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Ferreira DA, Tayyar Y, Idris A, McMillan NAJ. A "hit-and-run" affair - A possible link for cancer progression in virally driven cancers. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2020; 1875:188476. [PMID: 33186643 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2020.188476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is well-known that certain cancers are caused by viruses. However, viral oncogenesis is complex and only a small fraction of the infected people develop cancer. Indeed, a number of environmental factors can contribute to virally infected cells developing cancer hallmarks, promoting tumorigenesis. SCOPE OF REVIEW The hit-and-run theory proposes that viruses facilitate the accumulation of mutations and promote genomic instability until the virus becomes dispensable for tumour maintenance. Indeed, several studies have reported viral genome, episome and/or oncogene loss in tumour cells without losing malignant phenotype. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS The current evidence supports the clear contribution of certain viruses to develop cancers. Importantly, the evidence supporting the sustained maintenance of malignancy after the loss of viral "presence" is sufficient to support the hit-and-run hypothesis of viral cancer development. Long-term tracking of vaccination outcome over the decades will test this theory. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE If the hit-and-run theory is true, viruses might cause more cancers than previously thought and will have implications in the prevention of many cancers through implementing vaccination programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danyelle A Ferreira
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, School of Medical Science, Griffith University, Southport, Queensland, Australia
| | - Yaman Tayyar
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, School of Medical Science, Griffith University, Southport, Queensland, Australia
| | - Adi Idris
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, School of Medical Science, Griffith University, Southport, Queensland, Australia.
| | - Nigel A J McMillan
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, School of Medical Science, Griffith University, Southport, Queensland, Australia
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Mechanistic Insights into Chemoresistance Mediated by Oncogenic Viruses in Lymphomas. Viruses 2019; 11:v11121161. [PMID: 31888174 PMCID: PMC6950054 DOI: 10.3390/v11121161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral lymphomagenesis induced by infection with oncogenic viruses, such as Kaposi’s sarcoma associated herpesvirus (KSHV), Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) and human T-cell leukemia virus (HTLV-1), represents a group of aggressive malignancies with a diverse range of pathological features. Combined chemotherapy remains the standard of care for these virus-associated lymphomas; however, frequent chemoresistance is a barrier to achieving successful long-term disease-free survival. There is increasing evidence that indicates virus-associated lymphomas display more resistance to cytotoxic chemotherapeutic agents than that observed in solid tumors. Although the tumor microenvironment and genetic changes, such as key oncogene mutations, are closely related to chemoresistance, some studies demonstrate that the components of oncogenic viruses themselves play pivotal roles in the multidrug chemoresistance of lymphoma cells. In this review, we summarize recent advances in the understanding of the mechanisms through which oncogenic viruses mediate lymphoma cell chemoresistance, with a particular focus on KSHV and EBV, two major oncogenic viruses. We also discuss the current challenges to overcome these obstacles in the treatment of virus-associated lymphomas.
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Manners O, Murphy JC, Coleman A, Hughes DJ, Whitehouse A. Contribution of the KSHV and EBV lytic cycles to tumourigenesis. Curr Opin Virol 2018; 32:60-70. [PMID: 30268927 PMCID: PMC6259586 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2018.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Kaposi's Sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) and Epstein Barr virus (EBV) are the causative agents of several malignancies. Like all herpesviruses, KSHV and EBV undergo distinct latent and lytic replication programmes. The transition between these states allows the establishment of a lifelong persistent infection, dissemination to sites of disease and the spread to new hosts. Latency-associated viral proteins have been well characterised in transformation and tumourigenesis pathways; however, a number of studies have shown that abrogation of KSHV and EBV lytic gene expression impairs the oncogenesis of several cancers. Furthermore, several lytically expressed proteins have been functionally tethered to the angioproliferative and anti-apoptotic phenotypes of virus-infected cells. As a result, the investigation and therapeutic targeting of KSHV and EBV lytic cycles may be essential for the treatment of their associated malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Manners
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, United Kingdom; Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - James C Murphy
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, United Kingdom; Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Alex Coleman
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, United Kingdom; Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - David J Hughes
- School of Biology, Biomolecular Sciences Building, University of St Andrews, Fife, KY16 9AJ, United Kingdom
| | - Adrian Whitehouse
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, United Kingdom; Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, United Kingdom; Department of Biochemistry & Microbiology, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, 6140, South Africa.
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Grywalska E, Roliński J, Pasiarski M, Korona-Glowniak I, Maj M, Surdacka A, Grafka A, Stelmach-Gołdyś A, Zgurski M, Góźdź S, Malm A, Grabarczyk P, Starosławska E. High Viral Loads of Epstein-Barr Virus DNA in Peripheral Blood of Patients with Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia Associated with Unfavorable Prognosis. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0140178. [PMID: 26460692 PMCID: PMC4603951 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0140178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a ubiquitous γ-herpesvirus that infects more than 90% of the world population. The potential involvement of EBV in the clinical course of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) remains unexplained. The aim of this study was to determine whether EBV-DNA load in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of CLL patients may influence heterogeneity in the course of the disease. The study included peripheral blood samples from 115 previously untreated patients with CLL (54 women and 61 men) and 40 healthy controls (16 women and 24 men). We analyzed the association between the EBV-DNA load in PBMCs and the stage of the disease, adverse prognostic factors, and clinical outcome. Detectable numbers of EBV-DNA copies in PBMCs were found in 62 out of 115 CLL patients (53.91%). The EBV-DNA copy number/μg DNA was significantly higher in patients who required early implementation of treatment, presented with lymphocyte count doubling time <12 months, displayed CD38-positive or ZAP-70-positive phenotype, and with the del(11q22.3) cytogenetic abnormality. Furthermore, the EBV-DNA copy number/μg DNA showed significant positive correlation with the concentrations of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and beta-2-microglobulin. We have shown that in CLL patients, higher EBV-DNA copy number predicted shorter survival and shorter time to disease progression, and it was associated with other established unfavorable prognostic factors. This suggests that EBV may negatively affect the outcome of CLL.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Antibodies, Viral/blood
- B-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Case-Control Studies
- DNA, Viral/blood
- Herpesvirus 4, Human/genetics
- Herpesvirus 4, Human/immunology
- Humans
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/blood
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/virology
- Middle Aged
- Multivariate Analysis
- Probability
- Prognosis
- Proportional Hazards Models
- Viral Load
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewelina Grywalska
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Immunotherapy, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
- St. John’s Cancer Center, Lublin, Poland
- * E-mail:
| | - Jacek Roliński
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Immunotherapy, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
- St. John’s Cancer Center, Lublin, Poland
| | - Marcin Pasiarski
- Department of Hematology, Holycross Cancer Center, Kielce, Poland
| | | | - Maciej Maj
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Immunotherapy, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Agata Surdacka
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Immunotherapy, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
- St. John’s Cancer Center, Lublin, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Grafka
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Immunotherapy, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
- St. John’s Cancer Center, Lublin, Poland
| | | | - Michał Zgurski
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Immunotherapy, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Stanisław Góźdź
- Department of Oncology, Holycross Cancer Center, Kielce, Poland
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Jan Kochanowski University, Kielce, Poland
| | - Anna Malm
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Piotr Grabarczyk
- Department of Immunohematology, Institute of Hematology and Transfusion Medicine, Warsaw, Poland
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De Roos AJ, Martínez-Maza O, Jerome KR, Mirick DK, Kopecky KJ, Madeleine MM, Magpantay L, Edlefsen KL, Lacroix AZ. Investigation of epstein-barr virus as a potential cause of B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma in a prospective cohort. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2013; 22:1747-55. [PMID: 23885038 PMCID: PMC4193346 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-13-0240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We hypothesized that poor control of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection, leading to reactivation of the virus, increases the risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) in the general population of primarily immunocompetent persons. METHODS We conducted a case-control study nested within the Women's Health Initiative Observational Study cohort in which we measured antibodies to EBV antigens [immunoglobulin G (IgG) to viral capsid antigen (VCA), nuclear antigen (EBNA1), and early antigen-diffuse (EA-D)] and EBV DNA load in prediagnostic samples of 491 B-cell NHL cases and 491 controls. RESULTS We found no association with established EBV infection, based on seropositivity for VCA. Seropositivity for EBNA1 was associated with decreased risk of B-cell NHL, overall [OR = 0.5; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.3-0.8] and for each of the histologic subtypes examined. Increased risk of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) and related subtypes was observed with higher levels of EBV DNA and antibody to EA-D, both markers reflective of reactivation. These associations were strongest for cases with the shortest time interval between blood draw and diagnosis. CONCLUSIONS In balance, these results do not provide strong evidence of EBV playing a causal role in B-cell NHL in general population women. The associations we observed may reflect increased risk of NHL with underlying immune impairment or could be due to reverse causation. IMPACT Further characterization of the subtype-specific association with CLL is warranted. Exclusion of cases with preclinical disease markers (such as monoclonal B-lymphocytosis for CLL) may help rule out reverse causation in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anneclaire J De Roos
- Authors' Affiliations: Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Drexel University School of Public Health, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Division of Public Health Sciences and Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center; Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; Departments of Obstetrics & Gynecology, and Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA; Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center; UCLA AIDS Institute; and Department of Epidemiology, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, California
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Chumak AA, Abramenko IV, Bilous NI, Filonenko IA, Kostin OV, Pleskach OY, Pleskach GV, Efremova N, Yanko J. Persistent infections and their relationship with selected oncologic and non-tumor pathologies. J Immunotoxicol 2010; 7:279-88. [PMID: 20518708 DOI: 10.3109/1547691x.2010.489528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Our earlier studies of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection rates among blood donors at the Kyiv Municipal Blood Center revealed a 3.45% HCV+ prevalence in these "healthy" hosts. In the study here, we analyzed HCV (as well as cytomegalovirus [CMV]) prevalence among Chernobyl nuclear power plant (NPP) accident sufferers--cleanup workers, local residents, NPP workers, and convalescent patients--who suffered acute radiation syndrome (ARS) as a result of the 1986 accident, and individuals who had not been exposed to ionizing radiation (IR). Serological analyses of antibodies against each pathogen (via enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay [ELISA]) revealed the highest HCV (i.e., 27.2%) and CMV (85.6%) prevalence in the convalescent hosts. Though the HCV prevalence (reflecting a current/past infection) among the cleanup workers (and other groups) was lower (i.e., 11-25%), viral presence was "associated" with a higher incidence of selected somatic diseases, for example, thyroiditis, goiter, hypertension, Type 1 diabetes, chronic hepatitis/gastritis, in the cleanup workers. A similar scenario with respect to CMV was also seen, i.e., lower prevalence rates [relative to in ARS patients] and "association" between CMV status and incidence of chronic gastritis, arthritis, and bronchitis, in the cleanup workers and IR-non-exposed controls. Further, irrespective of CMV status, there was a clear delineation between incidence rate(s) of each of the pathologies and whether or not the person was/was not exposed in 1986. We also investigated, due to a high incidence of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) among Chernobyl sufferers, if there was homology between immunoglobulins (Igs) generated by these transformed cells and known antiviral and antimicrobial Igs. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analyses of Ig heavy-chain variable (IgHV) genes in cells from CLL patients who were/were not exposed in 1986 revealed a significant homology of some IgHV genes with Igs directed against infectious agents. However, no differences were found between the sequences from IR-exposed and IR-non-exposed CLL patients. Based on the findings here, we conclude that a past/ongoing presence of certain viral infections (i.e., CMV and/or HCV) in a host can modify (aggravate) the clinical course of certain somatic (i.e., non-tumor) diseases and promote malignancies (i.e., CLL), and that each of these outcomes could be modulated as a result of that host's past exposure to IR.
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