1
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Niyonshuti II, Jayaraj S, Jiang W, Mudalige T. A Robust Chromatographic Method for Drug Release profiling of liposomal doxorubicin HCl. J Pharm Sci 2024:S0022-3549(24)00227-2. [PMID: 38857642 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2024.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2024] [Revised: 06/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
Liposomes are excellent drug delivery vehicles for chemotherapeutics as they may change the pharmacokinetics of therapeutic compounds, resulting in altered tissues distribution, and in some cases, reduced cytotoxicity and enhanced distribution and efficacy of the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) at target tissues. Drug release profiles of liposomal formulations are crucial to support equivalence evaluation and quality control in pre- and post-approval stages. We developed an automated chromatographic method for quantifying the drug release profile of liposomal formulations containing doxorubicin to overcome the shortcomings of currently available methods. The newly developed method employs nanoparticle exclusion chromatography (nPEC), using a monolithic silica column coated with polyvinylpyrrolidone to separate the released drug from liposomal encapsulated drug. We evaluated the effects of pH, temperature, and ammonium formate concentration on the drug release rate. The optimized release buffer consisting of 5 % sucrose, 20 mM l-histidine, and 200 mM ammonium formate was selected for the drug release profiling of five liposomal formulations at 47 °C. The drug release profiles of five liposomal doxorubicin formulations were similar. Our automated method requires very small amounts of the sample and provides release profiles with high sensitivity and accuracy. In addition, this method can be applied to other liposomal products to allow for simple, fast, and accurate analysis of in vitro drug release profiling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle I Niyonshuti
- Arkansas Laboratory, Office of Regulatory Affairs, Office of Regulatory Science, U.S Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR 72079, United States
| | - Savithra Jayaraj
- Arkansas Laboratory, Office of Regulatory Affairs, Office of Regulatory Science, U.S Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR 72079, United States
| | - Wenlei Jiang
- Office of Research and Standards, Office of Generic Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, United States.
| | - Thilak Mudalige
- Arkansas Laboratory, Office of Regulatory Affairs, Office of Regulatory Science, U.S Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR 72079, United States.
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2
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Polat MS, Nadaroglu H. Utilizing Copper Nanoclusters as a Fluorescent Probe for Quantitative Monitoring of Doxorubicin Anticancer Drug. J Fluoresc 2024:10.1007/s10895-024-03779-6. [PMID: 38842793 DOI: 10.1007/s10895-024-03779-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 05/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
Monitoring the amount of chemotherapeutic drugs in biological fluids is extremely important for dose adjustment or control of side effects during the treatment process. In this study, copper nanoclusters (Cu NCs) were synthesized via a one-pot method using ammonium citrate as the reducing agent. Cu NCs exhibited bright blue fluorescence, good optical properties and outstanding photostability. The produced Cu NCs were characterized in detail by UV‒vis absorption, fluorescence spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The produced Cu NCs showed a high quantum yield of 0.97. A fluorescence system was used for doxorubicin (DOX) determination using Cu NCs as a nanoprobe. The presence of DOX decreased the fluorescence intensity of the CuNCs at 445 nm but increased the fluorescence intensity of the CuNCs at 619 nm. As a result, quantitative detection of DOX can be achieved by measuring the ratio of fluorescence intensities at 445 and 619 nm (F619/F445). The fluorescence quenching activity of the Cu NCs was determined to have a linear relationship with the amount of DOX anticancer drug in the range of 1-15 ppb, and the usability of the Cu NCs as a sensor for detection in biological fluids was demonstrated. It was determined that this method can be used to measure the amount of DOX in biological samples effectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammed Seyid Polat
- Department of Nano-Science and Nano-Engineering, Institute of Science and Technology, Ataturk University, Erzurum, 25240, Turkey
| | - Hayrunnisa Nadaroglu
- Department of Nano-Science and Nano-Engineering, Institute of Science and Technology, Ataturk University, Erzurum, 25240, Turkey.
- Department of Food Technology, Erzurum Vocational College of Technical Sciences, Ataturk University, Erzurum, 25240, Turkey.
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3
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Briki M, Murisier A, Guidi M, Seydoux C, Buclin T, Marzolini C, Girardin FR, Thoma Y, Carrara S, Choong E, Decosterd LA. Liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) methods for the therapeutic drug monitoring of cytotoxic anticancer drugs: An update. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2024; 1236:124039. [PMID: 38490042 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2024.124039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
In the era of precision medicine, there is increasing evidence that conventional cytotoxic agents may be suitable candidates for therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM)- guided drug dosage adjustments and patient's tailored personalization of non-selective chemotherapies. To that end, many liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) assays have been developed for the quantification of conventional cytotoxic anticancer chemotherapies, that have been comprehensively and critically reviewed. The use of stable isotopically labelled internal standards (IS) of cytotoxic drugs was strikingly uncommon, accounting for only 48 % of the methods found, although their use could possible to suitably circumvent patients' samples matrix effects variability. Furthermore, this approach would increase the reliability of cytotoxic drug quantification in highly multi-mediated cancer patients with complex fluctuating pathophysiological and clinical conditions. LC-MS/MS assays can accommodate multiplexed analyses of cytotoxic drugs with optimal selectivity and specificity as well as short analytical times and, when using stable-isotopically labelled IS for quantification, provide concentrations measurements with a high degree of certainty. However, there are still organisational, pharmacological, and medical constraints to tackle before TDM of cytotoxic drugs can be more largely adopted in the clinics for contributing to our ever-lasting quest to improve cancer treatment outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Briki
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland; Service of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland; Bio/CMOS Interfaces Laboratory, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne-EPFL, 2002 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - A Murisier
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - M Guidi
- Service of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland; Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, 1206 Geneva, Switzerland; Centre for Research and Innovation in Clinical Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - C Seydoux
- Internal Medicine Service, Department of Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - T Buclin
- Service of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - C Marzolini
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - F R Girardin
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland; Service of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Y Thoma
- School of Engineering and Management Vaud, HES-SO University of Applied Sciences and Arts Western Switzerland, 1401 Yverdon-les-Bains, Switzerland
| | - S Carrara
- Bio/CMOS Interfaces Laboratory, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne-EPFL, 2002 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - E Choong
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - L A Decosterd
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland.
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4
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Khan SI, Hassan A, Bano R, Gilani MA, Marty JL, Zhang H, Hayat A. An innovative and universal dual-signal ratiometric spectro-electrochemical imprinted sensor design for sandwich type detection of anticancer-drug, gemcitabine, in serum samples; cross validation via computational modeling. Talanta 2024; 267:125233. [PMID: 37774453 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2023.125233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 09/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023]
Abstract
An innovative and universal imprinted sensor design for sandwich type detection of gemcitabine (GMT) in human serum samples is described. GMT is widely used in the treatment of different tumors, such as lung, ovarian, pancreatic, and breast cancer. The serum albumin-drug interaction was translated to design a multifunctional, ratiometric and dual mode silver nanoparticle based probe (BSA-Ag nanoprobe), as a read out system. Subsequently, polypyrrol imprinted drug receptor sites was engineered to selectively capture the GMT on the transducer surface. The GMT was sandwiched between imprinted receptor surface and BSA-Ag nanoprobe to generate the spectro-electrochemical signals. The formation of nanoprobe was confirmed through various characterization techniques, including X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, micro-Raman spectroscopy, Dynamic light scattering (DLS), and UV-Visible (UV-Vis) analysis, while each step of sensor fabrication was characterized via field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM), Static water Contact angle measurements, cyclic voltammetry (CV), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Different variable parameters were optimized to improve the analytical performance of the sensor design. Under optimal conditions, spectro-electrochemical sensor permitted linear ranges between 1 and 200 μmol L-1 and 0.5-200 μmol L-1, with limits of detection (LOD) of 0.4 μmol L-1 and 0.15 μmol L-1 respectively. Furthermore, the designed sensor successfully differentiated the serum samples of lung cancer patients and healthy volunteers. The obtained results were validated with standard Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC/MS) analysis of the patients and healthy volunteer's serum samples. Lastly, density functional theory (DFT) and molecular docking calculations revealed the enhanced GMT binding capability of molecularly imprinted polypyrrole and molecular level interaction between the GMT and BSA, to validate the sandwich sensor design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaista Ijaz Khan
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, College of Food Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Science, PO Box 250353, Jinan, Shandong, China; Interdisciplinary Research Center in Biomedical Materials (IRCBM), COMSAT University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, 1.5 KM Defence Road Off Raiwind Road, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Ayaz Hassan
- Interdisciplinary Research Center in Biomedical Materials (IRCBM), COMSAT University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, 1.5 KM Defence Road Off Raiwind Road, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Rehana Bano
- Department of Chemistry, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, 1.5 KM Defence Road Off Raiwind Road, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Mazhar Amjad Gilani
- Department of Chemistry, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, 1.5 KM Defence Road Off Raiwind Road, Lahore, Pakistan
| | | | - Hongxia Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, College of Food Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Science, PO Box 250353, Jinan, Shandong, China.
| | - Akhtar Hayat
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, College of Food Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Science, PO Box 250353, Jinan, Shandong, China; Interdisciplinary Research Center in Biomedical Materials (IRCBM), COMSAT University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, 1.5 KM Defence Road Off Raiwind Road, Lahore, Pakistan.
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5
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Miao G, He Y, Lai K, Zhao Y, He P, Tan G, Wang X. Accelerated blood clearance of PEGylated nanoparticles induced by PEG-based pharmaceutical excipients. J Control Release 2023; 363:12-26. [PMID: 37717659 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2023.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
PEGylated nanomedicines have been extensively developed and applied to cancer therapy. However, the antitumor efficacy of these nanoparticles is hampered by the accelerated blood clearance (ABC) effect caused by anti-PEG antibodies in vivo. There is still limited understanding about the cause of pre-existing anti-PEG antibodies in the human body. Herein, we discovered that PEG-based pharmaceutical excipients, commonly used in clinical and daily settings, could induce anti-PEG antibodies in vivo and lead to considerable potential clinical impacts on pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of PEGylated nanoparticles. Specifically, we investigated the ability of poloxamer 188 (F68) and poloxamer 407 (F127), the two most frequently used PEG-based pharmaceutical excipients, to elicit the production of anti-PEG antibodies and influence the pharmacokinetics of PEGylated nanoparticles, with PEGylated liposome nanoparticles (L-NPs) as a model. Anti-PEG IgG and IgM levels were significantly boosted 3.8- and 32.2-fold, respectively, after pre-injection with F68, leading to rapid clearance of subsequently injected L-NPs from circulation due to the capture by neutrophils and monocytes. However, pre-injection of F127 did not induce the production of anti-PEG IgG, although there was a 7.7-fold increase in IgM level, which resulted in minimal effect on circulation time of L-NPs. Furthermore, the potential clinical impacts of F68 and F127 were further inspected for PEGylated liposomal doxorubicin (PLD). It was found that administering F68 prior to treatment led to over a one-third decrease in the antitumor effectiveness of PLD, while F127 had a negligible impact. Our study elucidates the mechanism by which PEG-based pharmaceutical excipients influence the effectiveness of PEGylated nanomedicines. It also highlights the significance of considering the potential for an ABC effect induced by PEG-based pharmaceutical excipients in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guifeng Miao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Construction and Detection in Tissue Engineering, Biomaterials Research Center, School of Biomedical Engineering, Southern Medical University, 510515 Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yuejian He
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Construction and Detection in Tissue Engineering, Biomaterials Research Center, School of Biomedical Engineering, Southern Medical University, 510515 Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Keren Lai
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Construction and Detection in Tissue Engineering, Biomaterials Research Center, School of Biomedical Engineering, Southern Medical University, 510515 Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yan Zhao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Construction and Detection in Tissue Engineering, Biomaterials Research Center, School of Biomedical Engineering, Southern Medical University, 510515 Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Peiyi He
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Construction and Detection in Tissue Engineering, Biomaterials Research Center, School of Biomedical Engineering, Southern Medical University, 510515 Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Guozhu Tan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Construction and Detection in Tissue Engineering, Biomaterials Research Center, School of Biomedical Engineering, Southern Medical University, 510515 Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Xiaorui Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Construction and Detection in Tissue Engineering, Biomaterials Research Center, School of Biomedical Engineering, Southern Medical University, 510515 Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China.
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6
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Porfireva A, Begisheva E, Evtugyn V, Evtugyn G. Electrochemical DNA Sensor for Valrubicin Detection Based on Poly(Azure C) Films Deposited from Deep Eutectic Solvent. BIOSENSORS 2023; 13:931. [PMID: 37887124 PMCID: PMC10605098 DOI: 10.3390/bios13100931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
A novel electrochemical DNA sensor was developed for the detection of the anthracycline drug, valrubicin, on the base of poly(Azure C) electropolymerized from the deep eutectic solvent reline and covered with adsorbed DNA from calf thymus. Biosensor assembling was performed by multiple scanning of the potential in one drop (100 µL) of the dye dissolved in reline and placed on the surface of a screen-printed carbon electrode. Stabilization of the coating was achieved by its polarization in the phosphate buffer. The electrochemical characteristics of the electron transfer were determined and compared with a similar coating obtained from phosphate buffer. The use of deep eutectic solvent made it possible to increase the monomer concentration and avoid using organic solvents on the stage of electrode modification. After the contact of the DNA sensor with valrubicin, two signals related to the intrinsic redox activity of the coating and the drug redox conversion were found on voltammogram. Their synchronous changes with the analyte concentration increased the reliability of the detection. In the square-wave mode, the DNA sensor made it possible to determine from 3 µM to 1 mM (limit of detection, 1 µM) in optimal conditions. The DNA sensor was successfully tested in the voltammetric determination of valrubicin in spiked artificial urine, Ringer-Locke solution mimicking plasma electrolytes and biological samples (urine and saliva) with a recovery of 90-110%. After further testing on clinical samples, it can find application in the pharmacokinetics studies and screening of new drugs' interaction with DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Porfireva
- A.M. Butlerov’ Chemistry Institute, Kazan Federal University, 18 Kremlevskaya Street, 420008 Kazan, Russia; (E.B.); (G.E.)
| | - Ekaterina Begisheva
- A.M. Butlerov’ Chemistry Institute, Kazan Federal University, 18 Kremlevskaya Street, 420008 Kazan, Russia; (E.B.); (G.E.)
| | - Vladimir Evtugyn
- Interdisciplinary Center of Analytical Microscopy, Kazan Federal University, 18 Kremlevskaya Street, 420008 Kazan, Russia;
| | - Gennady Evtugyn
- A.M. Butlerov’ Chemistry Institute, Kazan Federal University, 18 Kremlevskaya Street, 420008 Kazan, Russia; (E.B.); (G.E.)
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Chemical Technology Institute, Ural Federal University, 19 Mira Street, 620002 Ekaterinburg, Russia
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7
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Goida A, Rogov A, Kuzin Y, Porfireva A, Evtugyn G. Impedimetric DNA Sensors for Epirubicin Detection Based on Polythionine Films Electropolymerized from Deep Eutectic Solvent. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:8242. [PMID: 37837072 PMCID: PMC10575168 DOI: 10.3390/s23198242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
An electrochemically active polymer, polythionine (PTN), was synthesized in natural deep eutectic solvent (NADES) via multiple potential scans and characterized using cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). NADES consists of citric acid monohydrate, glucose, and water mixed in the molar ratio of 1:1:6. Electrodeposited PTN film was then applied for the electrostatic accumulation of DNA from salmon sperm and used for the sensitive detection of the anticancer drug epirubicin. Its reaction with DNA resulted in regular changes in the EIS parameters that made it possible to determine 1.0-100 µM of epirubicin with the limit of detection (LOD) of 0.3 µM. The DNA sensor developed was successfully applied for the detection of epirubicin in spiked samples of artificial and natural urine and saliva, with recovery ranging from 90 to 109%. The protocol of the DNA sensor assembling utilized only one drop of reactants and was performed with a minimal number of steps. Together with a simple measurement protocol requiring 100 µL of the sample, this offers good opportunities for the further use of the DNA sensor in monitoring the drug level in biological samples, which is necessary in oncology treatment and for the pharmacokinetics studies of new antitumor drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Goida
- A.M. Butlerov’ Chemistry Institute, Kazan Federal University, 18 Kremlevskaya Street, Kazan 420008, Russia; (A.G.); (Y.K.); (A.P.)
| | - Alexey Rogov
- Interdisciplinary Center of Analytical Microscopy, Kazan Federal University, 18 Kremlevskaya Street, Kazan 420008, Russia;
| | - Yurii Kuzin
- A.M. Butlerov’ Chemistry Institute, Kazan Federal University, 18 Kremlevskaya Street, Kazan 420008, Russia; (A.G.); (Y.K.); (A.P.)
| | - Anna Porfireva
- A.M. Butlerov’ Chemistry Institute, Kazan Federal University, 18 Kremlevskaya Street, Kazan 420008, Russia; (A.G.); (Y.K.); (A.P.)
| | - Gennady Evtugyn
- A.M. Butlerov’ Chemistry Institute, Kazan Federal University, 18 Kremlevskaya Street, Kazan 420008, Russia; (A.G.); (Y.K.); (A.P.)
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Chemical Technology Institute, Ural Federal University, 19 Mira Street, Ekaterinburg 620002, Russia
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8
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Briki M, André P, Thoma Y, Widmer N, Wagner AD, Decosterd LA, Buclin T, Guidi M, Carrara S. Precision Oncology by Point-of-Care Therapeutic Drug Monitoring and Dosage Adjustment of Conventional Cytotoxic Chemotherapies: A Perspective. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15041283. [PMID: 37111768 PMCID: PMC10147065 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15041283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) of conventional cytotoxic chemotherapies is strongly supported yet poorly implemented in daily practice in hospitals. Analytical methods for the quantification of cytotoxic drugs are instead widely presented in the scientific literature, while the use of these therapeutics is expected to keep going for longer. There are two main issues hindering the implementation of TDM: turnaround time, which is incompatible with the dosage profiles of these drugs, and exposure surrogate marker, namely total area under the curve (AUC). Therefore, this perspective article aims to define the adjustment needed from current to efficient TDM practice for cytotoxics, namely point-of-care (POC) TDM. For real-time dose adjustment, which is required for chemotherapies, such POC TDM is only achievable with analytical methods that match the sensitivity and selectivity of current methods, such as chromatography, as well as model-informed precision dosing platforms to assist the oncologist with dose fine-tuning based on quantification results and targeted intervals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myriam Briki
- Service and Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Bio/CMOS Interfaces Laboratory, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne-EPFL, 2002 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Pascal André
- Service and Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Yann Thoma
- School of Engineering and Management Vaud, HES-SO University of Applied Sciences and Arts Western Switzerland, 1401 Yverdon-les-Bains, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Widmer
- Service and Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Pharmacy of the Eastern Vaud Hospitals, 1847 Rennaz, Switzerland
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, 1206 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Anna D Wagner
- Service of Medical Oncology, Department of Oncology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Laurent A Decosterd
- Service and Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Thierry Buclin
- Service and Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Monia Guidi
- Service and Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, 1206 Geneva, Switzerland
- Centre for Research and Innovation in Clinical Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sandro Carrara
- Bio/CMOS Interfaces Laboratory, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne-EPFL, 2002 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
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9
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Sousa DVM, Pereira FV, Boratto VHM, Orlando RM. Multiphase electroextraction as a simple and fast sample preparation alternative for the digital image determination of doxorubicin in saliva. Talanta 2023; 255:124242. [PMID: 36638654 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2022.124242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2022] [Revised: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Monitoring chemotherapeutic drugs in biological fluids is, in many cases, extremely important for dose adjustment, the maintenance of therapies, and the control of side effects. In this work, a method for determining the doxorubicin in saliva by digital image analysis (DIA) was optimised and validated. Images from a paper point were obtained using a conventional and cheap flatbed scanner at a 600 ppp resolution. The RGB data channels were obtained from the images in a region of 15 × 15 pixels around the sorbent vertex. The paper point was used as sorbent material in sample preparation using a multiphase electroextraction system. Following optimisation using a Doehlert experimental design, the method was able to simultaneously extract 66 samples in 20 min. The high selectivity of the electric field associated with the sorption capacity of the cellulosic material allowed the chemotherapy drug to be pre-concentrated and quantified in a range between 50 and 500 μg L-1 (R2 > 0.98). The method also exhibited adequate parameters (limits of detection and quantification, recovery, and precision) indicating its potential application in the monitoring of doxorubicin and similar drugs in saliva.
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10
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Cai W, Ye Y, Weng X, Owens G, Chen Z. Mechanistic insight into loading of doxorubicin hydrochloride onto carbonized FeNPs@ZIF-8 composite. Sep Purif Technol 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2023.123580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/13/2023]
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11
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Deng Z, Wu Z, Alizadeh M, Zhang H, Chen Y, Karaman C. Electrochemical monitoring of 4-chlorophenol as a water pollutant via carbon paste electrode amplified with Fe 3O 4 incorporated cellulose nanofibers (CNF). ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 219:114995. [PMID: 36529324 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.114995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
A crucial problem that needs to be resolved is the sensitive and selective monitoring of chlorophenol compounds, especifically 4-chlorophenol (4-CP), one of the most frequently used organic industrial chemicals. In light of this, the goal of this study was to synthesize Fe3O4 incorporated cellulose nanofiber composite (Fe3O4/CNF) as an amplifier in the development of a modified carbon paste electrode (CPE) for 4-CP detection. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was used to evaluate the morphology of the synthesized nanocatalyst, while differential pulse voltammetry (DPV), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and linear sweep voltammetry (LSV) techniques were implemented to illuminate the electrochemical characteristics of the fabricated sensor. The ultimate electrochemical sensor (Fe3O4/CNF/CPE) was used as a potent electrochemical sensor for monitoring 4-CP in the concentration range of 1.0 nM-170 μM with a limit of detection value of 0.5 nM. As a result of optimization studies, 8.0 mg Fe3O4/CNF was found to be the ideal catalyst concentration, whereas pH = 6.0 was chosen as the ideal pH. The 4-CP's oxidation current was found to be over 1.67 times greater at ideal operating conditions than it was at the surface of bare CPE, and its oxidation potential decreased by about 120 mV. By using the standard addition procedure on samples of drinking water and wastewater, the suggested capability of Fe3O4/CNF/CPE to detect 4-CP was further investigated. The recovery range was found to be 98.52-103.66%. This study paves the way for the customization of advanced nanostructure for the application in electrochemical sensors resulting in beneficial environmental impact and enhancing human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zilong Deng
- State Key Laboratory for Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China.
| | - Zixuan Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China.
| | - Marzieh Alizadeh
- Oral and Dental Disease Research Center, School of Dentistry, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Hongcai Zhang
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
| | - Yaobang Chen
- Sibang Environmental Protection Technology Co., Ltd., Yichun, 336000, China
| | - Ceren Karaman
- Department of Electricity and Energy, Vocational School of Technical Sciences, Akdeniz University, Antalya, 07070, Turkey; School of Engineering, Lebanese American University, Byblos, Lebanon.
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12
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Jiang L, Chen HY, He CH, Xu HB, Zhou ZR, Wu MS, Fodjo EK, He Y, Hafez ME, Qian RC, Li DW. Dual-Modal Apoptosis Assay Enabling Dynamic Visualization of ATP and Reactive Oxygen Species in Living Cells. Anal Chem 2023; 95:3507-3515. [PMID: 36724388 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c05671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
ATP and reactive oxygen species (ROS) are considered significant indicators of cell apoptosis. However, visualizing the interplay between apoptosis-related ATP and ROS is challenging. Herein, we developed a metal-organic framework (MOF)-based nanoprobe for an apoptosis assay using duplex imaging of cellular ATP and ROS. The nanoprobe was fabricated through controlled encapsulation of gold nanorods with a thin zirconium-based MOF layer, followed by modification of the ROS-responsive molecules 2-mercaptohydroquinone and 6-carboxyfluorescein-labeled ATP aptamer. The nanoprobe enables ATP and ROS visualization via fluorescence and surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy, respectively, avoiding the mutual interference that often occurs in single-mode methods. Moreover, the dual-modal assay effectively showed dynamic imaging of ATP and ROS in cancer cells treated with various drugs, revealing their apoptosis-related pathways and interactions that differ from those under normal conditions. This study provides a method for studying the relationship between energy metabolism and redox homeostasis in cell apoptosis processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Jiang
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology & Dynamic Chemistry, School of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China.,College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Hua-Ying Chen
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology & Dynamic Chemistry, School of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
| | - Cai-Hong He
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology & Dynamic Chemistry, School of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
| | - Han-Bin Xu
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology & Dynamic Chemistry, School of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
| | - Ze-Rui Zhou
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology & Dynamic Chemistry, School of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
| | - Man-Sha Wu
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology & Dynamic Chemistry, School of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
| | - Essy Kouadio Fodjo
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology & Dynamic Chemistry, School of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China.,Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, Felix Houphouet Boigny University, Abidjan 225, Cote d'Ivoire
| | - Yue He
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology & Dynamic Chemistry, School of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
| | - Mahmoud Elsayed Hafez
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology & Dynamic Chemistry, School of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China.,Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62511, Egypt
| | - Ruo-Can Qian
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology & Dynamic Chemistry, School of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
| | - Da-Wei Li
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology & Dynamic Chemistry, School of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
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13
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Brycht M, Poltorak L, Baluchová S, Sipa K, Borgul P, Rudnicki K, Skrzypek S. Electrochemistry as a Powerful Tool for Investigations of Antineoplastic Agents: A Comprehensive Review. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2022:1-92. [PMID: 35968923 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2022.2106117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is most frequently treated with antineoplastic agents (ANAs) that are hazardous to patients undergoing chemotherapy and the healthcare workers who handle ANAs in the course of their duties. All aspects related to hazardous oncological drugs illustrate that the monitoring of ANAs is essential to minimize the risks associated with these drugs. Among all analytical techniques used to test ANAs, electrochemistry holds an important position. This review, for the first time, comprehensively describes the progress done in electrochemistry of ANAs by means of a variety of bare or modified (bio)sensors over the last four decades (in the period of 1982-2021). Attention is paid not only to the development of electrochemical sensing protocols of ANAs in various biological, environmental, and pharmaceutical matrices but also to achievements of electrochemical techniques in the examination of the interactions of ANAs with deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), carcinogenic cells, biomimetic membranes, peptides, and enzymes. Other aspects, including the enantiopurity studies, differentiation between single-stranded and double-stranded DNA without using any label or tag, studies on ANAs degradation, and their pharmacokinetics, by means of electrochemical techniques are also commented. Finally, concluding remarks that underline the existence of a significant niche for the basic electrochemical research that should be filled in the future are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariola Brycht
- Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Lukasz Poltorak
- Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Simona Baluchová
- Faculty of Science, Department of Analytical Chemistry, UNESCO Laboratory of Environmental Electrochemistry, Charles University, Prague 2, Czechia
- Department of Precision and Microsystems Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Karolina Sipa
- Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Paulina Borgul
- Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Konrad Rudnicki
- Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Sławomira Skrzypek
- Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
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14
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Comparison of the modification of graphite electrodes with poly(4-aminobenzoic acid) and poly(4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid) for determination of Pb(II). CHEMICAL PAPERS 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11696-022-02282-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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15
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Electrochemical Sensing of Idarubicin—DNA Interaction Using Electropolymerized Azure B and Methylene Blue Mediation. CHEMOSENSORS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/chemosensors10010033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
A highly sensitive electrochemical DNA sensor for detection of the chemotherapeutic drug idarubicin mediated by Methylene blue (MB) has been developed. DNA from fish sperm has been immobilized at the electropolymerized layers of Azure B. The incorporation of MB into the DNA layers substantially increased the sensor sensitivity. The concentration range for idarubicin determination by cyclic voltammetry was from 1 fM to 0.1 nM, with a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.3 fM. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) in the presence of a redox probe ([Fe(CN)6]3−/4−) allowed for the widening of a linear range of idarubicin detection from 1 fM to 100 nM, retaining LOD 0.3 fM. The DNA sensor has been tested in various real and artificial biological fluids with good recovery ranging between 90–110%. The sensor has been successfully used for impedimetric idarubicin detection in medical preparation Zavedos®. The developed DNA biosensor could be useful for the control of the level of idarubicin during cancer therapy as well as for pharmacokinetics studies.
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16
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Quiñones JP, Roschger C, Iturmendi A, Henke H, Zierer A, Peniche-Covas C, Brüggemann O. Polyphosphazene-Based Nanocarriers for the Release of Camptothecin and Epirubicin. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14010169. [PMID: 35057062 PMCID: PMC8781282 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14010169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The design and study of efficient polymer-based drug delivery systems for the controlled release of anticancer drugs is one of the pillars of nanomedicine. The fight against metastatic and invasive cancers demands therapeutic candidates with increased and selective toxicity towards malignant cells, long-term activity and reduced side effects. In this sense, polyphosphazene nanocarriers were synthesized for the sustained release of the anticancer drugs camptothecin (CPT) and epirubicin (EPI). Linear poly(dichloro)phosphazene was modified with lipophilic tocopherol or testosterone glycinate, with antioxidant and antitumor activity, and with hydrophilic Jeffamine M1000 to obtain different polyphosphazene nanocarriers. It allowed us to encapsulate the lipophilic CPT and the more hydrophilic EPI. The encapsulation process was carried out via solvent exchange/precipitation, attaining a 9.2-13.6 wt% of CPT and 0.3-2.4 wt% of EPI. CPT-loaded polyphosphazenes formed 140-200 nm aggregates in simulated body physiological conditions (PBS, pH 7.4), resulting in an 80-100-fold increase of CPT solubility. EPI-loaded polyphosphazenes formed 250 nm aggregates in an aqueous medium. CPT and EPI release (PBS, pH 7.4, 37 °C) was monitored for 202 h, being almost linear during the first 8 h. The slow release of testosterone and tocopherol was also sustained for 150 h in PBS (pH 7.4 and 6.0) at 37 °C. The co-delivery of testosterone or tocopherol and the anticancer drugs from the nanocarriers was expected. Cells of the human breast cancer cell line MCF-7 demonstrated good uptake of anticancer-drug-loaded nanocarriers after 6 h. Similarly, MCF-7 spheroids showed good uptake of the anticancer-drug-loaded aggregates after 72 h. Almost all anticancer-drug-loaded polyphosphazenes exhibited similar or superior toxicity against MCF-7 cells and spheroids when compared to raw anticancer drugs. Additionally, cell-cycle arrest in the G2/M phase was increased in response to the drug-loaded nanocarriers. Almost no toxicity of anticancer-drug-loaded aggregates against primary human lung fibroblasts was observed. Furthermore, the aggregates displayed no hemolytic activity, which is in contrast to the parent anticancer drugs. Consequently, synthesized polyphosphazene-based nanocarriers might be potential nanomedicines for chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Pérez Quiñones
- Institute of Polymer Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenberger Straße 69, 4040 Linz, Austria; (A.I.); (H.H.); (O.B.)
- Correspondence: or ; Tel.: +43-6704039820
| | - Cornelia Roschger
- Department for Cardiac-, Vascular- and Thoracic Surgery, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Kepler University Hospital GmBH, Altenberger Straße 69, 4040 Linz and Krankenhausstraße 7a, 4020 Linz, Austria; (C.R.); (A.Z.)
| | - Aitziber Iturmendi
- Institute of Polymer Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenberger Straße 69, 4040 Linz, Austria; (A.I.); (H.H.); (O.B.)
| | - Helena Henke
- Institute of Polymer Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenberger Straße 69, 4040 Linz, Austria; (A.I.); (H.H.); (O.B.)
| | - Andreas Zierer
- Department for Cardiac-, Vascular- and Thoracic Surgery, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Kepler University Hospital GmBH, Altenberger Straße 69, 4040 Linz and Krankenhausstraße 7a, 4020 Linz, Austria; (C.R.); (A.Z.)
| | - Carlos Peniche-Covas
- Facultad de Química, Universidad de La Habana, Zapata S/N entre G y Carlitos Aguirre, La Habana 10400, Cuba;
| | - Oliver Brüggemann
- Institute of Polymer Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenberger Straße 69, 4040 Linz, Austria; (A.I.); (H.H.); (O.B.)
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Anirudhan T, Bini B, Manjusha V. Glycyrrhetinic acid conjugated zein capped aminated mesoporous silica nanoparticle-based dual drug delivery system for liver: A pH-dependent triggered release. J Mol Liq 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2021.116852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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18
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Pashaei Y. Analytical methods for the determination of remdesivir as a promising antiviral candidate drug for the COVID-19 pandemic. Drug Discov Ther 2020; 14:273-281. [PMID: 33390567 DOI: 10.5582/ddt.2020.03097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), is undoubtedly the most challenging pandemic in the current century. A total of 73,953,702 confirmed cases of COVID-19 and 1,644,416 deaths were reported globally up to December 17, 2020. Therefore, in the absence of a safe and effective vaccine, it is urgent to identify a novel antiviral drug to effectively treat patients with COVID-19. On October 22, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration approved remdesivir, a nucleotide analog prodrug with broad antiviral activity, for adults and children (12 years of age and older and weighing at least 40 kg) who need to be admitted to hospital for covid-19 treatment. In order to monitor the optimization of patient clinical response profile, as well as address the challenges associated with remdesivir metabolism, highly sensitive, selective and accurate analytical methods are necessary. This review clearly covers all the analytical methods developed for the identification and quantitative determination of remdesivir and its metabolites in biological matrices, which helps the researchers in developing new methods for the analysis of remdesivir by considering the pros and cons of the previously reported methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaser Pashaei
- Young Researchers and Elite Club, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
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