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Schneider K, Steward RA, Celorio-Mancera MDLP, Janz N, Moberg D, Wheat CW, Nylin S. Plasticity for the win: Flexible transcriptional response to host plant switches in the comma butterfly (Polygonia c-album). Mol Ecol 2024; 33:e17479. [PMID: 39036890 DOI: 10.1111/mec.17479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Revised: 05/30/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024]
Abstract
Generalist plant-feeding insects are characterised by a broad host repertoire that can comprise several families or even different orders of plants. The genetic and physiological mechanisms underlying the use of such a wide host range are still not fully understood. Earlier studies indicate that the consumption of different host plants is associated with host-specific gene expression profiles. It remained, however, unclear if and how larvae can alter these profiles in the case of a changing host environment. Using the polyphagous comma butterfly (Polygonia c-album) we show that larvae can adjust their transcriptional profiles in response to a new host plant. The switch to some of the host plants, however, resulted in a larger transcriptional response and, thus, seems to be more challenging. At a physiological level, no correspondence for these patterns could be found in larval performance. This suggests that a high transcriptional but also phenotypic flexibility are essential for the use of a broad and diverse host range. We furthermore propose that host switch tests in the laboratory followed by transcriptomic investigations can be a valuable tool to examine not only plasticity in host use but also subtle and/or transient trade-offs in the evolution of host plant repertoires.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rachel A Steward
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
- Biology Department, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Maria de la Paz Celorio-Mancera
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Science, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Niklas Janz
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Dick Moberg
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Sören Nylin
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
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2
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Kumaran N, Raghu S. Can genomic signatures guide the selection of host-specific agents for weed biological control? Evol Appl 2024; 17:e13760. [PMID: 39027688 PMCID: PMC11254579 DOI: 10.1111/eva.13760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2024] [Revised: 06/28/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Biological control of weeds involves deliberate introduction of host-specific natural enemies into invaded range to reduce the negative impacts of invasive species. Assessing the specificity is a crucial step, as introduction of generalist natural enemies into a new territory may pose risks to the recipient communities. A mechanistic understanding of host use can provide valuable insights for the selection of specialist natural enemies, bolster confidence in non-target risk assessment and potentially accelerate the host specificity testing process in biological control. We conducted a comprehensive analysis of studies on the genomics of host specialization with a view to examine if genomic signatures can help predict host specificity in insects. Focusing on phytophagous Lepidoptera, Coleoptera and Diptera, we compared chemosensory receptors and enzymes between "specialist" (insects with narrow host range) and "generalist" (insects with wide host range) insects. The availability of genomic data for biological control agents (natural enemies of weeds) is limited thus our analyses utilized data from pest insects and model organisms for which genomic data are available. Our findings revealed that specialists generally exhibit a lower number of chemosensory receptors and enzymes compared with their generalist counterparts. This pattern was more prominent in Coleoptera and Diptera relative to Lepidoptera. This information can be used to reject agents with large gene repertoires to potentially accelerate the risk assessment process. Similarly, confirming smaller gene repertoires in specialists could further strengthen the risk evaluation. Despite the distinctive signatures between specialists and generalists, challenges such as finite genomic data for biological control agents, ad hoc comparisons, and fewer comparative studies among congeners limit our ability to use genomic signatures to predict host specificity. A few studies have empirically compared phylogenetically closely related species, enhancing the resolution and the predictive power of genomics signatures thus suggesting the need for more targeted studies comparing congeneric specialists and generalists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nagalingam Kumaran
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO) Health and BiosecurityBrisbaneQueenslandAustralia
| | - S. Raghu
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO) Health and BiosecurityBrisbaneQueenslandAustralia
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3
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Bajda SA, Wybouw N, Nguyễn VH, De Clercq P, Van Leeuwen T. Adaptation of an arthropod predator to a challenging environment is associated with a loss of a genome-wide plastic transcriptional response. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2024; 80:2021-2031. [PMID: 38110295 DOI: 10.1002/ps.7936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Structural and chemical plant defence traits may reduce the efficacy of biological control agents in integrated pest management. Breeding programmes have shown arthropod predators' potential to acclimate to challenging host plants. However, whether and how these predators adapt to novel plant environments remain unclear. Using the predatory mite Phytoseiulus persimilis - herbivorous mite Tetranychus urticae system in an experimental evolution setup, we studied the adaptation mechanisms to tomato and cucumber, plants that possess a distinct repertoire of defensive traits. RESULTS Experimental evolution experiments on whole plants revealed that allowing P. persimilis to adapt to tomatoes led to an ~100% larger population size. Independent feeding assays showed that tomato- and cucumber-adapted prey reduced predator fecundity. The deleterious effect of ingesting low-quality prey persisted after adaptation of the predator to both cucumber and tomato. We demonstrated that jasmonic acid (JA)-dependent defences reduce prey quality by evaluating predator performance on prey fed on JA defence-deficient tomato plants. Transcriptomic profiling of the replicated P. persimilis lines showed that long-term propagation on tomato and cucumber plants produces distinctive gene-expression levels. Predator adaptation to tomatoes results in the loss of a large transcriptional response, in which predicted cuticle-building rather than detoxification pathways are affected. CONCLUSION We showed that the adaptation of predatory arthropods to a novel, challenging plant does not necessarily occur via the prey, but rather through the physical environment of the plant. We provided first insights into the underlying molecular mechanisms. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabina A Bajda
- Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Nicky Wybouw
- Terrestrial Ecology Unit, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Việt Hà Nguyễn
- Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Patrick De Clercq
- Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Thomas Van Leeuwen
- Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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Rodrigues PADP, Martins JR, Capizzani BC, Hamasaki LTA, Simões ZLP, Teixeira IRDV, Barchuk AR. Transcriptional signature of host shift in the seed beetle Zabrotes subfasciatus. Genet Mol Biol 2024; 47:e20230148. [PMID: 38314880 PMCID: PMC10851049 DOI: 10.1590/1678-4685-gmb-2023-0148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2024] Open
Abstract
In phytophagous insects, adaptation to a new host is a dynamic process, in which early and later steps may be underpinned by different features of the insect genome. Here, we tested the hypothesis that early steps of this process are underpinned by a shift in gene expression patterns. We set up a short-term artificial selection experiment (10 generations) for the use of an alternative host (Cicer arietinum) on populations of the bean beetle Zabrotes subfasciatus. Using Illumina sequencing on young adult females, we show the selected populations differ in the expression of genes associated to stimuli, signalling, and developmental processes. Particularly, the "C. arietinum" population shows upregulation of histone methylation genes, which may constitute a strategy for fine-tuning the insect global gene expression network. Using qPCR on body regions, we demonstrated that the "Phaseolus vulgaris" population upregulates the genes polygalacturonase and egalitarian and that the expression of an odorant receptor transcript variant changes over generations. Moreover, in this population we detected the existence of vitellogenin (Vg) variants in both males and females, possibly harbouring canonical reproductive function in females and extracellular unknown functions in males. This study provides the basis for future genomic investigations seeking to shed light on the nature of the proximate mechanisms involved in promoting differential gene expression associated to insect development and adaptation to new hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Augusto da Pos Rodrigues
- University of Georgia, Department of Entomology, Athens, GA, USA
- Instituto Federal Sul de Minas (IFSULDEMINAS), Campus Poços de Caldas, MG, Brazil
| | - Juliana Ramos Martins
- Universidade Federal de Alfenas (UNIFAL-MG), Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Departamento de Biologia Celular e do Desenvolvimento, Alfenas, MG, Brazil
| | - Bianca Corrêa Capizzani
- Universidade Federal de Alfenas (UNIFAL-MG), Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Departamento de Biologia Celular e do Desenvolvimento, Alfenas, MG, Brazil
| | - Lucas Takashi Araujo Hamasaki
- Universidade Federal de Alfenas (UNIFAL-MG), Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Departamento de Biologia Celular e do Desenvolvimento, Alfenas, MG, Brazil
| | - Zilá Luz Paulino Simões
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Departamento de Biologia, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Angel Roberto Barchuk
- Universidade Federal de Alfenas (UNIFAL-MG), Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Departamento de Biologia Celular e do Desenvolvimento, Alfenas, MG, Brazil
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Pym A, Troczka BJ, Hayward A, Zeng B, Gao CF, Elias J, Slater R, Zimmer CT, Bass C. The role of the Bemisia tabaci and Trialeurodes vaporariorum cytochrome-P450 clade CYP6DPx in resistance to nicotine and neonicotinoids. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 198:105743. [PMID: 38225086 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2023.105743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
The alkaloid, nicotine, produced by tobacco and other Solanaceae as an anti-herbivore defence chemical is one of the most toxic natural insecticides in nature. However, some insects, such as the whitefly species, Trialeurodes vaporariorum and Bemisia tabaci show strong tolerance to this allelochemical and can utilise tobacco as a host. Here, we used biological, molecular and functional approaches to investigate the role of cytochrome P450 enzymes in nicotine tolerance in T. vaporariorum and B. tabaci. Insecticide bioassays revealed that feeding on tobacco resulted in strong induced tolerance to nicotine in both species. Transcriptome profiling of both species reared on tobacco and bean hosts revealed profound differences in the transcriptional response these host plants. Interrogation of the expression of P450 genes in the host-adapted lines revealed that P450 genes belonging to the CYP6DP subfamily are strongly upregulated in lines reared on tobacco. Functional characterisation of these P450s revealed that CYP6DP1 and CYP6DP2 of T. vaporariorum and CYP6DP3 of B. tabaci confer resistance to nicotine in vivo. These three genes, in addition to the B. tabaci P450 CYP6DP5, were also found to confer resistance to the neonicotinoid imidacloprid. Our data provide new insight into the molecular basis of nicotine resistance in insects and illustrates how divergence in the evolution of P450 genes in this subfamily in whiteflies may have impacted the extent to which different species can tolerate a potent natural insecticide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Pym
- College for Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, TR10 9FE Penryn, Cornwall, UK.
| | - Bartlomiej J Troczka
- College for Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, TR10 9FE Penryn, Cornwall, UK
| | - Angela Hayward
- College for Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, TR10 9FE Penryn, Cornwall, UK
| | - Bin Zeng
- College for Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, TR10 9FE Penryn, Cornwall, UK; College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Jiangsu, China
| | - Cong-Fen Gao
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jan Elias
- Syngenta Crop Protection AG, Rosentalstrasse 67, Basel CH4002, Switzerland
| | - Russell Slater
- Syngenta Crop Protection AG, Rosentalstrasse 67, Basel CH4002, Switzerland
| | - Christoph T Zimmer
- Syngenta Crop Protection AG, Werk Stein, Schaffhauserstrasse, Stein CH4332, Switzerland
| | - Chris Bass
- College for Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, TR10 9FE Penryn, Cornwall, UK
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Dai J, Cai X, Liu L, Lin Y, Huang Y, Lin J, Shu B. The comparison of gut gene expression and bacterial community in Diaphorina citri (Hemiptera: Liviidae) adults fed on Murraya exotica and 'Shatangju' mandarin (Citrus reticulate cv. Shatangju). BMC Genomics 2023; 24:416. [PMID: 37488494 PMCID: PMC10364414 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-023-09308-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diaphorina citri Kuwayama is an important citrus pest. It serves as the vector for the transmission of Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (CLas), which induced a destructive disease, Huanglongbing, and caused huge economic losses. During the interaction between insects and plants, insects have evolved a series of mechanisms to adapt to various host plants. Murraya exotica and 'Shatangju' mandarin (Citrus reticulate cv. Shatangju) are the Rutaceae species from different genera that have been discovered as suitable hosts for D. citri adults. While the adaptation mechanism of this pest to these two host plants is unclear. RESULTS In this study, RNA-seq and 16 S rDNA amplification sequencing were performed on the gut of D. citri adults reared on M. exotica and 'Shatangju' mandarin. RNA-seq results showed that a total of 964 differentially expressed genes were found in different gut groups with two host plant treatments. The impacted genes include those that encode ribosomal proteins, cathepsins, and mitochondrial respiratory chain complexes. According to 16 S rDNA sequencing, the compositions of the gut bacterial communities were altered by different treatments. The α and β diversity analyses confirmed that the host plant changes influenced the gut microbial diversity. The functional classification analysis by Tax4Fun revealed that 27 KEGG pathways, mostly those related to metabolism, including those for nucleotide metabolism, energy metabolism, metabolism of cofactors and vitamins, amino acid metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism, xenbiotics biodegradation and metabolism, lipid metabolism, and biosynthesis of other secondary metabolites, were significantly altered. CONCLUSION Our preliminary findings shed light on the connection between D. citri and host plants by showing that host plants alter the gene expression profiles and bacterial community composition of D. citri adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinghua Dai
- Guangzhou City Key Laboratory of Subtropical Fruit Trees Outbreak Control, Institute for Management of Invasive Alien Species, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, 313 Yingdong Teaching Building, Guangzhou, 510225, China
| | - Xueming Cai
- Guangzhou City Key Laboratory of Subtropical Fruit Trees Outbreak Control, Institute for Management of Invasive Alien Species, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, 313 Yingdong Teaching Building, Guangzhou, 510225, China
| | - Luyang Liu
- Guangzhou City Key Laboratory of Subtropical Fruit Trees Outbreak Control, Institute for Management of Invasive Alien Species, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, 313 Yingdong Teaching Building, Guangzhou, 510225, China
| | - Yanzheng Lin
- Guangzhou City Key Laboratory of Subtropical Fruit Trees Outbreak Control, Institute for Management of Invasive Alien Species, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, 313 Yingdong Teaching Building, Guangzhou, 510225, China
| | - Yuting Huang
- Guangzhou City Key Laboratory of Subtropical Fruit Trees Outbreak Control, Institute for Management of Invasive Alien Species, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, 313 Yingdong Teaching Building, Guangzhou, 510225, China
| | - Jintian Lin
- Guangzhou City Key Laboratory of Subtropical Fruit Trees Outbreak Control, Institute for Management of Invasive Alien Species, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, 313 Yingdong Teaching Building, Guangzhou, 510225, China.
| | - Benshui Shu
- Guangzhou City Key Laboratory of Subtropical Fruit Trees Outbreak Control, Institute for Management of Invasive Alien Species, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, 313 Yingdong Teaching Building, Guangzhou, 510225, China.
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Olazcuaga L, Baltenweck R, Leménager N, Maia-Grondard A, Claudel P, Hugueney P, Foucaud J. Metabolic consequences of various fruit-based diets in a generalist insect species. eLife 2023; 12:84370. [PMID: 37278030 DOI: 10.7554/elife.84370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Most phytophagous insect species exhibit a limited diet breadth and specialize on a few or a single host plant. In contrast, some species display a remarkably large diet breadth, with host plants spanning several families and many species. It is unclear, however, whether this phylogenetic generalism is supported by a generic metabolic use of common host chemical compounds ('metabolic generalism') or alternatively by distinct uses of diet-specific compounds ('multi-host metabolic specialism')? Here, we simultaneously investigated the metabolomes of fruit diets and of individuals of a generalist phytophagous species, Drosophila suzukii, that developed on them. The direct comparison of metabolomes of diets and consumers enabled us to disentangle the metabolic fate of common and rarer dietary compounds. We showed that the consumption of biochemically dissimilar diets resulted in a canalized, generic response from generalist individuals, consistent with the metabolic generalism hypothesis. We also showed that many diet-specific metabolites, such as those related to the particular color, odor, or taste of diets, were not metabolized, and rather accumulated in consumer individuals, even when probably detrimental to fitness. As a result, while individuals were mostly similar across diets, the detection of their particular diet was straightforward. Our study thus supports the view that dietary generalism may emerge from a passive, opportunistic use of various resources, contrary to more widespread views of an active role of adaptation in this process. Such a passive stance towards dietary chemicals, probably costly in the short term, might favor the later evolution of new diet specializations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laure Olazcuaga
- UMR CBGP (INRAE-IRD-CIRAD, Montpellier SupAgro), Campus International de Baillarguet, Montferrier, France
- Department of Agricultural Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, United States
| | | | - Nicolas Leménager
- UMR CBGP (INRAE-IRD-CIRAD, Montpellier SupAgro), Campus International de Baillarguet, Montferrier, France
| | | | | | | | - Julien Foucaud
- UMR CBGP (INRAE-IRD-CIRAD, Montpellier SupAgro), Campus International de Baillarguet, Montferrier, France
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Wang Q, Dicke M, Haverkamp A. Sympatric Pieris butterfly species exhibit a high conservation of chemoreceptors. Front Cell Neurosci 2023; 17:1155405. [PMID: 37252192 PMCID: PMC10210156 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2023.1155405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Sensory processes have often been argued to play a central role in the selection of ecological niches and in the formation of new species. Butterflies are among the best studied animal groups with regards to their evolutionary and behavioral ecology and thereby offer an attractive system to investigate the role of chemosensory genes in sympatric speciation. We focus on two Pieris butterflies with overlapping host-plant ranges: P. brassicae and P. rapae. Host-plant choice in lepidopterans is largely based on their olfactory and gustatory senses. Although the chemosensory responses of the two species have been well characterized at the behavioral and physiological levels, little is known about their chemoreceptor genes. Here, we compared the chemosensory genes of P. brassicae and P. rapae to investigate whether differences in these genes might have contributed to their evolutionary separation. We identified a total of 130 and 122 chemoreceptor genes in the P. brassicae genome and antennal transcriptome, respectively. Similarly, 133 and 124 chemoreceptors were identified in the P. rapae genome and antennal transcriptome. We found some chemoreceptors being differentially expressed in the antennal transcriptomes of the two species. The motifs and gene structures of chemoreceptors were compared between the two species. We show that paralogs share conserved motifs and orthologs have similar gene structures. Our study therefore found surprisingly few differences in the numbers, sequence identities and gene structures between the two species, indicating that the ecological differences between these two butterflies might be more related to a quantitative shift in the expression of orthologous genes than to the evolution of novel receptors as has been found in other insects. Our molecular data supplement the wealth of behavioral and ecological studies on these two species and will thereby help to better understand the role of chemoreceptor genes in the evolution of lepidopterans.
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Li S, Li H, Chen C, Hao D. Tolerance to dietary linalool primarily involves co-expression of cytochrome P450s and cuticular proteins in Pagiophloeus tsushimanus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) larvae using SMRT sequencing and RNA-seq. BMC Genomics 2023; 24:34. [PMID: 36658477 PMCID: PMC9854079 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-023-09117-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pagiophloeus tsushimanus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), an emerging forest pest exclusively infesting camphor trees, has recently caused severe ecological and economic damage in localized areas in China. Its population outbreak depends largely on the capacity to overcome the pressure of terpenoid-derived metabolites (e.g. linalool) from camphor trees. At present, the molecular basis of physiological adaptation of P. tsushimanus to dietary linalool is poorly understood, and there is no available reference genome or transcriptome. RESULTS Herein, we constructed the transcriptome profiling of P. tsushimanus larvae reared on linalool-infused diets using RNA sequencing and single-molecule real-time sequencing. A total of 20,325 high-quality full-length transcripts were identified as a reference transcriptome, of which 14,492 protein-coding transcripts including 130 transcription factors (TFs), and 5561 long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) were detected. Also, 30 alternative splicing events and 8049 simple sequence repeats were captured. Gene ontology enrichment of differential expressed transcripts revealed that overall up-regulation of both cytochrome P450s (CYP450s) and cuticular proteins (CPs), was the primary response characteristic against dietary linalool. Other physiological effects possibly caused by linalool exposure, such as increase in Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) and hormetic stimulation, were compensated by a handful of induced genes encoding antioxidases, heat shock proteins (HSPs), juvenile hormone (JH) epoxide hydrolases, and digestive enzymes. Additionally, based on co-expression networks analysis, a diverse array of hub lncRNAs and TFs co-expressed with CYP450s and CPs were screened as the potential gene regulators. Temporal expression of candidate transcripts determined by quantitative real-time PCR also indicated a cooperative relationship between the inductions of CYP450s and CPs upon exposure to linalool. CONCLUSIONS Our present study provides an important transcriptome resource of P. tsushimanus, and lays a valuable foundation for understanding how this specialist pest copes with chemical challenges in its specific host environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shouyin Li
- grid.410625.40000 0001 2293 4910Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu China ,grid.410625.40000 0001 2293 4910College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu China
| | - Hui Li
- grid.410625.40000 0001 2293 4910Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu China ,grid.410625.40000 0001 2293 4910College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu China
| | - Cong Chen
- grid.410625.40000 0001 2293 4910Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu China ,grid.410625.40000 0001 2293 4910College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu China
| | - Dejun Hao
- grid.410625.40000 0001 2293 4910Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu China ,grid.410625.40000 0001 2293 4910College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu China
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Coates BS, Walden KKO, Lata D, Vellichirammal NN, Mitchell RF, Andersson MN, McKay R, Lorenzen MD, Grubbs N, Wang YH, Han J, Xuan JL, Willadsen P, Wang H, French BW, Bansal R, Sedky S, Souza D, Bunn D, Meinke LJ, Miller NJ, Siegfried BD, Sappington TW, Robertson HM. A draft Diabrotica virgifera virgifera genome: insights into control and host plant adaption by a major maize pest insect. BMC Genomics 2023; 24:19. [PMID: 36639634 PMCID: PMC9840275 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-022-08990-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adaptations by arthropod pests to host plant defenses of crops determine their impacts on agricultural production. The larval host range of western corn rootworm, Diabrotica virgifera virgifera (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), is restricted to maize and a few grasses. Resistance of D. v. virgifera to crop rotation practices and multiple insecticides contributes to its status as the most damaging pest of cultivated maize in North America and Europe. The extent to which adaptations by this pest contributes to host plant specialization remains unknown. RESULTS A 2.42 Gb draft D. v. virgifera genome, Dvir_v2.0, was assembled from short shotgun reads and scaffolded using long-insert mate-pair, transcriptome and linked read data. K-mer analysis predicted a repeat content of ≥ 61.5%. Ortholog assignments for Dvir_2.0 RefSeq models predict a greater number of species-specific gene duplications, including expansions in ATP binding cassette transporter and chemosensory gene families, than in other Coleoptera. A majority of annotated D. v. virgifera cytochrome P450s belong to CYP4, 6, and 9 clades. A total of 5,404 transcripts were differentially-expressed between D. v. virgifera larvae fed maize roots compared to alternative host (Miscanthus), a marginal host (Panicum virgatum), a poor host (Sorghum bicolor) and starvation treatments; Among differentially-expressed transcripts, 1,908 were shared across treatments and the least number were between Miscanthus compared to maize. Differentially-expressed transcripts were enriched for putative spliceosome, proteosome, and intracellular transport functions. General stress pathway functions were unique and enriched among up-regulated transcripts in marginal host, poor host, and starvation responses compared to responses on primary (maize) and alternate hosts. CONCLUSIONS Manual annotation of D. v. virgifera Dvir_2.0 RefSeq models predicted expansion of paralogs with gene families putatively involved in insecticide resistance and chemosensory perception. Our study also suggests that adaptations of D. v. virgifera larvae to feeding on an alternate host plant invoke fewer transcriptional changes compared to marginal or poor hosts. The shared up-regulation of stress response pathways between marginal host and poor host, and starvation treatments may reflect nutrient deprivation. This study provides insight into transcriptomic responses of larval feeding on different host plants and resources for genomic research on this economically significant pest of maize.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brad S. Coates
- grid.508983.fCorn Insects & Crop Genetics Research Unit, USDA-ARS, 2310 Pammel Dr, 532 Science II, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011 USA
| | - Kimberly K. O. Walden
- grid.35403.310000 0004 1936 9991Roy J. Carver Biotechnology Center, University of Illinois at Champaign-Urbana, Urbana, IL USA
| | - Dimpal Lata
- grid.62813.3e0000 0004 1936 7806Department of Biology, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL USA
| | | | - Robert F. Mitchell
- grid.267474.40000 0001 0674 4543University of Wisconsin Oshkosh, Oshkosh, WI USA
| | - Martin N. Andersson
- grid.4514.40000 0001 0930 2361Department of Biology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Rachel McKay
- grid.267474.40000 0001 0674 4543University of Wisconsin Oshkosh, Oshkosh, WI USA
| | - Marcé D. Lorenzen
- grid.40803.3f0000 0001 2173 6074Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC USA
| | - Nathaniel Grubbs
- grid.40803.3f0000 0001 2173 6074Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC USA
| | - Yu-Hui Wang
- grid.40803.3f0000 0001 2173 6074Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC USA
| | - Jinlong Han
- grid.40803.3f0000 0001 2173 6074Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC USA
| | - Jing Li Xuan
- grid.40803.3f0000 0001 2173 6074Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC USA
| | - Peter Willadsen
- grid.40803.3f0000 0001 2173 6074Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC USA
| | - Huichun Wang
- grid.24434.350000 0004 1937 0060Department of Entomology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE USA
| | - B. Wade French
- grid.508981.dIntegrated Crop Systems Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Brookings, SD USA
| | - Raman Bansal
- grid.512850.bUSDA-ARS, San Joaquin Valley Agricultural Sciences Center, Parlier, CA USA
| | - Sammy Sedky
- grid.512850.bUSDA-ARS, San Joaquin Valley Agricultural Sciences Center, Parlier, CA USA
| | - Dariane Souza
- grid.15276.370000 0004 1936 8091Department of Entomology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL USA
| | - Dakota Bunn
- grid.62813.3e0000 0004 1936 7806Department of Biology, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL USA
| | - Lance J. Meinke
- grid.24434.350000 0004 1937 0060Department of Entomology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE USA
| | - Nicholas J. Miller
- grid.62813.3e0000 0004 1936 7806Department of Biology, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL USA
| | - Blair D. Siegfried
- grid.15276.370000 0004 1936 8091Department of Entomology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL USA
| | - Thomas W. Sappington
- grid.508983.fCorn Insects & Crop Genetics Research Unit, USDA-ARS, 2310 Pammel Dr, 532 Science II, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011 USA
| | - Hugh M. Robertson
- grid.35403.310000 0004 1936 9991Department of Entomology, University of Illinois at Champaign-Urbana, Urbana, IL USA
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11
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Breeschoten T, Schranz ME, Poelman EH, Simon S. Family dinner: Transcriptional plasticity of five Noctuidae (Lepidoptera) feeding on three host plant species. Ecol Evol 2022; 12:e9258. [PMID: 36091341 PMCID: PMC9448971 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.9258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyphagous insects often show specialization in feeding on different host plants in terms of survival and growth and, therefore, can be considered minor or major pests of particular hosts. Whether polyphagous insects employ a common transcriptional response to cope with defenses from diverse host plants is under‐studied. We focused on patterns of transcriptional plasticity in polyphagous moths (Noctuidae), of which many species are notorious pests, in relation to herbivore performance on different host plants. We compared the transcriptional plasticity of five polyphagous moth species feeding and developing on three different host plant species. Using a comparative phylogenetic framework, we evaluated if successful herbivory, as measured by larval performance, is determined by a shared or lineage‐specific transcriptional response. The upregulated transcriptional activity, or gene expression pattern, of larvae feeding on the different host plants and artificial control diet was highly plastic and moth species‐specific. Specialization, defined as high herbivore success for specific host plants, was not generally linked to a lower number of induced genes. Moths that were more distantly related and showing high herbivore success for certain host plants showed shared expression of multiple homologous genes, indicating convergence. We further observed specific transcriptional responses within phylogenetic lineages. These expression patterns for specific host plant species are likely caused by shared evolutionary histories, for example, symplesiomorphic patterns, and could therefore not be associated with herbivore success alone. Multiple gene families, with roles in plant digestion and detoxification, were widely expressed in response to host plant feeding but again showed highly moth species‐specific. Consequently, high herbivore success for specific host plants is also driven by species‐specific transcriptional plasticity. Thus, potential pest moths display a complex and species‐specific transcriptional plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thijmen Breeschoten
- Biosystematics Group Wageningen University & Research Wageningen The Netherlands
| | - M Eric Schranz
- Biosystematics Group Wageningen University & Research Wageningen The Netherlands
| | - Erik H Poelman
- Laboratory of Entomology Wageningen University & Research Wageningen The Netherlands
| | - Sabrina Simon
- Biosystematics Group Wageningen University & Research Wageningen The Netherlands
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12
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MacDonald ZG, Snape KL, Roe AD, Sperling FAH. Host association, environment, and geography underlie genomic differentiation in a major forest pest. Evol Appl 2022; 15:1749-1765. [PMID: 36426133 PMCID: PMC9679251 DOI: 10.1111/eva.13466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Diverse geographic, environmental, and ecological factors affect gene flow and adaptive genomic variation within species. With recent advances in landscape ecological modelling and high‐throughput DNA sequencing, it is now possible to effectively quantify and partition their relative contributions. Here, we use landscape genomics to identify determinants of genomic differentiation in the forest tent caterpillar, Malacosoma disstria, a widespread and irruptive pest of numerous deciduous tree species in North America. We collected larvae from multiple populations across Eastern Canada, where the species experiences a diversity of environmental gradients and feeds on a number of different host tree species, including trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides), sugar maple (Acer saccharum), red oak (Quercus rubra), and white birch (Betula papyrifera). Using a combination of reciprocal causal modelling (RCM) and distance‐based redundancy analyses (dbRDA), we show that differentiation of thousands of genome‐wide single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) among individuals is best explained by a combination of isolation by distance, isolation by environment (spatial variation in summer temperatures and length of the growing season), and differences in host association. Configuration of suitable habitat inferred from ecological niche models was not significantly related to genomic differentiation, suggesting that M. disstria dispersal is agnostic with respect to habitat quality. Although population structure was not discretely related to host association, our modelling framework provides the first molecular evidence of host‐associated differentiation in M. disstria, congruent with previous documentation of reduced growth and survival of larvae moved between natal host species. We conclude that ecologically mediated selection is contributing to variation within M. disstria, and that divergent adaptation related to both environmental conditions and host association should be considered in ongoing research and management of this important forest pest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary G. MacDonald
- Department of Biological Sciences University of Alberta Edmonton Alberta Canada
- UCLA La Kretz Center for California Conservation Science University of California Los Angeles Los Angeles CA USA
- Institute of the Environmental and Sustainability University of California Los Angeles Los Angeles CA USA
| | - Kyle L. Snape
- Department of Biological Sciences University of Alberta Edmonton Alberta Canada
| | - Amanda D. Roe
- Great Lakes Forestry Centre, Canadian Forest Service, Natural Resources Canada Sault Ste. Marie ON Canada
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13
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Tadmor E, Juravel K, Morin S, Santos-Garcia D. Evolved transcriptional responses and their trade-offs after long-term adaptation of Bemisia tabaci to a marginally-suitable host. Genome Biol Evol 2022; 14:6649882. [PMID: 35880721 PMCID: PMC9372648 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evac118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Although generalist insect herbivores can migrate and rapidly adapt to a broad range of host plants, they can face significant difficulties when accidentally migrating to novel and marginally-suitable hosts. What happens, both in performance and gene expression regulation, if these marginally-suitable hosts must be used for multiple generations before migration to a suitable host can take place, largely remains unknown. In this study, we established multigenerational colonies of the whitefly Bemisia tabaci, a generalist phloem-feeding species, adapted to a marginally-suitable host (habanero pepper) or an optimal host (cotton). We used reciprocal host tests to estimate the differences in performance of the populations on both hosts under optimal (30 oC) and mild-stressful (24 oC) temperature conditions, and documented the associated transcriptomic changes. The habanero pepper-adapted population greatly improved its performance on habanero pepper but did not reach its performance level on cotton, the original host. It also showed reduced performance on cotton, relative to the non-adapted population, and an antagonistic effect of the lower-temperature stressor. The transcriptomic data revealed that most of the expression changes, associated with long-term adaptation to habanero pepper, can be categorized as "evolved" with no initial plastic response. Three molecular functions dominated: enhanced formation of cuticle structural constituents, enhanced activity of oxidation-reduction processes involved in neutralization of phytotoxins and reduced production of proteins from the cathepsin B family. Taken together, these findings indicate that generalist insects can adapt to novel host plants by modifying the expression of a relatively small set of specific molecular functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ella Tadmor
- Department of Entomology, the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Ksenia Juravel
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agricultural, Food & Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Shai Morin
- Department of Entomology, the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Diego Santos-Garcia
- Laboratory of Biometry and Evolutionary Biology University Lyon 1 - UMR CNRS 5558, Villeurbanne, France
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14
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De Panis D, Dopazo H, Bongcam-Rudloff E, Conesa A, Hasson E. Transcriptional responses are oriented towards different components of the rearing environment in two Drosophila sibling species. BMC Genomics 2022; 23:515. [PMID: 35840900 PMCID: PMC9288027 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-022-08745-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The chance to compare patterns of differential gene expression in related ecologically distinct species can be particularly fruitful to investigate the genetics of adaptation and phenotypic plasticity. In this regard, a powerful technique such as RNA-Seq applied to ecologically amenable taxa allows to address issues that are not possible in classic model species. Here, we study gene expression profiles and larval performance of the cactophilic siblings Drosophila buzzatii and D. koepferae reared in media that approximate natural conditions and evaluate both chemical and nutritional components of the diet. These closely related species are complementary in terms of host-plant use since the primary host of one is the secondary of the other. D. koepferae is mainly a columnar cactus dweller while D. buzzatii prefers Opuntia hosts. Results Our comparative study shows that D. buzzatii and D. koepferae have different transcriptional strategies to face the challenges posed by their natural resources. The former has greater transcriptional plasticity, and its response is mainly modulated by alkaloids of its secondary host, while the latter has a more canalized genetic response, and its transcriptional plasticity is associated with the cactus species. Conclusions Our study unveils a complex pleiotropic genetic landscape in both species, with functional links that relate detox responses and redox mechanisms with developmental and neurobiological processes. These results contribute to deepen our understanding of the role of host plant shifts and natural stress driving ecological specialization. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12864-022-08745-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- D De Panis
- Instituto de Ecología, Genética y Evolución de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - H Dopazo
- Instituto de Ecología, Genética y Evolución de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Departamento de Ecología, Genética y Evolución, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - E Bongcam-Rudloff
- SLU-Global Bioinformatics Centre, Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - A Conesa
- Microbiology and Cell Science Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - E Hasson
- Instituto de Ecología, Genética y Evolución de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina. .,Departamento de Ecología, Genética y Evolución, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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15
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Swaegers J, Koch EL. Gene expression studies of plastic and evolutionary responses to global warming. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2022; 51:100918. [PMID: 35390507 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2022.100918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Phenotypic plasticity can be a rapid response for coping with global warming, yet may be insufficient to protect species from extinction. Evolutionary adaptation may reinforce adaptive or oppose maladaptive plastic responses. With advances in technology whole transcriptomes can provide us with an unprecedented overview of genes and functional processes underlying the interplay between plasticity and evolution. We advocate that insects provide ideal opportunities to study plasticity in non-adapted and thermally adapted populations to infer reaction norms across the whole transcriptome ('reactionomes'). This can advance our understanding of how the interplay between plasticity and evolution shapes responses to warming. So far, a limited number of studies suggest predominantly maladaptive plastic responses to novel environments that are reduced with time, but much more research is needed to infer general patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janne Swaegers
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Stress Ecology and Ecotoxicology, University of Leuven, Charles Deberiotstraat 32, Leuven B-3000, Belgium.
| | - Eva L Koch
- School of Biociences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
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16
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Breeschoten T, van der Linden CFH, Ros VID, Schranz ME, Simon S. Expanding the Menu: Are Polyphagy and Gene Family Expansions Linked across Lepidoptera? Genome Biol Evol 2022; 14:6482744. [PMID: 34951642 PMCID: PMC8725640 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evab283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Evolutionary expansions and contractions of gene families are often correlated with key innovations and/or ecological characteristics. In butterflies and moths (Lepidoptera), expansions of gene families involved in detoxification of plant specialized metabolites are hypothesized to facilitate a polyphagous feeding style. However, analyses supporting this hypothesis are mostly based on a limited number of lepidopteran species. We applied a phylogenomics approach, using 37 lepidopteran genomes, to analyze if gene family evolution (gene gain and loss) is associated with the evolution of polyphagy. Specifically, we compared gene counts and evolutionary gene gain and loss rates of gene families involved in adaptations with plant feeding. We correlated gene evolution to host plant family range (phylogenetic diversity) and specialized metabolite content of plant families (functional metabolite diversity). We found a higher rate for gene loss than gene gain in Lepidoptera, a potential consequence of genomic rearrangements and deletions after (potentially small-scale) duplication events. Gene family expansions and contractions varied across lepidopteran families, and were associated to host plant use and specialization levels. Within the family Noctuidae, a higher expansion rate for gene families involved in detoxification can be related to the large number of polyphagous species. However, gene family expansions are observed in both polyphagous and monophagous lepidopteran species and thus seem to be species-specific in the taxa sampled. Nevertheless, a significant positive correlation of gene counts of the carboxyl- and choline esterase and glutathione-S-transferase detoxification gene families with the level of polyphagy was identified across Lepidoptera.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Vera I D Ros
- Laboratory of Virology, Wageningen University & Research, The Netherlands
| | - M Eric Schranz
- Biosystematics Group, Wageningen University & Research, The Netherlands
| | - Sabrina Simon
- Biosystematics Group, Wageningen University & Research, The Netherlands
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17
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Auer TO, Shahandeh MP, Benton R. Drosophila sechellia: A Genetic Model for Behavioral Evolution and Neuroecology. Annu Rev Genet 2021; 55:527-554. [PMID: 34530638 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-genet-071719-020719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Defining the mechanisms by which animals adapt to their ecological niche is an important problem bridging evolution, genetics, and neurobiology. We review the establishment of a powerful genetic model for comparative behavioral analysis and neuroecology, Drosophila sechellia. This island-endemic fly species is closely related to several cosmopolitan generalists, including Drosophila melanogaster, but has evolved extreme specialism, feeding and reproducing exclusively on the noni fruit of the tropical shrub Morinda citrifolia. We first describe the development and use of genetic approaches to facilitate genotype/phenotype associations in these drosophilids. Next, we survey the behavioral, physiological, and morphological adaptations of D. sechellia throughout its life cycle and outline our current understanding of the genetic and cellular basis of these traits. Finally, we discuss the principles this knowledge begins to establish in the context of host specialization, speciation, and the neurobiology of behavioral evolution and consider open questions and challenges in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas O Auer
- Center for Integrative Genomics, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; , ,
| | - Michael P Shahandeh
- Center for Integrative Genomics, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; , ,
| | - Richard Benton
- Center for Integrative Genomics, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; , ,
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18
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Ali F, Hu X, Wang D, Yang F, Guo H, Wang Y. Plant pathogen-mediated rapid acclimation of a host-specialized aphid to a non-host plant. Ecol Evol 2021; 11:15261-15272. [PMID: 34765176 PMCID: PMC8571567 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.8209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyphagous aphids often consist of host-specialized lineages, which have greater fitness on their native hosts than on others. The underlying causes are important for understanding of the evolution of diet breadth and host shift of aphids. The cotton-melon aphid Aphis gossypii Glover is extremely polyphagous with many strict host-specialized lineages. Whether and how the lineage specialized on the primary host hibiscus shifts to the secondary host cucumber remains elusive. We found that the hibiscus-specialized lineage suffered high mortality and gave birth to very few nymphs developing into yellow dwarfs on fresh cucumber leaves, and did not inflict any damage symptoms on cucumber plants. The poor performance did not improve with prolonged exposure to cucumber; however, it did significantly improve when the cucumber leaves were pre-infected with a biotrophic phytopathogen Pseudoperonospora cubensis. More importantly, the hibiscus-specialized lineage with two-generation feeding experience on pre-infected cucumber leaves performed as well as the cucumber-specialized lineage did on fresh cucumber leaves, and inflicted typical damage symptoms on intact cucumber plants. Electrical penetration graph (EPG) indicated that the hibiscus-specialized lineage did not ingest phloem sap from fresh cucumber leaves but succeeded in ingesting phloem sap from pre-infected cucumber leaves, which explained the performance improvement of the hibiscus-specialized lineage on pre-infected cucumber leaves. This study revealed a new pathway for the hibiscus-specialized lineage to quickly acclimate to cucumber under the assistance of the phytopathogen. We considered that the short feeding experience on pre-infected cucumber may activate expression of effector genes that are related to specific host utilization. We suggest to identify host-specific effectors by comparing proteomes or/and transcriptomes of the hibiscus-specialized lineage before and after acclimating to cucumber.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farhan Ali
- Hubei Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management Key LaboratoryCollege of Plant Science and TechnologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Xiaoyue Hu
- Hubei Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management Key LaboratoryCollege of Plant Science and TechnologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Duoqi Wang
- Hubei Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management Key LaboratoryCollege of Plant Science and TechnologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Fengying Yang
- Hubei Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management Key LaboratoryCollege of Plant Science and TechnologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Hao Guo
- Hubei Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management Key LaboratoryCollege of Plant Science and TechnologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Yongmo Wang
- Hubei Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management Key LaboratoryCollege of Plant Science and TechnologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
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19
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Gimenez S, Seninet I, Orsucci M, Audiot P, Nègre N, Nam K, Streiff R, d'Alençon E. Integrated miRNA and transcriptome profiling to explore the molecular determinism of convergent adaptation to corn in two lepidopteran pests of agriculture. BMC Genomics 2021; 22:606. [PMID: 34372780 PMCID: PMC8351448 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-021-07905-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The degree to which adaptation to same environment is determined by similar molecular mechanisms, is a topic of broad interest in evolutionary biology, as an indicator of evolutionary predictability. We wished to address if adaptation to the same host plant in phytophagous insects involved related gene expression patterns. We compared sRNA-Seq and RNA-Seq data between two pairs of taxa of Ostrinia and Spodoptera frugiperda sharing maize as host-plant. For the latter, we had previously carried out a reciprocal transplant experiment by feeding of the larvae of the Corn strain (Sf-C) and the Rice strain (Sf-R) on corn versus rice and characterized the mRNA and miRNA responses. Results First, we predicted the genes encoding miRNA in Ostrinia nubilalis (On) and O. scapulalis (Os). Respectively 67 and 65 known miRNA genes, as well as 196 and 190 novel ones were predicted with Os genome using sncRNAs extracted from whole larvae feeding on corn or mugwort. In On, a read counts analysis showed that 37 (55.22%) known miRNAs and 19 (9.84%) novel miRNAs were differentially expressed (DE) on mugwort compared to corn (in Os, 25 known miRs (38.46%) and 8 novel ones (4.34%)). Between species on corn, 8 (12.5%) known miRNAs and 8 (6.83%) novel ones were DE while only one novel miRNA showed expression variation between species on mugwort. Gene target prediction led to the identification of 2953 unique target genes in On and 2719 in Os, among which 11.6% (344) were DE when comparing species on corn. 1.8% (54) of On miR targets showed expression variation upon a change of host-plant. We found molecular changes matching convergent phenotype, i.e., a set of nine miRNAs that are regulated either according to the host-plant both in On and Sf-C or between them on the same plant, corn. Among DE miR target genes between taxa, 13.7% shared exactly the same annotation between the two pairs of taxa and had function related to insect host-plant interaction. Conclusion There is some similarity in underlying genetic mechanisms of convergent evolution of two distant Lepidopteran species having adopted corn in their host range, highlighting possible adaptation genes. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12864-021-07905-7.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Marion Orsucci
- DGIMI, Univ Montpellier, INRAE, Montpellier, France.,CBGP, INRAE, CIRAD, IRD, Montpellier SupAgro, Univ Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,Department of Plant Biology, Uppsala BioCenter and Linnean Centre for Plant Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 75007, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Philippe Audiot
- CBGP, INRAE, CIRAD, IRD, Montpellier SupAgro, Univ Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Kiwoong Nam
- DGIMI, Univ Montpellier, INRAE, Montpellier, France
| | - Réjane Streiff
- CBGP, INRAE, CIRAD, IRD, Montpellier SupAgro, Univ Montpellier, Montpellier, France
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20
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Mackay-Smith A, Dornon MK, Lucier R, Okimoto A, Mendonca de Sousa F, Rodriguero M, Confalonieri V, Lanteri AA, Sequeira AS. Host-specific gene expression as a tool for introduction success in Naupactus parthenogenetic weevils. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0248202. [PMID: 34329290 PMCID: PMC8323892 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0248202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Food resource access can mediate establishment success in invasive species, and generalist herbivorous insects are thought to rely on mechanisms of transcriptional plasticity to respond to dietary variation. While asexually reproducing invasives typically have low genetic variation, the twofold reproductive capacity of asexual organisms is a marked advantage for colonization. We studied host-related transcriptional acclimation in parthenogenetic, invasive, and polyphagous weevils: Naupactus cervinus and N. leucoloma. We analyzed patterns of gene expression in three gene categories that can mediate weevil-host plant interactions through identification of suitable host plants, short-term acclimation to host plant defenses, and long-term adaptation to host plant defenses and their pathogens. This approach employed comparative transcriptomic methods to investigate differentially expressed host detection, detoxification, immune defense genes, and pathway-level gene set enrichment. Our results show that weevil gene expression responses can be host plant-specific, and that elements of that response can be maintained in the offspring. Some host plant groups, such as legumes, appear to be more taxing as they elicit a complex gene expression response which is both strong in intensity and specific in identity. However, the weevil response to taxing host plants shares many differentially expressed genes with other stressful situations, such as host plant cultivation conditions and transition to novel host, suggesting that there is an evolutionarily favorable shared gene expression regime for responding to different types of stressful situations. Modulating gene expression in the absence of other avenues for phenotypic adaptation may be an important mechanism of successful colonization for these introduced insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ava Mackay-Smith
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wellesley College, Wellesley, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Mary Kate Dornon
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wellesley College, Wellesley, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Rosalind Lucier
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wellesley College, Wellesley, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Anna Okimoto
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wellesley College, Wellesley, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Flavia Mendonca de Sousa
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wellesley College, Wellesley, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Marcela Rodriguero
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Viviana Confalonieri
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Analia A. Lanteri
- Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo, Universidad de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Andrea S. Sequeira
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wellesley College, Wellesley, Massachusetts, United States of America
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21
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Aguirre-Rojas LM, Scully ED, Trick HN, Zhu KY, Smith CM. Comparative analyses of transcriptional responses of Dectes texanus LeConte (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) larvae fed on three different host plants and artificial diet. Sci Rep 2021; 11:11448. [PMID: 34075134 PMCID: PMC8169664 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-90932-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Dectes texanus is an important coleopteran pest of soybeans and cultivated sunflowers in the Midwestern United States that causes yield losses by girdling stems of their host plants. Although sunflower and giant ragweed are primary hosts of D. texanus, they began colonizing soybeans approximately 50 years ago and no reliable management method has been established to prevent or reduce losses by this pest. To identify genes putatively involved when feeding soybean, we compared gene expression of D. texanus third-instar larvae fed soybean to those fed sunflower, giant ragweed, or artificial diet. Dectes texanus larvae differentially expressed 514 unigenes when fed on soybean compared to those fed the other diet treatments. Enrichment analyses of gene ontology terms from up-regulated unigenes in soybean-fed larvae compared to those fed both primary hosts highlighted unigenes involved in oxidoreductase and polygalacturonase activities. Cytochrome P450s, carboxylesterases, major facilitator superfamily transporters, lipocalins, apolipoproteins, glycoside hydrolases 1 and 28, and lytic monooxygenases were among the most commonly up-regulated unigenes in soybean-fed larvae compared to those fed their primary hosts. These results suggest that D. texanus larvae differentially expressed unigenes involved in biotransformation of allelochemicals, digestion of plant cell walls and transport of small solutes and lipids when feeding in soybean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina M Aguirre-Rojas
- Deparment of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, 92506, USA
| | - Erin D Scully
- Stored Product Insect and Engineering Research Unit, USDA-ARS-CGAHR, Manhattan, KS, 66502, USA
| | - Harold N Trick
- Department of Plant Pathology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - Kun Yan Zhu
- Department of Entomology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - C Michael Smith
- Department of Entomology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA.
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22
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Malka O, Feldmesser E, van Brunschot S, Santos‐Garcia D, Han W, Seal S, Colvin J, Morin S. The molecular mechanisms that determine different degrees of polyphagy in the Bemisia tabaci species complex. Evol Appl 2021; 14:807-820. [PMID: 33767754 PMCID: PMC7980310 DOI: 10.1111/eva.13162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The whitefly Bemisia tabaci is a closely related group of >35 cryptic species that feed on the phloem sap of a broad range of host plants. Species in the complex differ in their host-range breadth, but the mechanisms involved remain poorly understood. We investigated, therefore, how six different B. tabaci species cope with the environmental unpredictability presented by a set of four common and novel host plants. Behavioral studies indicated large differences in performances on the four hosts and putative specialization of one of the species to cassava plants. Transcriptomic analyses revealed two main insights. First, a large set of genes involved in metabolism (>85%) showed differences in expression between the six species, and each species could be characterized by its own unique expression pattern of metabolic genes. However, within species, these genes were constitutively expressed, with a low level of environmental responsiveness (i.e., to host change). Second, within each species, sets of genes mainly associated with the super-pathways "environmental information processing" and "organismal systems" responded to the host switching events. These included genes encoding for proteins involved in sugar homeostasis, signal transduction, membrane transport, and immune, endocrine, sensory and digestive responses. Our findings suggested that the six B. tabaci species can be divided into four performance/transcriptomic "Types" and that polyphagy can be achieved in multiple ways. However, polyphagy level is determined by the specific identity of the metabolic genes/pathways that are enriched and overexpressed in each species (the species' individual metabolic "tool kit").
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Affiliation(s)
- Osnat Malka
- Department of EntomologyThe Hebrew University of JerusalemRehovotIsrael
| | - Ester Feldmesser
- Department of Biological ServicesWeizmann Institute of ScienceRehovotIsrael
| | - Sharon van Brunschot
- Natural Resources InstituteUniversity of GreenwichKentUK
- School of Biological Sciencesthe University of QueenslandBrisbaneQldAustralia
| | | | - Wen‐Hao Han
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and InsectsInstitute of Insect SciencesZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Susan Seal
- Natural Resources InstituteUniversity of GreenwichKentUK
| | - John Colvin
- Natural Resources InstituteUniversity of GreenwichKentUK
| | - Shai Morin
- Department of EntomologyThe Hebrew University of JerusalemRehovotIsrael
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23
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Vandenhole M, Dermauw W, Van Leeuwen T. Short term transcriptional responses of P450s to phytochemicals in insects and mites. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2021; 43:117-127. [PMID: 33373700 PMCID: PMC8082277 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2020.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (P450s) play a key role in the detoxification of phytochemicals in arthropod herbivores. We present here an overview of recent progress in understanding the breadth and specificity of gene expression plasticity of P450s in response to phytochemicals. We discuss experimental setups and new findings in mechanisms of P450 regulation. Whole genome transcriptomic analysis of arthropod herbivores, either after direct administration of phytochemicals or after host plant shifts, allowed to integrate various levels of chemical complexity and lead to the unbiased identification of responsive P450 genes. However, despite progress in identification of inducible P450s, the link between induction and metabolism is still largely unexplored, and to what extent the overall response is biologically functional should be further investigated. In the near future, such studies will be more straightforward as forward and reverse genetic tools become more readily available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marilou Vandenhole
- Laboratory of Agrozoology, Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Coupure Iinks 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Wannes Dermauw
- Laboratory of Agrozoology, Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Coupure Iinks 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Thomas Van Leeuwen
- Laboratory of Agrozoology, Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Coupure Iinks 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
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24
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Noriega DD, Arraes FBM, Antonino JD, Macedo LLP, Fonseca FCA, Togawa RC, Grynberg P, Silva MCM, Negrisoli AS, Grossi-de-Sa MF. Transcriptome Analysis and Knockdown of the Juvenile Hormone Esterase Gene Reveal Abnormal Feeding Behavior in the Sugarcane Giant Borer. Front Physiol 2020; 11:588450. [PMID: 33192604 PMCID: PMC7655874 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.588450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The sugarcane giant borer (SGB), Telchin licus licus, is a pest that has strong economic relevance for sugarcane producers. Due to the endophytic behavior of the larva, current methods of management are inefficient. A promising biotechnological management option has been proposed based on RNA interference (RNAi), a process that uses molecules of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) to specifically knock down essential genes and reduce insect survival. The selection of suitable target genes is often supported by omic sciences. Studies have shown that genes related to feeding adaptation processes are good candidates to be targeted by RNAi for pest management. Among those genes, esterases are highlighted because of their impact on insect development. In this study, the objective was to evaluate the transcriptome responses of the SGB’s gut in order to provide curated data of genes that could be used for pest management by RNAi in future studies. Further, we validated the function of an esterase-coding gene and its potential as a target for RNAi-based control. We sequenced the gut transcriptome of SGB larvae by Illumina HiSeq and evaluated its gene expression profiles in response to different diets (sugarcane stalk and artificial diet). We obtained differentially expressed genes (DEGs) involved in detoxification, digestion, and transport, which suggest a generalist mechanism of adaptation in SGB larvae. Among the DEGs, was identified and characterized a candidate juvenile hormone esterase gene (Tljhe). We knocked down the Tljhe gene by oral delivery of dsRNA molecules and evaluated gene expression in the gut. The survival and nutritional parameters of the larvae were measured along the developmental cycle of treated insects. We found that the gene Tljhe acts as a regulator of feeding behavior. The knockdown of Tljhe triggered a forced starvation state in late larval instars that significantly reduced the fitness of the larvae. However, the mechanism of action of this gene remains unclear, and the correlation between the expression of Tljhe and the levels of juvenile hormone (JH) metabolites in the hemolymph of the SGB must be assessed in future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel D Noriega
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Brasília, Brazil.,Department of Cellular Biology, University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil.,PPG in Genomic Sciences and Biotechnology, Catholic University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Fabricio B M Arraes
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Brasília, Brazil.,Biotechnology Center, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - José Dijair Antonino
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Brasília, Brazil.,Department of Agronomy/Entomology, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco (UFRPE), Recife, Brazil
| | | | - Fernando C A Fonseca
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Brasília, Brazil.,Department of Cellular Biology, University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | | | | | - Maria C M Silva
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Brasília, Brazil
| | | | - Maria F Grossi-de-Sa
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Brasília, Brazil.,PPG in Genomic Sciences and Biotechnology, Catholic University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil.,National Institute of Science and Technology (INCT) PlantStress Biotech, Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (EMBRAPA), Brasília, Brazil
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25
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Rêgo A, Chaturvedi S, Springer A, Lish AM, Barton CL, Kapheim KM, Messina FJ, Gompert Z. Combining Experimental Evolution and Genomics to Understand How Seed Beetles Adapt to a Marginal Host Plant. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:genes11040400. [PMID: 32276323 PMCID: PMC7230198 DOI: 10.3390/genes11040400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Genes that affect adaptive traits have been identified, but our knowledge of the genetic basis of adaptation in a more general sense (across multiple traits) remains limited. We combined population-genomic analyses of evolve-and-resequence experiments, genome-wide association mapping of performance traits, and analyses of gene expression to fill this knowledge gap and shed light on the genomics of adaptation to a marginal host (lentil) by the seed beetle Callosobruchus maculatus. Using population-genomic approaches, we detected modest parallelism in allele frequency change across replicate lines during adaptation to lentil. Mapping populations derived from each lentil-adapted line revealed a polygenic basis for two host-specific performance traits (weight and development time), which had low to modest heritabilities. We found less evidence of parallelism in genotype-phenotype associations across these lines than in allele frequency changes during the experiments. Differential gene expression caused by differences in recent evolutionary history exceeded that caused by immediate rearing host. Together, the three genomic datasets suggest that genes affecting traits other than weight and development time are likely to be the main causes of parallel evolution and that detoxification genes (especially cytochrome P450s and beta-glucosidase) could be especially important for colonization of lentil by C. maculatus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Rêgo
- Department of Biology, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, USA; (A.R.); (A.S.); (A.M.L.); (C.L.B.); (K.M.K.); (F.J.M.)
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, 114 19 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Samridhi Chaturvedi
- Department of Organismic & Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA;
| | - Amy Springer
- Department of Biology, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, USA; (A.R.); (A.S.); (A.M.L.); (C.L.B.); (K.M.K.); (F.J.M.)
| | - Alexandra M. Lish
- Department of Biology, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, USA; (A.R.); (A.S.); (A.M.L.); (C.L.B.); (K.M.K.); (F.J.M.)
| | - Caroline L. Barton
- Department of Biology, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, USA; (A.R.); (A.S.); (A.M.L.); (C.L.B.); (K.M.K.); (F.J.M.)
| | - Karen M. Kapheim
- Department of Biology, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, USA; (A.R.); (A.S.); (A.M.L.); (C.L.B.); (K.M.K.); (F.J.M.)
| | - Frank J. Messina
- Department of Biology, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, USA; (A.R.); (A.S.); (A.M.L.); (C.L.B.); (K.M.K.); (F.J.M.)
| | - Zachariah Gompert
- Department of Biology, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, USA; (A.R.); (A.S.); (A.M.L.); (C.L.B.); (K.M.K.); (F.J.M.)
- Correspondence:
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