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Stolfo JB, Motta ACDA. Density of high endothelial venules and PDL-1 expression: relationship with tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes in primary cutaneous melanomas. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2024; 96:e20230441. [PMID: 38511744 DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765202420230441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Studies have highlighted melanoma immunogenicity, and the prognostic importance of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) and mechanisms of tumor immune evasion, such as hyperexpression of programmed cell death ligand 1 (PDL-1). High endothelial venules (HEV) are specialized blood vessels that can facilitate the lymphocytes migration to the tumor. Here we evaluate the association of HEV density and PDL-1 expression in primary cutaneous melanomas with the presence and degree of TILs and with other clinicopathological variables (age, sex, tumor location, melanoma histological type, Breslow thickness, ulceration, regression signs, mitotic index). HEV density and PDL-1 expression were assessed immunohistochemically in 78 melanoma cases, using a specific antibody, and were detected in 59% and 76% of these, respectively. Positive associations were identified between HEV density and PDL-1 expression with the presence and degree of lymphocytic infiltration, melanoma histological type and ulceration presence. No correlation was found between HEV density and PDL-1 expression. Our findings confirm the HEV role in the recruitment and facilitation of lymphocyte transport in cutaneous melanomas, where HEV density is strongly associated with the degree of TILs. Additionally, PDL-1 hyperexpression suggests a possible mechanism of tumor immune evasion, which may lead to inactivation and reduction of the tumor lymphocytes number.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josiane B Stolfo
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioexperimentação, Universidade de Passo Fundo, Escola de Ciências Agrárias, Inovação e Negócios, Campus I, BR 285, Km 171, São José, 99001-970 Passo Fundo, RS, Brazil
| | - Adriana C DA Motta
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioexperimentação, Universidade de Passo Fundo, Escola de Ciências Agrárias, Inovação e Negócios, Campus I, BR 285, Km 171, São José, 99001-970 Passo Fundo, RS, Brazil
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Tian L, Wang Y, Zhang Z, Feng X, Xiao F, Zong M. CD72, a new immune checkpoint molecule, is a novel prognostic biomarker for kidney renal clear cell carcinoma. Eur J Med Res 2023; 28:531. [PMID: 37980541 PMCID: PMC10656955 DOI: 10.1186/s40001-023-01487-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The incidence and mortality of clear cell carcinoma of the kidney increases yearly. There are limited screening methods and advances in treating kidney renal clear cell carcinoma (KIRC). It is important to find new biomarkers to screen, diagnose and predict the prognosis of KIRC. Some studies have shown that CD72 influences the development and progression of colorectal cancer, nasopharyngeal cancer, and acute lymphoid leukemia. However, there is a lack of research on the role of CD72 in the pathogenesis of KIRC. This study aimed to determine whether CD72 is associated with the prognosis and immune infiltration of KIRC, providing an essential molecular basis for the early non-invasive diagnosis and immunotherapy of KIRC. METHODS Using TCGA, GTE, GEO, and ImmPort databases, we obtained the differentially expressed mRNA (DEmRNA) associated with the prognosis and immunity of KIRC patients. We used the Kruskal-Wallis test to identify clinicopathological parameters associated with target gene expression. We performed univariate and multivariate COX regression analyses to determine the effect of target gene expression and clinicopathological parameters on survival. We analyzed the target genes' relevant functions and signaling pathways through enrichment analysis. Finally, the correlation of target genes with tumor immune infiltration was explored by ssGSEA and Spearman correlation analysis. RESULTS The results revealed that patients with KIRC with higher expression of CD72 have a poorer prognosis. CD72 was associated with the Pathologic T stage, Pathologic stage, Pathologic M stage, Pathologic N stage, Histologic grade in KIRC patients, Laterality, and OS event. It was an independent predictor of the overall survival of KIRC patients. Functional enrichment analysis showed that CD72 was significantly enriched in oncogenic and immune-related pathways. According to ssGSEA and Spearman correlation analysis, CD72 expression was significantly associated with tumor immune cells and immune checkpoints. CONCLUSION Our study suggests that CD72 is associated with tumor immunity and may be a biomarker relevant to the diagnosis and prognosis of KIRC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lv Tian
- Department of Rehabilitation, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130033, China
- School of Nursing, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yiming Wang
- School of Nursing, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Zhiyuan Zhang
- School of Nursing, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xuechao Feng
- School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Fengjun Xiao
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, 100850, China.
| | - Minru Zong
- Department of Rehabilitation, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130033, China.
- School of Nursing, Jilin University, Changchun, China.
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Lee EJ, Choi JG, Han JH, Kim YW, Lim J, Chung HS. Single-Cell RNA Sequencing Reveals Immuno-Oncology Characteristics of Tumor-Infiltrating T Lymphocytes in Photodynamic Therapy-Treated Colorectal Cancer Mouse Model. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13913. [PMID: 37762216 PMCID: PMC10531263 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241813913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has shown promise in reducing metastatic colorectal cancer (CRC); however, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Modulating tumor-infiltrating immune cells by PDT may be achieved, which requires the characterization of immune cell populations in the tumor microenvironment by single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq). Here, we determined the effect of Chlorin e6 (Ce6)-mediated PDT on tumor-infiltrating T cells using scRNA-seq analysis. We used a humanized programmed death-1/programmed death ligand 1 (PD-1/PD-L1) MC38 cell allograft mouse model, considering its potential as an immunogenic cancer model and in combination with PD-1/PD-L1 immune checkpoint blockade. PDT treatment significantly reduced tumor growth in mice containing hPD-1/PD-L1 MC38 tumors. scRNA-seq analysis revealed that the PDT group had increased levels of CD8+ activated T cells and CD8+ cytotoxic T cells, but decreased levels of exhausted CD8+ T cells. PDT treatment also enhanced the infiltration of CD8+ T cells into tumors and increased the production of key effector molecules, including granzyme B and perforin 1. These findings provide insight into immune-therapeutic modulation for CRC patients and highlight the potential of PDT in overcoming immune evasion and enhancing antitumor immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Ji Lee
- Korean Medicine Application Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine (KIOM), Daegu 41062, Republic of Korea; (E.-J.L.); (J.-G.C.); (J.H.H.)
| | - Jang-Gi Choi
- Korean Medicine Application Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine (KIOM), Daegu 41062, Republic of Korea; (E.-J.L.); (J.-G.C.); (J.H.H.)
| | - Jung Ho Han
- Korean Medicine Application Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine (KIOM), Daegu 41062, Republic of Korea; (E.-J.L.); (J.-G.C.); (J.H.H.)
| | - Yong-Wan Kim
- Dongsung Cancer Center, Dongsung Biopharmaceutical, Daegu 41061, Republic of Korea; (Y.-W.K.); (J.L.)
| | - Junmo Lim
- Dongsung Cancer Center, Dongsung Biopharmaceutical, Daegu 41061, Republic of Korea; (Y.-W.K.); (J.L.)
| | - Hwan-Suck Chung
- Korean Medicine Application Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine (KIOM), Daegu 41062, Republic of Korea; (E.-J.L.); (J.-G.C.); (J.H.H.)
- Korean Convergence Medical Science Major, University of Science and Technology (UST), KIOM Campus, Daegu 41062, Republic of Korea
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Ota Y, Iwasaki K, Miyoshi K, Enomoto M, Yamada T, Nagakawa Y. Malignant Melanoma Arising from Esophageal Melanosis and Synchronous with Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CASE REPORTS 2023; 24:e938617. [PMID: 36738098 PMCID: PMC9909613 DOI: 10.12659/ajcr.938617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Primary malignant melanoma of the esophagus is a rare disease. However, its exact etiology and progression from melanosis to malignant melanoma have not been elucidated due to its rarity. CASE REPORT We report a case of esophageal melanosis that progressed to malignant melanoma and was synchronous with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. A male patient in his 60s was diagnosed with right hypopharyngeal cancer. Cervical dissection and chemoradiation therapy were performed. Esophageal melanosis was discovered using gastrointestinal endoscopy during a pre-treatment screening 2 years later and revealed a 0-Ia tumor in the middle thoracic esophagus, coinciding with the esophageal melanosis site. A biopsy revealed malignant melanoma. We performed thoracoscopic total thoracic esophagectomy. The resected specimen showed a 0-Ia lesion, and the invasion depth of the esophageal malignant melanoma was submucosal (pT1b-SM3), N0, Stage I. A 0-IIc lesion was found in the resected specimen [squamous cell carcinoma in situ, intraepithelial mucosal (pTis/T1a-EP), N0, Stage 0]. The patient has been recurrence-free for 18 months post-surgery without postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy and is still receiving outpatient followup. CONCLUSIONS The close relationship between esophageal melanosis and primary malignant melanoma of the esophagus has implicated the melanosis as the origin of the malignant melanoma. The coexistence of esophageal melanosis and esophageal cancer warrants improved patient followup, including biopsy and multiple endoscopic examinations after esophageal melanosis diagnosis.
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Szabo PA, Levitin HM, Miron M, Snyder ME, Senda T, Yuan J, Cheng YL, Bush EC, Dogra P, Thapa P, Farber DL, Sims PA. Single-cell transcriptomics of human T cells reveals tissue and activation signatures in health and disease. Nat Commun 2019; 10:4706. [PMID: 31624246 PMCID: PMC6797728 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-12464-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 358] [Impact Index Per Article: 71.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Human T cells coordinate adaptive immunity in diverse anatomic compartments through production of cytokines and effector molecules, but it is unclear how tissue site influences T cell persistence and function. Here, we use single cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq) to define the heterogeneity of human T cells isolated from lungs, lymph nodes, bone marrow and blood, and their functional responses following stimulation. Through analysis of >50,000 resting and activated T cells, we reveal tissue T cell signatures in mucosal and lymphoid sites, and lineage-specific activation states across all sites including distinct effector states for CD8+ T cells and an interferon-response state for CD4+ T cells. Comparing scRNA-seq profiles of tumor-associated T cells to our dataset reveals predominant activated CD8+ compared to CD4+ T cell states within multiple tumor types. Our results therefore establish a high dimensional reference map of human T cell activation in health for analyzing T cells in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter A Szabo
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Hanna Mendes Levitin
- Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Michelle Miron
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mark E Snyder
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Takashi Senda
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Surgery, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jinzhou Yuan
- Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yim Ling Cheng
- Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Erin C Bush
- Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Pranay Dogra
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Puspa Thapa
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Donna L Farber
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Surgery, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Peter A Sims
- Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.
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Garon-Czmil J, Petitpain N, Rouby F, Sassier M, Babai S, Yelehe-Okouma M, Weryha G, Klein M, Gillet P. Thyroiditis and immune check point inhibitors: the post-marketing experience using the French National Pharmacovigilance database. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2018; 33:241-249. [PMID: 30308083 DOI: 10.1111/fcp.12423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Revised: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Immunotherapy with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) for cancer has become increasingly prescribed in recent years. Indeed, it is used to treat both solid and hematological malignancies due to their considerable potential in treating melanoma, non-small cell lung and other cancers. Immune-mediated related adverse endocrine toxicity, and especially thyroiditis, is seen as a growing problem needing specific screening and management. This study aims at describing thyroid dysfunctions induced by the ICIs marketed in France, which are registered in the French Pharmacovigilance database. This database was queried for nivolumab, pembrolizumab, and ipilimumab-induced adverse drug reactions reported before April 30, 2017. Both a pharmacologist and an endocrinologist have reviewed each case to select only those of peripheral thyroiditis (thyrotoxicosis and hypothyroidism). During this period, 110 thyroiditis following ICI therapy were reported. Sex/ratio was around one. Most of the cases (47.2%) were asymptomatic. Although some thyrotoxicosis cases were severe, no orbitopathy was reported. Hypothyroidism and thyrotoxicosis were equally described. Antithyroid antibodies were positive in only 16% patients. The ultrasonography was informative in 19% patients. Levothyroxine supplementation was necessary in 57% patients, leading to 19% recovery. With a dedicated optimized management, most of the cases did not require immunotherapy discontinuation. Finally, immune-mediated related thyroiditis is increasing due to a wider prescription of ICI therapy in various cancer conditions and systematic screening. Often asymptomatic, they lead to a local activation accompanied by hormonal deficiency in the long run. It is necessary to carry out an early and sustained multidisciplinary screening to allow immunotherapy continuation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Garon-Czmil
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacovigilance, University Hospital of Nancy, 29 avenue du Maréchal de Lattre de Tassigny, Nancy, 54035, France.,Department of Endocrinology and Medical Gynecology, University Hospital of Nancy, Rue du Morvan, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, 54500, France
| | - Nadine Petitpain
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacovigilance, University Hospital of Nancy, 29 avenue du Maréchal de Lattre de Tassigny, Nancy, 54035, France
| | - Franck Rouby
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacovigilance, University Hospital of Marseille, 270 Boulevard Sainte Marguerite, Marseille, 13009, France
| | - Marion Sassier
- Department of Pharmacology, University Hospital of Caen, Avenue de la Côte de Nacre, Caen, 14000, France
| | - Samy Babai
- Department of Pharmacovigilance, Hôpital Henri Mondor, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, University Hospital of Creteil, 51, avenue du Maréchal de Lattre de Tassigny, CRETEIL CEDEX, 94010, France
| | - Melissa Yelehe-Okouma
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacovigilance, University Hospital of Nancy, 29 avenue du Maréchal de Lattre de Tassigny, Nancy, 54035, France
| | - Georges Weryha
- Department of Endocrinology and Medical Gynecology, University Hospital of Nancy, Rue du Morvan, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, 54500, France
| | - Marc Klein
- Department of Endocrinology and Medical Gynecology, University Hospital of Nancy, Rue du Morvan, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, 54500, France
| | - Pierre Gillet
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacovigilance, University Hospital of Nancy, 29 avenue du Maréchal de Lattre de Tassigny, Nancy, 54035, France.,UMR 7365 CNRS-UL, IMoPA, Biopôle de l'Université de Lorraine, Campus Brabois-Santé, 9 Avenue de la Forêt de Haye, BP 20199, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, 54505, France
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Mitchell JM, Berzins SP, Kannourakis G. A potentially important role for T cells and regulatory T cells in Langerhans cell histiocytosis. Clin Immunol 2018; 194:19-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2018.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Revised: 05/27/2018] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Kelly K, Infante JR, Taylor MH, Patel MR, Wong DJ, Iannotti N, Mehnert JM, Loos AH, Koch H, Speit I, Gulley JL. Safety profile of avelumab in patients with advanced solid tumors: A pooled analysis of data from the phase 1 JAVELIN solid tumor and phase 2 JAVELIN Merkel 200 clinical trials. Cancer 2018; 124:2010-2017. [PMID: 29469949 PMCID: PMC5947549 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.31293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Revised: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antibodies targeting the programmed death‐ligand 1 (PD‐L1)/programmed cell death protein 1 (PD‐1) checkpoint may cause adverse events (AEs) that are linked to the mechanism of action of this therapeutic class and unique from those observed with conventional chemotherapy. METHODS Patients with advanced solid tumors who were enrolled in the phase 1 JAVELIN Solid Tumor (1650 patients) and phase 2 JAVELIN Merkel 200 (88 patients) trials received avelumab, a human anti–PD‐L1 IgG1 antibody at a dose of 10 mg/kg every 2 weeks. Treatment‐related AEs (TRAEs) were graded using the National Cancer Institute Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (version 4.0). In post hoc analyses, immune‐related AEs (irAEs) were identified via an expanded AE list and medical review, and infusion‐related reactions (IRRs) occurring ≤2 days after infusion and symptoms occurring ≤1 day after infusion and resolving ≤2 days after onset were identified based on prespecified Medical Dictionary for Regulatory Activities (MedDRA) terms. RESULTS Of the 1738 patients analyzed, grade ≥3 TRAEs occurred in 177 (10.2%); the most common were fatigue (17 patients; 1.0%) and IRR (10 patients; 0.6%). TRAEs led to discontinuation in 107 patients (6.2%) and death in 4 patients (0.2%). Grade ≥3 irAEs occurred in 39 patients (2.2%) and led to discontinuation in 34 patients (2.0%). IRRs or related symptoms occurred in 439 patients (25.3%; grade 3 in 0.5% [9 patients] and grade 4 in 0.2% [3 patients]). An IRR occurred at the time of first infusion in 79.5% of 439 patients who had an IRR, within the first 4 doses in 98.6% of 439 patients who had an IRR, and led to discontinuation in 35 patients (2.0%). CONCLUSIONS Avelumab generally was found to be well tolerated and to have a manageable safety profile. A minority of patients experienced grade ≥3 TRAEs or irAEs, and discontinuation was uncommon. IRRs occurred mainly at the time of first infusion, and repeated events were infrequent. Cancer 2018;124:2010‐7. © 2018 The Authors. Cancer published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of American Cancer Society. This is an open access article under the terms of the http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited and is not used for commercial purposes. In the current pooled analysis of 1738 patients treated with avelumab in the phase 1 JAVELIN Solid Tumor and phase 2 JAVELIN Merkel 200 trials, the incidences of grade ≥3 treatment‐related adverse events or any‐grade immune‐related adverse events is reported to be low. Avelumab generally is well tolerated and has a manageable safety profile consistent with other anti–programmed death‐ligand 1/programmed cell death protein 1 antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Kelly
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of California-Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, Sacramento, California
| | - Jeffrey R Infante
- Sarah Cannon Research Institute/Tennessee Oncology, PLLC, North Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Matthew H Taylor
- Oregon Health and Science University Knight Cancer Institute, Portland, Oregon
| | - Manish R Patel
- Sarah Cannon Research Institute/Florida Cancer Specialists, Sarasota, Florida
| | - Deborah J Wong
- Department of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Nicholas Iannotti
- Hematology Oncology Associates of the Treasure Coast, Port St. Lucie, Florida
| | - Janice M Mehnert
- Division of Medical Oncology, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey
| | | | | | | | - James L Gulley
- Genitourinary Malignancies Branch, Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
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Razpotnik R, Novak N, Čurin Šerbec V, Rajcevic U. Targeting Malignant Brain Tumors with Antibodies. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1181. [PMID: 28993773 PMCID: PMC5622144 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibodies have been shown to be a potent therapeutic tool. However, their use for targeting brain diseases, including neurodegenerative diseases and brain cancers, has been limited, particularly because the blood–brain barrier (BBB) makes brain tissue hard to access by conventional antibody-targeting strategies. In this review, we summarize new antibody therapeutic approaches to target brain tumors, especially malignant gliomas, as well as their potential drawbacks. Many different brain delivery platforms for antibodies have been studied such as liposomes, nanoparticle-based systems, cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs), and cell-based approaches. We have already shown the successful delivery of single-chain fragment variable (scFv) with CPP as a linker between two variable domains in the brain. Antibodies normally face poor penetration through the BBB, with some variants sufficiently passing the barrier on their own. A “Trojan horse” method allows passage of biomolecules, such as antibodies, through the BBB by receptor-mediated transcytosis (RMT). Such examples of therapeutic antibodies are the bispecific antibodies where one binding specificity recognizes and binds a BBB receptor, enabling RMT and where a second binding specificity recognizes an antigen as a therapeutic target. On the other hand, cell-based systems such as stem cells (SCs) are a promising delivery system because of their tumor tropism and ability to cross the BBB. Genetically engineered SCs can be used in gene therapy, where they express anti-tumor drugs, including antibodies. Different types and sources of SCs have been studied for the delivery of therapeutics to the brain; both mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and neural stem cells (NSCs) show great potential. Following the success in treatment of leukemias and lymphomas, the adoptive T-cell therapies, especially the chimeric antigen receptor-T cells (CAR-Ts), are making their way into glioma treatment as another type of cell-based therapy using the antibody to bind to the specific target(s). Finally, the current clinical trials are reviewed, showing the most recent progress of attractive approaches to deliver therapeutic antibodies across the BBB aiming at the specific antigen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rok Razpotnik
- Department of Research and Development, Blood Transfusion Centre of Slovenia, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Neža Novak
- Department of Research and Development, Blood Transfusion Centre of Slovenia, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Vladka Čurin Šerbec
- Department of Research and Development, Blood Transfusion Centre of Slovenia, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Uros Rajcevic
- Department of Research and Development, Blood Transfusion Centre of Slovenia, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Wu Y, Shi H, Jiang M, Qiu M, Jia K, Cao T, Shang Y, Shi L, Jiang K, Wu H. The clinical value of combination of immune checkpoint inhibitors in cancer patients: A meta-analysis of efficacy and safety. Int J Cancer 2017; 141:2562-2570. [PMID: 28833119 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.31012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Revised: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The use of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) in combination therapy is an emerging trend in tumor immunology. However, the value of combination immunotherapy remains controversial, because of the toxic effects induced by combination. The added benefit of each additional drug has not been assessed against the added toxicity. We searched for clinical trials that evaluated ICI monotherapies and combination therapies in lung cancer and melanoma patients. The overall response rate (ORR), grade 3/4 treatment-related adverse event rate, overall survival (OS), and progression-free survival (PFS) were extracted from the most recently published studies to determine the relative risk (RR), hazard ratios (HRs), and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Seven randomized controlled trials and one open-label study were identified (n = 3,097). Treatments included combinations of several ICIs, a combination of an ICI and dacarbazine, two combinations of an ICI, paclitaxel and carboplatin, and a combination of an ICI and gp100 vaccine. Higher ORR (RR: 1.51, 95% CI: 1.03-2.20, p = 0.034), OS (HR: 0.86, 95% CI: 0.78-0.95, p = 0.000), and PFS (HR: 0.93, 95% CI: 0.72-1.14, p = 0.000) values were observed in combination therapy than in monotherapy. In addition, the toxicity of combination ICI immunotherapy was higher (RR: 1.50, 95% CI: 1.03-2.19, p = 0.036) than that of monotherapy. This meta-analysis showed that the addition of nivolumab to ipilimumab better benefits PFS and ORR. Adding sargramostim was associated with better OS and safety. The efficacy and safety of a nivolumab-ipilimumab-sargramostim combination should be investigated further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingcheng Wu
- Medical School of Nantong University, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hui Shi
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Maorong Jiang
- Laboratory Animal Center of Nantong University, Chongchuan District, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Mingyan Qiu
- Medical School of Nantong University, Jiangsu, China
| | - Keren Jia
- Medical School of Nantong University, Jiangsu, China
| | - Tianyue Cao
- Medical School of Nantong University, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yujuan Shang
- Department of Medical Informatics, Medical School of Nantong University, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lili Shi
- Department of Medical Informatics, Medical School of Nantong University, Jiangsu, China
| | - Kui Jiang
- Department of Medical Informatics, Medical School of Nantong University, Jiangsu, China
| | - Huiqun Wu
- Department of Medical Informatics, Medical School of Nantong University, Jiangsu, China
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Karlsson AK, Saleh SN. Checkpoint inhibitors for malignant melanoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol 2017; 10:325-339. [PMID: 28883738 PMCID: PMC5580705 DOI: 10.2147/ccid.s120877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Background and objectives Rates of malignant melanoma are continuing to increase, and until recently effective treatments were lacking. However, since 2011 three immunotherapeutic agents, known as checkpoint inhibitors, have been approved. This review aims to establish whether these three drugs – ipilimumab, nivolumab, and pembrolizumab – offer greater efficacy and tolerability compared to control interventions (placebo, immunotherapy, or chemotherapy) in patients with stage III or IV unresectable cutaneous melanoma. Materials and methods A search on four major medical and scientific databases yielded 7,553 records, of which seven met the inclusion criteria, with a total study population of 3,628. Only prospective Phase II or III randomized controlled trials on checkpoint inhibitors for patients with unresectable cutaneous melanoma that reported data on survival (overall or progression-free), tumor response, or adverse events were included. Three meta-analyses were carried out. Results The hazard ratio for progression or death was 0.54 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.44–0.67), and the odds ratio for best overall response rate was 4.48 (95% CI: 2.77–7.24), both in favor of checkpoint inhibitors. However, control treatments were associated with an insignificantly lower rate of discontinuation of treatment due to adverse effects or treatment-related adverse events (odds ratio =1.63 [95% CI: 0.55–4.88]). Conclusion This study finds that checkpoint inhibitors are more effective than control interventions, both in terms of survival and tumor response, and yet no less tolerable. PD1 therapies (nivolumab and pembrolizumab) appear to offer greater efficacy than CTLA4 therapy (ipilimumab). The combination of nivolumab and ipilimumab was, however, the most effective, but significantly less tolerable than monotherapy. The lack of published clinical data does, however, limit this study. Further research is needed in two areas in particular: 1) to determine the optimal use of checkpoint inhibitors, specifically in terms of combination therapy, and 2) to identify reliable biomarkers to predictive responders and guide treatment assignment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sohag N Saleh
- Faculty of Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College London, London, UK
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Hao C, Tian J, Liu H, Li F, Niu H, Zhu B. Efficacy and safety of anti-PD-1 and anti-PD-1 combined with anti-CTLA-4 immunotherapy to advanced melanoma: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Medicine (Baltimore) 2017; 96:e7325. [PMID: 28658143 PMCID: PMC5500065 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000007325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anti-PD-1 monoclonal antibodies, nivolumab and pembrolizumab, and anti-CTLA-4 antibody ipilimumab are being in clinic trials to treat melanoma. Here, we performed a meta-analysis to evaluate the efficacy and toxicity of them against advanced melanoma. METHODS Eleven reports from 6 randomized control trials on treating metastatic melanoma, which were divided into 3 subgroups, nivolumab/pembrolizumab versus chemotherapy, nivolumab versus ipilimumab, and nivolumab-plus-ipilimumab versus ipilimumab, were included and the meta-analysis was performed for each subgroup. The outcome measures were objective response rates (ORR), median progression free survival (PFS), 1-year overall survival rates (OS), and toxicity estimated by grade 3 to 4 adverse events. RESULTS For nivolumab/pembrolizumab versus chemotherapy, nivolumab versus ipilimumab, and nivolumab-plus-ipilimumab versus ipilimumab, the pooled risk ratios (RR) of the ORR were 3.43 (95% CI: 2.57-4.58), 2.51 (95% CI: 2.03-3.09), and 3.28 (95% CI: 2.58-4.17), respectively. The pooled HR of PFS were 0.42 (95% CI: 0.36-0.49), 0.58 (95% CI: 0.50-0.66), and 0.41 (95% CI: 0.30-0.52), respectively. The pooled RR of 1-year OS was 1.37 (95% CI: 1.08-1.74) and 1.54 (95% CI: 0.90-2.63) for nivolumab versus ipilimumab and nivolumab-plus-ipilimumab versus ipilimumab. These results suggested that anti-PD-1 monotherapy and nivolumab-plus-ipilimumab therapy had ORR and PFS benefit compared with the control group. Anti-PD-1 treatment increased 1-year OS for patients compared with ipililumab treatment. But there is no significantly difference on 1-year OS between the nivolumab-plus-ipilimumab treatment and the ipilimumab treatment group. The toxicity analysis showed that there is less risk of adverse events in the anti-PD-1 treatment group compared with the chemotherapy and ipilimumab group. Combining nivolumab with ipilimumab increased the risk for high-grade adverse events compared with ipilimumab alone but the adverse events were generally manageable. CONCLUSIONS Anti-PD-1 monotherapy and nivolumab-plus-ipilimumab therapy improved ORR and prolonged PFS of patients with advanced melanoma and the adverse events are generally manageable. The therapy is indeed a promising approach for treatment of advanced melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyan Hao
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Evidence Based Medicine and Clinical Translation
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University
| | - Jinhui Tian
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Evidence Based Medicine and Clinical Translation
| | - Huiling Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Gansu Provincial People's Hospital
| | - Fei Li
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Evidence Based Medicine and Clinical Translation
- Institute of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Hongxia Niu
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Evidence Based Medicine and Clinical Translation
- Institute of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Bingdong Zhu
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Evidence Based Medicine and Clinical Translation
- Institute of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
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Zhang W, Pang Q, Yan C, Wang Q, Yang J, Yu S, Liu X, Yuan Z, Wang P, Xiao Z. Induction of PD-L1 expression by epidermal growth factor receptor-mediated signaling in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Onco Targets Ther 2017; 10:763-771. [PMID: 28243112 PMCID: PMC5315340 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s118982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The purpose of this study was to investigate the potential effect of activation of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling pathway on the expression of programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) cells with EGFR overexpression. Methods Flow cytometry and Western blot methods were used to assess PD-L1 expression on ESCC cells when EGFR signaling pathway was activated by epidermal growth factor (EGF) with or without EGFR-specific inhibitor AG-1478, and then EGFR signaling array was applied to analyze the potential signaling pathways involved. Results This study found that PD-L1 expression increased significantly in an EGFR-dependent manner by the activation of EGFR signaling and decreased sharply when EGFR signaling was blocked. The upregulated expression of PD-L1 was not associated with EGFR-STAT3 signaling pathway, but may be affected by EGFR–PI3K–AKT, EGFR–Ras–Raf–Erk, and EGR–PLC-γ signaling pathways. Conclusion The expression of PD-L1 can be regulated by EGFR signaling activation in ESCC, which indicates an important role for EGFR-mediated immune escape and potential molecular pathways for EGFR-targeted therapy and immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Cihui Yan
- Department of Immunology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center of Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Qifeng Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Cancer Institute and Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingsong Yang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Cancer Institute and Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Shufei Yu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Cancer Institute and Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao Liu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Cancer Institute and Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | | | | | - Zefen Xiao
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Cancer Institute and Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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Zhu SK. Role of precision medicine in pancreatic cancer. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2016; 24:4752-4758. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v24.i36.4752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is one of the most challenging problems in modern oncology. Due to difficultly in early diagnosis and early distant metastasis of pancreatic cancer, surgical resection rate is less than 20% and patients' prognosis is very poor. Despite long-term efforts taken to develop treatments for pancreatic cancer, the survival rate did not significantly improve. Therefore, early diagnosis and treatment are the key to improve the survival rate of patients with pancreatic cancer. The advent of big-data genomic era and the rapid development of biotechnology have led to the recent proposal of a new concept of precise medicine, which has quickly become the focus of world medical conferences. Here, we describe the new progress and challenges of precision medicine in pancreatic cancer, with an aim to provide new ideas for improving the survival rate of patients with pancreatic cancer.
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Ho WL, Hsu WM, Huang MC, Kadomatsu K, Nakagawara A. Protein glycosylation in cancers and its potential therapeutic applications in neuroblastoma. J Hematol Oncol 2016; 9:100. [PMID: 27686492 PMCID: PMC5041531 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-016-0334-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Glycosylation is the most complex post-translational modification of proteins. Altered glycans on the tumor- and host-cell surface and in the tumor microenvironment have been identified to mediate critical events in cancer pathogenesis and progression. Tumor-associated glycan changes comprise increased branching of N-glycans, higher density of O-glycans, generation of truncated versions of normal counterparts, and generation of unusual forms of terminal structures arising from sialylation and fucosylation. The functional role of tumor-associated glycans (Tn, sTn, T, and sLea/x) is dependent on the interaction with lectins. Lectins are expressed on the surface of immune cells and endothelial cells or exist as extracellular matrix proteins and soluble adhesion molecules. Expression of tumor-associated glycans is involved in the dysregulation of glycogenes, which mainly comprise glycosyltransferases and glycosidases. Furthermore, genetic and epigenetic mechanisms on many glycogenes are associated with malignant transformation. With better understanding of all aspects of cancer-cell glycomics, many tumor-associated glycans have been utilized for diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic purposes. Glycan-based therapeutics has been applied to cancers from breast, lung, gastrointestinal system, melanomas, and lymphomas but rarely to neuroblastomas (NBs). The success of anti-disialoganglioside (GD2, a glycolipid antigen) antibodies sheds light on glycan-based therapies for NB and also suggests the possibility of protein glycosylation-based therapies for NB. This review summarizes our understanding of cancer glycobiology with a focus of how protein glycosylation and associated glycosyltransferases affect cellular behaviors and treatment outcome of various cancers, especially NB. Finally, we highlight potential applications of glycosylation in drug and cancer vaccine development for NB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan-Ling Ho
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei 24205, Taiwan.,Department of Pediatrics, Shin Kong Wu Ho-Su Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Pediatrics, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Ming Hsu
- Department of Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital, 7 Chung-Shan South Road, Taipei, 100, Taiwan. .,Research Center for Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Min-Chuan Huang
- Research Center for Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan. .,Graduate Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 1, Jen-Ai Road, Taipei, 10051, Taiwan.
| | - Kenji Kadomatsu
- Department of Biochemistry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
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