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Ogire E, Perrin-Cocon L, Figl M, Kundlacz C, Jacquemin C, Hubert S, Aublin-Gex A, Toesca J, Ramière C, Vidalain PO, Mathieu C, Lotteau V, Diaz O. Dengue Virus dependence on glucokinase activity and glycolysis Confers Sensitivity to NAD(H) biosynthesis inhibitors. Antiviral Res 2024; 228:105939. [PMID: 38909960 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2024.105939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024]
Abstract
Viruses have developed sophisticated strategies to control metabolic activity of infected cells in order to supply replication machinery with energy and metabolites. Dengue virus (DENV), a mosquito-borne flavivirus responsible for dengue fever, is no exception. Previous reports have documented DENV interactions with metabolic pathways and shown in particular that glycolysis is increased in DENV-infected cells. However, underlying molecular mechanisms are still poorly characterized and dependence of DENV on this pathway has not been investigated in details yet. Here, we identified an interaction between the non-structural protein 3 (NS3) of DENV and glucokinase regulator protein (GCKR), a host protein that inhibits the liver-specific hexokinase GCK. NS3 expression was found to increase glucose consumption and lactate secretion in hepatic cell line expressing GCK. Interestingly, we observed that GCKR interaction with GCK decreases DENV replication, indicating the dependence of DENV to GCK activity and supporting the role of NS3 as an inhibitor of GCKR function. Accordingly, in the same cells, DENV replication both induces and depends on glycolysis. By targeting NAD(H) biosynthesis with the antimetabolite 6-Amino-Nicotinamide (6-AN), we decreased cellular glycolytic activity and inhibited DENV replication in hepatic cells. Infection of primary organotypic liver cultures (OLiC) from hamsters was also inhibited by 6-AN. Altogether, our results show that DENV has evolved strategies to control glycolysis in the liver, which could account for hepatic dysfunctions associated to infection. Besides, our findings suggest that lowering intracellular availability of NAD(H) could be a valuable therapeutic strategy to control glycolysis and inhibit DENV replication in the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Ogire
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, NeuroInvasion TROpism and VIRal Encephalitis Team, Univ Lyon, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, 21 Avenue Tony Garnier, F-69007, Lyon, France
| | - Laure Perrin-Cocon
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, VIRal Infection Metabolism and Immunity Team, Univ Lyon, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, 21 Avenue Tony Garnier, F-69007, Lyon, France
| | - Marianne Figl
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, VIRal Infection Metabolism and Immunity Team, Univ Lyon, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, 21 Avenue Tony Garnier, F-69007, Lyon, France
| | - Cindy Kundlacz
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, VIRal Infection Metabolism and Immunity Team, Univ Lyon, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, 21 Avenue Tony Garnier, F-69007, Lyon, France
| | - Clémence Jacquemin
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, VIRal Infection Metabolism and Immunity Team, Univ Lyon, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, 21 Avenue Tony Garnier, F-69007, Lyon, France
| | - Sophie Hubert
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, VIRal Infection Metabolism and Immunity Team, Univ Lyon, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, 21 Avenue Tony Garnier, F-69007, Lyon, France
| | - Anne Aublin-Gex
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, VIRal Infection Metabolism and Immunity Team, Univ Lyon, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, 21 Avenue Tony Garnier, F-69007, Lyon, France
| | - Johan Toesca
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, VIRal Infection Metabolism and Immunity Team, Univ Lyon, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, 21 Avenue Tony Garnier, F-69007, Lyon, France
| | - Christophe Ramière
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, VIRal Infection Metabolism and Immunity Team, Univ Lyon, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, 21 Avenue Tony Garnier, F-69007, Lyon, France; Laboratoire de Virologie, Hôpital de la Croix-Rousse, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Pierre-Olivier Vidalain
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, VIRal Infection Metabolism and Immunity Team, Univ Lyon, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, 21 Avenue Tony Garnier, F-69007, Lyon, France
| | - Cyrille Mathieu
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, NeuroInvasion TROpism and VIRal Encephalitis Team, Univ Lyon, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, 21 Avenue Tony Garnier, F-69007, Lyon, France
| | - Vincent Lotteau
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, VIRal Infection Metabolism and Immunity Team, Univ Lyon, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, 21 Avenue Tony Garnier, F-69007, Lyon, France; Laboratoire P4-Jean Mérieux, INSERM, Lyon, France
| | - Olivier Diaz
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, VIRal Infection Metabolism and Immunity Team, Univ Lyon, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, 21 Avenue Tony Garnier, F-69007, Lyon, France.
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Cheng S, Wang X, Yang S, Liang J, Song C, Zhu Q, Chen W, Ren Z, Zhu F. Identification of novel disulfidptosis-related lncRNA signatures to predict the prognosis and immune microenvironment of skin cutaneous melanoma patients. Skin Res Technol 2024; 30:e13814. [PMID: 38924611 PMCID: PMC11197043 DOI: 10.1111/srt.13814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Skin cutaneous melanoma (SKCM) is an aggressive form of malignant melanoma with poor prognosis and high mortality rates. Disulfidptosis is a newly discovered cell death regulatory mechanism caused by the abnormal accumulation of disulfides. This unique pathway is guiding significant new research to understand cancer progression for targeted treatment. However, the correlation between disulfidptosis with long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in SKCM remains unknown at present. METHODS The Cancer Genome Atlas database furnished lncRNA expression data and clinical information for SKCM patients. Pearson correlation and Cox regression analyses identified disulfidptosis-related lncRNAs associated with SKCM prognosis. ROC curves and a nomogram validated the model. TME, immune infiltration, GSEA analysis, immune checkpoint gene expression profiling, and drug sensitivity were assessed in high and low-risk groups. Consistent clustering categorized SKCM patients for personalized clinical treatment guidance. RESULTS A total of twelve disulfidptosis-related lncRNAs were identified for the development of prognosis prediction models. The area under the curve (AUC) values of the ROC curve and the nomogram provided reliable discrimination to evaluate the prognostic potential for SKCM patients. The TME played a crucial role in tumorigenesis, progression and prognosis, and the risk scores were closely related to immune cell infiltration. Meanwhile, the combination of chemotherapy, targeted therapy, and immunotherapy was recommended for low-risk patients based on drug sensitivity and immune efficacy analyses. CONCLUSION We identified a risk model of twelve disulfidptosis-related lncRNAs that could be used to predict the prognosis of SKCM patients and help guide immunotherapy and chemotherapy for personalized treatment plans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengrong Cheng
- Department of Plastic SurgeryThe First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical UniversityHefeiChina
| | - Xin Wang
- Faculty of Medicine and Health SciencesGhent UniversityGhentBelgium
| | - Shuhan Yang
- Department of General SurgeryThe First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical UniversityHefeiChina
| | - Jiahui Liang
- Department of General SurgeryThe First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical UniversityHefeiChina
- Department of Breast SurgeryThe First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical UniversityHefeiChina
| | - Caiying Song
- Department of Plastic SurgeryThe First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical UniversityHefeiChina
| | - Qiuxuan Zhu
- Department of Plastic SurgeryThe First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical UniversityHefeiChina
| | - Wendong Chen
- Department of Plastic SurgeryThe First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical UniversityHefeiChina
| | - Zhiyao Ren
- Faculty of Medicine and Health SciencesGhent UniversityGhentBelgium
| | - Fei Zhu
- Department of Plastic SurgeryThe First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical UniversityHefeiChina
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3
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Silva-Pavez E, Mendoza E, Morgado-Cáceres P, Ahumada-Castro U, Bustos G, Kangme-Encalada M, de Arbina AL, Puebla-Huerta A, Muñoz F, Cereceda L, Varas-Godoy M, Hidalgo Y, Cardenas JC. Mitochondrial division inhibitor (mdivi-1) induces extracellular matrix (ECM)-detachment of viable breast cancer cells by a DRP1-independent mechanism. Sci Rep 2024; 14:14178. [PMID: 38898058 PMCID: PMC11187114 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-64228-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence supports the hypothesis that cancer progression is under mitochondrial control. Mitochondrial fission plays a pivotal role in the maintenance of cancer cell homeostasis. The inhibition of DRP1, the main regulator of mitochondrial fission, with the mitochondrial division inhibitor (mdivi-1) had been associated with cancer cell sensitivity to chemotherapeutics and decrease proliferation. Here, using breast cancer cells we find that mdivi-1 induces the detachment of the cells, leading to a bulk of floating cells that conserved their viability. Despite a decrease in their proliferative and clonogenic capabilities, these floating cells maintain the capacity to re-adhere upon re-seeding and retain their migratory and invasive potential. Interestingly, the cell detachment induced by mdivi-1 is independent of DRP1 but relies on inhibition of mitochondrial complex I. Furthermore, mdivi-1 induces cell detachment rely on glucose and the pentose phosphate pathway. Our data evidence a novel DRP1-independent effect of mdivi-1 in the attachment of cancer cells. The generation of floating viable cells restricts the use of mdivi-1 as a therapeutic agent and demonstrates that mdivi-1 effect on cancer cells are more complex than anticipated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Silva-Pavez
- Facultad de Odontología y Ciencias de la Rehabilitación, Universidad San Sebastián, Bellavista, Bellavista 7, Recoleta, Santiago, Chile.
- Center for Integrative Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad Mayor, Camino la Pirámide 5750, Huechuraba, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Elizabeth Mendoza
- Center for Integrative Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad Mayor, Camino la Pirámide 5750, Huechuraba, Santiago, Chile
- Geroscience Center for Brain Health and Metabolism, Santiago, Chile
| | - Pablo Morgado-Cáceres
- Center for Integrative Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad Mayor, Camino la Pirámide 5750, Huechuraba, Santiago, Chile
- Geroscience Center for Brain Health and Metabolism, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ulises Ahumada-Castro
- Center for Integrative Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad Mayor, Camino la Pirámide 5750, Huechuraba, Santiago, Chile
- Geroscience Center for Brain Health and Metabolism, Santiago, Chile
| | - Galdo Bustos
- Center for Integrative Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad Mayor, Camino la Pirámide 5750, Huechuraba, Santiago, Chile
- Geroscience Center for Brain Health and Metabolism, Santiago, Chile
| | - Matías Kangme-Encalada
- Center for Integrative Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad Mayor, Camino la Pirámide 5750, Huechuraba, Santiago, Chile
- Geroscience Center for Brain Health and Metabolism, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Andrea Puebla-Huerta
- Center for Integrative Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad Mayor, Camino la Pirámide 5750, Huechuraba, Santiago, Chile
- Geroscience Center for Brain Health and Metabolism, Santiago, Chile
| | - Felipe Muñoz
- Center for Integrative Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad Mayor, Camino la Pirámide 5750, Huechuraba, Santiago, Chile
- Geroscience Center for Brain Health and Metabolism, Santiago, Chile
| | - Lucas Cereceda
- IMPACT, Center of Interventional Medicine for Precision and Advanced Cellular Therapy, Santiago, Chile
- Laboratory of Nano-Regenerative Medicine, Biomedical Research and Innovation Center (CIIB), Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile
| | - Manuel Varas-Godoy
- Cancer Cell Biology Lab., Centro de Biología Celular y Biomedicina (CEBICEM), Facultad de Medicina y Ciencia, Universidad San Sebastián, Lota 2465, Santiago, Chile
- Centro Ciencia & Vida, Fundación Ciencia & Vida, Avenida Del Valle Norte 725, Huechuraba, Santiago, Chile
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santos Dumont 964, Independencia, Santiago, Chile
| | - Yessia Hidalgo
- IMPACT, Center of Interventional Medicine for Precision and Advanced Cellular Therapy, Santiago, Chile
- Laboratory of Nano-Regenerative Medicine, Biomedical Research and Innovation Center (CIIB), Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile
| | - J Cesar Cardenas
- Center for Integrative Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad Mayor, Camino la Pirámide 5750, Huechuraba, Santiago, Chile.
- Geroscience Center for Brain Health and Metabolism, Santiago, Chile.
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, USA.
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, USA.
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Thakkar AB, Subramanian RB, Thakkar SS, Thakkar VR, Thakor P. Biochanin A - A G6PD inhibitor: In silico and in vitro studies in non-small cell lung cancer cells (A549). Toxicol In Vitro 2024; 96:105785. [PMID: 38266663 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2024.105785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 01/07/2024] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
Secondary metabolites from medicinal plants have a well-established therapeutic potential, with many of these chemicals having specialized medical uses. Isoflavonoids, a type of secondary metabolite, have little cytotoxicity against healthy human cells, making them interesting candidates for cancer treatment. Extensive research has been conducted to investigate the chemo-preventive benefits of flavonoids in treating various cancers. Biochanin A (BA), an isoflavonoid abundant in plants such as red clover, soy, peanuts, and chickpeas, was the subject of our present study. This study aimed to determine how BA affected glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) in human lung cancer cells. The study provides meaningful insight and a significant impact of BA on the association between metastasis, inflammation, and G6PD inhibition in A549 cells. Comprehensive in vitro tests revealed that BA has anti-inflammatory effects. Molecular docking experiments shed light on BA's high binding affinity for the G6PD receptor. BA substantially decreased the expression of G6PD and other inflammatory and metastasis-related markers. In conclusion, our findings highlight the potential of BA as a therapeutic agent in cancer treatment, specifically by targeting G6PD and related pathways. BA's varied effects, which range from anti-inflammatory capabilities to metastasis reduction, make it an appealing option for future investigation in the development of new cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjali B Thakkar
- P. G. Department of Biosciences, Sardar Patel Maidan, Satellite Campus, Sardar Patel University, Bakrol-Vadtal Road, Bakrol, Anand, Gujarat, India; P. G. Department of Applied and Interdisciplinary Sciences (IICISST), Sardar Patel University, Vallabh Vidyanagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Ramalingam B Subramanian
- P. G. Department of Biosciences, Sardar Patel Maidan, Satellite Campus, Sardar Patel University, Bakrol-Vadtal Road, Bakrol, Anand, Gujarat, India
| | - Sampark S Thakkar
- AKASHGANGA, Shree Kamdhenu Electronics Pvt. Ltd., Vallabh Vidyanagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Vasudev R Thakkar
- P. G. Department of Biosciences, Sardar Patel Maidan, Satellite Campus, Sardar Patel University, Bakrol-Vadtal Road, Bakrol, Anand, Gujarat, India
| | - Parth Thakor
- Bapubhai Desaibhai Patel Institute of Paramedical Sciences, Charotar University of Science and Technology, Changa, Gujarat, India.
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Ahamed A, Hosea R, Wu S, Kasim V. The Emerging Roles of the Metabolic Regulator G6PD in Human Cancers. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:17238. [PMID: 38139067 PMCID: PMC10743588 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242417238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolic reprogramming, especially reprogrammed glucose metabolism, is a well-known cancer hallmark related to various characteristics of tumor cells, including proliferation, survival, metastasis, and drug resistance. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) is the first and rate-limiting enzyme of the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP), a branch of glycolysis, that converts glucose-6-phosphate (G6P) into 6-phosphogluconolactone (6PGL). Furthermore, PPP produces ribose-5-phosphate (R5P), which provides sugar-phosphate backbones for nucleotide synthesis as well as nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH), an important cellular reductant. Several studies have shown enhanced G6PD expression and PPP flux in various tumor cells, as well as their correlation with tumor progression through cancer hallmark regulation, especially reprogramming cellular metabolism, sustaining proliferative signaling, resisting cell death, and activating invasion and metastasis. Inhibiting G6PD could suppress tumor cell proliferation, promote cell death, reverse chemoresistance, and inhibit metastasis, suggesting the potential of G6PD as a target for anti-tumor therapeutic strategies. Indeed, while challenges-including side effects-still remain, small-molecule G6PD inhibitors showing potential anti-tumor effect either when used alone or in combination with other anti-tumor drugs have been developed. This review provides an overview of the structural significance of G6PD, its role in and regulation of tumor development and progression, and the strategies explored in relation to G6PD-targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfar Ahamed
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China
- The 111 Project Laboratory of Biomechanics and Tissue Repair, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Rendy Hosea
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China
- The 111 Project Laboratory of Biomechanics and Tissue Repair, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Shourong Wu
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China
- The 111 Project Laboratory of Biomechanics and Tissue Repair, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Research for Cancer Metastasis and Individualized Treatment, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Vivi Kasim
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China
- The 111 Project Laboratory of Biomechanics and Tissue Repair, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Research for Cancer Metastasis and Individualized Treatment, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China
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Green Coffee Bean Extract Potentially Ameliorates Liver Injury due to HFD/STZ-Induced Diabetes in Rats. J Food Biochem 2023. [DOI: 10.1155/2023/1500032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
The goal of the current study was to examine the therapeutic potential of green coffee bean extract (GCBE) in the treatment of diabetic hepatic damage induced by high-fat diet (HFD) and streptozotocin (STZ) administration. The novelty of this study lies in constructing a newly stabilized in vivo obese diabetic animal model in rats using HFD/STZ for investigating the dose-dependent effect of two commonly used doses of GCBE in hepatoprotection against oxidative stress-induced hepatic damage by measuring many parameters that have not been carried out previously in other studies. GCBE that was used in this study was a hot water extract of green coffee beans with a concentration of 0.1 g ml−1. Male albino rats were given a single dose of STZ (35 mg kg−1), and HFD to induce diabetes mellitus (DM). For 28 days, two separate doses of GCBE 50 mg kg−1 and 100 mg kg−1 were administered orally to diabetic animals. Leptin, liver enzymes, oxidative stress parameters, inflammatory parameters, fasting plasma glucose (FPG), fasting plasma insulin (FPI), and lipid profile levels were examined. Real-time PCR and ELISA were used to quantitatively detect the mRNAs of the genes involved in the insulin signaling pathway, the genes involved in glucose metabolism, and the amounts of proteins. The levels of FPG, lipid profile, liver enzymes, inflammatory markers, and leptin in the HFD/STZ diabetic group revealed a considerable spike, while they considerably decreased after GCBE treatment in a dose-dependent manner. After GCBE treatment, the diabetic group showed a significant rise in the antioxidant markers glutathione, superoxide dismutase, and catalase, as well as a decrease in malondialdehyde and nitric oxide levels. The liver changes caused by HFD/STZ were entirely reversed by GCBE, and most intriguingly, in a dose-dependent manner. We concluded that GCBE can repair the hepatic oxidative damage caused by HFD and STZ by reversing all the previously measured parameters and improving the insulin signaling pathways. GCBE demonstrated strong antifree radical activity and significantly protected cells from oxidative damage caused by HFD/STZ.
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Ying M, Hu X. Tracing the electron flow in redox metabolism: The appropriate distribution of electrons is essential to maintain redox balance in cancer cells. Semin Cancer Biol 2022; 87:32-47. [PMID: 36374644 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2022.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 10/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Cancer cells are characterized by sustained proliferation, which requires a huge demand of fuels to support energy production and biosynthesis. Energy is produced by the oxidation of the fuels during catabolism, and biosynthesis is achieved by the reduction of smaller units or precursors. Therefore, the oxidation-reduction (redox) reactions in cancer cells are more active compared to those in the normal counterparts. The higher activity of redox metabolism also induces a more severe oxidative stress, raising the question of how cancer cells maintain the redox balance. In this review, we overview the redox metabolism of cancer cells in an electron-tracing view. The electrons are derived from the nutrients in the tumor microenvironment and released during catabolism. Most of the electrons are transferred to NAD(P) system and then directed to four destinations: energy production, ROS generation, reductive biosynthesis and antioxidant system. The appropriate distribution of these electrons achieved by the function of redox regulation network is essential to maintain redox homeostasis in cancer cells. Interfering with the electron distribution and disrupting redox balance by targeting the redox regulation network may provide therapeutic implications for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minfeng Ying
- Cancer Institute (Key Laboratory for Cancer Intervention and Prevention, China National Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology in Medical Sciences), The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 310009 Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Xun Hu
- Cancer Institute (Key Laboratory for Cancer Intervention and Prevention, China National Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology in Medical Sciences), The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 310009 Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
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Li R, Ke M, Qi M, Han Z, Cao Y, Deng Z, Qian J, Yang Y, Gu C. G6PD promotes cell proliferation and dexamethasone resistance in multiple myeloma via increasing anti-oxidant production and activating Wnt/β-catenin pathway. Exp Hematol Oncol 2022; 11:77. [PMID: 36271440 PMCID: PMC9587560 DOI: 10.1186/s40164-022-00326-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) as the rate-limiting enzyme in the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) is well-established as an aberrantly expressed protein in numerous clinical diseases; however, its role in cancer, specifically in multiple myeloma (MM) remains elusive. Methods In this study, serum metabolites in 70 normal people and 70 newly diagnosed MM patients were analyzed using untargeted metabolomics and the results were verified using ELISA. The survival analysis of multiple clinical datasets was performed to identify a potential target gene in MM. The oncogenic role of G6PD was investigated using lentivirus-based overexpression or knockdown of G6PD using RNAi or an inhibitor in vitro, and in a xenograft mouse model in vivo. The mechanisms of induced Dexamethasone (Dexa)-resistance of G6PD were further explored using the above established MM cell lines in vitro. Results Based on the screening of potential genes, PPP was shown to be involved in the occurrence of MM, which was evidenced by the differential expression of serum metabolites of G6P and Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS, the more stable sulfate ester form of an endogenously uncompetitive G6PD inhibitor known as DHEA). Elevated G6PD promoted MM cell proliferation. Mechanistically, high G6PD expression enhanced enzymatic generation of the antioxidant NADPH via the PPP and decreased the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), thus inducing the proliferation and Dexa resistance in MM cells. Furthermore, canonical Wnt/β-catenin signaling also participated in regulating G6PD-induced drug resistance and cellular redox levels of ROS. Intriguingly, DHEA treatment could enhance the sensitivity of MM cells to Dexa primarily through augmenting cellular oxidative stress. Conclusions Our data demonstrate that G6PD enhances the generation of the enzymatic anti-oxidant NADPH and decreases ROS generation, thereby promoting resistance to Dexa-induced apoptosis via the enzymatic PPP and non-enzymatic Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway in MM. Targeting G6PD to harness cellular redox may serve as a promising novel strategy for the management of MM. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s40164-022-00326-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Li
- Nanjing Hospital of Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China.,School of Medicine and Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 138 Xianlin Road, Nanjing, China
| | - Mengying Ke
- School of Medicine and Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 138 Xianlin Road, Nanjing, China
| | - Mingming Qi
- School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhenru Han
- School of Medicine and Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 138 Xianlin Road, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuhao Cao
- School of Medicine and Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 138 Xianlin Road, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhendong Deng
- School of Medicine and Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 138 Xianlin Road, Nanjing, China
| | - Jinjun Qian
- School of Medicine and Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 138 Xianlin Road, Nanjing, China.
| | - Ye Yang
- Nanjing Hospital of Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China.
| | - Chunyan Gu
- Nanjing Hospital of Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China. .,School of Medicine and Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 138 Xianlin Road, Nanjing, China.
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Xiong G, Feng Y, Yi X, Zhang X, Li X, Yang L, Yi Z, Sai B, Yang Z, Zhang Q, Kuang Y, Zhu Y. NRF2-directed PRPS1 upregulation to promote the progression and metastasis of melanoma. Front Immunol 2022; 13:989263. [PMID: 36203561 PMCID: PMC9530353 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.989263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate synthetase 1 (PRPS1) is the first enzyme in the de novo purine nucleotide synthesis pathway and is essential for cell development. However, the effect of PRPS1 on melanoma proliferation and metastasis remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate the regulatory mechanism of PRPS1 in the malignant progression of melanoma. Here, we found PRPS1 was upregulated in melanoma and melanoma cells. In addition, our data indicated that PRPS1 could promote the proliferation and migration and invasion of melanoma both in vitro and in vivo. PRPS1 also could inhibit melanoma cell apoptosis. Furthermore, we found NRF2 is an upstream transcription factor of PRPS1 that drive malignant progression of melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guohang Xiong
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Yu Feng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Xiaojia Yi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
- Department of Pathology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Xuedan Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Xiaoyu Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Lijuan Yang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Zihan Yi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University (Tumor Hospital of Yunnan Province), Kunming, China
| | - Buqing Sai
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Zhe Yang
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Qiao Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Yingmin Kuang
- Department of Organ Transplantation, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
- *Correspondence: Yuechun Zhu, ; Yingmin Kuang,
| | - Yuechun Zhu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
- *Correspondence: Yuechun Zhu, ; Yingmin Kuang,
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10
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Kubik J, Humeniuk E, Adamczuk G, Madej-Czerwonka B, Korga-Plewko A. Targeting Energy Metabolism in Cancer Treatment. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23105572. [PMID: 35628385 PMCID: PMC9146201 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23105572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer is the second most common cause of death worldwide after cardiovascular diseases. The development of molecular and biochemical techniques has expanded the knowledge of changes occurring in specific metabolic pathways of cancer cells. Increased aerobic glycolysis, the promotion of anaplerotic responses, and especially the dependence of cells on glutamine and fatty acid metabolism have become subjects of study. Despite many cancer treatment strategies, many patients with neoplastic diseases cannot be completely cured due to the development of resistance in cancer cells to currently used therapeutic approaches. It is now becoming a priority to develop new treatment strategies that are highly effective and have few side effects. In this review, we present the current knowledge of the enzymes involved in the different steps of glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the pentose phosphate pathway, and possible targeted therapies. The review also focuses on presenting the differences between cancer cells and normal cells in terms of metabolic phenotype. Knowledge of cancer cell metabolism is constantly evolving, and further research is needed to develop new strategies for anti-cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Kubik
- Independent Medical Biology Unit, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland; (J.K.); (G.A.); (A.K.-P.)
| | - Ewelina Humeniuk
- Independent Medical Biology Unit, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland; (J.K.); (G.A.); (A.K.-P.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-81-448-65-20
| | - Grzegorz Adamczuk
- Independent Medical Biology Unit, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland; (J.K.); (G.A.); (A.K.-P.)
| | - Barbara Madej-Czerwonka
- Human Anatomy Department, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lublin, 20-090 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Agnieszka Korga-Plewko
- Independent Medical Biology Unit, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland; (J.K.); (G.A.); (A.K.-P.)
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11
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Song J, Sun H, Zhang S, Shan C. The Multiple Roles of Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase in Tumorigenesis and Cancer Chemoresistance. Life (Basel) 2022; 12:271. [PMID: 35207558 PMCID: PMC8875868 DOI: 10.3390/life12020271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) is a branch from glycolysis that begins from glucose-6-phosphate (G6P) and ends up with fructose-6-phosphate (F6P) and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (GADP). Its primary physiological significance is to provide nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) and nucleotides for vital activities such as reactive oxygen species (ROS) defense and DNA synthesis. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) is a housekeeping protein with 514 amino acids that is also the rate-limiting enzyme of PPP, catalyzing G6P into 6-phosphogluconolactone (6PGL) and producing the first NADPH of this pathway. Increasing evidence indicates that G6PD is upregulated in diverse cancers, and this dysfunction influences DNA synthesis, DNA repair, cell cycle regulation and redox homeostasis, which provides advantageous conditions for cancer cell growth, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), invasion, metastasis and chemoresistance. Thus, targeting G6PD by inhibitors has been shown as a promising strategy in treating cancer and reversing chemotherapeutic resistance. In this review, we will summarize the existing knowledge concerning G6PD and discuss its role, regulation and inhibitors in cancer development and chemotherapy resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqi Song
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China; (J.S.); (H.S.)
| | - Huanran Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China; (J.S.); (H.S.)
| | - Shuai Zhang
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Changliang Shan
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China; (J.S.); (H.S.)
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
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12
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Zhuang A, Chai P, Wang S, Zuo S, Yu J, Jia S, Ge S, Jia R, Zhou Y, Shi W, Xu X, Ruan J, Fan X. Metformin promotes histone deacetylation of optineurin and suppresses tumour growth through autophagy inhibition in ocular melanoma. Clin Transl Med 2022; 12:e660. [PMID: 35075807 PMCID: PMC8787022 DOI: 10.1002/ctm2.660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore the therapeutic potential and the underlying mechanism of metformin, an adenosine monophosphate-activated kinase (AMPK) activator, in ocular melanoma. METHODS CCK8, transwell, and colony formation assays were performed to detect the proliferation and migration ability of ocular melanoma cells. A mouse orthotopic xenograft model was built to detect ocular tumor growth in vivo. Western blot, immunofluorescence, and electron microscopy were adopted to evaluate the autophagy levels of ocular melanoma cells, and high-throughput proteomics and CUT & Tag assays were performed to analyze the candidate for autophagy alteration. RESULTS Here, we revealed for the first time that a relatively low dose of metformin induced significant tumorspecific inhibition of the proliferation and migration of ocular melanoma cells both in vitro and in vivo. Intriguingly, we found that metformin significantly attenuated autophagic influx in ocular melanoma cells. Through high-throughput proteomics analysis, we revealed that optineurin (OPTN), which is a key candidate for autophagosome formation and maturation, was significantly downregulated after metformin treatment. Moreover, excessive OPTN expression was associated with an unfavorable prognosis of patients. Most importantly, we found that a histone deacetylase, SIRT1, was significantly upregulated after AMPK activation, resulting in histone deacetylation in the OPTN promoter. CONCLUSIONS Overall, we revealed for the first time that metformin significantly inhibited the progression of ocular melanoma, and verified that metformin acted as an autophagy inhibitor through histone deacetylation of OPTN. This study provides novel insights into metformin - guided suppression of ocular melanoma and the potential mechanism underlying the dual role of metformin in autophagy regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ai Zhuang
- Department of OphthalmologyNinth People's HospitalShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular OncologyShanghaiChina
| | - Peiwei Chai
- Department of OphthalmologyNinth People's HospitalShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular OncologyShanghaiChina
| | - Shaoyun Wang
- Department of OphthalmologyNinth People's HospitalShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular OncologyShanghaiChina
| | - Sipeng Zuo
- Department of OphthalmologyNinth People's HospitalShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular OncologyShanghaiChina
| | - Jie Yu
- Department of OphthalmologyNinth People's HospitalShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular OncologyShanghaiChina
| | - Shichong Jia
- Department of OphthalmologyNinth People's HospitalShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular OncologyShanghaiChina
| | - Shengfang Ge
- Department of OphthalmologyNinth People's HospitalShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular OncologyShanghaiChina
| | - Renbing Jia
- Department of OphthalmologyNinth People's HospitalShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular OncologyShanghaiChina
| | - Yixiong Zhou
- Department of OphthalmologyNinth People's HospitalShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular OncologyShanghaiChina
| | - Wodong Shi
- Department of OphthalmologyNinth People's HospitalShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular OncologyShanghaiChina
| | - Xiaofang Xu
- Department of OphthalmologyNinth People's HospitalShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular OncologyShanghaiChina
| | - Jing Ruan
- Department of OphthalmologyNinth People's HospitalShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular OncologyShanghaiChina
| | - Xianqun Fan
- Department of OphthalmologyNinth People's HospitalShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular OncologyShanghaiChina
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13
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Li C, Chen J, Li Y, Wu B, Ye Z, Tian X, Wei Y, Hao Z, Pan Y, Zhou H, Yang K, Fu Z, Xu J, Lu Y. 6-Phosphogluconolactonase Promotes Hepatocellular Carcinogenesis by Activating Pentose Phosphate Pathway. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:753196. [PMID: 34765603 PMCID: PMC8576403 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.753196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has a poor prognosis due to the rapid disease progression and early metastasis. The metabolism program determines the proliferation and metastasis of HCC; however, the metabolic approach to treat HCC remains uncovered. Here, by analyzing the liver cell single-cell sequencing data from HCC patients and healthy individuals, we found that 6-phosphogluconolactonase (PGLS), a cytosolic enzyme in the oxidative phase of the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP), expressing cells are associated with undifferentiated HCC subtypes. The Cancer Genome Atlas database showed that high PGLS expression was correlated with the poor prognosis in HCC patients. Knockdown or pharmaceutical inhibition of PGLS impaired the proliferation, migration, and invasion capacities of HCC cell lines, Hep3b and Huh7. Mechanistically, PGLS inhibition repressed the PPP, resulting in increased reactive oxygen species level that decreased proliferation and metastasis and increased apoptosis in HCC cells. Overall, our study showed that PGLS is a potential therapeutic target for HCC treatment through impacting the metabolic program in HCC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changzheng Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Sun Yet-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yet-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Ministry of Education, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jie Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Sun Yet-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yet-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yishan Li
- Key Laboratory of Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Ministry of Education, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Binghuo Wu
- Key Laboratory of Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Ministry of Education, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhitao Ye
- Key Laboratory of Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Ministry of Education, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaobin Tian
- Key Laboratory of Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Ministry of Education, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yan Wei
- Key Laboratory of Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Ministry of Education, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zechen Hao
- Key Laboratory of Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Ministry of Education, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuan Pan
- Key Laboratory of Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Ministry of Education, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hongli Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Ministry of Education, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Keyue Yang
- Key Laboratory of Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Ministry of Education, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhiqiang Fu
- Department of Pancreaticobiliary Surgery, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Gene Regulation and Target Therapy of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jingbo Xu
- Department of Hematology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China
| | - Yanan Lu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Sun Yet-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yet-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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