Analítica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), Avda. Astrofísico Fco. Sánchez, s/n, 38206 San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Spain.,Instituto Universitario de Enfermedades Tropicales y Salud Pública de Canarias, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), Avda. Astrofísico Fco. Sánchez, s/n, 38206 San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Spain
| | - Javier González-Sálamo
- Departamento de Química, Unidad Departamental de Química Analítica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), Avda. Astrofísico Fco. Sánchez, s/n, 38206 San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Spain.,Instituto Universitario de Enfermedades Tropicales y Salud Pública de Canarias, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), Avda. Astrofísico Fco. Sánchez, s/n, 38206 San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Spain.,Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University, P.le Aldo Moro, 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Marcelle D Perretti
- Instituto de Productos Naturales y Agrobiología, CSIC, Avda. Astrofísico Fco. Sánchez, s/n, 38206 La Laguna, Spain
| | - David Santana
- Instituto de Productos Naturales y Agrobiología, CSIC, Avda. Astrofísico Fco. Sánchez, s/n, 38206 La Laguna, Spain
| | - Romen Carrillo
- Instituto de Productos Naturales y Agrobiología, CSIC, Avda. Astrofísico Fco. Sánchez, s/n, 38206 La Laguna, Spain
| | - Javier Hernández-Borges
- Departamento de Química, Unidad Departamental de Química Analítica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), Avda. Astrofísico Fco. Sánchez, s/n, 38206 San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Spain.,Instituto Universitario de Enfermedades Tropicales y Salud Pública de Canarias, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), Avda. Astrofísico Fco. Sánchez, s/n, 38206 San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Spain
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12
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Pre-cleaned bare wooden toothpicks for the determination of drugs in oral fluid by mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2022; 414:5287-5296. [PMID: 35274154 PMCID: PMC9242915 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-022-03977-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
This article deepens the potential of pre-cleaned bare wooden toothpicks (pb-WTs) for extracting drugs (antidepressants and acetaminophen) from oral fluid samples. The leaching of the intrinsic compounds from the wood matrix is identified as the main challenge for the final determination of the targets, even when a very selective instrumental technique, such as mass spectrometry, is employed. The pre-cleaning of the WTs is proposed for improving the analytical performance. The number of cleaning cycles depends on the injection mode (direct infusion or chromatography) into the mass spectrometer. The different variables affecting the extraction of selected antidepressant drugs were studied in detail, and the optimum procedure was validated using the two mentioned injection modes. The limits of detection were in the ranges 0.1–0.5 ng/mL and 0.1–0.3 ng/mL for direct infusion and liquid chromatography, respectively. The intra-day precision (expressed as relative standard deviation) was better than 12.1% and 8.6%, for direct infusion and liquid chromatography, respectively. Single-blind samples were used to study the applicability of the method. Finally, as a proof-of-concept, the potential of pb-WTs for in vivo sampling was outlined.
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13
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Jiménez-Skrzypek G, Ortega-Zamora C, González-Sálamo J, Hernández-Borges J. Miniaturized green sample preparation approaches for pharmaceutical analysis. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2022; 207:114405. [PMID: 34653744 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2021.114405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The development of green sample preparation procedures is an extremely important research field in which more and more applications are constantly being proposed in different areas, including pharmaceutical analysis. This review article is aimed at providing a general overview of the development of miniaturized green analytical sample preparation procedures in the pharmaceutical analysis field, with special focus on the works published between January 2017 and July 2021. Particular attention has been paid to the application of environmentally friendly solvents and sorbents as well as nanomaterials or high extraction capacity sorbents in which the solvent volumes and reagents amounts are drastically reduced, with their subsequent advantages from the sustainability point of view.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Jiménez-Skrzypek
- Departamento de Química, Unidad Departamental de Química Analítica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), Avda. Astrofísico Fco. Sánchez, s/n, 38206 San Cristóbal de La Laguna, España
| | - Cecilia Ortega-Zamora
- Departamento de Química, Unidad Departamental de Química Analítica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), Avda. Astrofísico Fco. Sánchez, s/n, 38206 San Cristóbal de La Laguna, España
| | - Javier González-Sálamo
- Departamento de Química, Unidad Departamental de Química Analítica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), Avda. Astrofísico Fco. Sánchez, s/n, 38206 San Cristóbal de La Laguna, España; Instituto Universitario de Enfermedades Tropicales y Salud Pública de Canarias, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), Avda. Astrofísico Fco. Sánchez, s/n, 38206 San Cristóbal de La Laguna, España.
| | - Javier Hernández-Borges
- Departamento de Química, Unidad Departamental de Química Analítica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), Avda. Astrofísico Fco. Sánchez, s/n, 38206 San Cristóbal de La Laguna, España; Instituto Universitario de Enfermedades Tropicales y Salud Pública de Canarias, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), Avda. Astrofísico Fco. Sánchez, s/n, 38206 San Cristóbal de La Laguna, España.
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Kumawat TK, Kumawat V, Sharma S, Sharma V, Pandit A, Kandwani N, Biyani M. Sustainable Green Methods for the Extraction of Biopolymers. Biopolymers 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-98392-5_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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15
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Marzlan AA, Hussin ASM, Bourke P, Chaple S, Barroug S, Muhialdin BJ. Combination of Green Extraction Techniques and Essential Oils to Develop Active Packaging for Improving the Quality and Shelf Life for Chicken Meat. FOOD REVIEWS INTERNATIONAL 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/87559129.2021.2013499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anis Asyila Marzlan
- Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Seri Kembangan, Malaysia
| | - Anis Shobirin Meor Hussin
- Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Seri Kembangan, Malaysia
- Halal Products Research Institute, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Seri Kembangan, Malaysia
| | - Paula Bourke
- School of Biosystems and Food Engineering, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- School of Biological Science, Institute for Global Food Security, Queens University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland
| | - Sonal Chaple
- School of Biosystems and Food Engineering, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Soukaina Barroug
- School of Biosystems and Food Engineering, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Belal J Muhialdin
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota, USA
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Cui X, Wang Y, Yan Y, Meng Z, Lu R, Gao H, Pan C, Wei X, Zhou W. Phenylboronic acid-functionalized cross-linked chitosan magnetic adsorbents for the magnetic solid-phase extraction of benzoylurea pesticides. J Sep Sci 2021; 45:908-918. [PMID: 34897993 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202100877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
In this study, a 4-formylphenylboronic acid-modified cross-linked chitosan magnetic nanoparticle (FPBA@CCHS@Fe3 O4 ) was fabricated. The synthesized material was utilized as the magnetic solid-phase extraction adsorbent for the enrichment of six benzoylurea pesticides. In addition to B-N coordination, FPBA@CCHS@Fe3 O4 interacts with benzoylureas through hydrogen bonds and π-π stacking interaction on account of rich active groups (amino and hydroxyl) and aromatic rings in structure. Compared to traditional extraction methods, less adsorbent (20 mg) and reduced extraction time (3 min) were achieved. The adsorbent also exhibited good reusability (no less than 10 times). Coupled with a high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detector, satisfactory recoveries (89.1-103.9%) and an acceptable limit of detection (0.2-0.7 μg/L) were obtained. Under optimized conditions, the established method was successfully applied to the tea infusion samples from six major tea categories with acceptable recoveries ranging from 76.8 to 110%, indicating its application potential for the quantitative detection of pesticides in complex matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Cui
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Yujiao Wang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Yumei Yan
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Zilin Meng
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Runhua Lu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Haixiang Gao
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Canping Pan
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Xinlin Wei
- Department of Food Science & Technology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, P. R. China.,Institute of Food Engineering, College of Life Science, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Wenfeng Zhou
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, P. R. China
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Godage NH, Olomukoro AA, Emmons RV, Gionfriddo E. In vivo analytical techniques facilitated by contemporary materials. Trends Analyt Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2021.116290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Benedé JL, Chisvert A, Lucena R, Cárdenas S. Carbon fibers as green and sustainable sorbent for the extraction of isoflavones from environmental waters. Talanta 2021; 233:122582. [PMID: 34215074 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2021.122582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Isoflavones are a group of phytoestrogens of important environmental concern due to their endocrine disrupting effects. This article presents a rapid, green, and sustainable method for determining four isoflavones (daidzein, genistein, formononetin, and biochanin A) in environmental waters complying with current trends in Analytical Chemistry. The method consists of in-syringe dispersive solid-phase extraction (DSPE) as the extraction approach, using carbon fibers as extraction material. The synthesis of carbon fibers is simple and sustainable, since it only requires a natural product such as raw cotton as precursor, which is thermally treated (600 °C for 30 min) in an inert (Ar) atmosphere to convert it into carbon fibers. After extraction, the final eluate is analyzed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The proposed methodology allows the determination of the four isoflavones in water samples at the ng L-1 range, with limits of detection in the range from 17 to 25 ng L-1, relative standard deviations (RSD) from 2.8 to 10.1%, and good batch-to-batch repeatability (RSD < 13%). The method was finally applied to six environmental water samples from different sources and two swimming pool waters, and concentrations of all analytes up to 490 ng L-1 were found. The highest concentrations were found in those samples close to crop fields. Relative recovery values (80-121%) showed that the aqueous matrices considered in this work did not significantly affect the extraction process. This method overcomes the drawbacks of the previous works with the same purpose, such as consuming large volumes of organic solvents or prolonged extraction times. Moreover, this procedure would allow the extraction stage to be carried out in situ, since only the sorbent material (previously synthesized in the laboratory) and disposable syringes are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan L Benedé
- Affordable and Sustainable Sample Preparation (AS2P) Research Group, Departamento de Química Analítica, Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Química Fina y Nanoquímica IUNAN, Universidad de Córdoba, Campus de Rabanales, Edificio Marie Curie (anexo), E-14071, Córdoba, Spain; GICAPC Research Group, Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Valencia, 46100, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Alberto Chisvert
- GICAPC Research Group, Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Valencia, 46100, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - Rafael Lucena
- Affordable and Sustainable Sample Preparation (AS2P) Research Group, Departamento de Química Analítica, Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Química Fina y Nanoquímica IUNAN, Universidad de Córdoba, Campus de Rabanales, Edificio Marie Curie (anexo), E-14071, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Soledad Cárdenas
- Affordable and Sustainable Sample Preparation (AS2P) Research Group, Departamento de Química Analítica, Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Química Fina y Nanoquímica IUNAN, Universidad de Córdoba, Campus de Rabanales, Edificio Marie Curie (anexo), E-14071, Córdoba, Spain.
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21
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Yan C, Zhang Y, Du K, Guo J, He J, Li J, Chang Y. A ball mill‐assisted vortex‐enhanced matrix solid‐phase dispersion method for the extraction and determination of five phenolic compounds from
Rubi Fructus
by high‐performance liquid chromatography. SEPARATION SCIENCE PLUS 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/sscp.202000110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chaozhuo Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Component‐based Chinese Medicine Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Tianjin P. R. China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Pharmaceutical Analysis Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Tianjin P. R. China
| | - Yaqian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Component‐based Chinese Medicine Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Tianjin P. R. China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Pharmaceutical Analysis Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Tianjin P. R. China
| | - Kunze Du
- State Key Laboratory of Component‐based Chinese Medicine Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Tianjin P. R. China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Pharmaceutical Analysis Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Tianjin P. R. China
| | - Jiading Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Component‐based Chinese Medicine Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Tianjin P. R. China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Pharmaceutical Analysis Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Tianjin P. R. China
| | - Jun He
- State Key Laboratory of Component‐based Chinese Medicine Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Tianjin P. R. China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Pharmaceutical Analysis Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Tianjin P. R. China
| | - Jin Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Pharmaceutical Analysis Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Tianjin P. R. China
| | - Yan‐xu Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Component‐based Chinese Medicine Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Tianjin P. R. China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Pharmaceutical Analysis Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Tianjin P. R. China
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Polyamide-coated wooden tips coupled to direct infusion mass spectrometry, a high throughput alternative for the determination of methadone, cocaine and methamphetamine in oral fluid. Microchem J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2020.105843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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Moga A, Vergara-Barberán M, Lerma-García MJ, Carrasco-Correa EJ, Herrero-Martínez JM, Simó-Alfonso EF. Determination of antibiotics in meat samples using analytical methodologies: A review. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2021; 20:1681-1716. [PMID: 33522137 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Antibiotics are widely used to prevent or treat some diseases in human and veterinary medicine and also as animal growth promoters. The presence of these compounds in foods derived from food-producing animals can be a risk for human health. Consequently, regulatory agencies have set maximum residue limits for antibiotics in food samples. Therefore, the development of novel methodologies for its determination in food samples is required. Specifically, the analysis and quantification of these substances in meat tissues is a challenge for the analytical chemistry research community. This is due to the complexity of the matrix and the low detection limits required by the regulatory agencies. In this sense, a comprehensive review on the development of new sample preparation treatments involving extraction, cleanup, and enrichment steps of antibiotics in meat samples in combination with sensitive and sophisticated determination techniques that have been carry out in the last years is necessary. Therefore, the aim of this work is to summarize the published methodologies for the determination of antibiotics from 2016 until the beginning of the second semester of 2020. The first part of this review includes an introduction about antibiotic families, followed by sample preparation and determination techniques applied to the different families. Finally, a detailed discussion of the current trends and the future possible perspectives in this field are also included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ancuta Moga
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Burjassot, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
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24
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Insights into coacervative and dispersive liquid-phase microextraction strategies with hydrophilic media – A review. Anal Chim Acta 2021; 1143:225-249. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2020.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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25
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Gutiérrez-Serpa A, González-Martín R, Sajid M, Pino V. Greenness of magnetic nanomaterials in miniaturized extraction techniques: A review. Talanta 2020; 225:122053. [PMID: 33592775 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2020.122053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Green analytical chemistry principles should be followed, as much as possible, and particularly during the development of analytical sample preparation methods. In the past few years, outstanding materials such as ionic liquids, metal-organic frameworks, carbonaceous materials, molecularly imprinted materials, and many others, have been introduced in a wide variety of miniaturized techniques in order to reduce the amount of solvents and sorbents required during the analytical sample preparation step while pursuing more efficient extraction methods. Among them, magnetic nanomaterials (MNMs) have gained special attention due to their versatile properties. Mainly, their ability to be separated from the sample matrix using an external magnetic field (thus enormously simplifying the entire process) and their easy combination with other materials, which implies the inclusion of a countless number of different functionalities, highly specific in some cases. Therefore, MNMs can be used as sorbents or as magnetic support for other materials which do not have magnetic properties, the latter permiting their combination with novel materials. The greenness of these magnetic sorbents in miniaturized extractions techniques is generally demonstrated in terms of their ease of separation and amount of sorbent required, while the nature of the material itself is left unnoticed. However, the synthesis of MNMs is not always as green as their applications, and the resulting MNMs are not always as safe as desired. Is the analytical sample preparation field ready for using green magnetic nanomaterials? This review offers an overview, from a green analytical chemistry perspective, of the current state of the use of MNMs as sorbents in microextraction strategies, their preparation, and the analytical performance offered, together with a critical discussion on where efforts should go.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrián Gutiérrez-Serpa
- Departamento de Química, Unidad Departamental de Química Analítica, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), La Laguna, Tenerife, 38206, Spain; Instituto Universitario de Enfermedades Tropicales y Salud Pública de Canarias, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), La Laguna, Tenerife, 38206, Spain
| | - Raúl González-Martín
- Departamento de Química, Unidad Departamental de Química Analítica, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), La Laguna, Tenerife, 38206, Spain
| | - Muhammad Sajid
- Center for Environment and Water, Research Institute, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran, 31261, Saudi Arabia
| | - Verónica Pino
- Departamento de Química, Unidad Departamental de Química Analítica, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), La Laguna, Tenerife, 38206, Spain; Instituto Universitario de Enfermedades Tropicales y Salud Pública de Canarias, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), La Laguna, Tenerife, 38206, Spain.
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Trujillo-Rodríguez MJ, Pacheco-Fernández I, Taima-Mancera I, Díaz JHA, Pino V. Evolution and current advances in sorbent-based microextraction configurations. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1634:461670. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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